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Skolarikos A, Somani B, Neisius A, Jung H, Petřík A, Tailly T, Davis N, Tzelves L, Geraghty R, Lombardo R, Bezuidenhout C, Gambaro G. Metabolic Evaluation and Recurrence Prevention for Urinary Stone Patients: An EAU Guidelines Update. Eur Urol 2024; 86:343-363. [PMID: 39069389 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to define patients who are at high risk of recurrence of urolithiasis, to delineate diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for each type of stone, and to clarify general guidelines and recommendations for prevention of recurrence. METHODS A professional research librarian carried out literature searches for all sections of the urolithiasis guidelines, covering the timeframe between 1976 and June 2023. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS For every patient with urolithiasis, an attempt should be made to analyse the stone. Patients should be given general instructions on how to prevent recurrence, including adequate fluid and calcium intake, and low consumption of sodium and protein. Identifying and correcting the causative factors is a cornerstone in preventing the recurrence of urolithiasis. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms by stone composition are available. Every patient should undergo baseline metabolic screening, while patients with calcium stones, who are at high risk of relapse and complications, should undergo extensive metabolic screening with two 24-h urine collections and should receive targeted therapy. Patients with uric acid, infection, or cystine stones are at high risk of relapse. All patients at high risk of recurrence should be closely monitored, especially those not complying with therapy in the long term. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Metabolic stone evaluation and patient follow-up are highly recommended to prevent urolithiasis recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Skolarikos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Urology, Sismanogleio Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Bhaskar Somani
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Andreas Neisius
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Brothers of Mercy Trier, Medical Campus University Mainz, Trier, Germany
| | - Helene Jung
- Urinvejskirurgisk Afdeling, Sygehus Lillebælt, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Alec Petřík
- Department of Urology, Region Hospital, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Thomas Tailly
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Gante, Gante, Belgium
| | - Niall Davis
- Department of Urology, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lazaros Tzelves
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Urology, Sismanogleio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Rob Geraghty
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Carla Bezuidenhout
- European Association of Urology Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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2
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Tamborino F, Cicchetti R, Mascitti M, Litterio G, Orsini A, Ferretti S, Basconi M, De Palma A, Ferro M, Marchioni M, Schips L. Pathophysiology and Main Molecular Mechanisms of Urinary Stone Formation and Recurrence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3075. [PMID: 38474319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney stone disease (KSD) is one of the most common urological diseases. The incidence of kidney stones has increased dramatically in the last few decades. Kidney stones are mineral deposits in the calyces or the pelvis, free or attached to the renal papillae. They contain crystals and organic components, and they are made when urine is supersaturated with minerals. Calcium-containing stones are the most common, with calcium oxalate as the main component of most stones. However, many of these form on a calcium phosphate matrix called Randall's plaque, which is found on the surface of the kidney papilla. The etiology is multifactorial, and the recurrence rate is as high as 50% within 5 years after the first stone onset. There is a great need for recurrence prevention that requires a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in stone formation to facilitate the development of more effective drugs. This review aims to understand the pathophysiology and the main molecular mechanisms known to date to prevent recurrences, which requires behavioral and nutritional interventions, as well as pharmacological treatments that are specific to the type of stone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Tamborino
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossella Cicchetti
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Mascitti
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulio Litterio
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Orsini
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone Ferretti
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Martina Basconi
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio De Palma
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Marchioni
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Schips
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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3
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CLINICOPATHOLOGIC EVALUATION OF AN EX SITU POPULATION OF ADULT AFRICAN WHITE-BELLIED PANGOLIN (PHATAGINUS TRICUSPIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:551-560. [DOI: 10.1638/2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Schretlen CF, Jaar BG, Hanouneh M. AKI in a Patient with Urinary Tract Infection, Urinary Crystals, and a Bladder Stone. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:790-792. [PMID: 35721621 PMCID: PMC9136898 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006112021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire F. Schretlen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bernard G. Jaar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Nephrology Center of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohamad Hanouneh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Nephrology Center of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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5
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Liu M, Cui Z, Zhu ZW, Gao M, Chen JB, Feng Z, He C, Chen H. Development of a nomogram predicting the infection stones in kidney for better clinical management: A retrospective study. J Endourol 2022; 36:947-953. [PMID: 35166130 DOI: 10.1089/end.2021.0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the first comprehensive nomogram for prediction of infection stones before treatment for better perioperative treatment and post-operative prevention of infection stones. METHODS A total number of 461 patients with kidney stones who underwent mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mPCNL) and flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) between January 2019 to March 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Univariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify the predictors for infection stones. Furthermore, the nomogram was established as a predicted model for infection stones. RESULTS Among 461 patients with infrared spectroscopy stone analysis, 100 (21.70%) had infection stones and 361 (78.31%) had noninfection stones. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that female (OR 2.816, 95% CI 1.148-6.909, P = 0.024), recurrent kidney stones (OR 8.263, 95% CI 2.295-29.745, P = 0.001), stone burden (OR 6.872, 95% CI 2.973-15.885, P < 0.001), Hounsfield units (HU) (OR 15.208, 95% CI 6.635-34.860, P < 0.001), positive preoperative bladder urine culture (PBUC) (OR 4.899, 95% CI 1.911-12.560, P = 0.001), positive urine leukocyte esterase (ULE) (OR 3.144, 95% CI 1.114-8.870, P = 0.030), urine pH (OR 2.692, 95% CI 1.573-4.608, P < 0.001) and positive urine turbidity (OR 3.295, 95% CI 1.207-8.998, P = 0.020) were predictors for infection stone. CONCLUSIONS For patients with kidney stones, female, recurrent kidney stones, stone burden (>601 mm2), HU (750-1000), positive PBUC, positive ULE, urine pH and positive urine turbidity were predictors for infection stone. We established the first comprehensive model for identifying infection stones in vivo, which is extremely useful for the management of infection stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- Central South University, 12570, changsha,hunan,China, Changsha, China, 410083;
| | - Zhongxiao Cui
- Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 159374, Changsha, Hunan, China;
| | | | - Meng Gao
- Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 159374, hunan changsha, Changsha, China, 410008;
| | - Jin-Bo Chen
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Department of Urology, No. 78, XiangYa Road, ChangSha City, Hunan 410008, China, Changsha, China, 410008;
| | - Zeng Feng
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.changsha, China, 410000;
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. , Changsha, China;
| | - Hequn Chen
- Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 159374, Department of Urology, The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China., Changsha, China, 410008;
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Greasley J, Goolcharan S, Andrews R. Quantitative phase analysis and microstructural characterization of urinary tract calculi with X-ray diffraction Rietveld analysis on a Caribbean island. J Appl Crystallogr 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721011602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the twin-island state of Trinidad and Tobago, urinary stone analysis is not routinely performed. This study investigates, via powder X-ray diffraction, 52 urinary tract calculi collected from hospitals in Trinidad. Of these, 46 stones were analysed with Rietveld refinement for quantitative analysis and materials characterization. Refined unit-cell, microstructural and weight fraction parameters were obtained, with the last being used for stone classification. The results revealed seven distinct mineralogical phases of varying frequency: calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM, 58%), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD, 23%), carbonated apatite (APA, 48%), brushite (BRU, 6%), struvite (STR, 42%), uric acid (UA, 23%) and ammonium acid urate (AAU, 19%). The average refined crystallite sizes were 1352 ± 90 Å (COM), 1921 ± 285 Å (COD), 83 ± 5 Å (APA), 1172 ± 9 Å (BRU), 1843 ± 138 Å (STR), 981 ± 87 Å (UA) and 292 ± 83 Å (AAU). Subsequently, 36.5% of stones were categorized as phosphates, 34.6% as oxalates, 13.5% as uric acid/urates and 15.4% as mixed compositions. The study findings highlight the importance of stone analysis as a necessary step towards disease management of local patients, and endorse the application of Rietveld refinement as a natural extension to diffraction-based kidney stone investigations.
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Pak YG, Yagudaev DM, Gallyamov EA. THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE RENAL PARENCHYMA AFTER VARIOUS VIDEO ENDOSURGICAL METHODS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LARGE AND COMPLEX KIDNEY STONES. SURGICAL PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.38181/2223-2427-2021-3-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The work is based on the analysis of literature data devoted to the problem of preserving the functional state of the kidneys with various video endoscopic methods of surgical treatment of large and complex kidney stones. The purpose of the review is to highlight the likelihood of deterioration in the functional state of the kidneys in the postoperative period. A detailed analysis of postoperative outcomes in various minimally invasive methods of treatment of patients with large and complex kidney stones was carried out, with an overview of the possibility of using dynamic nephroscintigraphy as a method of objectively assessing the functional state of the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu. G. Pak
- CUC «City multidisciplinary hospital No. 2»
| | | | - E. A. Gallyamov
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian
Federation
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Pietrobom I, Heilberg IP. The necessary pathway for metabolic and crystallographic analysis of kidney stones: struvite may not differ from its counterparts. J Bras Nefrol 2021; 43:152-153. [PMID: 34032818 PMCID: PMC8257270 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2021-e004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pietrobom
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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9
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Abstract
Staghorn stones are large branching stones that fill part of all of the renal pelvis and renal calyces and they can be complete or partial depending on the level of occupancy of the collecting system. Although kidney stones are commoner in men, staghorn stones are less often reported in men compared to women and they are usually unilateral. Due to the significant morbidity and potential mortality attributed to staghorn stones, prompt assessment and treatment is mandatory. Conversely, conservative treatment has been shown to carry a mortality rate of 28% in 10-year period and 36% risk of developing significant renal impairment. Staghorn stones are, therefore, significant disease entity that should be managed aggressively and effectively. Generally, the gold standard treatment for staghorn stones is surgical with a view to achieve stone-free collecting system and preserve renal function. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy should be the recommended first-line treatment for staghorn stones. Other non-surgical options are usually considered in combination with surgery or as monotherapy only if patients are surgically unfit. The decision for optimal treatment of staghorn stones should be individualized according to the circumstances of the patient involved and in order to do so, a closer look at the advantages and disadvantages of each option is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akif Diri
- a Faculty of Medicine , Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Banu Diri
- b Department of Urology and Nephrology , Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
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10
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Improvement of Urinary Stones Analysis Combining Morphological Analysis and Infrared Spectroscopy. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/4621256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Daudon et al. have developed a complex morphoconstitutional classification of renal stone in six different morphological types and several subtypes. According to this classification, a precise correspondence exists between causes of renal stones and subtypes with a great clinical relevance and can be considering a sort of shortcut for the metabolic diagnosis in renal stone patients. Now the diagnosis of causes of renal stones generally requires repeated biochemical investigations on urine and blood samples and usually remains presumptive. We analyzed 150 urinary stones both by stereoscopic microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The comparison of 150 stones did not reveal any disagreement. We have only 20 partial agreement, and clinicians agreed that the imprecise information obtained with morphological analysis alone would have missed an important clinical finding only in 3 cases. In conclusion, in our opinion, the analysis of urinary stone must combine two different analytical techniques: morphological analysis by stereomicroscope and biochemical analysis with the FT-IR.
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11
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Flannigan RK, Battison A, De S, Humphreys MR, Bader M, Lellig E, Monga M, Chew BH, Lange D. Evaluating factors that dictate struvite stone composition: A multi-institutional clinical experience from the EDGE Research Consortium. Can Urol Assoc J 2017; 12:131-136. [PMID: 29319486 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Struvite stones account for 15% of urinary calculi and are typically associated with urease-producing urinary tract infections and carry significant morbidity. This study aims to characterize struvite stones based on purity of stone composition, bacterial speciation, risk factors, and clinical features. METHODS Retrospective data was collected from patients diagnosed with infection stones between 2008 and 2012. Stone analysis, perioperative urine cultures, bacterial speciation, and clinical data were collected and analyzed. The purity of struvite stones was determined. Statistical comparisons were made among homogeneous and heterogeneous struvite stones. RESULTS From the four participating centres, 121 struvite stones were identified. Only 13.2% (16/121) were homogenous struvite. Other components included calcium phosphate (42.1%), calcium oxalate (33.9%), calcium carbonate (27.3%), and uric acid (5.8%). Partial or full staghorn calculi occurred in 23.7% of cases. Urease-producing bacteria were only present in 30% of cases. Proteus, E. coli, and Enterococcus were the most common bacterial isolates from perioperative urine, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy was the most common modality of treatment. Only 40% of patients had a urinalysis that was nitrite-positive, indicating that urinalysis alone is not reliable for diagnosing infection stones. The study's limitation is its retrospective nature; as such, the optimal timing of cultures with respect to stone analysis or treatment was not always possible, urine cultures were often not congruent with stone cultures in the same patient, and our findings of E. coli commonly cultured does not suggest causation. CONCLUSIONS Struvite stones are most often heterogeneous in composition. Proteus remains a common bacterial isolate; however, E. coli and Enterococcus were also frequently identified. This new data provides evidence that patients with struvite stones can have urinary tract pathogens other than urease-producing bacteria, thus challenging previous conventional dogma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Flannigan
- The Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Battison
- The Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Shubha De
- Stevan Streem Centre of Endourology & Stone Disease, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mitchell R Humphreys
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | | | | | - Manoj Monga
- Stevan Streem Centre of Endourology & Stone Disease, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ben H Chew
- The Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Dirk Lange
- The Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
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Lin CL, Huang WT, Fan WC, Feng YH, Lin CH, Lin CS, Lu CC, Cheng TC, Tsao CJ, Lin SH. Associations between interventions for urolithiasis and urinary tract cancer among patients in Taiwan: The effect of early intervention. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5594. [PMID: 27930581 PMCID: PMC5266053 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate cancer risk in patients with a history of urolithiasis and to determine whether intervention for calculi attenuated the risk of subsequent urinary tract cancer (UTC).Using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan, we performed a nationwide cohort study enrolling participants (n = 42,732) aged > 30 years who were diagnosed with urinary tract calculi between 2000 and 2009. Age- and gender-matched insured individuals (n = 213,660) found in the health service records over the same period were recruited as the control group. The Cox proportional hazards model and competing risks regression model were used to examine the relationship between urolithiasis and UTC, as well as whether early intervention for urolithiasis decreased the subsequent cancer risk relative to late intervention.Participants with a previous diagnosis of urolithiasis (n = 695) had a 1.82-fold (95% CI: 1.66-1.99, P < 0.001) increased risk of developing UTC. Furthermore, the risk of UTC associated with urolithiasis was higher in women (adjusted HR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.94-3.05) than in men (adjusted HR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.55-1.90). When stratified by cancer site, the adjusted HR for bladder, renal pelvis/ureter, renal, and prostate cancers were 1.94 (95% CI: 1.62-2.33), 2.94 (95% CI: 2.24-3.87), 2.94 (95% CI: 2.29-3.77), and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.27-1.65), respectively. Patients who received interventions for urolithiasis within 3 months of detection had a decreased risk of subsequent UTC (adjusted HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.40-0.71, P < 0.001).The present study demonstrated that urolithiasis increased the risk of subsequent UTC, especially upper UTC. Hence, it is recommended that physicians administer the appropriate interventions as early as possible upon diagnosis of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Liang Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology
- Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management Department of Nursing
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | | | - Wen-Chou Fan
- Division of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus
| | | | - Chia-Ho Lin
- Division of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus
| | | | - Chih-Cheng Lu
- Division of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus
| | - Tse-Chou Cheng
- Division of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus
| | | | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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13
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Ordon M, Welk B, Li Q, Wang J, Lavigne E, Yagouti A, Copes R, Cakmak S, Chen H. Ambient Temperature and the Risk of Renal Colic: A Population-Based Study of the Impact of Demographics and Comorbidity. J Endourol 2016; 30:1138-1143. [PMID: 27538756 DOI: 10.1089/end.2016.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of ambient temperature on the incidence of emergency department (ED) admissions for acute renal colic and the potential influence demographics and comorbid conditions may have on this. METHODS We conducted a population-based time series analysis using linked healthcare databases in Ontario, Canada, which included all residents, aged ≥19 years, who were admitted to an ED from April 2002 to December 2013. The primary outcome was daily number of renal colic emergency department admissions. A distributed lag nonlinear model with 21 days of lag was applied to estimate the cumulative effect of temperature on colic admissions. We estimated risks for cold and heat, defined as temperatures below and above the optimal temperature, which corresponded to the point with minimum risk of colic admissions. We conducted stratified analyses using selected demographics and comorbidities. RESULTS During the study period, 423,396 patients presented to an ED with colic. There was a significantly increased risk of colic as ambient temperature increased (rate ratio [RR] = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20, 1.42). Subgroup analysis demonstrated an increased risk associated with heat for both genders; however, this risk was more pronounced in males with extreme heat (RR = 1.64 vs 1.22, p = 0.006). In contrast to other age groups, there was an increased risk for those in their 40s (RR = 1.42), 50s (RR = 1.54), and 60s (RR = 1.31) (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Increasing ambient temperature was associated with increased risk of ED visits for colic, particularly in males and those aged 40 to 69 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ordon
- 1 Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blayne Welk
- 2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,3 Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, St. Joseph's Health Care, Western University , London, Ontario, Canada .,4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University , London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qiongsi Li
- 5 Public Health Ontario , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- 5 Public Health Ontario , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Lavigne
- 6 Air Health Science Division, Health Canada , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada .,7 School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ray Copes
- 5 Public Health Ontario , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,9 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabit Cakmak
- 10 Population Studies Division, Health Canada , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Chen
- 2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,5 Public Health Ontario , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,9 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Kidney stones are mineral deposits in the renal calyces and pelvis that are found free or attached to the renal papillae. They contain crystalline and organic components and are formed when the urine becomes supersaturated with respect to a mineral. Calcium oxalate is the main constituent of most stones, many of which form on a foundation of calcium phosphate called Randall's plaques, which are present on the renal papillary surface. Stone formation is highly prevalent, with rates of up to 14.8% and increasing, and a recurrence rate of up to 50% within the first 5 years of the initial stone episode. Obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome are considered risk factors for stone formation, which, in turn, can lead to hypertension, chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Management of symptomatic kidney stones has evolved from open surgical lithotomy to minimally invasive endourological treatments leading to a reduction in patient morbidity, improved stone-free rates and better quality of life. Prevention of recurrence requires behavioural and nutritional interventions, as well as pharmacological treatments that are specific for the type of stone. There is a great need for recurrence prevention that requires a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in stone formation to facilitate the development of more-effective drugs.
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15
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Do kidney stone formers have a kidney disease? Kidney Int 2015; 88:1240-1249. [PMID: 26376133 PMCID: PMC4675687 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is a highly prevalent disorder affecting approximately one in eleven people and is associated with multiple complications including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Significant epidemiologic associations with chronic kidney disease and ESRD have been noted and are reviewed herein, but debate persists in the literature as to whether kidney stone formation is a pathogenic process contributing to kidney disease. Corroborating evidence supporting the presence of kidney disease in stone formers includes the variability of renal function by stone type, the positive association of stone size with renal dysfunction, the presence of markers of renal injury in the urine of even asymptomatic stone formers, and direct evidence of renal tissue injury on histopathology. Proposed pathogenic mechanisms include recurrent obstruction and comorbid conditions such as recurrent urinary tract infections and structural abnormalities. Recent work evaluating the renal histopathology of different groups of stone formers adds further granularity, suggesting variability in mechanisms of renal injury by stone type and confirming the pathogenic effects of crystal formation. Genetic abnormalities leading to stone formation including cystinuria and primary hyperoxaluria, among others, contribute to the burden of disease in the stone-forming population.
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Ambient temperature as a contributor to kidney stone formation: implications of global warming. Kidney Int 2011; 79:1178-85. [PMID: 21451456 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is a common disease across the world that is becoming more prevalent. Although the underlying cause for most stones is not known, a body of literature suggests a role of heat and climate as significant risk factors for lithogenesis. Recently, estimates from computer models predicted up to a 10% increase in the prevalence rate in the next half century secondary to the effects of global warming, with a coinciding 25% increase in health-care expenditures. Our aim here is to critically review the medical literature relating stones to ambient temperature. We have categorized the body of evidence by methodology, consisting of comparisons between geographic regions, comparisons over time, and comparisons between people in specialized environments. Although most studies are confounded by other factors like sunlight exposure and regional variation in diet that share some contribution, it appears that heat does play a role in pathogenesis in certain populations. Notably, the role of heat is much greater in men than in women. We also hypothesize that the role of a significant human migration (from rural areas to warmer, urban locales beginning in the last century and projected to continue) may have a greater impact than global warming on the observed worldwide increasing prevalence rate of nephrolithiasis. At this time the limited data available cannot substantiate this proposed mechanism but further studies to investigate this effect are warranted.
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Rule AD, Bergstralh EJ, Melton LJ, Li X, Weaver AL, Lieske JC. Kidney stones and the risk for chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4:804-11. [PMID: 19339425 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.05811108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Kidney stones lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people with rare hereditary disorders (e.g., primary hyperoxaluria, cystinuria), but it is unknown whether kidney stones are an important risk factor for CKD in the general population. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Among Olmsted County, MN, residents, all stone formers (n = 4774) whose condition was diagnosed in 1986 through 2003 were matched 1:3 to control subjects (n = 12,975). Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, gender, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, gout, alcohol abuse, tobacco use, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cerebral infarct, and peripheral vascular disease) were used to assess the risk for incident CKD defined as a clinical diagnosis (diagnostic codes), ESRD or death with CKD, sustained (>90 d) elevated serum creatinine (>1.3 mg/dl in men, >1.1 mg/dl in women), or sustained estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). RESULTS During a mean of 8.6 yr of follow-up, stone formers were at increased risk for a clinical diagnosis of CKD, but an increased risk for ESRD or death with CKD was NS. Among patients with follow-up serum creatinine levels, stone formers were at increased risk for a sustained elevated serum creatinine and a sustained reduced GFR. CONCLUSIONS Kidney stones are a risk factor for CKD, and studies are warranted to assess screening and preventive measures for CKD in stone formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Rule
- Departments of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
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Abstract
The American Urological Association Nephrolithiasis Guidelines Panel recently conducted a critical meta-analysis of the existing literature to determine the optimal management for staghorn calculi. This article briefly discusses the pathophysiology of staghorn calculi and, based on the panel's recommendations, examines the alternative medical treatments (eg, chemolysis) and surgical treatments (eg, shock wave lithotripsy, open surgery, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy) available for staghorn patients. Considering the various modalities for staghorn disease, percutaneous nephrolithotomy should be the first-line treatment for most patients based on its superior efficacy and low morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Healy
- Department of Urology, The Emory Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd., Suite B, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Worcester EM, Parks JH, Evan AP, Coe FL. Renal Function in Patients With Nephrolithiasis. J Urol 2006; 176:600-3; discussion 603. [PMID: 16813897 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe kidney function, as measured by creatinine clearance in stone formers, and classified by type of stone formed and systemic etiologies of stone formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mean of 3 pretreatment 24-hour creatinine clearance measurements in each of 1,856 stone formers and creatinine clearance in 153 normal individuals were used. Clearance was adjusted for patient sex, age and body weight using general linear modeling. RESULTS As a group, all stone formers had decreased clearance adjusted for age, sex and body weight compared to that in normal individuals. Although clearance was particularly low in cystine and struvite stone formers, they were below normal in even common CaOx stone formers. CONCLUSIONS As a rule, patients with kidney stones do not have normal kidney function. In clinical management all efforts must be made to minimize renal injury, balancing the risks of obstruction from stones against those of urological procedures.
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Gillen DL, Coe FL, Worcester EM. Nephrolithiasis and increased blood pressure among females with high body mass index. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46:263-9. [PMID: 16112044 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that one reason for the heterogeneity in previously reported links between kidney stones and blood pressure (BP) was the differential effects of nephrolithiasis among subgroups of individuals. In particular, we hypothesized that the association between stone history and BP may vary with respect to sex and body size. METHODS Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to estimate the association between history of stone disease and odds of prior diagnosis of hypertension and mean difference in systolic BP, diastolic BP, and pulse pressure. Nine hundred nineteen persons with a history of stones and 19,120 persons without stones were available for analysis. RESULTS In women, it was estimated that stone formers (SFs) experienced a 69% increase in odds of self-reported hypertension (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 2.17; P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in men. The estimated difference in mean systolic and diastolic BP comparing SFs with non-SFs increased with body mass index in both sexes, but was more pronounced in women. Mean systolic BPs in women SFs in quintiles 4 and 5 of body mass index were 7.62 mm Hg (95% CI, 1.04 to 14.2; P = 0.024) and 4.36 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.30 to 8.42; P = 0.036) greater than those in similar women non-SFs, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings not only support the link between kidney stone disease and BP, but also suggest that overweight women SFs may be at significantly increased risk for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Gillen
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1250, USA.
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Gillen DL, Worcester EM, Coe FL. Decreased renal function among adults with a history of nephrolithiasis: A study of NHANES III. Kidney Int 2005; 67:685-90. [PMID: 15673317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although intuitively appealing, the hypothesis that nephrolithiasis is associated with decreased renal function has not thoroughly been investigated. Because the prevalence of nephrolithiasis and chronic renal disease in westernized societies has risen over the past three decades, we sought to determine if persons with a history of kidney stones have lower renal function relative to nonstone formers. METHODS We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) to compare estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between persons over age 30 with and without a history of kidney stones. In total, 876 persons with a history of stones, and 14,129 persons without stones were available for analysis. RESULTS We observed that the association between history of stones and estimated GFR depends on body mass index (BMI) (P= 0.004). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, mean estimated GFR in stone formers with a BMI >/=27 kg/m(2) was 3.4 mL/min/1.73 m(2) lower than that of similar nonstone formers (95% CI -5.8, -1.1) (P= 0.005). No difference was found among persons with a BMI <27 kg/m(2). The probability of an overweight stone former having an estimated GFR between 30 and 59 mL/min/1.73 m(2) relative to a GFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2) was nearly twice that of a similar nonstone former [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.87, 95% CI 1.06, 3.30]. CONCLUSION Among overweight persons, nephrolithiasis may not merely be a disease of stones, but may also reduce kidney function. Further work in alternate study samples is needed to validate this finding and determine the mechanisms responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Gillen
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Worcester E, Parks JH, Josephson MA, Thisted RA, Coe FL. Causes and consequences of kidney loss in patients with nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 2003; 64:2204-13. [PMID: 14633144 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether stone formers may safely donate a kidney. Nephrectomy could accelerate stone formation, or loss of filtration with age. We contrast, here, the course of stone patients with two versus one kidney. METHODS One hundred fifteen patients with a single functioning kidney were compared with 3151 patients with two kidneys. Cause of kidney loss was determined, along with stone types, rates of stone formation, urine stone risk factors, and creatinine clearance. RESULTS Women were 49.6% of the patients with kidney loss, compared to 33.6% of ordinary stone formers. Obstruction, stone burden, and infection were the most common reasons for kidney loss. We found an increased number of struvite and calcium phosphate stones among single kidney patients. Before and during treatment, single kidney patients had fewer stones than ordinary stone formers. Creatinine clearance was lower in the single kidney patients; rate of loss of kidney function with age was higher among single kidney males versus two kidney males if all patients are considered. Among males >age 45 years, the difference disappears. Females with one and two kidneys lost function with age at equivalent rates. Compared with nonstone formers, male stone formers lose kidney function with age at an accelerated rate. CONCLUSION Nephrectomy does not worsen stone disease. It may increase loss of renal function among younger males. The pattern of renal function loss with age differs between stone formers and nonstone formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Worcester
- Departments of Medicine and Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Assimos DG, Leslie SW, Christopher NG, Streem SB, Hart LJ. The Impact of Cystinuria on Renal Function. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean G. Assimos
- From the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland and Amherst, Ohio
| | - Stephen W. Leslie
- From the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland and Amherst, Ohio
| | - NG Christopher
- From the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland and Amherst, Ohio
| | - Stevan B. Streem
- From the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland and Amherst, Ohio
| | - Lois J. Hart
- From the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland and Amherst, Ohio
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Lingeman JE, Siegel YI, Steele B. Metabolic evaluation of infected renal lithiasis: clinical relevance. J Endourol 1995; 9:51-4. [PMID: 7780431 DOI: 10.1089/end.1995.9.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete metabolic evaluation was performed in 21 patients with infected renal lithiasis. Patients with pure struvite stones (struvite +/- carbonate apatite) were significantly less likely to have metabolic abnormalities than patients who had struvite +/- carbonate apatite+calcium oxalate (2 of 14 v 7 of 7, P = 0.0003). Urine calcium excretion was markedly higher in the mixed stone group than the pure struvite group (342 +/- 98 mg/24 h v 136 +/- 82 mg/24 h; P < 0.0001). The differing opinions among researchers regarding the likelihood of finding metabolic abnormalities in patients with urolithiasis and infection probably reflect differences in the definitions of the populations studied. If patients with calculi containing only struvite +/- carbonate apatite are evaluated, we believe that few significant metabolic abnormalities will be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lingeman
- Methodist Hospital Institute for Kidney Stone Disease, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Gupta M, Bolton DM, Gupta PN, Stoller ML. Improved renal function following aggressive treatment of urolithiasis and concurrent mild to moderate renal insufficiency. J Urol 1994; 152:1086-90. [PMID: 8072069 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To our knowledge the prevalence of urinary stone disease and concurrent mild to moderate renal insufficiency has never been reported. A review of our last 2,000 urinary stone patients identified 33 (1.65%) with serum creatinine levels of 2.0 mg./dl. or greater at presentation. Chemical composition, location and complexity of the calculi, types of procedures required to render the patient stone-free and the effect of surgical intervention (independent of relief of obstruction) on renal function were evaluated. Mean serum creatinine level before surgical intervention and after placement of a ureteral stent or percutaneous nephrostomy tube in patients with evidence of obstruction was 3.2 mg./dl. (range 2.0 to 7.5). Complete or partial staghorn calculi were found in 21 of the 33 patients (64%), including 8 with bilateral staghorn calculi. Seven patients required 1 procedure, 1 required urinary alkalization alone and the other 25 required an average of 3.5 procedures each. Stone analysis revealed struvite, mixed calcium and uric acid to be the most common types. Followup creatinine values (the latest available within 1 year) and corresponding creatinine clearances showed remarkable improvement. The mean decrease in serum creatinine level was 1.2 mg./dl. (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of decrease between patients with pretreatment serum creatinine levels of 2.0 to 2.9 mg./dl. and those with initial values of 3.0 or more. Renal calculi and concurrent mild to moderate renal insufficiency warrant aggressive treatment. Patients demonstrate significant improvement in renal function independent of relief of obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gupta
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco
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Maikranz P, Lindheimer M, Coe F. Nephrolithiasis in pregnancy. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1994; 8:375-86. [PMID: 7924013 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3552(05)80326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although the anatomical and physiological changes of normal pregnancy may predispose to kidney stone formation, it remains an uncommon occurrence. Correct diagnosis is often difficult. Ultrasonography has become the primary radiological diagnostic tool, with a limited excretory urogram only necessary in complicated cases. Nephrolithiasis during pregnancy occurs more frequently during the later stages of gestation, in multiparas, and without a difference in laterality. Conservative management with bed rest, hydration and analgesia can result in spontaneous passage of most stones in gravidas. Past experience of several groups suggests that cystoscopy and/or surgery can usually be done safely when absolutely necessary. Pre-existing stone disease can increase the incidence of maternal urinary tract infections by 10-20%. The most common obstetric complications of stones during gestation is premature labour induced by renal colic. Most drugs normally used to treat stone disease are contraindicated in gestation. Known inhibitors of stone formation are present in gestation and may partially explain why the incidence of stones is not increased in this hypercalciuric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maikranz
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46219
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Parks JH, Coe FL. An increasing number of calcium oxalate stone events worsens treatment outcome. Kidney Int 1994; 45:1722-30. [PMID: 7933820 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1994.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Current practice recommends metabolic evaluation of patients who have formed multiple renal stones, but not those with one stone or temporally remote stones. This presumes that recentness and recurrence imply greater risk of new future stones. We hypothesize that number of stones reflects how long patients are permitted to form stones untreated, and that forming more stones, itself, raises risk of future stones despite treatment. Our report is a retrospective analysis of 371 male patients selected from a comprehensive clinical and laboratory data base containing 2,527 patients with nephrolithiasis. Before treatment, number of stone events rises with time of observation, and rate of stone event occurrence is constant or falls. During treatment, relapse is correlated with number of pretreatment stones. Life table analysis showed increasing relapse for patients grouped into those with one, two, and three or more stones. Even though number of stones seems controlled by the interval of observation before treatment, more stones predict higher relapse during treatment. Perhaps by leaving nuclei of crystals as residues, stones appear to promote new stones, and the practice of waiting while patients declare themselves multiple stone formers may not always be the best.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Parks
- Nephrology Section, University of Chicago, Illinois
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Coe
- Section of Nephrology, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, IL 60637
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Gault MH, Chafe L, Parfrey P, Robertson WG. The kidney-ureter stone sexual paradox: a possible explanation. J Urol 1989; 141:1104-6. [PMID: 2709495 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)41183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The greater frequency of renal stones seen on excretory urograms in women, compared with the greater frequency of ureteral stones in men has been termed a sexual paradox. We assessed stone composition and weight, and sex as possible explanatory factors. A total of 4,014 renal and ureteral calculi was analyzed. For the 3,119 calculi in which only calcium oxalate and/or phosphate was detected by infrared and wet chemical analysis, there was a strong relationship between the oxalate-to-phosphate weight ratio and sex (p less than 0.0001). The mean weight for phosphate stones was 330 mg. but for oxalate stones it was 107 mg. Male-to-female ratios were 2.7, 2.2 and 1.8 for stone weight groups of 20 or less, 21 to 100 and more than 100 mg. The male-to-female ratio was 0.87 for the 171 stones containing magnesium ammonium phosphate; the average weight was 508 mg. for men and 1,560 mg. for women. The tendency for phosphate stones to be heavier and relatively more common in women compared to predominantly oxalate stones may partly account for the sexual paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Gault
- Renal Laboratory, General Hospital, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Maikranz P, Coe FL, Parks JH, Lindheimer MD. Nephrolithiasis and gestation. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1987; 1:909-19. [PMID: 3330492 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3552(87)80041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although both anatomical and physiological changes in pregnancy may predispose to kidney stone formation, it still remains an uncommon occurrence. Correct diagnosis is often difficult. Ultrasound has become the primary diagnostic tool, and a limited study excretory urogram is only necessary for complicated cases. Nephrolithiasis during pregnancy occurs more frequently during the later stages of gestation in multiparas, and without a difference in laterality. Conservative management with bed rest, hydration and analgesia can result in spontaneous passage of the majority of stones in gravidas. Past experience indicates that cystoscopy and/or surgery can usually be done safely when absolutely necessary. Pre-existing stone disease can increase the incidence of maternal urinary tract infections by 10-20%. The most common obstetric complication of stones during gestation is the precipitation of premature labour by renal colic. Unfortunately, most drugs used to treat stone disease are contraindicated in gestation. Experimental evidence suggests that known inhibitors of stone formation are present in gestation, and may help to explain why the incidence of stones is not increased in this particularly hypercalciuric state.
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