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Marques MR, de Assis PHG, Azeredo PS, Fleury JA, Costa JR, Gomes LS, Lima DS, Ribeiro NCDS, Biancardi MF, Dos Santos FCA. Aluminum intake in the neonatal phase disrupts endochondral ossification in rodents. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 72:126962. [PMID: 35358782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of aluminum (Al) intake on endochondral ossification during the neonatal phase. METHOD Twelve male newborn Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were randomly divided into control (C) and aluminum (Al) groups (n = 6 animals/group). From the 1st to 15th day of life, gerbils received an AlCl3 solution (10 mg/kg/day) via gavage. The control group received only the saline solution. On the 16th day, their tibias were processed for paraffin embedding and were submitted to histomorphometric, histochemical, and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS In the epiphyseal cartilage Al did not affect the proteoglycan content or cell proliferation; however, it increased matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) immunostaining and the hypertrophic layer thickness. In bone, Al decreased trabeculae number, trabecular width, cortical bone width, and proliferation. Furthermore, the relative frequency of bone matrix and fibrillar collagen decreased 3.9% and 16.2%, respectively. The number of osteoclasts and osteocalcin digital optical density (D.O.D) remained the same. CONCLUSION The results suggest that Al intake during the neonatal period impairs endochondral ossification by affecting epiphyseal cartilage and bone architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Rubia Marques
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Henrique Graciano de Assis
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Santos Azeredo
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Aguiar Fleury
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Janaina Ribeiro Costa
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Liana Silva Gomes
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Danilo Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Naiara Cristina de Souza Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Manoel Francisco Biancardi
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cristina Alcântara Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Microscopia Aplicada à Reprodução - (LaMARe) - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Kleer-Reiter N, Julmi S, Feichtner F, Waselau AC, Klose C, Wriggers P, Maier HJ, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Biocompatibility and degradation of the open-pored magnesium scaffolds LAE442 and La2. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33827052 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abf5c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Porous magnesium implants are of particular interest for application as resorbable bone substitutes, due to their mechanical strength and a Young's modulus similar to bone. The objective of the present study was to compare the biocompatibility, bone and tissue ingrowth, and the degradation behaviour of scaffolds made from the magnesium alloys LAE442 (n= 40) and Mg-La2 (n= 40)in vivo. For this purpose, cylindrical magnesium scaffolds (diameter 4 mm, length 5 mm) with defined, interconnecting pores were produced by investment casting and coated with MgF2. The scaffolds were inserted into the cancellous part of the greater trochanter ossis femoris of rabbits. After implantation periods of 6, 12, 24 and 36 weeks, the bone-scaffold compounds were evaluated usingex vivo µCT80 images, histological examinations and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis. The La2 scaffolds showed inhomogeneous and rapid degradation, with inferior osseointegration as compared to LAE442. For the early observation times, no bone and tissue could be observed in the pores of La2. Furthermore, the excessive amount of foreign body cells and fibrous capsule formation indicates insufficient biocompatibility of the La2 scaffolds. In contrast, the LAE442 scaffolds showed slow degradation and better osseointegration. Good vascularization, a moderate cellular response, bone and osteoid-like bone matrix at all implantation periods were observed in the pores of LAE442. In summary, porous LAE442 showed promise as a degradable scaffold for bone defect repair, based on its degradation behaviour and biocompatibility. However, further studies are needed to show it would have the necessary mechanical properties required over time for weight-bearing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kleer-Reiter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstr. 13, München 80539, Germany
| | - S Julmi
- Institut für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, Garbsen 30823, Germany
| | - F Feichtner
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstr. 13, München 80539, Germany
| | - A-C Waselau
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstr. 13, München 80539, Germany
| | - C Klose
- Institut für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, Garbsen 30823, Germany
| | - P Wriggers
- Institute of Continuum Mechanics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 11, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - H J Maier
- Institut für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, Garbsen 30823, Germany
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstr. 13, München 80539, Germany
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3
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Sankaramanivel S, Jeyapriya R, Hemalatha D, Djody S, Arunakaran J, Srinivasan N. Effect of chromium on vertebrae, femur and calvaria of adult male rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2006; 25:311-8. [PMID: 16866188 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht627oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Alloys of chromium have a long history of success in the surgical treatment of many orthopaedic defects. Nonetheless, prostheses loosening are commonly found around arthoplasties due to corrosion of metals. On this basis, it is hypothesized that chromium accumulation interferes with remodeling of bone. The present study aims to analyse the toxic effects of chromium on bone phosphatases in various regions of the bone in rats. Rats were treated with chromium intraperitoneally (0.5 mg/kg) in the form of potassium dichromate for 5 days. The accumulation of chromium is approximately 5.2-fold in the vertebrae, 8.9-fold in the femur and 8.7-fold in the calvaria, when compared to control. Chromium administration significantly reduced the activity of enzymes, eg, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The study revealed a significant increase in the concentration of calcium, altered bone formation rate and bone morphology in the femur, vertebrae and calvaria. The interesting findings of the current study suggest altered bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sankaramanivel
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taramani, University of Madras, Chennai - 600 113, India.
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Karlsson M, Pålsgård E, Wilshaw PR, Di Silvio L. Initial in vitro interaction of osteoblasts with nano-porous alumina. Biomaterials 2003; 24:3039-46. [PMID: 12895576 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we have used a characterised primary human cell culture model to investigate cellular interactions with nano-porous alumina. This material, prepared by anodisation, is being developed as a coating on titanium alloy implants. The structure of the alumina, as determined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, was amorphous. When studying cell/material interactions we used both biochemical and morphological parameters. Cell viability, proliferation and phenotype were assessed by measurement of redox reactions in the cells, cellular DNA, tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR) incorporation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production. Results showed a normal osteoblastic growth pattern with increasing cell numbers during the first 2 weeks. A peak in cell proliferation was seen on day 3, after which cell growth decreased, followed by an increase in ALP production, thus indicating that the osteoblastic phenotype was retained on the alumina. Cell adhesion was observed, the osteoblast-like cells having a flattened morphology with filipodia attached to the pores of the material. SDS-PAGE and western blot measurements showed that the nano-porous alumina was able to adsorb fibronectin. Trace amounts of aluminium ions were measured in the surrounding medium, but no adverse effect on cell activity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karlsson
- Center for Surface Biotechnology, BMC, Husarg. 3, D7:3, Box 577, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Takeuchi K, Okada S, Yukihiro S, Hajime Inoue. The inhibitory effects of aluminum and iron on bone formation—in vivo and in vitro study. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4680(97)00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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6
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The inhibitory effects of aluminum and iron on bone formation, in vivo and in vitro study. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4680(97)00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Carter DH, Sloan P, Brook IM, Hatton PV. Role of exchanged ions in the integration of ionomeric (glass polyalkenoate) bone substitutes. Biomaterials 1997; 18:459-66. [PMID: 9111948 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(96)00150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionomeric (glass polyalkenoate) implants are synthetic materials which can be used for repairing bone defects. It has been suggested that ions are leached from these implants during healing and that they influence cellular activity in the surrounding tissues. Morphological, immunohistochemical and microanalytical techniques were used to compare the osteogenic capacity of implants which eluted aluminium ions with implants which did not elute aluminium ions. The extracellular matrix molecules fibronectin and tenascin were located upon the surface of both implanted materials. Thick seams of lamellar bone were apposed to implants containing labile aluminium ions, but the bone was poorly mineralized. At the same time, transient increases were apparent in osteoblast activity on periosteal and endosteal surfaces and in chondrocyte activity in the growth plate and articular cartilages. In contrast, small amounts of mineralized lamellar bone were apposed to substituted implants (without aluminium) and the growth plate and articular cartilages remained normal in thickness and morphology. These results suggest that exchanged ions can influence the amount and quality of bone apposed to the implant. They also suggest that the effect of the ions depends upon their concentration and the state of differentiation of osteogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Carter
- Department of Oral Medicine and Dental Diagnostic Science, Turner Dental School, University of Manchester, UK
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8
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Nybø S. Effects of dietary aluminum on chicks Gallus gallus domesticus with different dietary intake of calcium and phosphorus. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1996; 31:177-183. [PMID: 8781066 DOI: 10.1007/bf00212363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Birds that feed in acidified areas may be exposed to an increased intake of aluminum, while their intake of calcium and phosphorus may simultaneously be low. In particular, juvenile birds foraging in acidified areas may suffer from increased effects of aluminum due to high demands of calcium. Day old chicks were fed six different diets where aluminum was combined with normal and low concentrations of dietary calcium and phosphorus for 14 days. The normal calcium-available phosphorus (Ca-P) level was 1.05%-0.45%, and the low dietary Ca-P level was 0.49%-0.21%. Aluminum was given in dietary levels of 0%, 0.13%, and 0.31%. Aluminum had no effects on growth, mortality, or hematocrit, but induced hypocalcemia. Bones accumulated more aluminum than kidneys. A high dietary concentration of aluminum (0.31%) increased the accumulation of aluminum twofold in bones and threefold in kidneys when the dietary concentration of calcium and phosphorus was halved. Opposed to the predictions, bone mineralisation was stimulated by an intermediate increase in dietary aluminum (0.13%) at both levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus. Bone stiffness was also stimulated at this dietary aluminum concentration, but only at the diet low in calcium and phosphorus. A high dietary aluminum concentration did not have any effect on bone stiffness or calcium concentration. Bone stiffness correlated positively with the calcium concentration in bone, and negatively with the aluminum concentration in bone. The effect of dietary aluminum on bone stiffness is probably caused by an alteration in bone mineralization, rather than by the presence of aluminum in bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nybø
- Department of Zoology, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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9
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Dwornik JJ, O'Neal ML, Ganey TM, Slater-Haase AS, Ogden JA, Wagner CE. Metallic dissolution of a civil war bullet embedded in a sternum. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1996; 17:130-5. [PMID: 8727288 DOI: 10.1097/00000433-199606000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary trend of converting departments of anatomy into departments of cell biology has brought with it the task of examining archive collections and storage facilities to figure out how to best utilize the available space. During one such inspection at the University of Louisville School of Medicine, a human sternum containing a dull metal projectile was uncovered. The projectile was easy to characterize as a bullet that had been deeply embedded in the bone. Less clear, however, were the circumstances detailing how the bullet had become lodged in the sternum, or how long the sternum might have been in storage at the University of Louisville. Radiographs of the sternum revealed a halo of surrounding density that dissipated in intensity from the margins of the bullet. Our initial hypothesis was that lead had been leached from the bullet into the bone matrix. To better assess what in fact contributed to this density, the sternum and the bullet were analyzed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to determine their elemental composition. That the bullet was composed of lead and aluminum was not surprising, but the extent to which the presence and dissolution of the bullet had affected the composition of the bony sternum was not entirely expected. The contribution of metal ions from the bullet to the inorganic matrix of bone was most notable for aluminum but nearly negligible for lead. This finding confirmed that bone affinity for metals is dependent upon the metal and supports previous reports that have suggested that lead is released from bone as soluble blood product during bony remodeling, whereas aluminum results in a significant elevation of bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Dwornik
- Department of Anatomy, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
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10
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Bushinsky DA, Sprague SM, Hallegot P, Girod C, Chabala JM, Levi-Setti R. Effects of aluminum on bone surface ion composition. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10:1988-97. [PMID: 8619380 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum induces net calcium efflux from cultured bone. To determine whether aluminum alters the bone surface ion composition in a manner consistent with predominantly cell-mediated resorption, a combination of cell-mediated resorption and physicochemical dissolution or physicochemical dissolution alone, we utilized an analytic high-resolution scanning ion microprobe with secondary ion mass spectroscopy to determine the effects of aluminum on bone surface ion composition. We cultured neonatal mouse calvariae with or without aluminum (10(-7) M) for 24 h and determined the relative ion concentrations of 23Na, 27Al, 39K, and 40Ca on the bone surface and eroded subsurface. Control calvariae have a surface (depth approximately 6 nm) that is rich in Na and K compared with Ca(Na/Ca) = 24.4 + 1.4, mean + 95% confidence limit of counts per second of detected secondary ions, K+Ca = 13.2 + 0.9). Aluminum is incorporated into the bone and causes a depletion of surface Na and K relative to Ca (Na/Ca = 9.6 + 0.7, K/Ca = 4.9 + 0.4; each p < 0.001 versus control). After erosion (depth approximately 50 nm), control calvariae have more Na and K than Ca (Na/Ca = 16.0 + 0.1, K/Ca = 7.5 + 0.1); aluminum again depleted Na and K relative to Ca (Na/Ca = 4.1 + 0.1 K/Ca = 1.9 + 0.1; each p < 0.001 versus control). Aluminum produced a greater net efflux of Ca (362 +/- 53, mean +/- SE, nmol/bone/24 h) than control (60 +/- 30, p < 0.001). With aluminum, the fall in the ratios of both Na/Ca and K/Ca coupled with net Ca release from bone indicates that aluminium induces a greater efflux of Na and K than Ca from the bone surface and is consistent with an aluminum-induced removal of the bone surface. This alteration in surface ion concentration and calcium efflux is consistent with that observed when calcium is lost from bone through a combination of cell-mediated resorption and physicochemical dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bushinsky
- Nephrology Unit, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Yukihiro S, Okada S, Takeuchi K, Inoue H. Experimental osteodystrophy of chronic renal failure induced by aluminum- and ferric-nitrilotriacetate in Wistar rats. Pathol Int 1995; 45:19-25. [PMID: 7704240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1995.tb03375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aluminum (AI) and iron (Fe) chelate complexes of nitrilotriacetate (NTA) cause renal insufficiency when they are administered intraperitoneally to rats. Their effects on bone metabolism were studied in 4 week old Wistar rats. Daily intraperitoneal administration of AI-NTA (3mg AI/kg for 11 weeks) induced osteomalacia, impaired bone growth, decreased bone mineral density, lower serum PTH levels than normal as well as renal insufficiency. Al staining showed diffuse deposition in the trabecula and a strong linear band of aluminum deposited at the mineralization front and along the cement line. The osteoid seen markedly within the trabecula was probably the decalcified portion of the bone, the calcium apatite of which was defectively fabricated because of diffuse Al deposition in the trabecula. Al deposition along the cement line would make it much more susceptible to external shear stress than normal. Although daily intraperitoneal administration of Fe-NTA (6 mg Fe/kg for 11 weeks) caused impaired bone growth, decreased bone mineral content and renal insufficiency, the osteoid volume did not increase. Fe staining showed that Fe was deposited diffusely in the cytoplasm of osteoblasts. The results of this study demonstrated that during renal insufficiency, different minerals exhibit different modes of action on bone metabolism, and that Al-NTA is useful for experimental animal models of Al-induced osteomalacia in renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yukihiro
- First Department of Pathology, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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Toni A, Lewis CG, Sudanese A, Stea S, Calista F, Savarino L, Pizzoferrato A, Giunti A. Bone demineralization induced by cementless alumina-coated femoral stems. J Arthroplasty 1994; 9:435-44. [PMID: 7964776 DOI: 10.1016/0883-5403(94)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biologic compatibility of ceramic materials has been widely demonstrated, and alumina (Al2O3) has been used extensively in clinical applications for nearly 20 years. The authors examined the behavior of bone tissue adjacent to the alumina coating in eight cementless hip prosthetic stems that appeared radiologically stable and were explanted because of pain. Histologic evaluation demonstrated the presence of a consistent layer of decalcified bone tissue in continuity with and parallel to the prosthetic interface. Based on laboratory findings, the authors attribute this demineralization phenomenon to a high local concentration of aluminum ions with metabolic bone disease, which is histologically comparable to the osteomalacic osteodystrophy described in dialysis patients. These findings must be carefully considered given the potential long-term implications for alumina-coated implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Toni
- Orthopaedic Clinic, University of Bologna, Italy
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Severson AR, Haut CF, Firling CE, Huntley TE. Influence of short-term aluminum exposure on demineralized bone matrix induced bone formation. Arch Toxicol 1992; 66:706-12. [PMID: 1290403 DOI: 10.1007/bf01972621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of aluminum exposure on bone formation employing the demineralized bone matrix (DBM) induced bone development model were studied using 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats injected with a saline (control) or an aluminum chloride (experimental) solution. After 2 weeks of aluminum treatment, 20-mg portions of rat DBM were implanted subcutaneously on each side in the thoracic region of the control and experimental rats. Animals were killed 7, 12, or 21 days after implantation of the DBM and the developing plaques removed. No morphological, histochemical, or biochemical differences were apparent between plaques from day 7 control and experimental rats. Plaques from day 12 control and experimental rats exhibited cartilage formation and alkaline phosphatase activity localized in osteochondrogenic cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and extracellular matrix. Unlike the plaques from control rats that contained many osteoblastic mineralizing fronts, the plaques from the 12-day experimental group had a preponderance of cartilaginous tissue, no evidence of mineralization, increased levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, and a reduced calcium content. Plaques developing for 21 days in control animals demonstrated extensive new bone formation and bone marrow development, while those in the experimental rats demonstrated unmineralized osteoid-like matrix with poorly developed bone marrow. Alkaline phosphatase activity of the plaques continued to remain high on day 21 for the control and experimental groups. Calcium levels were significantly reduced in the experimental group. These biochemical changes correlated with histochemical reductions in bone calcification.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Severson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth 55812
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14
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Abstract
Aluminum intoxication is an iatrogenic disease caused by the use of aluminum compounds for phosphate binding and by the contamination of parenteral fluids. Although organ aluminum deposition was noted as early as 1880 and toxicity was documented in the 1960s, the inability to accurately measure serum and tissue aluminum prevented delineation of its toxic effects until the 1970s. Aluminum toxicity has now been conclusively shown to cause encephalopathy, metabolic bone disease, and microcytic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0297
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15
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O'Flaherty EJ. Physiologically based models for bone-seeking elements. I. Rat skeletal and bone growth. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 111:299-312. [PMID: 1957314 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(91)90032-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A review of features of bone structure and bone growth critical to the development of a physiologically based model of the whole-body kinetics of bone-seeking elements is presented. Allometric equations describing the volume and weight of the bone, bone marrow, and skeleton during growth of the rat from birth to maturity are derived. Weights of body calcium and bone ash are also expressed allometrically as functions of body weight during growth. The simplicity of these functions will allow them to form the basis of a flexible model of the movement of bone-seeking elements in and out of bone. Blood flow rates to bone and bone marrow are incorporated into the model of the mature skeleton. The predictions of the skeletal growth model are in good agreement with measured quantities of bone, skeletal ash, and calcium in growing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J O'Flaherty
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0056
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16
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Ebina Y, Okada S, Hamazaki S, Toda Y, Midorikawa O. Impairment of bone formation with aluminum and ferric nitrilotriacetate complexes. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 48:28-36. [PMID: 2007224 DOI: 10.1007/bf02555793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of aluminum(AL) and iron(Fe) on bone formation were studied in the presence of nitrilotriacetate (NTA) as a chelator. Both Al-NTA (1.0-1.5 mg Al/kg/day, n = 12)- and ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) (2.0 mg/kg/day, n = 4)-treated Wistar rats showed renal insufficiency blood urea nitrogen [BUN] levels of 25 +/- 8.8-20 +/- 0.7 compared to 12 +/- 0.7-11 +/- 0.4 mg/dl), osteomalacia with a relative osteoid volume of 31.5 +/- 5.6-13.2 +/- 2.4 compared to 4.6 +/- 1.8-0.83 +/- 0.12%, and bone growth retardation (3.1 +/- 0-3.0 +/- 0.2 compared to 3.4 +/- 0-3.3 +/- 0.1 cm) in 24 control rats. Dietary vitamin E(VE) supplementation prevented the Fe-NTA-induced impairment, but not the Al-NTA toxicity. Aluminum was deposited at the interface between osteoid and mineralized bone, while Fe was deposited in the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. There seems to be a positive correlation between hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia but carboxy-terminal parathyroid hormone (C-PTH) and calcium (Ca) levels in the serum were not related to the degree of osteomalacia. Administration of Al-NTA results in more bone Al deposition than that of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) (450 +/- 40 compared to 211 +/- 18 mg/kg fat-free dry weight). The Fe-NTA bone change is related to VE-preventable cellular injury, being consistent with the notion that Fe-NTA toxicity is caused by lipid peroxidation. Al-NTA can be used as an animal model of renal osteodystrophy. Osteodystrophy by Al in chronic renal failure may be mediated by the intrinsic chelator or chelating substance(s) retained in the body fluid due to renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ebina
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Rodriguez M, Felsenfeld AJ, Llach F. Aluminum administration in the rat separately affects the osteoblast and bone mineralization. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5:59-67. [PMID: 2309580 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650050110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum administration in the experimental animal results in osteomalacia as characterized by osteoid accumulation and decreased mineralization. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that either aluminum directly inhibits mineralization or is toxic to the osteoblast. In the present study, PTH was continuously infused in rats with aluminum-induced osteomalacia to evaluate whether aluminum administration decreased mineralization without a concomitant decrease in osteoblasts. Four groups of rats were studied: chronic renal failure (CRF); CRF + aluminum (AL); CRF + PTH; and CRF + PTH + AL. Rats were sacrificed 5 and 12 days after aluminum or diluent administration; in the PTH groups, bovine PTH (1-34) was administered at 2 units/h via a subcutaneously implanted Alzet pump. Aluminum administration decreased osteoblast surface, increased osteoid accumulation, and produced a cessation of bone formation. The infusion of PTH alone increased osteoblast surface and bone formation. The simultaneous administration of aluminum and PTH resulted in an osteoblast surface intermediate between aluminum and PTH alone; however, despite a PTH-induced restoration of osteoblast surface, bone formation did not increase. These findings indicate (1) aluminum is toxic to osteoblasts and also directly inhibits mineralization even when osteoblasts are not decreased; (2) PTH is capable of increasing osteoblasts even in the presence of aluminum; and (3) despite a PTH-induced increase in osteoblast surface, mineralization of osteoid was not improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Wadsworth VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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18
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Abstract
Aluminum toxicity is the presumed cause of aluminum-associated osteomalacia. In animal models, osteomalacia has been produced after a prolonged course of aluminum. In the present study, rats with renal failure received 20 mg intraperitoneal aluminum during a 2 day period. This model allows sequential observations in the development of osteomalacia. Rats were sacrificed and studied 5, 12, 25, and 40 days after aluminum administration. No differences were observed in serum calcium, phosphorus, or creatinine as a consequence of aluminum administration. Compared with control rats, parathyroid hormone was decreased at 12 and 25 days. A direct correlation was present between plasma and bone aluminum at 12 days (r = 0.92, p less than 0.01), 25 days (r = 0.85, p less than 0.005), and 40 days (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001) but not 5 days after aluminum administration. Plasma aluminum peaked at 5 days (727 +/- 89 micrograms/liter, mean +/- SEM) and bone aluminum at 40 days (273 +/- 40 micrograms/g). Aluminum had profound effect on bone histology. At 5 days there was a decrease in osteoblast surface and osteoid surface; at 12 days osteoblast surface and osteoid surface returned to normal but osteoclast surface decreased. Subsequently there was a progressive increase in osteoid surface and osteoid volume. Bone formation rate measured at 12, 25, and 40 days was decreased at these intervals. In conclusion, (1) high plasma aluminum may be directly toxic to the osteoblast; (2) progressive osteoid accumulation is secondary to matrix (osteoid) deposition, which exceeds the depressed bone formation rate; (3) the progressive decrease in plasma aluminum and increase in bone aluminum suggest that bone has a high affinity for aluminum but may have a relatively slow rate of uptake at any given time; (4) aluminum may directly decrease parathyroid hormone; (5) the correlation between plasma and bone aluminum suggest an exchange is present; and (6) aluminum toxicity may independently affect the osteoblast and bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
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Wills MR, Savory J. Aluminum and chronic renal failure: sources, absorption, transport, and toxicity. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1989; 27:59-107. [PMID: 2647415 DOI: 10.3109/10408368909106590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In normal subjects the gastrointestinal tract is a relatively impermeable barrier to aluminum with a low fractional absorption rate for this metal ion. Aluminum absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is normally excreted by the kidneys; in the presence of impaired renal function aluminum is retained and accumulates in body tissues. Aluminum-containing medications are given, by mouth, to patients with chronic renal failure as phosphate-binding agents for the therapeutic control of hyperphosphatemia. Patients with chronic renal failure are also exposed to aluminum in domestic tap-water supplies used either for drinking or, in those on dialysis treatment, in the preparation of their dialysate. In patients with end-stage chronic renal failure, particularly in those on treatment by hemodialysis, the accumulation of aluminum in bone, brain, and other tissues is associated with toxic sequelae. An increased brain content of aluminum appears to be the major etiological factor in the development of a neurological syndrome called either "dialysis encephalopathy" or "dialysis dementia"; an increased bone content causes a specific form of osteomalacia. An excess of aluminum also appears to be an etiological factor in a microcytic, hypochromic anemia that occurs in some patients with chronic renal failure on long-term treatment with hemodialysis. The various mechanisms involved in the toxic phenomena associated with the accumulation of aluminum in body tissues have not been clearly defined but are the subject of extensive investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wills
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville
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Hodsman AB, Steer BM, Arsenault AL. Aluminum intoxication in vitamin D-deficient rats: studies of bone aluminum localization and histomorphometry before and after vitamin D repletion. J Bone Miner Res 1988; 3:375-83. [PMID: 2851921 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum accumulation by both dialysis patients and nonuremic patients, requiring chronic total parenteral nutrition, may be an etiological factor in the development of severe osteomalacia. To study the role of aluminum toxicity in bone, further experiments have been conducted in the nonuremic, vitamin D-deficient rat. Weanling rats were raised on vitamin D-deficient diets, and half received parenteral aluminum (5 mg/wk), for 30 days. In the first experiment low doses of 25-OH cholecalciferol (500 ng/week) were given subcutaneously for a further 30 days. Control rats were maintained on a similar protocol, but were supplemented with cholecalciferol (5 micrograms/week) from the outset until sacrifice at 60 days. In the second experiment a single bolus of cholecalciferol (5 micrograms) was given to study short-term changes in serum biochemistry and bone histology at 96 hr. Quantitative bone histomorphometric analyses of the proximal tibial metaphysis were made in all experimental groups. In the experimental vitamin D-deficient group, with the highest bone aluminum content (as assessed by extraction of whole bone aluminum), X-ray microanalysis was performed to determine the distribution of aluminum in bone tissue and bone cell organelles. The results showed that control rats treated with prolonged aluminum therapy (30 mg over 60 days) had evidence of both reduced osteoid matrix synthesis and mineralization. However, in vitamin D-deficient rats, there was no evidence that aluminum exacerbated the osteomalacic lesion, even though there was histochemical evidence of aluminum deposition at the bone-osteoid interface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Hodsman
- Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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Vukicević S, Krempien B, Stavljenić A. Effects of 1 alpha,25- and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on aluminum-induced rickets in growing uremic rats. J Bone Miner Res 1987; 2:533-45. [PMID: 3502683 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rats were subjected to a two-stage subtotal nephrectomy or sham operation, and treated with aluminum (Al) or both aluminum and vitamin D3 metabolites for 5 weeks with a cumulative dose of 13.6 mg aluminum. Animals were injected with 3H-thymidine and 3H-proline. The following analyses were performed: quantitative histology of tibial metaphyses and cytomorphometric electron microscopy of osteoclasts, quantitative (ICP-spectroscopy) and qualitative determination (histochemical staining) of aluminum within organs, and serum biochemistry (Ca, P, Mg, vitamin D3 metabolites, alkaline phosphatase, urea). The following new facts of the aluminum-related bone disease became evident: (a) Application of aluminum to growing uremic rats induced rickets, whose major epiphyseal growth plate changes were 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3-dependent. Addition of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 prevented the formation of rachitic metaphysis, but failed to prevent osteoid accumulation on epiphyseal and metaphyseal trabecular surfaces. Moreover, calcitriol produced hyperosteoidosis and osteosclerosis in the same rats. Aluminum did not alter the function of osteoblasts, while osteoclasts seemed inactivated. (b) The development of rickets was associated with suppressed serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3, reduced phosphorus level and the high content of aluminum in the bone, kidney, and liver. The addition of 24R,25(OH)2D3 markedly exaggerated the reduction of serum levels of calcitriol. We suggested that aluminum induces rickets in growing uremic rats, which consists of two components: vitamin D refractory osteomalacia and 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3-dependent epiphyseal growth plate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vukicević
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Yugoslavia
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