1
|
Dłubała K, Wasiek S, Pilarska P, Szewczyk-Golec K, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Łączkowski KZ, Sobiesiak M, Gackowski M, Tylkowski B, Hołyńska-Iwan I. The Influence of Retinol Ointment on Rabbit Skin ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) Ion Transport-An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9670. [PMID: 39273618 PMCID: PMC11395161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are known to improve the condition of the skin. Transepithelial transport of sodium and chloride ions is important for proper skin function. So far, the effect of applying vitamin A preparations to the skin on ion transport has not been evaluated. In the study, electrophysiological parameters, including transepithelial electric potential (PD) and transepithelial resistance (R), of rabbit skin specimens after 24 h exposure to retinol ointment (800 mass units/g) were measured in a modified Ussing chamber. The R of the fragments incubated with retinol was significantly different than that of the control skin samples incubated in iso-osmotic Ringer solution. For the controls, the PD values were negative, whereas the retinol-treated specimens revealed positive PD values. Mechanical-chemical stimulation with the use of inhibitors of the transport of sodium (amiloride) or chloride (bumetanide) ions revealed specific changes in the maximal and minimal PD values measured for the retinol-treated samples. Retinol was shown to slightly modify the transport pathways of sodium and chloride ions. In particular, an intensification of the chloride ion secretion from keratinocytes was observed. The proposed action may contribute to deep hydration and increase skin tightness, limiting the action of other substances on its surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Dłubała
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sandra Wasiek
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Pilarska
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Karolina Szewczyk-Golec
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Z Łączkowski
- Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Sobiesiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Gackowski
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Tylkowski
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalonia, Chemical Technology Unit, Marcelli Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Science, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Iga Hołyńska-Iwan
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cohen E, Johnson CN, Wasikowski R, Billi AC, Tsoi LC, Kahlenberg JM, Gudjonsson JE, Coulombe PA. Significance of stress keratin expression in normal and diseased epithelia. iScience 2024; 27:108805. [PMID: 38299111 PMCID: PMC10828818 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A group of keratin intermediate filament genes, the type II KRT6A-C and type I KRT16 and KRT17, are deemed stress responsive as they are induced in keratinocytes of surface epithelia in response to environmental stressors, in skin disorders (e.g., psoriasis) and in carcinomas. Monitoring stress keratins is widely used to identify keratinocytes in an activated state. Here, we analyze single-cell transcriptomic data from healthy and diseased human skin to explore the properties of stress keratins. Relative to keratins occurring in healthy skin, stress-induced keratins are expressed at lower levels and show lesser type I-type II pairwise regulation. Stress keratins do not "replace" the keratins expressed during normal differentiation nor reflect cellular proliferation. Instead, stress keratins are consistently co-regulated with genes with roles in differentiation, inflammation, and/or activation of innate immunity at the single-cell level. These findings provide a roadmap toward explaining the broad diversity and contextual regulation of keratins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Craig N. Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allison C. Billi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johann E. Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pierre A. Coulombe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramchatesingh B, Martínez Villarreal A, Arcuri D, Lagacé F, Setah SA, Touma F, Al-Badarin F, Litvinov IV. The Use of Retinoids for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Cancers: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012622. [PMID: 36293471 PMCID: PMC9603842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives that are effective for the prevention and the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). NMSCs constitute a heterogenous group of non-melanocyte-derived skin cancers that impose substantial burdens on patients and healthcare systems. They include entities such as basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (collectively called keratinocyte carcinomas), cutaneous lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma among others. The retinoid signaling pathway plays influential roles in skin physiology and pathology. These compounds regulate diverse biological processes within the skin, including proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and immune regulation. Collectively, retinoids can suppress skin carcinogenesis. Both topical and systemic retinoids have been investigated in clinical trials as NMSC prophylactics and treatments. Desirable efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials have prompted health regulatory bodies to approve the use of retinoids for NMSC management. Acceptable off-label uses of these compounds as drugs for skin cancers are also described. This review is a comprehensive outline on the biochemistry of retinoids, their activities in the skin, their effects on cancer cells and their adoption in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Arcuri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - François Lagacé
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Samy Abu Setah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fadi Touma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Faris Al-Badarin
- Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0V6, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vitamin A in Skin and Hair: An Update. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142952. [PMID: 35889909 PMCID: PMC9324272 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble micronutrient necessary for the growth of healthy skin and hair. However, both too little and too much vitamin A has deleterious effects. Retinoic acid and retinal are the main active metabolites of vitamin A. Retinoic acid dose-dependently regulates hair follicle stem cells, influencing the functioning of the hair cycle, wound healing, and melanocyte stem cells. Retinoic acid also influences melanocyte differentiation and proliferation in a dose-dependent and temporal manner. Levels of retinoids decline when exposed to ultraviolet irradiation in the skin. Retinal is necessary for the phototransduction cascade that initiates melanogenesis but the source of that retinal is currently unknown. This review discusses new research on retinoids and their effects on the skin and hair.
Collapse
|
5
|
Leijs M, Fietkau K, Merk HF, Schettgen T, Kraus T, Esser A. Upregulation of CCL7, CCL20, CXCL2, IL-1β, IL-6 and MMP-9 in Skin Samples of PCB Exposed Individuals-A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189711. [PMID: 34574641 PMCID: PMC8468641 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are well known immunotoxic and carcinogenic compounds. Although cutaneous symptoms are the hallmark of exposure to these compounds, exact pathophysiologic mechanisms are not well understood. We took skin biopsies from moderately high PCB exposed workers (n = 25) after an informed consent and investigated the expression of immunological markers such as CCL-7, CCL-20, CXCL2, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9, EPGN and NRF2 by RT-qPCR, and compared expression levels with plasma PCB levels. Statistical analyses showed a significant correlation between CCL-20, CXCL2, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL-7 and MMP-9 and PCB serum levels. EPGN and NRF2 were not correlated to PCB levels in the blood. We found a significant correlation of genes involved in autoimmune, auto-inflammatory and carcinogenesis in skin samples of PCB exposed individuals with elevated plasma PCB levels. Confirmation of these findings needs to be performed in bigger study groups and larger gen-sets, including multiple housekeeping genes. Further study needs to be performed to see whether a chronical exposure to these and similar compounds can cause higher incidence of malignancies and inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marike Leijs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany; (K.F.); (H.F.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, St. Nikolaus Hospital Eupen, 4700 Eupen, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Katharina Fietkau
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany; (K.F.); (H.F.M.)
| | - Hans F. Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany; (K.F.); (H.F.M.)
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany; (T.S.); (T.K.); (A.E.)
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany; (T.S.); (T.K.); (A.E.)
| | - André Esser
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany; (T.S.); (T.K.); (A.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kovács D, Fazekas F, Oláh A, Törőcsik D. Adipokines in the Skin and in Dermatological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239048. [PMID: 33260746 PMCID: PMC7730960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are the primary mediators of adipose tissue-induced and regulated systemic inflammatory diseases; however, recent findings revealed that serum levels of various adipokines correlate also with the onset and the severity of dermatological diseases. Importantly, further data confirmed that the skin serves not only as a target for adipokine signaling, but may serve as a source too. In this review, we aim to provide a complex overview on how adipokines may integrate into the (patho) physiological conditions of the skin by introducing the cell types, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and sebocytes, which are known to produce adipokines as well as the signals that target them. Moreover, we discuss data from in vivo and in vitro murine and human studies as well as genetic data on how adipokines may contribute to various aspects of the homeostasis of the skin, e.g., melanogenesis, hair growth, or wound healing, just as to the pathogenesis of dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, and melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Kovács
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.F.)
| | - Fruzsina Fazekas
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.F.)
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-255-602
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chaiprasongsuk A, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Tuckey RC, Li W, Raman C, Panich U, Slominski AT. CYP11A1-derived vitamin D 3 products protect against UVB-induced inflammation and promote keratinocytes differentiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 155:87-98. [PMID: 32447000 PMCID: PMC7339935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UVB radiation mediates inflammatory responses causing skin damage and defects in epidermal differentiation. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) interacts with the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) to regulate inflammatory responses. Additionally, 1,25(OH)2D3/VDR signaling represents a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of skin disorders associated with inflammation and poor differentiation of keratinocytes. Since the protective effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 against UVB-induced skin damage and inflammation is recognized, CYP11A1-derived vitamin D3-hydroxyderivatives including 20(OH)D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 20,23(OH)2D3 and 1,20,23(OH)3D3 were tested for their anti-inflammatory and skin protection properties in UVB-irradiated human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKn). HEKn were treated with secosteroids for 24 h pre- and post-UVB (50 mJ/cm2) irradiation. Secosteroids modulated the expression of the inflammatory response genes (IL-17, NF-κB p65, and IκB-α), reducing nuclear-NF-κB-p65 activity and increasing cytosolic-IκB-α expression as well as that of pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. They stimulated the expression of involucrin (IVL) and cytokeratin 10 (CK10), the major markers of epidermal differentiation, in UVB-irradiated cells. We conclude that CYP11A1-derived hydroxyderivatives inhibit UVB-induced epidermal inflammatory responses through activation of IκB-α expression and suppression of NF-kB-p65 activity and its downstream signaling cytokines, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, as well as by inhibiting IL-17 production and activating epidermal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anyamanee Chaiprasongsuk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang HM, Wu C, Jiang YY, Wang WM, Jin HZ. Retinol and vitamin A metabolites accumulate through RBP4 and STRA6 changes in a psoriasis murine model. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 31956331 PMCID: PMC6958599 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that features the abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes. This proliferation could partly result from disturbances in vitamin A metabolism. Changes in psoriasis patients of the levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), a carrier of retinol (vitamin A); transmembrane protein stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6); and other retinol metabolic molecules have not yet been fully established. Therefore, we investigated vitamin A-related proteins in mice with imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis. Methods Thirty mice were divided into four study groups: two groups underwent IMQ application for 3 or 6 days (groups A and B, respectively), and two groups underwent Vaseline application for 3 or 6 days (groups C and D, respectively). Blood and skin samples from both lesional and non-lesional areas of the mice were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunochemistry, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and RNA sequencing. Results IMQ-treated mice developed erythema, scales, and skin thickening. Compared with the control groups, IMQ-treated groups had the following changes: 1) interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were raised significantly in both serum and lesional skin (all p < 0.001); 2) retinol levels in lesional skin increased slightly (p = 0.364), but no change was evident in serum retinol levels; 3) STRA6 was upregulated in both lesional skin (p = 0.021) and serum (p = 0.034); 4) RBP4 levels were elevated in serum (p = 0.042), but exhibited only an increasing trend (p = 0.273) in lesional skin; and 5) proteins and enzymes that mediate retinoic acid formation and transformation were upregulated in lesional skin. Conclusions As the demand for vitamin A in psoriatic mice increased, retinol underwent relocation from the circulation to target tissues. RBP4, STRA6, and the transformation from retinol to retinoic acid were upregulated, which may be part of the mechanism of psoriasis skin lesion formation. We propose that a positive feedback mechanism was formed that maintained the severity of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Meng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yun Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leijs MM, Gan L, De Boever P, Esser A, Amann PM, Ziegler P, Fietkau K, Schettgen T, Kraus T, Merk HF, Baron JM. Altered Gene Expression in Dioxin-Like and Non-Dioxin-Like PCB Exposed Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122090. [PMID: 31200452 PMCID: PMC6617415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are well known carcinogenic persistent environmental pollutants and endocrine disruptors. Our aim was to identify the possible dysregulation of genes in PCB exposed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in order to give more insight into the differential pathophysiological effects of PCB congeners and mixtures, with an emphasis on immunological effects and oxidative stress. The PBMCs of a healthy volunteer (male, 56 years old) were exposed to a mixture of dioxin-like (DL)-PCBs (PCB 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, and 189, 250 µg/L resp.) or non-dioxin-like (NDL)-PCBs (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180, 250 µg/L resp.) or single PCB congener (no.28, 138, 153, 180, 250 µg/L resp.). After an incubation period of 24 h, a microarray gene expression screening was performed, and the results were compared to gene expression in control samples (PBMCs treated with the vehicle iso-octane). Treatment of PBMCs with the DL-PCB mixture resulted in the largest number of differentially regulated genes (181 upregulated genes >2-fold, 173 downregulated >2-fold). Treatment with the NDL-PCB mix resulted in 32 upregulated genes >2-fold and 12 downregulated genes >2-fold. A gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on DL-PCB treated PBMCs resulted in an upregulation of 125 gene sets and a downregulation of 76 gene sets. Predominantly downregulated gene sets were involved in immunological pathways (such as response to virus, innate immune response, defense response). An upregulation of pathways related to oxidative stress could be observed for all PCB congeners except PCB-28; the latter congener dysregulated the least number of genes. Our experiment augments the information known about immunological and cellular stress responses following DL- as well as NDL-PCB exposure and provides new information on PCB 28. Further studies should be performed to evaluate how disruption of these pathways contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marike M Leijs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lin Gan
- IZKF, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health unit, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - André Esser
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Philipp M Amann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, SLK Hospital Heilbronn, 74078 Heilbronn, Germany.
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Fietkau
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hans F Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jens M Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leijs MM, Esser A, Amann PM, Schettgen T, Heise R, Fietkau K, Gube M, Merk HF, Kraus T, Baron JM. Expression of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and IL-1β in PBMCs and skin samples of PCB exposed individuals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:1429-1438. [PMID: 30045523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are well- known man-made persistent environmental pollutants and endocrine disruptors. As a result of mass production in the past, background levels of these compounds can be measured in human blood worldwide. In 2010 high internal levels of PCBs were discovered in workers of a transformer-recycling company in Germany. Our aim was to measure, whether the expression of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and IL-1β is dysregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the exposed individuals (n = max 308). Further, we measured the regulation of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, AHRR (aromatic hydrocarbon receptor repressor) and IL-1β in skin samples of 25 workers with elevated plasma PCB levels using quantitative PCR (q-RT-PCR). We found a significant correlation between the regulation of IL-1β in skin samples and lipid adjusted PCB levels. In the PBMCs, the expression levels of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and IL-1β decreased over time with decreasing PCB plasma levels. The upregulation of the cytokine IL-1β in exposed individuals with higher PCB plasma levels warrants further investigation in order to examine its role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders and tumor promotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marike M Leijs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - André Esser
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp M Amann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Dermatology, SLK Hospital Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Heise
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Fietkau
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Monika Gube
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Health Office of the city and area of Aachen, Trierer Straße 1, 52078 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans F Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens M Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pfaff CM, Marquardt Y, Fietkau K, Baron JM, Lüscher B. The psoriasis-associated IL-17A induces and cooperates with IL-36 cytokines to control keratinocyte differentiation and function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15631. [PMID: 29142248 PMCID: PMC5688102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a TH17-driven inflammatory disease affecting a significant proportion of the world population. The molecular consequences of IL-17 signaling in the skin are only partially understood. Therefore, we evaluated the IL-17A effects on organotypic 3-dimensional skin models and observed that IL-17A interfered with keratinocyte differentiation. In agreement with this phenotype, IL-17A repressed the expression of many genes encoding structural proteins. Moreover, genes encoding anti-microbial peptides were induced, resulting in a strengthening of the chemical barrier. Finally, we observed enhanced expression of the three IL-36 cytokines IL-36α, β and γ. We found that IL-36γ was secreted from keratinocytes in an inactive form and that neutrophilic proteases, including elastase, were capable of activating this cytokine. Functionally and similar to IL-17A, truncated IL-36 cytokines interfered with keratinocyte differentiation in 3D models. The molecular analysis revealed strong cooperative effects of IL-17A and IL-36 cytokines in regulating target genes, which was dependent on the proteolytic activation of the latter. Together these findings suggest an amplification cycle that can be initiated by IL-17A, involving IL-36 cytokines and immune cell derived proteases and resulting in active IL-36 cytokines which synergize with IL-17A. This amplification cycle might be relevant for a persistent psoriatic phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Pfaff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Marquardt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Fietkau
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens M Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vidmar J, Chingwaru C, Chingwaru W. Mammalian cell models to advance our understanding of wound healing: a review. J Surg Res 2017; 210:269-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
13
|
Shannon SR, Moise AR, Trainor PA. New insights and changing paradigms in the regulation of vitamin A metabolism in development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28207193 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its active metabolite retinoic acid are essential for embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Surprisingly, excess or deficiency of vitamin A and retinoic acid can cause similar developmental defects. Therefore, strict feedback and other mechanisms exist to regulate the levels of retinoic acid within a narrow physiological range. The oxidation of vitamin A to retinal has recently been established as a critical nodal point in the synthesis of retinoic acid, and over the past decade, RDH10 and DHRS3 have emerged as the predominant enzymes that regulate this reversible reaction. Together they form a codependent complex that facilitates negative feedback maintenance of retinoic acid levels and thus guard against the effects of dysregulated vitamin A metabolism and retinoic acid synthesis. This review focuses on advances in our understanding of the roles of Rdh10 and Dhrs3 and their impact on development and disease. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e264. doi: 10.1002/wdev.264 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Shannon
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Alexander R Moise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hänel KH, Pfaff CM, Cornelissen C, Amann PM, Marquardt Y, Czaja K, Kim A, Lüscher B, Baron JM. Control of the Physical and Antimicrobial Skin Barrier by an IL-31-IL-1 Signaling Network. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3233-44. [PMID: 26944931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease with increasing prevalence, is closely associated with skin barrier defects. A cytokine related to disease severity and inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation is IL-31. To identify its molecular targets, IL-31-dependent gene expression was determined in three-dimensional organotypic skin models. IL-31-regulated genes are involved in the formation of an intact physical skin barrier. Many of these genes were poorly induced during differentiation as a consequence of IL-31 treatment, resulting in increased penetrability to allergens and irritants. Furthermore, studies employing cell-sorted skin equivalents in SCID/NOD mice demonstrated enhanced transepidermal water loss following s.c. administration of IL-31. We identified the IL-1 cytokine network as a downstream effector of IL-31 signaling. Anakinra, an IL-1R antagonist, blocked the IL-31 effects on skin differentiation. In addition to the effects on the physical barrier, IL-31 stimulated the expression of antimicrobial peptides, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth on the three-dimensional organotypic skin models. This was evident already at low doses of IL-31, insufficient to interfere with the physical barrier. Together, these findings demonstrate that IL-31 affects keratinocyte differentiation in multiple ways and that the IL-1 cytokine network is a major downstream effector of IL-31 signaling in deregulating the physical skin barrier. Moreover, by interfering with IL-31, a currently evaluated drug target, we will have to consider that low doses of IL-31 promote the antimicrobial barrier, and thus a complete inhibition of IL-31 signaling may be undesirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai H Hänel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Carolina M Pfaff
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Christian Cornelissen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Philipp M Amann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Marquardt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Czaja
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arianna Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Jens M Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vitamin A Transport Mechanism of the Multitransmembrane Cell-Surface Receptor STRA6. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:425-53. [PMID: 26343735 PMCID: PMC4584289 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A has biological functions as diverse as sensing light for vision, regulating stem cell differentiation, maintaining epithelial integrity, promoting immune competency, regulating learning and memory, and acting as a key developmental morphogen. Vitamin A derivatives have also been used in treating human diseases. If vitamin A is considered a drug that everyone needs to take to survive, evolution has come up with a natural drug delivery system that combines sustained release with precise and controlled delivery to the cells or tissues that depend on it. This "drug delivery system" is mediated by plasma retinol binding protein (RBP), the principle and specific vitamin A carrier protein in the blood, and STRA6, the cell-surface receptor for RBP that mediates cellular vitamin A uptake. The mechanism by which the RBP receptor absorbs vitamin A from the blood is distinct from other known cellular uptake mechanisms. This review summarizes recent progress in elucidating the fundamental molecular mechanism mediated by the RBP receptor and multiple newly discovered catalytic activities of this receptor, and compares this transport system with retinoid transport independent of RBP/STRA6. How to target this new type of transmembrane receptor using small molecules in treating diseases is also discussed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kelly M, von Lintig J. STRA6: role in cellular retinol uptake and efflux. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:229-42. [PMID: 26312242 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Distribution of vitamin A throughout the body is important to maintain retinoid function in peripheral tissues and to ensure optimal vision. A critical step of this process is the transport of vitamin A across cell membranes. Increasing evidence indicates that this process is mediated by a multidomian membrane protein that is encoded by the stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6) gene. Biochemical studies revealed that STRA6 is a transmembrane pore which transports vitamin A bidirectionally between extra- and intracellular retinoid binding proteins. Vitamin A accumulation in cells is driven by coupling of transport with vitamin A esterification. Loss-of-function studies in zebrafish and mouse models have unraveled the critical importance of STRA6 for vitamin A homeostasis of peripheral tissues. Impairment in vitamin A transport and uptake homeostasis are associated with diseases including type 2 diabetes and a microphthalmic syndrome known as Matthew Wood Syndrome. This review will discuss the advanced state of knowledge about STRA6's biochemistry, biology and association with disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saurat JH. Strategic Targets in Acne: The Comedone Switch in Question. Dermatology 2015; 231:105-11. [DOI: 10.1159/000382031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
18
|
Role of Retinoic Acid-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450s, CYP26, in Inflammation and Cancer. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 74:373-412. [PMID: 26233912 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) and its active metabolite, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), play critical roles in regulating the differentiation, growth, and migration of immune cells. Similarly, as critical signaling molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle, retinoids are important in cancers. Concentrations of atRA are tightly regulated in tissues, predominantly by the availability of retinol, synthesis of atRA by ALDH1A enzymes and metabolism and clearance of atRA by CYP26 enzymes. The ALDH1A and CYP26 enzymes are expressed in several cell types in the immune system and in cancer cells. In the immune system, the ALDH1A and CYP26 enzymes appear to modulate RA concentrations. Consequently, alterations in the activity of ALDH1A and CYP26 enzymes are expected to change disease outcomes in inflammation. There is increasing evidence from various disease models of intestinal and skin inflammation that treatment with atRA has a positive effect on disease markers. However, whether aberrant atRA concentrations or atRA synthesis and metabolism play a role in inflammatory disease development and progression is not well understood. In cancers, especially in acute promyelocytic leukemia and neuroblastoma, increasing intracellular concentrations of atRA appears to provide clinical benefit. Inhibition of the CYP26 enzymes to increase atRA concentrations and combat therapy resistance has been pursued as a drug target in these cancers. This chapter covers the current knowledge of how atRA and retinol regulate the immune system and inflammation, how retinol and atRA metabolism is altered in inflammation and cancer, and what roles atRA-metabolizing enzymes have in immune responses and cancers.
Collapse
|
19
|
Laursen KB, Kashyap V, Scandura J, Gudas LJ. An alternative retinoic acid-responsive Stra6 promoter regulated in response to retinol deficiency. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4356-66. [PMID: 25544292 PMCID: PMC4326842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.613968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular uptake of vitamin A (retinol) is essential for many biological functions. The Stra6 protein binds the serum retinol-binding protein, RBP4, and acts in conjunction with the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase to facilitate retinol uptake in some cell types. We show that in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in some tissues, the Stra6 gene encodes two distinct mRNAs transcribed from two different promoters. Whereas both are all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-responsive in ES cells, the downstream promoter contains a half-site RA response element (RARE) and drives an ∼ 13-fold, RA-associated increase in luciferase reporter activity. We employed CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to show that the endogenous RARE is required for RA-induced transcription of both Stra6 isoforms. We further demonstrate that in ES cells, 1) both RARγ and RXRα are present at the Stra6 RARE; 2) RA increases co-activator p300 (KAT3B) binding and histone H3 Lys-27 acetylation at both promoters; 3) RA decreases Suz12 levels and histone H3 Lys-27 trimethylation epigenetic marks at both promoters; and 4) these epigenetic changes are diminished in the absence of RARγ. In the brains of WT mice, both the longer and the shorter Stra6 transcript (Stra6L and Stra6S, respectively) are highly expressed, whereas these transcripts are found only at low levels in RARγ(-/-) mice. In the brains of vitamin A-deficient mice, both Stra6L and Stra6S levels are decreased. In contrast, in the vitamin A-deficient kidneys, the Stra6L levels are greatly increased, whereas Stra6S levels are decreased. Our data show that kidneys respond to retinol deficiency by differential Stra6 promoter usage, which may play a role in the retention of retinol when vitamin A is low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Scandura
- the Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- From the Pharmacology Department and the Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Amann PM, Czaja K, Bazhin AV, Rühl R, Skazik C, Heise R, Marquardt Y, Eichmüller SB, Merk HF, Baron JM. Knockdown of lecithin retinol acyltransferase increases all-trans retinoic acid levels and restores retinoid sensitivity in malignant melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:832-7. [PMID: 25236354 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids such as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) influence cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis and may play decisive roles in tumor development and progression. An essential retinoid-metabolizing enzyme known as lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) is expressed in melanoma cells but not in melanocytes catalysing the esterification of all-trans retinol (ATRol). In this study, we show that a stable LRAT knockdown (KD) in the human melanoma cell line SkMel23 leads to significantly increased levels of the substrate ATRol and biologically active ATRA. LRAT KD restored cellular sensitivity to retinoids analysed in cell culture assays and melanoma 3D skin models. Furthermore, ATRA-induced gene regulatory mechanisms drive depletion of added ATRol in LRAT KD cells. PCR analysis revealed a significant upregulation of retinoid-regulated genes such as CYP26A1 and STRA6 in LRAT KD cells, suggesting their possible involvement in mediating retinoid resistance in melanoma cells. In conclusion, LRAT seems to be important for melanoma progression. We propose that reduction in ATRol levels in melanoma cells by LRAT leads to a disturbance in cellular retinoid level. Balanced LRAT expression and activity may provide protection against melanoma development and progression. Pharmacological inhibition of LRAT activity could be a promising strategy for overcoming retinoid insensitivity in human melanoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Amann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
In this issue, Skazik et al. demonstrate that the STRA6 retinol transporter protein regulates the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. In human organotypic three-dimensional skin and skin reconstitution models, depletion of STRA6 induced hyperproliferation-associated differentiation, resulting in epidermal expansion. This reveals that STRA6 functions as a "gatekeeper" in retinol (vitamin A)-mediated differentiation of human skin.
Collapse
|