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Kida M, Abe J, Hori H, Hirai Y. PRSS3/mesotrypsin as a putative regulator of the biophysical characteristics of epidermal keratinocytes in superficial layers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12383. [PMID: 38811772 PMCID: PMC11137022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesotrypsin, encoded by the PRSS3 gene, is a distinctive trypsin isoform renowned for its exceptional resistance to traditional trypsin inhibitors and unique substrate specificity. Within the skin epidermis, this protein primarily expresses in the upper layers of the stratified epidermis and plays a crucial role in processing pro-filaggrin (Pro-FLG). Although prior studies have partially elucidated its functions using primary cultured keratinocytes, challenges persist due to these cells' differentiation-activated cell death program. In the present study, HaCaT keratinocytes, characterized by minimal endogenous mesotrypsin expression and sustained proliferation in differentiated states, were utilized to further scrutinize the function of mesotrypsin. Despite the ready degradation of the intact form of active mesotrypsin in these cells, fusion with Venus, flanked by a peptide linker, enables evasion from the protein elimination machinery, thus facilitating activation of the Pro-FLG processing system. Inducing Venus-mesotrypsin expression in the cells resulted in a flattened phenotype and reduced proliferative capacity. Moreover, these cells displayed altered F-actin assembly, enhanced E-cadherin adhesive activity, and facilitated tight junction formation without overtly influencing epidermal differentiation. These findings underscore mesotrypsin's potentially pivotal role in shaping the characteristic cellular morphology of upper epidermal layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeko Kida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Junya Abe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Haruna Hori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan.
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2
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Fukuda K, Ito Y, Furuichi Y, Matsui T, Horikawa H, Miyano T, Okada T, van Logtestijn M, Tanaka RJ, Miyawaki A, Amagai M. Three stepwise pH progressions in stratum corneum for homeostatic maintenance of the skin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4062. [PMID: 38750035 PMCID: PMC11096370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The stratum corneum is the outermost skin layer with a vital role in skin barrier function. It is comprised of dead keratinocytes (corneocytes) and is known to maintain its thickness by shedding cells, although, the precise mechanisms that safeguard stratum corneum maturation and homeostasis remain unclear. Previous ex vivo studies have suggested a neutral-to-acidic pH gradient in the stratum corneum. Here, we use intravital pH imaging at single-corneocyte resolution to demonstrate that corneocytes actually undergo differentiation to develop three distinct zones in the stratum corneum, each with a distinct pH value. We identified a moderately acidic lower, an acidic middle, and a pH-neutral upper layer in the stratum corneum, with tight junctions playing a key role in their development. The upper pH neutral zone can adjust its pH according to the external environment and has a neutral pH under steady-state conditions owing to the influence of skin microbiota. The middle acidic pH zone provides a defensive barrier against pathogens. With mathematical modeling, we demonstrate the controlled protease activation of kallikrein-related peptidases on the stratum corneum surface that results in proper corneocyte shedding in desquamation. This work adds crucial information to our understanding of how stratum corneum homeostasis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Fukuda
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Furuichi
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Cell Biology of the Skin, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Horikawa
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyano
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Reiko J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Izumi K, Yortchan W, Aizawa Y, Kobayashi R, Hoshikawa E, Ling Y, Suzuki A. Recent trends and perspectives in reconstruction and regeneration of intra/extra-oral wounds using tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalents. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:365-374. [PMID: 37954029 PMCID: PMC10632115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many conditions, including cancer, trauma, and congenital anomalies, can damage the oral mucosa. Multiple cultures of oral mucosal cells have been used for biocompatibility tests and oral biology studies. In recent decades, the clinical translation of tissue-engineered products has progressed significantly in developing tangible therapies and inspiring advancements in medical science. However, the reconstruction of an intraoral mucosa defect remains a significant challenge. Despite the drawbacks of donor-site morbidity and limited tissue supply, the use of autologous oral mucosa remains the gold standard for oral mucosa reconstruction and repair. Tissue engineering offers a promising solution for repairing and reconstructing oral mucosa tissues. Cell- and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches have been employed to treat various soft tissue defects, suggesting the potential clinical use of tissue-engineered oral mucosa (TEOMs). In this review, we first cover the recent trends in the reconstruction and regeneration of extra-/intra-oral wounds using TEOMs. Next, we describe the current status and challenges of TEOMs. Finally, future strategic approaches and potential technologies to support the advancement of TEOMs for clinical use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Izumi
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Witsanu Yortchan
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Yuka Aizawa
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Ryota Kobayashi
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Emi Hoshikawa
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Yiwei Ling
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
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4
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Zhou M, Li K, Luo KQ. Shear Stress Drives the Cleavage Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 by PRSS3/Mesotrypsin to Promote Invasion and Metastasis of Circulating Lung Cancer Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301059. [PMID: 37395651 PMCID: PMC10477893 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
When circulating tumor cells (CTCs) travel in circulation, they can be killed by detachment-induced anoikis and fluidic shear stress (SS)-mediated apoptosis. Circulatory treatment, which can make CTCs detached but also generate SS, can increase metastasis of cancer cells. To identify SS-specific mechanosensors without detachment impacts, a microfluidic circulatory system is used to generate arteriosus SS and compare transcriptome profiles of circulating lung cancer cells with suspended cells. Half of the cancer cells can survive SS damage and show higher invasion ability. Mesotrypsin (PRSS3), protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), and the subunit of activating protein 1, Fos-related antigen 1 (FOSL1), are upregulated by SS, and their high expression is responsible for promoting invasion and metastasis. SS triggers PRSS3 to cleave the N-terminal inhibitory domain of PAR2 within 2 h. As a G protein-coupled receptor, PAR2 further activates the Gαi protein to turn on the Src-ERK/p38/JNK-FRA1/cJUN axis to promote the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, and also PRSS3, which facilitates metastasis. Enriched PRSS3, PAR2, and FOSL1 in human tumor samples and their correlations with worse outcomes reveal their clinical significance. PAR2 may serve as an SS-specific mechanosensor cleavable by PRSS3 in circulation, which provides new insights for targeting metastasis-initiating CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muya Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
| | - Koukou Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
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5
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Pfisterer K, Wielscher M, Samardzic D, Weinzettl P, Symmank D, Shaw LE, Campana R, Huang HJ, Farlik M, Bangert C, Vrtala S, Valenta R, Weninger W. Non-IgE-reactive allergen peptides deteriorate the skin barrier in house dust mite-sensitized atopic dermatitis patients. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1240289. [PMID: 37675143 PMCID: PMC10478000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1240289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by type 2 cytokine-driven skin inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction. The latter is believed to allow the increased penetration of chemicals, toxins, and allergens into the skin. House dust mite allergens, particularly Der p 2, are important triggers in sensitized individuals with AD; the precise actions of these allergens in epithelial biology remain, however, incompletely understood. In this study, we compared the effects of the protein allergen Der p 2 and a mix of non-IgE-reactive Der p 2 peptides on skin cells using patch tests in AD patients and healthy participants. We then analyzed mRNA expression profiles of keratinocytes by single-cell RNA-sequencing. We report that existing barrier deficiencies in the non-lesional skin of AD patients allow deep penetration of Der p 2 and its peptides, leading to local microinflammation. Der p 2 protein specifically upregulated genes involved in the innate immune system, stress, and danger signals in suprabasal KC. Der p 2 peptides further downregulated skin barrier genes, in particular the expression of genes involved in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. Peptides also induced genes involved in hyperproliferation and caused disturbances in keratinocyte differentiation. Furthermore, inflammasome-relevant genes and IL18 were overexpressed, while KRT1 was downregulated. Our data suggest that Der p 2 peptides contribute to AD initiation and exacerbation by augmenting hallmark features of AD, such as skin inflammation, barrier disruption, and hyperplasia of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Pfisterer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Samardzic
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pauline Weinzettl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorte Symmank
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa E. Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huey-Jy Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Bangert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lemaire G, Olivero M, Rouquet V, Moga A, Pagnon A, Cenizo V, Portes P. Neryl acetate, the major component of Corsican Helichrysum italicum essential oil, mediates its biological activities on skin barrier. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0268384. [PMID: 36867611 PMCID: PMC9983847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Corsican Helichrysum italicum essential oil (HIEO) is characterized by high concentrations of neryl acetate, and we previously demonstrated that Corsican HIEO increases the expression of genes that are part of the differentiation complex (involucrin, small proline rich proteins, late cornified envelope, S100 protein family). The biological activities of HIEO and neryl acetate (NA) were compared to identify how NA contributes to HIEO activity on human skin. NA, as a part component of HIEO, was tested on skin explant models for 24 hours and 5 days in comparison with HIEO. We analyzed the biological regulations in the skin explant by transcriptomic analysis, skin barrier protein immunofluorescence, lipid staining and ceramide analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 41.5% of HIEO-modulated genes were also regulated by NA and a selected panel of genes were confirmed by qquantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis. Those genes are involved in epidermal differentiation, skin barrier formation and ceramide synthesis. Involucrin (IVL), involved in formation of the cornified envelope (CE), was upregulated at both gene and protein levels after 24 hours and 5 days respectively. After 5 days of treatment, total lipids and ceramides were also increased. Our results demonstrate that NA mediates a large part of Corsican HIEO activity on skin barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alain Moga
- QIMA Life Sciences–Synelvia, Labège, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Portes
- Laboratoires M&L SA–Groupe L’Occitane, Manosque, France
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7
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Zani MB, Sant'Ana AM, Tognato RC, Chagas JR, Puzer L. Human Tissue Kallikreins-Related Peptidases Are Targets for the Treatment of Skin Desquamation Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:777619. [PMID: 35356049 PMCID: PMC8959125 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.777619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tissue Kallikrein-related peptidases (hKLKs) are serine proteases distributed in several tissues that are involved in several biological processes. In skin, many are responsible for skin desquamation in the Stratum Corneum (SC) of the epidermis, specially hKLK5, hKLK7, hKLK6, hKLK8, and hKLK14. In SC, hKLKs cleave proteins of corneodesmosomes, an important structure responsible to maintain corneocytes attached. As part of skin desquamation, hKLKs are also involved in skin diseases with abnormal desquamation and inflammation, such as Atopic Dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and the rare disease Netherton Syndrome (NS). Many studies point to hKLK overexpression or overactive in skin diseases, and they are also part of the natural skin inflammation process, through the PAR2 cleavage pathway. Therefore, the control of hKLK activity may offer successful treatments for skin diseases, improving the quality of life in patients. Diseases like AD, Psoriasis, and NS have an impact on social life, causing pain, itchy and mental disorders. In this review, we address the molecular mechanisms of skin desquamation, emphasizing the roles of human tissue Kallikrein-related peptidases, and the promising therapies targeting the inhibition of hKLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B. Zani
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Aquiles M. Sant'Ana
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Rafael C. Tognato
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Jair R. Chagas
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luciano Puzer
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Reconstructing the epidermal proteolytic cascades in health and disease. J Pathol 2022; 257:545-560. [PMID: 35218558 DOI: 10.1002/path.5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outer stratified epithelium of the skin, forming the physical barrier that is indispensable for homeostasis. Epidermal proteolysis, mainly but not exclusively executed by kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), is tightly regulated to ensure maintenance of physiological skin renewal and an intact skin barrier. Perturbation of epidermal proteolytic networks is implicated in a wide array of rare and common skin pathologies of diverse genetic backgrounds. Recent studies of monogenic human skin diseases and newly developed animal models have revealed new mechanisms of regulation of proteolytic pathways in epidermal physiology and in disease states. These new data have challenged some accepted views, for example the role of matriptase in epidermal desquamation, which turned out to be restricted to mouse skin. The significance of PAR2 signaling in skin inflammation should also be reconsidered in the face of recent findings. Cumulatively, recent studies necessitate a sophisticated redefinition of the proteolytic and signaling pathways that operate in human skin. We elaborate how epidermal proteolysis is finely regulated at multiple levels, and in a spatial manner that was not taken into consideration so far, in which specific proteases are confined to distinct epidermal sublayers. Of interest, transglutaminases have emerged as regulators of epidermal proteolysis and desquamation by spatially fixing endogenous protease inhibitors, constituting regulatory factors that were not recognized before. Furthermore, new evidence suggests a link between proteolysis and lipid metabolism. By synthesis of established notions and recent discoveries, we provide an up-to-date critical parathesis of current knowledge and the extended complexity of proteolysis regulation and signaling pathways in skin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacology-Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 541 24, Greece
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Li Z, Jiang R, Jing C, Liu J, Xu X, Sun L, Zhao D. Protective effect of oligosaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer against UVB-induced skin barrier damage in BALB/c hairless mice and human keratinocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114677. [PMID: 34562563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Skin barrier dysfunction can lead to water and electrolyte loss, triggering homeostatic imbalances that can trigger atopic dermatitis and anaphylaxis. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with known therapeutic benefits for the treatment of skin diseases, including photodamage repair effects and reduction of pigmentation. However, few reports exist that describe effectiveness of ginseng active components for repair of skin barrier damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ginseng oligosaccharide extract (GSO) was prepared from P. ginseng via water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation and resin and gel purification. GSO composition and structural characteristics were determined using LC-MS, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR. To evaluate GSO as a skin barrier repair-promoting treatment, skin of UVB-irradiated BALB/c hairless mice was treated with or without GSO then skin samples were evaluated for epidermal thickness, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and stratum corneum water content. In addition, UVB-exposed skin samples and HaCaT cells were analyzed to assess GSO treatment effects on levels of epidermal cornified envelope (CE) protein and other skin barrier proteins, such as filaggrin (FLG), involucrin (IVL), and aquaporin-3 (AQP3). Meanwhile, GSO treatment was also evaluated for effects on UVB-irradiated hairless mouse skin and HaCaT cells based on levels of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5 (SPINK5), trypsin-like kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5), chymotrypsin-like KLK7, and desmoglein 1 (DSG1). These proteins are associated with UVB-induced skin barrier damage manifesting as dryness and desquamation. RESULTS GSO was shown to consist of oligosaccharides comprised of seven distinct types of monosaccharides with molecular weights of approximately 1 kDa that were covalently linked together via β-glycosidic bonds. In vivo, GSO applied to dorsal skin of BALB/c hairless mice attenuated UVB-induced epidermal thickening and moisture loss. Furthermore, GSO ameliorated UVB-induced reductions of levels of FLG, IVL, and AQP3 proteins. Additionally, GSO treatment led to increased DSG1 protein levels due to decreased expression of KLK7. In vitro, GSO treatment of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells led to increases of FLG, IVL, and AQP3 mRNA levels and corresponding proteins, while mRNA levels of desquamation-related proteins SPINK5, KLK5, KLK7, and DSG1 and associated protein levels were restored to normal levels. CONCLUSION A P. ginseng oligosaccharide preparation repaired UVB-induced skin barrier damage by alleviating skin dryness and desquamation symptoms, highlighting its potential as a natural cosmetic additive that can promote skin barrier repair after UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhuo Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chenxu Jing
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Jilin Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Characteristic Health Product Research and Development Cross-regional Cooperation Science and Technology Innovation Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
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10
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Hoober JK, Eggink LL. The Discovery and Function of Filaggrin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031455. [PMID: 35163390 PMCID: PMC8835998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratohyalin granules were discovered in the mid-19th century in cells that terminally differentiate to form the outer, cornified layer of the epidermis. The first indications of the composition of these structures emerged in the 1960s from a histochemical stain for histidine, followed by radioautographic evidence of a high incidence of histidine incorporation into newly synthesized proteins in cells containing the granules. Research during the next three decades revealed the structure and function of a major protein in these granules, which was initially called the ‘histidine-rich protein’. Steinert and Dale named the protein ‘filaggrin’ in 1981 because of its ability to aggregate keratin intermediate filaments. The human gene for the precursor, ‘profilaggrin,’ was reported in 1991 to encode 10, 11 or 12 nearly identical repeats. Remarkably, the mouse and rat genes encode up to 20 repeats. The lifetime of filaggrin is the time required for keratinocytes in the granular layer to move into the inner cornified layer. During this transition, filaggrin facilitates the collapse of corneocytes into ‘building blocks’ that become an impermeable surface barrier. The subsequent degradation of filaggrin is as remarkable as its synthesis, and the end-products aid in maintaining moisture in the cornified layer. It was apparent that ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis were associated with the absence of this protein. McLean’s team in 2006 identified the cause of these diseases by discovering loss-of-function mutations in the profilaggrin gene, which led to dysfunction of the surface barrier. This story illustrates the complexity in maintaining a healthy, functional epidermis.
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11
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Gallegos-Alcalá P, Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Salinas E. The Keratinocyte as a Crucial Cell in the Predisposition, Onset, Progression, Therapy and Study of the Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910661. [PMID: 34639001 PMCID: PMC8509070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The keratinocyte (KC) is the main functional and structural component of the epidermis, the most external layer of the skin that is highly specialized in defense against external agents, prevention of leakage of body fluids and retention of internal water within the cells. Altered epidermal barrier and aberrant KC differentiation are involved in the pathophysiology of several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cutaneous and systemic immune dysregulation and skin microbiota dysbiosis. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms of this complex disease remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the participation of the KC in different aspects of the AD. We provide an overview of the genetic predisposing and environmental factors, inflammatory molecules and signaling pathways of the KC that participate in the physiopathology of the AD. We also analyze the link among the KC, the microbiota and the inflammatory response underlying acute and chronic skin AD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gallegos-Alcalá
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- National Council of Science and Technology, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-449-9108424
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12
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Xiang F, Wang Y, Cao C, Li Q, Deng H, Zheng J, Liu X, Tan X. The Role of Kallikrein 7 in Tumorigenesis. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2617-2631. [PMID: 34525904 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210915104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein 7 (KLK7) is a secreted serine protease with chymotrypsic protease activity. Abnormally high expression of KLK7 is closely related to the occurrence and development of various types of cancer. Therefore, KLK7 has been identified as a potential target for cancer drug development design in recent years. KLK7 mediates various biological and pathological processes in tumorigenesis, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and cell metabolism, by hydrolyzing a series of substrates such as membrane proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, and cytokines. This review mainly introduces the downstream cell signaling pathways involved in the activation of KLK7 and its substrate-related proteins. This review will not only help us to better understand the mechanisms of KLK7 in regulating biological and pathological processes of cancer cells, but also lay a solid foundation for the design of inhibitors targeting KLK7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Yueqing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Hao Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China.,The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
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13
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A Method to Investigate the Epidermal Permeability Barrier In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2154:73-90. [PMID: 32314209 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0648-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal permeability barrier serves as a multifunctional partition to protect its host from the external environment. Most epidermal permeability barrier studies have been conducted using in vivo human and experimental animals, although some studies have used in vitro cultured cells. There currently is an increased demand for these cultured models, thus avoiding the use of laboratory animals. Here, we first summarize required features that need to be recaptured in cultured keratinocytes for an epidermal permeability barrier study and second, we describe a method for culturing these cells. We also introduce methods to analyze epidermal permeability barrier function using cultured keratinocytes.
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14
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Petrova E, Hovnanian A. Advances in understanding of Netherton syndrome and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2020.1857724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Petrova
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Departement of Genetics, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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15
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Cheng S, Di Z, Hirman AR, Zheng H, Duo L, Zhai Q, Xu J. MiR-375-3p alleviates the severity of inflammation through targeting YAP1/LEKTI pathway in HaCaT cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2005-2013. [PMID: 32564679 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1783196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a complicated pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate whether miR-375-3p could regulate AD through the Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) pathway. In this study, inflammatory response was induced by TNF-α and IFN-γ administration in HaCaT cells. We found that viability and inflammatory factor release, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6, were negatively related to miR-375-3p expression in HaCaT cells. We also found that YAP1 overexpression down-regulated lympho-epithelial Kazal type inhibitor (LEKTI) levels and aggravated viability and inflammation in TNF-α and IFN-γ-treated HaCaT cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay proved the targeted binding of miR-375-3p and YAP1 3ʹ-UTR. Additionally, the protective effect of miR-375-3p on inflammatory response in TNF-α and IFN-γ-treated HaCaT cells could be impeded by YAP1 overexpression. Collectively, our results suggested that miR-375-3p could modulate HaCaT cell viability and inflammation through the YAP1/LEKTI pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohang Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Di
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abdul Razaq Hirman
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linna Duo
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianyu Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Touati A, Saeidian AH, Youssefian L, Faghankhani M, Niaziorimi F, Pajouhanfar S, Vahidnezhad H, Uitto J. The matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade in dermatologic diseases. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:580-587. [PMID: 32347581 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The proper development and function of skin and hair are dependent on proteolytic activities. Specifically, the matriptase-prostasin cascade is a series of proteolytic reactions in the epidermis integral to normal regulation of desquamation. An increasing amount of research describing this pathway has recently become available, and the importance of this pathway is exhibited by the association of genetic defects in this pathway with human diseases of the skin and hair. Given the relevance of this pathway to dermatology, we provide a review of the current understanding of its relevance to distinct clinical entities, including ichthyosis-hypotrichosis and Netherton syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Touati
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Faghankhani
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Niaziorimi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Pajouhanfar
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Ramesh K, Matta SA, Chew FT, Mok YK. Exonic mutations associated with atopic dermatitis disrupt lympho-epithelial Kazal-type related inhibitor action and enhance its degradation. Allergy 2020; 75:403-411. [PMID: 31407378 DOI: 10.1111/all.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin desquamation is facilitated by serine proteases KLK5 and KLK7, which are tightly regulated by lympho-epithelial Kazal-type related inhibitor (LEKTI). LEKTI itself is controlled through degraded by mesotrypsin. Here, we sought to determine whether LEKTI exonic mutations associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) affect the protease inhibitory activity of LEKTI or its susceptibility to mesotrypsin degradation. METHODS The inhibitory activities of the LEKTI domain 4 (D4) and D6 WT and AD-associated mutants on the enzyme activities of KLK5 and KLK7 were compared using fluorogenic substrates. A keratinocyte cell culture system using HaCat cells was established to assess the role of D6 WT and D386N on triggering inflammation via the induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). A degradation assay was used to assess the susceptibility of D4 and D6 mutants to mesotrypsin degradation. RESULTS Enzymatic assays revealed that the D6 D386N mutation affected the inhibitory activity of LEKTI on KLK5 but not KLK7. Other exonic mutations on D6 (N368S, V395M, and E420K) and D4 (R267Q) did not alter LEKTI inhibition. The D386N mutation disrupted the role of D6 in suppressing TSLP induction by KLK5 in HaCat cells. Although WT D4 is more susceptible to mesotrypsin degradation than WT D6, the D4 R267Q mutant was more resistant to mesotrypsin degradation, whereas the D6 E420K mutant showed enhanced mesotrypsin-mediated degradation. CONCLUSION Exonic mutations in D6, which previously have been associated with AD, may cause a disruption of inhibitory activity on KLK5 or enhance the degradation by mesotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Sri Anusha Matta
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
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18
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Egawa M, Iwanaga S, Hosoi J, Goto M, Yamanishi H, Miyai M, Katagiri C, Tokunaga K, Asai T, Ozeki Y. Label-free stimulated Raman scattering microscopy visualizes changes in intracellular morphology during human epidermal keratinocyte differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12601. [PMID: 31467379 PMCID: PMC6715667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocyte (KC) differentiation, which involves the process from proliferation to cell death for shedding the outermost layer of skin, is crucial for the barrier function of skin. Therefore, in dermatology, it is important to elucidate the epidermal KC differentiation process to evaluate the symptom level of diseases and skin conditions. Previous dermatological studies used staining or labelling techniques for this purpose, but they have technological limitations for revealing the entire process of epidermal KC differentiation, especially when applied to humans. Here, we demonstrate label-free visualization of three-dimensional (3D) intracellular morphological changes of ex vivo human epidermis during epidermal KC differentiation using stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. Specifically, we observed changes in nuclei during the initial enucleation process in which the nucleus is digested prior to flattening. Furthermore, we found holes left behind by improperly digested nuclei in the stratum corneum, suggesting abnormal differentiation. Our findings indicate the great potential of SRS microscopy for discrimination of the degree of epidermal KC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Egawa
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan.
| | - Shinya Iwanaga
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Junichi Hosoi
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Makiko Goto
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Miyai
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Chika Katagiri
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Kyoya Tokunaga
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuya Asai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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19
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Kishibe M. Physiological and pathological roles of kallikrein-related peptidases in the epidermis. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 95:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Schilling O, Biniossek ML, Mayer B, Elsässer B, Brandstetter H, Goettig P, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Specificity profiling of human trypsin-isoenzymes. Biol Chem 2019; 399:997-1007. [PMID: 29883318 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In humans, three different trypsin-isoenzymes have been described. Of these, trypsin-3 appears to be functionally different from the others. In order to systematically study the specificity of the trypsin-isoenzymes, we utilized proteome-derived peptide libraries and quantitative proteomics. We found similar specificity profiles dominated by the well-characterized preference for cleavage after lysine and arginine. Especially, trypsin-1 slightly favored lysine over arginine in this position, while trypsin-3 did not discriminate between them. In the P1' position, which is the residue C-terminal to the cleavage site, we noticed a subtle enrichment of alanine and glycine for all three trypsins and for trypsin-3 there were additional minor P1' and P2' preferences for threonine and aspartic acid, respectively. These findings were confirmed by FRET peptide substrates showing different susceptibility to cleavage by different trypsins. The preference of trypsin-3 for aspartic acid in P2' is explained by salt bridge formation with the unique Arg193. This salt bridge enables and stabilizes a canonical oxyanion conformation by the amides of Ser195 and Arg193, thus manifesting a selective substrate-assisted catalysis. As trypsin-3 has been proposed to be a therapeutic target and marker for cancers, our results may aid the development of specific inhibitors for cancer therapy and diagnostic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Mayer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitta Elsässer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Goettig
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
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21
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PRSS3/Mesotrypsin and kallikrein-related peptidase 5 are associated with poor prognosis and contribute to tumor cell invasion and growth in lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1844. [PMID: 30755669 PMCID: PMC6372636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases have been implicated as key drivers and facilitators of lung cancer malignancy, and while these proteins represent straightforward targets for therapeutic inhibitors, identification of optimal points for intervention has been complicated by the complex networks in which these enzymes function. Here we implicate a signaling pathway consisting of PRSS3/mesotrypsin and kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5) in lung adenocarcinoma malignancy. We show that elevated PRSS3/mesotrypsin expression is prognostic for poor outcome for patients with lung adenocarcinoma, and that genetic or pharmacologic targeting of PRSS3/mesotrypsin reduces lung adenocarcinoma cell invasiveness and proliferation. We further show that genetic targeting of KLK5, a known target of PRSS3/mesotrypsin, phenocopies the effect of PRSS3/mesotrypsin knockdown, and also that elevated expression of KLK5 is similarly prognostic for outcome in lung adenocarcinoma. Finally, we use transcriptional profiling experiments to show that PRSS3/mesotrypsin and KLK5 control a common malignancy-promoting pathway. These experiments implicate a potential PRSS3/mesotrypsin-KLK5 signaling module in lung adenocarcinoma and reveal the potential therapeutic benefit of selectively targeting these pathways.
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22
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Aubert J, Piwnica D, Bertino B, Blanchet-Réthoré S, Carlavan I, Déret S, Dreno B, Gamboa B, Jomard A, Luzy AP, Mauvais P, Mounier C, Pascau J, Pelisson I, Portal T, Rivier M, Rossio P, Thoreau E, Vial E, Voegel JJ. Nonclinical and human pharmacology of the potent and selective topical retinoic acid receptor-γ agonist trifarotene. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:442-456. [PMID: 29974453 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First- and third-generation retinoids are the main treatment for acne. Even though efficacious, they lack full selectivity for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ, expressed in the epidermis and infundibulum. OBJECTIVES To characterize the in vitro metabolism and the pharmacology of the novel retinoid trifarotene. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro assays determined efficacy, potency and selectivity on RARs, as well as the activity on the expression of retinoid target genes in human keratinocytes and ex vivo cultured skin. In vivo studies investigated topical comedolytic, anti-inflammatory and depigmenting properties. The trifarotene-induced gene expression profile was investigated in nonlesional skin of patients with acne and compared with ex vivo and in vivo models. Finally, the metabolic stability in human keratinocytes and hepatic microsomes was established. RESULTS Trifarotene is a selective RARγ agonist with > 20-fold selectivity over RARα and RARβ. Trifarotene is active and stable in keratinocytes but rapidly metabolized by human hepatic microsomes, predicting improved safety. In vivo, trifarotene 0·01% applied topically is highly comedolytic and has anti-inflammatory and antipigmenting properties. Gene expression studies indicated potent activation of known retinoid-modulated processes (epidermal differentiation, proliferation, stress response, retinoic acid metabolism) and novel pathways (proteolysis, transport/skin hydration, cell adhesion) in ex vivo and in vivo models, as well as in human skin after 4 weeks of topical application of trifarotene 0·005% cream. CONCLUSIONS Based on its RARγ selectivity, rapid degradation in human hepatic microsomes and pharmacological properties including potent modulation of epidermal processes, topical treatment with trifarotene could result in good efficacy and may present a favourable safety profile in acne and ichthyotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aubert
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - D Piwnica
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - B Bertino
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - S Blanchet-Réthoré
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - I Carlavan
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - S Déret
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - B Dreno
- Department of Dermatology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- CIC, Inserm U892-CNRS 6299, Nantes, France
| | - B Gamboa
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - A Jomard
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - A P Luzy
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - P Mauvais
- Pharma & Life Sciences Xpert, Antibes, France
| | - C Mounier
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - J Pascau
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - I Pelisson
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - T Portal
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - M Rivier
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - P Rossio
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - E Thoreau
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - E Vial
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
| | - J J Voegel
- Research Department, Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 Route des Colles, 06410, Biot, France
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23
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Kayode O, Huang Z, Soares AS, Caulfield TR, Dong Z, Bode AM, Radisky ES. Small molecule inhibitors of mesotrypsin from a structure-based docking screen. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176694. [PMID: 28463992 PMCID: PMC5413004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PRSS3/mesotrypsin is an atypical isoform of trypsin, the upregulation of which has been implicated in promoting tumor progression. To date there are no mesotrypsin-selective pharmacological inhibitors which could serve as tools for deciphering the pathological role of this enzyme, and could potentially form the basis for novel therapeutic strategies targeting mesotrypsin. A virtual screen of the Natural Product Database (NPD) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Drug Database was conducted by high-throughput molecular docking utilizing crystal structures of mesotrypsin. Twelve high-scoring compounds were selected for testing based on lowest free energy docking scores, interaction with key mesotrypsin active site residues, and commercial availability. Diminazene (CID22956468), along with two similar compounds presenting the bis-benzamidine substructure, was validated as a competitive inhibitor of mesotrypsin and other human trypsin isoforms. Diminazene is the most potent small molecule inhibitor of mesotrypsin reported to date with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 3.6±0.3 μM. Diminazene was subsequently co-crystalized with mesotrypsin and the crystal structure was solved and refined to 1.25 Å resolution. This high resolution crystal structure can now offer a foundation for structure-guided efforts to develop novel and potentially more selective mesotrypsin inhibitors based on similar molecular substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Kayode
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zunnan Huang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alexei S. Soares
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Igawa S, Kishibe M, Minami-Hori M, Honma M, Tsujimura H, Ishikawa J, Fujimura T, Murakami M, Ishida-Yamamoto A. Incomplete KLK7 Secretion and Upregulated LEKTI Expression Underlie Hyperkeratotic Stratum Corneum in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:449-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Kasparek P, Ileninova Z, Zbodakova O, Kanchev I, Benada O, Chalupsky K, Brattsand M, Beck IM, Sedlacek R. KLK5 and KLK7 Ablation Fully Rescues Lethality of Netherton Syndrome-Like Phenotype. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006566. [PMID: 28095415 PMCID: PMC5283769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a severe skin disease caused by the loss of protease inhibitor LEKTI, which leads to the dysregulation of epidermal proteases and severe skin-barrier defects. KLK5 was proposed as a major protease in NS pathology, however its inactivation is not sufficient to rescue the lethal phenotype of LEKTI-deficient mice. In this study, we further elucidated the in vivo roles of the epidermal proteases in NS using a set of mouse models individually or simultaneously deficient for KLK5 and KLK7 on the genetic background of a novel NS-mouse model. We show that although the ablation of KLK5 or KLK7 is not sufficient to rescue the lethal effect of LEKTI-deficiency simultaneous deficiency of both KLKs completely rescues the epidermal barrier and the postnatal lethality allowing mice to reach adulthood with fully functional skin and normal hair growth. We report that not only KLK5 but also KLK7 plays an important role in the inflammation and defective differentiation in NS and KLK7 activity is not solely dependent on activation by KLK5. Altogether, these findings show that unregulated activities of KLK5 and KLK7 are responsible for NS development and both proteases should become targets for NS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kasparek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Ileninova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Zbodakova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kanchev
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Benada
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupsky
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Inken M. Beck
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Limón D, Jiménez-Newman C, Calpena AC, González-Campo A, Amabilino DB, Pérez-García L. Microscale coiling in bis-imidazolium supramolecular hydrogel fibres induced by the release of a cationic serine protease inhibitor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4509-4512. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A gemini dicationic amphiphile forms gels with a serine protease inhibitor, which could be used in a new approach to the treatment of Rosacea, and the release of the drug causes remarkable gel fibre coiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Limón
- Departament de Farmacologia
- Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Claire Jiménez-Newman
- Departament de Farmacologia
- Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Ana C. Calpena
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Farmàcia
| | | | - David B. Amabilino
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- UK
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Departament de Farmacologia
- Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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27
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de Veer SJ, Furio L, Swedberg JE, Munro CA, Brattsand M, Clements JA, Hovnanian A, Harris JM. Selective Substrates and Inhibitors for Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7) Shed Light on KLK Proteolytic Activity in the Stratum Corneum. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:430-439. [PMID: 27697464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteases have pivotal roles in the skin's outermost layer, the epidermis. In the stratum corneum, serine proteases from the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family have been implicated in several key homeostatic processes, including desquamation. However, the precise contribution of specific KLKs to each process remains unclear. To address this, we used a chemical biology approach and designed selective substrates and inhibitors for KLK7, the most abundant KLK protease in the stratum corneum. The resulting KLK7 inhibitor is the most potent inhibitor of this protease reported to date (Ki = 140 pM), and displays at least 1,000-fold selectivity over several proteases that are related by function (KLK5 and KLK14) or specificity (chymotrypsin). We then used substrates and inhibitors for KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 to explore the activity of each protease in the stratum corneum using casein zymography and an ex vivo desquamation assay. These experiments provide the most detailed assessment of each KLK's contribution to corneocyte shedding in the plantar stratum corneum, revealing that inhibition of KLK7 alone is sufficient to block shedding, whereas KLK5 is also a major contributor. Collectively, these findings unveil chemical tools for studying KLK activity and demonstrate their potential for characterizing KLK biological functions in epidermal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163 and Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, Paris, France; Université Paris V Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Furio
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163 and Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, Paris, France; Université Paris V Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher A Munro
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Judith A Clements
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163 and Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, Paris, France; Université Paris V Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan M Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
Cervical-vaginal fluid (CVF) is a complex biological fluid that hydrates the mucosa of the lower female reproductive system. In-depth proteomic and biochemical studies on CVF have revealed that it contains large amounts of endogenous proteases and protease inhibitors, including an abundance of several members of the tissue kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family. Despite their ubiquitous presence in human tissues and fluids, KLK expression levels vary considerably, with maximum expression observed in reproduction-related tissues and fluids. The roles of KLKs in the lower female reproductive system are not fully understood. The activation of KLKs in CVF is dependent on pH and various modes of KLK regulation in the vagina exist. KLKs have been postulated to have roles in physiological functions related to antimicrobial processes, vaginal and cervical epithelial desquamation, sperm transport, and the processing of fetal membranes as observed in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Increased understanding of the functional roles of KLKs in the lower female reproductive system could lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for conditions such as vaginal infections and vaginal atrophy.
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29
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Koizumi H, Kawaguchi R, Ohkubo JI, Ikezaki S, Kitamura T, Hohchi N, Hashida K, Suzuki H. Expressions of isopeptide bonds and corneodesmosin in middle ear cholesteatoma. Clin Otolaryngol 2016; 42:252-262. [PMID: 27390311 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isopeptide bonds form cross-links between constituent proteins in the horny layer of the epidermis. Corneodesmosin (CDSN) is a major component of corneodesmosomes, which bind corneocytes together. Both play important roles in maintaining epidermal barrier functions. In the present study, we investigated the expressions of isopeptide bonds, CDSN, and related enzymes in middle ear cholesteatoma in comparison with the skin. DESIGN Prospective case series of patients with middle ear cholesteatoma. SETTING Tertiary medical institute. PARTICIPANTS Cholesteatoma and normal postauricular skin were collected from patients with acquired middle ear cholesteatoma during tympanomastoidectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Expression of e-(g-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bonds was examined by immunohistochemistry; Expressions of transglutaminase (TGase)1, TGase2, TGase3, and TGase5 by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR); expression of CDSN by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot; and expressions of tissue kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK)5, KLK7, KLK14, and serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 5 (SPINK5) by qRT-PCR. RESULTS TGase2 was higher (P=0.0046) and TGase5 was lower (P=0.0008) in cholesteatoma than in the postauricular skin. Immunoreactivity for isopeptide bonds was localized in the granular and horny layers, and was not different between the two tissues. Immunoreactivity for CDSN was localized in the granular layer, and was lower in cholesteatoma than in the skin (P=0.0090). Western blot and qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression of CDSN was lower in cholesteatoma than in the skin. Expressions of KLK5, KLK7, KLK14, or SPINK5 were not different between the two tissues. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the production of CDSN is likely to be suppressed in cholesteatoma, which would account, at least in part, for the mechanical fragility and increased permeability of the cholesteatoma epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koizumi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - R Kawaguchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - J-I Ohkubo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - S Ikezaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Kitamura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - N Hohchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - K Hashida
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - H Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Guerrero JL, O’Malley MA, Daugherty PS. Intracellular FRET-based Screen for Redesigning the Specificity of Secreted Proteases. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:961-70. [PMID: 26730612 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are attractive as therapeutics given their ability to catalytically activate or inactivate their targets. However, therapeutic use of proteases is limited by insufficient substrate specificity, since off-target activity can induce undesired side-effects. In addition, few methods exist to enhance the activity and specificity of human proteases, analogous to methods for antibody engineering. Given this need, a general methodology termed protease evolution via cleavage of an intracellular substrate (PrECISE) was developed to enable engineering of human protease activity and specificity toward an arbitrary peptide target. PrECISE relies on coexpression of a protease and a peptide substrate exhibiting Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) within the endoplasmic reticulum of yeast. Use of the FRET reporter substrate enabled screening large protease libraries using fluorescence activated cell sorting for the activity of interest. To evolve a human protease that selectively cleaves within the central hydrophobic core (KLVF↓F↓AED) of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, PrECISE was applied to human kallikrein 7, a protease with Aβ cleavage activity but broad selectivity, with a strong preference for tyrosine (Y) at P1. This method yielded a protease variant which displayed up to 30-fold improvements in Aβ selectivity mediated by a reduction in activity toward substrates containing tyrosine. Additionally, the increased selectivity of the variant led to reduced toxicity toward PC12 neuronal-like cells and 16-1000-fold improved resistance to wild-type inhibitors. PrECISE thus provides a powerful high-throughput capability to redesign human proteases for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Guerrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michelle A. O’Malley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Patrick S. Daugherty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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31
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Kallikreins - The melting pot of activity and function. Biochimie 2015; 122:270-82. [PMID: 26408415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome, are secreted serine proteases with diverse expression patterns and physiological roles. Because of the broad spectrum of processes that are modulated by kallikreins, these proteases are the subject of extensive investigations. This review brings together basic information about the biochemical properties affecting enzymatic activity, with highlights on post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation. Additionally, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the physiological functions of KLKs in major human organs and outline recent discoveries pertinent to the involvement of kallikreins in cell signaling and in viral infections. Despite the current depth of knowledge of these enzymes, many questions regarding the roles of kallikreins in health and disease remain unanswered.
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32
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KLK5 Inactivation Reverses Cutaneous Hallmarks of Netherton Syndrome. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005389. [PMID: 26390218 PMCID: PMC4577096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Netherton Syndrome (NS) is a rare and severe autosomal recessive skin disease which can be life-threatening in infants. The disease is characterized by extensive skin desquamation, inflammation, allergic manifestations and hair shaft defects. NS is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SPINK5 encoding the LEKTI serine protease inhibitor. LEKTI deficiency results in unopposed activities of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and aberrantly increased proteolysis in the epidermis. Spink5⁻/⁻ mice recapitulate the NS phenotype, display enhanced epidermal Klk5 and Klk7 protease activities and die within a few hours after birth because of a severe skin barrier defect. However the contribution of these various proteases in the physiopathology remains to be determined. In this study, we developed a new murine model in which Klk5 and Spink5 were both knocked out to assess whether Klk5 deletion is sufficient to reverse the NS phenotype in Spink5⁻/⁻ mice. By repeated intercrossing between Klk5⁻/⁻ mice with Spink5⁻/⁻ mice, we generated Spink5⁻/⁻Klk5⁻/⁻ animals. We showed that Klk5 knock-out in Lekti-deficient newborn mice rescues neonatal lethality, reverses the severe skin barrier defect, restores epidermal structure and prevents skin inflammation. Specifically, using in situ zymography and specific protease substrates, we showed that Klk5 knockout reduced epidermal proteolytic activity, particularly its downstream targets proteases KLK7, KLK14 and ELA2. By immunostaining, western blot, histology and electron microscopy analyses, we provide evidence that desmosomes and corneodesmosomes remain intact and that epidermal differentiation is restored in Spink5⁻/⁻Klk5⁻/⁻. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses and immunostainings revealed absence of inflammation and allergy in Spink5⁻/⁻Klk5⁻/⁻ skin. Notably, Il-1β, Il17A and Tslp levels were normalized. Our results provide in vivo evidence that KLK5 knockout is sufficient to reverse NS-like symptoms manifested in Spink5⁻/⁻ skin. These findings illustrate the crucial role of protease regulation in skin homeostasis and inflammation, and establish KLK5 inhibition as a major therapeutic target for NS.
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Rawlings AV. Molecular basis for stratum corneum maturation and moisturization. Br J Dermatol 2015; 171 Suppl 3:19-28. [PMID: 25234174 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This themed edition of BJD is dedicated to the work of Professor Ronald Marks for his untiring work on the understanding of stratum corneum (SC) structure and function. He and his coworkers, in my opinion, had the right focus for cosmetic dermatology issues. Namely, consumers experience the wonderful properties of the SC through sight, touch and the somatosensory system. They do not experience, for example, transepidermal water loss and skin conductance or capacitance! Marks understood this and set about developing the methodologies to examine the changes in SC architecture and function when desquamation goes haywire. More importantly, he understood that moisturizers do far more than simply hydrate the SC, as exemplified in the paper by Tree and Marks, 'An explanation for the placebo effect of bland ointment bases.' Moisturizing ingredients influence the properties of the SC in many ways with the sole purpose of overcoming the signs and symptoms of dry skin. Marks demonstrated the decrease in SC cohesion following use of hydrating agents, which led to the mechanistic work on the effects of a simple molecule like glycerol on the desquamatory process. In further exploiting forced desquamation and use of abrasion, he showed that improvements in exfoliation contribute to the mitigation of the signs of photodamaged skin, which can explain part of the antiageing effect of simple moisturizers. It is here that I should point out that at least this particular author in 1988 was 'standing on the shoulders of' a great corneologist whose work influenced his research directions. So this paper will provide an update on the latest developments for the molecular basis of SC maturation and moisturization, while highlighting the contributions of Professor Marks in the different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rawlings
- AVR Consulting Ltd, 26 Shavington Way, Northwich, Cheshire, CW9 8FH, U.K
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34
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Tan X, Soualmia F, Furio L, Renard JF, Kempen I, Qin L, Pagano M, Pirotte B, El Amri C, Hovnanian A, Reboud-Ravaux M. Toward the first class of suicide inhibitors of kallikreins involved in skin diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 58:598-612. [PMID: 25489658 DOI: 10.1021/jm500988d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of kallikreins 5 and 7, and possibly kallikrein 14 and matriptase, (that initiates the kallikrein proteolytic cascade) constitutes an innovative way to treat some skin diseases such as Netherton syndrome. We present here the inhibitory properties of coumarin-3-carboxylate derivatives against these enzymes. Our small collection of these versatile organic compounds was enriched by newly synthesized derivatives in order to obtain molecules selective against one, two, three enzymes or acting on the four ones. We evidenced a series of compounds with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. A suicide mechanism was observed against kallikrein 7 whereas the inactivation was either definitive (suicide type) or transient for kallikreins 5 and 14, and matriptase. Most of these potent inhibitors were devoid of cytotoxicity toward healthy human keratinocytes. In situ zymography investigations on skin sections from human kallikrein 5 transgenic mouse revealed significant reduction of the global proteolytic activity by several compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine , 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
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35
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Ishida-Yamamoto A, Igawa S. The biology and regulation of corneodesmosomes. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:477-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Pendlebury D, Wang R, Henin RD, Hockla A, Soares AS, Madden BJ, Kazanov MD, Radisky ES. Sequence and conformational specificity in substrate recognition: several human Kunitz protease inhibitor domains are specific substrates of mesotrypsin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32783-97. [PMID: 25301953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.609560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesotrypsin is an isoform of trypsin that is uniquely resistant to polypeptide trypsin inhibitors and can cleave some inhibitors rapidly. Previous studies have shown that the amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor domain (APPI) is a specific substrate of mesotrypsin and that stabilization of the APPI cleavage site in a canonical conformation contributes to recognition by mesotrypsin. We hypothesized that other proteins possessing potential cleavage sites stabilized in a similar conformation might also be mesotrypsin substrates. Here we evaluated a series of candidate substrates, including human Kunitz protease inhibitor domains from amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2), bikunin, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 2 (HAI2), tissue factor pathway inhibitor-1 (TFPI1), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI2), as well as E-selectin, an unrelated protein possessing a potential cleavage site displaying canonical conformation. We find that Kunitz domains within APLP2, bikunin, and HAI2 are cleaved by mesotrypsin with kinetic profiles of specific substrates. TFPI1 and TFPI2 Kunitz domains are cleaved less efficiently by mesotrypsin, and E-selectin is not cleaved at the anticipated site. Cocrystal structures of mesotrypsin with HAI2 and bikunin Kunitz domains reveal the mode of mesotrypsin interaction with its canonical substrates. Our data suggest that major determinants of mesotrypsin substrate specificity include sequence preferences at the P1 and P'2 positions along with conformational stabilization of the cleavage site in the canonical conformation. Mesotrypsin up-regulation has been implicated previously in cancer progression, and proteolytic clearance of Kunitz protease inhibitors offers potential mechanisms by which mesotrypsin may mediate pathological effects in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Pendlebury
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Ruiying Wang
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Rachel D Henin
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Alexei S Soares
- the Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Benjamin J Madden
- the Medical Genome Facility Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
| | - Marat D Kazanov
- the A. A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Evette S Radisky
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224,
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Peeling off the genetics of atopic dermatitis–like congenital disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:808-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yamamoto-Tanaka M, Motoyama A, Miyai M, Matsunaga Y, Matsuda J, Tsuboi R, Hibino T. Mesotrypsin and caspase-14 participate in prosaposin processing: potential relevance to epidermal permeability barrier formation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20026-38. [PMID: 24872419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A proteomics-based search for molecules interacting with caspase-14 identified prosaposin and epidermal mesotrypsin as candidates. Prosaposin is a precursor of four sphingolipid activator proteins (saposins A-D) that are essential for lysosomal hydrolysis of sphingolipids. Thus, we hypothesized that caspase-14 and mesotrypsin participate in processing of prosaposin. Because we identified a saposin A sequence as an interactor with these proteases, we prepared a specific antibody to saposin A and focused on saposin A-related physiological reactions. We found that mesotrypsin generated saposins A-D from prosaposin, and mature caspase-14 contributed to this process by activating mesotrypsinogen to mesotrypsin. Knockdown of these proteases markedly down-regulated saposin A synthesis in skin equivalent models. Saposin A was localized in granular cells, whereas prosaposin was present in the upper layer of human epidermis. The proximity ligation assay confirmed interaction between prosaposin, caspase-14, and mesotrypsin in the granular layer. Oil Red staining showed that the lipid envelope was significantly reduced in the cornified layer of skin from saposin A-deficient mice. Ultrastructural studies revealed severely disorganized cornified layer structure in both prosaposin- and saposin A-deficient mice. Overall, our results indicate that epidermal mesotrypsin and caspase-14 work cooperatively in prosaposin processing. We propose that they thereby contribute to permeability barrier formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Yamamoto-Tanaka
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558, the Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, and
| | - Akira Motoyama
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558
| | - Masashi Miyai
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558
| | - Yukiko Matsunaga
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558
| | - Junko Matsuda
- the Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, Kitakinnmoku 4-1-1, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tsuboi
- the Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, and
| | - Toshihiko Hibino
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558,
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Multiple pathways are involved in DNA degradation during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1181. [PMID: 24743736 PMCID: PMC4001300 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the nucleus is a critical step in keratinocyte terminal differentiation. To elucidate the mechanisms involved, we focused on two characteristic events: nuclear translocation of N-terminal fragment of profilaggrin and caspase-14-dependent degradation of the inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD). First, we demonstrated that epidermal mesotrypsin liberated a 55-kDa N-terminal fragment of profilaggrin (FLG-N) and FLG-N was translocated into the nucleus. Interestingly, these cells became TUNEL positive. Mutation in the mesotrypsin-susceptible Arg-rich region between FLG-N and the first filaggrin domain abolished these changes. Furthermore, caspase-14 caused limited proteolysis of ICAD, followed by accumulation of caspase-activated DNase (CAD) in TUNEL-positive nuclei. Knockdown of both proteases resulted in a significant increase of remnant nuclei in a skin equivalent model. Immunohistochemical study revealed that both caspase-14 and mesotrypsin were markedly downregulated in parakeratotic areas of lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Collectively, our results indicate that at least two pathways are involved in the DNA degradation process during keratinocyte terminal differentiation.
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