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Assadiasl S, Mojtahedi H, Nicknam MH. JAK Inhibitors in Solid Organ Transplantation. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63:1330-1343. [PMID: 37500063 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are a novel group of immunosuppressive drugs approved to treat certain rheumatic and allergic disorders; however, their efficacy in the regulation of alloimmune responses after solid organ transplantation has not yet been elucidated. In the present review, we have summarized the results of in vitro, in vivo, experimental, and clinical trial studies about the efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors in improving allograft survival in solid organ transplantations, including kidney, heart, lung, and liver transplants. Moreover, reports on administering JAK inhibitors to steroid-resistant patients with graft versus host disease (GvHD) after solid organ transplantation have been reviewed. Overall findings are suggestive of a beneficial role for JAK inhibitors in organ transplantation: for example, they have been shown to improve allograft function, reduce the rate and score of acute rejection, downregulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, and decrease oxidative stress. However, the adverse effects of these drugs, in particular bone marrow suppression and infection, remain an obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Assadiasl
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mojtahedi
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jonas M, Simon AJ, Gilburd B, Schneiderman J. Intrarenal Anti-Leptin Treatment Attenuates Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. Am J Nephrol 2023; 54:337-348. [PMID: 37231766 DOI: 10.1159/000531174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury introduces cellular stress and is the main cause of acute kidney damage. Renal cells exposed to noxious stress induce the expression of the pleiotropic hormone leptin. As we have previously revealed a deleterious stress-related role for leptin expression, these results suggested that leptin is also involved in pathological renal remodeling. The systemic functions of leptin preclude the study of its local effects using conventional approaches. We have therefore designed a method to locally perturb leptin activity in specific tissues without affecting its systemic levels. This study explores whether local anti-leptin strategy is renoprotective in a post-IR porcine kidney model. METHODS We induced renal IR injury in pigs by exposing kidneys to ischemia and revascularization. Upon reperfusion, kidneys instantly received an intra-arterial bolus of either a leptin antagonist (LepA) or saline solution. Peripheral blood was sampled to assess systemic leptin, IL-6, creatinine, and BUN levels, and postoperative tissue samples were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Histology of IR/saline kidneys exhibited extensive necrosis of proximal tubular epithelial cells, as well as elevated levels of apoptosis markers and inflammation. In contrast, IR/LepA kidneys showed no signs of necrosis or inflammation with normal IL-6 and tall-like receptor 4 levels. LepA treatment led to upregulation in mRNA levels of leptin, leptin receptor, ERK1/2, STAT3, and transport molecule Na/H exchanger-3. CONCLUSIONS Local, intrarenal postischemic LepA treatment at reperfusion prevented apoptosis and inflammation and was renoprotective. Selective intrarenal administration of LepA at reperfusion may provide a viable option for clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jonas
- Department of Cardiology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
- Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amos J Simon
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Hematology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Boris Gilburd
- Autoimmunity Laboratory, Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Liu J, Wang F, Luo F. The Role of JAK/STAT Pathway in Fibrotic Diseases: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010119. [PMID: 36671504 PMCID: PMC9855819 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There are four members of the JAK family and seven of the STAT family in mammals. The JAK/STAT molecular pathway could be activated by broad hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and more. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway extensively mediates various biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and immune regulation. JAK/STAT activation is closely related to growth and development, homeostasis, various solid tumors, inflammatory illness, and autoimmune diseases. Recently, with the deepening understanding of the JAK/STAT pathway, the relationship between JAK/STAT and the pathophysiology of fibrotic diseases was noticed, including the liver, renal, heart, bone marrow, and lung. JAK inhibitor has been approved for myelofibrosis, and subsequently, JAK/STAT may serve as a promising target for fibrosis in other organs. Therefore, this article reviews the roles and mechanisms of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Faping Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18980601355
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Liu J, Zhang Y, Liu M, Shi F, Cheng B. AG1024, an IGF-1 receptor inhibitor, ameliorates renal injury in rats with diabetic nephropathy via the SOCS/JAK2/STAT pathway. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230683. [PMID: 37034500 PMCID: PMC10080708 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like-growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is the ligand for insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and the roles of IGF-1/IGF-1R in diabetic nephropathy (DN) are well-characterized previously. However, the biological functions of AG1024 (an IGF-1R inhibitor) in DN remain unknown. This study investigates the roles and related mechanisms of AG-1024 in DN. The experimental DN was established via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, and STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with AG1024 (20 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. The 24 h proteinuria, blood glucose level, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were measured for biochemical analyses. The increase in 24 h proteinuria, blood glucose level, serum creatinine, and blood urea of DN rats were conspicuously abated by AG1024. After biochemical analyses, the renal tissue specimens were collected, and as revealed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson staining, AG-1024 mitigated typical renal damage and interstitial fibrosis in DN rats. Then, the anti-inflammatory effect of AG-1024 was assessed by western blotting and ELISA. Mechanistically, AG-1024 upregulated SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression and decreased phosphorylated JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3, as shown by western blotting. Collectively, AG-1024 (an IGF-1R inhibitor) ameliorates renal injury in experimental DN by attenuating renal inflammation and fibrosis via the SOCS/JAK2/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan (Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University), Wuhan 430015, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan (Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University), Wuhan 430015, Hubei, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan (Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University), Wuhan 430015, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan (Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University), Wuhan 430015, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan (Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University), No. 168, Hong Kong Road, Jiang’an District, Wuhan 430015, Hubei, China
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Musiała A, Donizy P, Augustyniak-Bartosik H, Jakuszko K, Banasik M, Kościelska-Kasprzak K, Krajewska M, Kamińska D. Biomarkers in Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Optimal Diagnostic-Therapeutic Strategy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123292. [PMID: 35743361 PMCID: PMC9225193 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) involves podocyte injury. In patients with nephrotic syndrome, progression to end-stage renal disease often occurs over the course of 5 to 10 years. The diagnosis is based on a renal biopsy. It is presumed that primary FSGS is caused by an unknown plasma factor that might be responsible for the recurrence of FSGS after kidney transplantation. The nature of circulating permeability factors is not explained and particular biological molecules responsible for inducing FSGS are still unknown. Several substances have been proposed as potential circulating factors such as soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and cardiolipin-like-cytokine 1 (CLC-1). Many studies have also attempted to establish which molecules are related to podocyte injury in the pathogenesis of FSGS such as plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R), dystroglycan(DG), microRNAs, metalloproteinases (MMPs), forkheadbox P3 (FOXP3), and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP1). Some biomarkers have also been studied in the context of kidney tissue damage progression: transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and others. This paper describes molecules that could potentially be considered as circulating factors causing primary FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Musiała
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (H.A.-B.); (K.J.); (M.B.); (K.K.-K.); (M.K.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-6-0172-8231
| | - Piotr Donizy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Hanna Augustyniak-Bartosik
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (H.A.-B.); (K.J.); (M.B.); (K.K.-K.); (M.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Jakuszko
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (H.A.-B.); (K.J.); (M.B.); (K.K.-K.); (M.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Mirosław Banasik
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (H.A.-B.); (K.J.); (M.B.); (K.K.-K.); (M.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (H.A.-B.); (K.J.); (M.B.); (K.K.-K.); (M.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (H.A.-B.); (K.J.); (M.B.); (K.K.-K.); (M.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Dorota Kamińska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (H.A.-B.); (K.J.); (M.B.); (K.K.-K.); (M.K.); (D.K.)
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Li H, Xu W, Liu X, Wang T, Wang S, Liu J, Jiang H. JAK2 deficiency improves erectile function in diabetic mice through attenuation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Andrology 2021; 9:1662-1671. [PMID: 34085398 PMCID: PMC8672361 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is activated in diabetic mellitus (DM) conditions and may enhance oxidative stress, apoptosis and fibrosis in many tissues. Whether JAK2 activation is involved in the occurrence of diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED) is unknown. Objectives We performed this study to investigate the effect of JAK2 deficiency on diabetic ED. Materials and methods Conditional JAK2 gene knockout mice (Cre+/+‐JAK2fl/fl) were used, in which JAK2 gene knockout could be induced by tamoxifen. Mice fell into four groups: control, JAK2 knockout (JAK2−/−), DM, and DM with JAK2−/−. DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Two months later, JAK2 gene knockout was induced with tamoxifen in Cre+/+‐JAK2fl/fl mice. After another 2 months, erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve, and penile tissues were harvested. Ratio of maximal intracavernosal pressure (MIP) to mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), expression and phosphorylation of JAK2, oxidative stress level, NO/Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) pathway, apoptosis, fibrosis, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)/Smad/Collagen IV pathway in corpus cavernosum, were measured. Results JAK2 expression was remarkably decreased after induction with tamoxifen. JAK2 was activated in penile tissues of diabetic mice, and JAK2 deficiency could improve the impaired erectile function caused by DM. However, in mice without DM, JAK2 deficiency had no apparent influence on erectile function. Levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, fibrosis, and TGF‐β1/Smad/Collagen IV pathway were all elevated by DM, whereas JAK2 deficiency lessened these alterations in diabetic mice. Moreover, JAK2 deficiency improved the expression of the down‐regulated NO/cGMP pathway in diabetic mice. In non‐diabetic mice, no apparent changes were found in aforementioned parameters after JAK2 gene knockout. Discussion and conclusion Our study showed that JAK2 deficiency could improve erectile function in diabetic mice, which might be mediated by reduction in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis in corpus cavernosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenchao Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyang Jiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Hirudo Lyophilized Powder Ameliorates Renal Injury in Diabetic Rats by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6657673. [PMID: 33688363 PMCID: PMC7920712 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6657673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common and destructive microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, the goal of this study, therefore, was to investigate the renal protective effect and latent mechanisms of Hirudo lyophilized powder on diabetic rats. In this study, all rats were randomly assigned into the control group and diabetic group. The rats of diabetic group were injected with low-dose STZ (35 mg/kg) intraperitoneal plus high-fat diet to induce diabetes. Then, the successful diabetic model rats were weighed and randomly assigned into four groups: (1) diabetic model group (DM group); (2) Hirudo lyophilized powder 0.3 g/kg treatment group (SL group); (3) Hirudo lyophilized powder 0.6 g/kg treatment group (SM group); (4) Hirudo lyophilized powder 1.2 g/kg treatment group (SH group). Their fasting blood glucoses (FBG) were measured every 4 weeks. After treatment with Hirudo lyophilized powder at a corresponding dose once a day for 16 weeks, their metabolic and biochemical as well as oxidative stress parameters were tested, and the kidney weight (KW)/body weight (BW) was calculated. The renal tissues were used for histological, mRNA, and protein expression analysis. The results showed that Hirudo lyophilized powder could protect against the structural damages and functional changes of diabetic renal tissue by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Furthermore, it was found in the further research that inhibiting the NOX4 expression and JAK2/STAT1/STAT3 pathway activation might be the underlying mechanisms. Collectively, Hirudo lyophilized powder might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of DN.
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Delta-like Canonical Notch Ligand 1 in Patients Following Liver Transplantation-A Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10110894. [PMID: 33142943 PMCID: PMC7693674 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic bacterial infections are dreaded risks in patients following liver transplantation (LTX), even though patients receive an antibiotic prophylaxis. The timely recognition of such an infection may be delayed, as culture-based diagnostic methods are linked with a relevant gap in performance. We measured plasma concentrations of Delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1 (DLL1) in 93 adult patients at seven consecutive time points after liver transplantation and correlated the results to the occurrence of culture-proven bacterial infection or a complicated clinical course (composite endpoint of two or more complications: graft rejection or failure, acute kidney failure, acute lung injury, or 90-day mortality). Patients exhibited elevated plasma concentrations after liver transplantation over the whole 28 d observation time. Patients with bacterial infection showed increased DLL1 levels compared to patients without infection. Persistent elevated levels of DLL1 on day 7 and afterward following LTX were able to indicate patients at risk for a complicated course. Plasma levels of DLL1 following LTX may be useful to support an earlier detection of bacterial infections in combination with C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT), or they may lead to risk stratification of patients as a single marker for post-operative complications. (Clinical Trial Notation. German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00005480).
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Morita S, Shinoda K, Yoshida T, Shimoda M, Kanno Y, Mizuno R, Kono H, Asanuma H, Nakagawa K, Umezawa K, Oya M. Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, a novel nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, prevents the development of cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity in a rat model. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:60. [PMID: 32787951 PMCID: PMC7424678 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an essential immunosuppressant in organ transplantation. However, its chronic nephrotoxicity is an obstacle to long allograft survival that has not been overcome. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is activated in the renal tissue in CsA nephropathy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the specific NF-κB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), in a rat model of CsA nephrotoxicity. Methods We administered CsA (15 mg/kg) daily for 28 days to Sprague-Dawley rats that underwent 5/6 nephrectomy under a low-salt diet. We administered DHMEQ (8 mg/kg) simultaneously with CsA to the treatment group, daily for 28 days and evaluated its effect on CsA nephrotoxicity. Results DHMEQ significantly inhibited NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation due to CsA treatment. Elevated serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels due to repeated CsA administration were significantly decreased by DHMEQ treatment (serum urea nitrogen in CsA + DHMEQ vs CsA vs control, 69 ± 6.4 vs 113.5 ± 8.8 vs 43.1 ± 1.1 mg/dL, respectively, p < 0.0001; serum creatinine in CsA + DHMEQ vs CsA vs control, 0.75 ± 0.02 vs 0.91 ± 0.02 vs 0.49 ± 0.02 mg/dL, respectively, p < 0.0001), and creatinine clearance was restored in the treatment group (CsA + DHMEQ vs CsA vs control, 2.57 ± 0.09 vs 1.94 ± 0.12 vs 4.61 ± 0.18 ml/min/kg, respectively, p < 0.0001). However, DHMEQ treatment did not alter the inhibitory effect of CsA on urinary protein secretion. The development of renal fibrosis due to chronic CsA nephrotoxicity was significantly inhibited by DHMEQ treatment (CsA + DHMEQ vs CsA vs control, 13.4 ± 7.1 vs 35.6 ± 18.4 vs 9.4 ± 5.4%, respectively, p < 0.0001), and these results reflected the results of renal functional assessment. DHMEQ treatment also had an inhibitory effect on the increased expression of chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 5 due to repeated CsA administration, which inhibited the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into the renal tissue. Conclusions These findings suggest that DHMEQ treatment in combination therapy with CsA-based immunosuppression is beneficial to prevent the development of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Morita
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Shinoda
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Nephrology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, 7-5-23 Omorinishi Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-0015, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanno
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Mizuno
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidaka Kono
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asanuma
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine Screening, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kobayashi T, Maruyama T, Yoneda T, Miyai H, Azuma T, Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Morita M. Effects of Coffee Intake on Oxidative Stress During Aging-related Alterations in Periodontal Tissue. In Vivo 2020; 34:615-622. [PMID: 32111761 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-aging effects of coffee intake on oxidative stress in rat periodontal tissue and alveolar bone loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Fischer 344 rats (8 weeks old) were randomized to four groups; the baseline group immediately sacrificed, the control group fed with normal powdered food for 8 weeks, and the experimental groups fed with powdered food containing 0.62% or 1.36% coffee components for 8 weeks. RESULTS Alveolar bone loss and gingival level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine were significantly lower in the 1.36% coffee group than in the control group. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 translocation to the nucleus was significantly higher in the 1.36% coffee group than in the control group. CONCLUSION Continuous intake of 1.36% coffee could prevent age-related oxidative stress in the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone loss, possibly by up-regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Kobayashi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Maruyama
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yoneda
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hisataka Miyai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Azuma
- Department of Community Oral Health, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tomofuji
- Department of Community Oral Health, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ekuni
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Gasparitsch M, Schieber A, Schaubeck T, Keller U, Cattaruzza M, Lange-Sperandio B. Tyrphostin AG490 reduces inflammation and fibrosis in neonatal obstructive nephropathy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226675. [PMID: 31846485 PMCID: PMC6917291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital obstructive nephropathy is the main cause of end-stage renal disease in infants and children. Renal insufficiency is due to impaired growth and maturation in the developing kidney with obstruction. Congenital obstructive nephropathy leads to cytokine mediated inflammation and the development of interstitial fibrosis. The Janus kinase-2 (JAK-2) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription'-3 (STAT3) are involved in cytokine production, inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis. METHODS We studied the role of JAK2/STAT3 in a model of congenital obstructive nephropathy using unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in neonatal mice at the second day of life. Cytokine production, inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis were analyzed in obstructed and sham operated kidneys of neonatal mice treated with or without JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor Tyrphostin AG490. To mimic obstruction and distension, proximal tubular cells were stretched in vitro. RESULTS We show that STAT3 is highly activated in the developing kidney with obstruction and in proximal tubular cells following stretch. JAK2/STAT3 activation mediates cytokine release and leukocyte recruitment into neonatal kidneys after UUO. Pharmacological blockade of JAK2/STAT3 by Tyrphostin AG490 reduced inflammation, tubular apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis. JAK2/STAT3 blockade decreased pro-inflammatory and profibrotic mediators in tubular cells. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that JAK2/STAT3 mediates inflammation and fibrosis in the developing kidney with obstruction. Blocking JAK2/STAT3 may prove beneficial in congenital obstructive nephropathy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Gasparitsch
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schieber
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Schaubeck
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Keller
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Cattaruzza
- Department of Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Pennington A, Kirkpatrick B, Roda G, Kotecha NC, Thurman JM, Christians U. Cyclophilin D knockout protects the mouse kidney against cyclosporin A-induced oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F683-F694. [PMID: 31188033 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00417.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity. CsA interacts with cyclophilin D (CypD), an essential component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and regulator of cell death processes. Controversial reports have suggested that CypD deletion may or may not protect cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death. In the present study, we treated wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking CypD [peptidylprolyl isomerase F knockout (Ppif-/-) mice] with CsA to test the role and contribution of CypD to the widely described CsA-induced renal toxicity and oxidative stress. Our results showed an increase in the levels of several known uremic toxins as well as the oxidative stress markers PGF2α and 8-isoprostane in CsA-treated WT animals but not in Ppif-/- animals. Similarly, a decline in S-adenosylmethionine and the resulting methylation potential indicative of DNA hypomethylation were observed only in CsA-treated WT mice. This confirms previous reports of the protective effects of CypD deletion on the mouse kidney mediated through a stronger resistance of these animals to oxidative stress and DNA methylation damage. However, a negative effect of CsA on the glycolysis and overall energy metabolism in Ppif-/- mice also indicated that additional, CypD-parallel pathways are involved in the toxic effects of CsA on the kidney. In summary, CsA-mediated induction of oxidative stress is associated with CypD, with CypD deletion providing a protective effect, whereas the reduction of energy production observed upon CsA exposure did not depend on the animals' CypD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Klawitter
- Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jost Klawitter
- Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Alexander Pennington
- Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bruce Kirkpatrick
- Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Galen Roda
- Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nidhi C Kotecha
- Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Uwe Christians
- Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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13
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Inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway protects mice from the DDP-induced acute kidney injury in lung cancer. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:751-760. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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14
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Xu Z, Zou C, Yu W, Xu S, Huang L, Khan Z, Wang J, Liang G, Wang Y. Inhibition of STAT3 activation mediated by toll-like receptor 4 attenuates angiotensin II-induced renal fibrosis and dysfunction. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2627-2641. [PMID: 30958891 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypertension adversely affects the kidney and is the second leading cause of kidney failure. Overproduction of angiotensin II greatly contributes to the progression of hypertensive kidney disease. Angiotensin II has recently been shown to activate STAT3 in cardiovascular cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of STAT3 activation by angiotensin II and downstream functional consequences in the kidneys are not fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57BL/6 mice were treated with angiotensin II by subcutaneous infusion for 1 month to develop nephropathy. Mice were treated with either adeno-associated virus expressing STAT3 shRNA or STAT3 inhibitor, S3I-201. Human archival kidney samples from five patients with hypertension and five individuals without hypertension were also examined. In vitro, STAT3 was blocked using siRNA or STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 in the renal proximal tubular cell line, NRK52E, after exposure to angiotensin II. KEY RESULTS Angiotensin II activated STAT3 in kidney epithelial cells through engaging toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and JAK2, which was independent of IL-6/gp130 and angiotensin AT1 receptors. Angiotensin II-mediated STAT3 activation increased fibrotic proteins and resulted in renal dysfunction. Both STAT3 inhibition by the low MW compound S3I-201 and TLR4 deficiency normalized renal fibrosis and dysfunction caused by Ang II in mice, without affecting hypertension. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study reveals a novel mechanism of STAT3 activation, induced by angiotensin II, in kidney tissues and highlights a translational significance of a STAT3 inhibitor as potential therapeutic agent for hypertensive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunpeng Zou
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihui Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sujing Xu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zia Khan
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Xu Z, Jia Z, Shi J, Zhang Z, Gao X, Jia Q, Liu B, Liu J, Liu C, Zhao X, He K. Transcriptional profiling in the livers of rats after hypobaric hypoxia exposure. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6499. [PMID: 30993032 PMCID: PMC6461035 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascent to high altitude feels uncomfortable in part because of a decreased partial pressure of oxygen due to the decrease in barometric pressure. The molecular mechanisms causing injury in liver tissue after exposure to a hypoxic environment are widely unknown. The liver must physiologically and metabolically change to improve tolerance to altitude-induced hypoxia. Since the liver is the largest metabolic organ and regulates many physiological and metabolic processes, it plays an important part in high altitude adaptation. The cellular response to hypoxia results in changes in the gene expression profile. The present study explores these changes in a rat model. To comprehensively investigate the gene expression and physiological changes under hypobaric hypoxia, we used genome-wide transcription profiling. Little is known about the genome-wide transcriptional response to acute and chronic hypobaric hypoxia in the livers of rats. In this study, we carried out RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) of liver tissue from rats in three groups, normal control rats (L), rats exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia for 2 weeks (W2L) and rats chronically exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 4 weeks (W4L), to explore the transcriptional profile of acute and chronic mountain sickness in a mammal under a controlled time-course. We identified 497 differentially expressed genes between the three groups. A principal component analysis revealed large differences between the acute and chronic hypobaric hypoxia groups compared with the control group. Several immune-related and metabolic pathways, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and galactose metabolism, were highly enriched in the KEGG pathway analysis. Similar results were found in the Gene Ontology analysis. Cogena analysis showed that the immune-related pathways were mainly upregulated and enriched in the acute hypobaric hypoxia group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Xu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilong Jia
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Shi
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojian Gao
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bohan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jixuan Liu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun He
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Benway CJ, Iacomini J. Defining a microRNA-mRNA interaction map for calcineurin inhibitor induced nephrotoxicity. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:796-809. [PMID: 28925592 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors induce nephrotoxicity through poorly understood mechanisms thereby limiting their use in transplantation and other diseases. Here we define a microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA) interaction map that facilitates exploration into the role of miRNAs in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) and the gene pathways they regulate. Using photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP), we isolated RNAs associated with Argonaute 2 in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) of cyclosporine A (CsA) treated and control human proximal tubule cells and identified mRNAs undergoing active targeting by miRNAs. CsA causes specific changes in miRNAs and mRNAs associated with RISC, thereby altering post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Pathway enrichment analysis identified canonical pathways regulated by miRNAs specifically following CsA treatment. RNA-seq performed on total RNA indicated that only a fraction of total miRNAs and mRNAs are actively targeted in the RISC, indicating that PAR-CLIP more accurately defines meaningful targeting interactions. Our data also revealed a role for miRNAs in calcineurin-independent regulation of JNK and p38 MAPKs caused by targeting of MAP3K1. Together, our data provide a novel resource and unique insights into molecular pathways regulated by miRNAs in CIN. The gene pathways and miRNAs defined may represent novel targets to reduce calcineurin induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Benway
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Iacomini
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Topical application of ointment containing 0.5% green tea catechins suppresses tongue oxidative stress in 5-fluorouracil administered rats. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:247-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Arai Y, Takahashi D, Asano K, Tanaka M, Oda M, Ko SBH, Ko MSH, Mandai S, Nomura N, Rai T, Uchida S, Sohara E. Salt suppresses IFNγ inducible chemokines through the IFNγ-JAK1-STAT1 signaling pathway in proximal tubular cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46580. [PMID: 28425456 PMCID: PMC5397865 DOI: 10.1038/srep46580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of immunoactivation by salt are now becoming clearer. However, those of immunosuppression remain unknown. Since clinical evidence indicates that salt protects proximal tubules from injury, we investigated mechanisms responsible for salt causing immunosuppression in proximal tubules. We focused on cytokine-related gene expression profiles in kidneys of mice fed a high salt diet using microarray analysis and found that both an interferon gamma (IFNγ) inducible chemokine, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9), and receptor, CXCR3, were suppressed. We further revealed that a high salt concentration suppressed IFNγ inducible chemokines in HK2 proximal tubular cells. Finally, we demonstrated that a high salt concentration decreased IFNGR1 expression in the basolateral membrane of HK2 cells, leading to decreased phosphorylation of activation sites of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and Signal Transducers and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1), activators of chemokines. JAK inhibitor canceled the effect of a high salt concentration on STAT1 and chemokines, indicating that the JAK1-STAT1 signaling pathway is essential for this mechanism. In conclusion, a high salt concentration suppresses IFNγ-JAK1-STAT1 signaling pathways and chemokine expressions in proximal tubules. This finding may explain how salt ameliorates proximal tubular injury and offer a new insight into the linkage between salt and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Arai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiei Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Laboratory of Immune regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Oda
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru B. H. Ko
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru S. H. Ko
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Mandai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nomura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Visualization of Oxidative Stress Induced by Experimental Periodontitis in Keap1-Dependent Oxidative Stress Detector-Luciferase Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111907. [PMID: 27854327 PMCID: PMC5133905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether a Keap1-dependent oxidative stress detector-luciferase (OKD-LUC) mouse model would be useful for the visualization of oxidative stress induced by experimental periodontitis. A ligature was placed around the mandibular first molars for seven days to induce periodontitis. Luciferase activity was measured with an intraperitoneal injection of d-luciferin on days 0, 1, and 7. The luciferase activity in the periodontitis group was significantly greater than that in the control group at seven days. The expressions of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and malondialdehyde in periodontal tissue were significantly higher in the periodontitis group than in the control group. Immunofluorescent analysis confirmed that the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) occurred more frequently in the periodontitis group than in the control group. This study found that under oxidative stress induced by experimental periodontitis, the Nrf2/antioxidant defense pathway was activated and could be visualized from the luciferase activity in the OKD-LUC model. Thus, the OKD-LUC mouse model may be useful for exploring the mechanism underlying the relationship between the Nrf2/antioxidant defense pathway and periodontitis by enabling the visualization of oxidative stress over time.
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20
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González-Guerrero C, Cannata-Ortiz P, Guerri C, Egido J, Ortiz A, Ramos AM. TLR4-mediated inflammation is a key pathogenic event leading to kidney damage and fibrosis in cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1925-1939. [PMID: 27585667 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) successfully prevents allograft rejection, but nephrotoxicity is still a dose-limiting adverse effect. TLR4 activation promotes kidney damage but whether this innate immunity receptor mediates CsA nephrotoxicity is unknown. The in vivo role of TLR4 during CsA nephrotoxicity was studied in mice co-treated with CsA and the TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 and also in TLR4-/- mice. CsA-induced renal TLR4 expression in wild-type mice. Pharmacological or genetic targeting of TLR4 reduced the activation of proinflammatory signaling, including JNK/c-jun, JAK2/STAT3, IRE1α and NF-κB and the expression of Fn14. Expression of proinflammatory factors and cytokines was also decreased, and kidney monocyte and lymphocyte influx was prevented. TLR4 inhibition also reduced tubular damage and drastically prevented the development of kidney fibrosis. In vivo and in vitro CsA promoted secretion of the TLR ligand HMGB1 by tubular cells upstream of TLR4 activation, and prevention of HMGB1 secretion significantly reduced CsA-induced synthesis of MCP-1, suggesting that HMGB1 may be one of the mediators of CsA-induced TLR4 activation. These results suggest that TLR4 is a potential pharmacological target in CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian González-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cannata-Ortiz
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.,Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián M Ramos
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain. .,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain. .,Laboratorio de Patología Renal y Vascular (Investigación, 4° planta), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Av. Reyes Católicos N°2, CP28040, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis Reveals the Protection against Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Injury in the Intestine of Tibetans via the Inhibition of GRB2/EGFR/PTPN11 Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6967396. [PMID: 27594973 PMCID: PMC4993941 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6967396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms for hypoxic environment causing the injury of intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB) are widely unknown. To address the issue, Han Chinese from 100 m altitude and Tibetans from high altitude (more than 3650 m) were recruited. Histological and transcriptome analyses were performed. The results showed intestinal villi were reduced and appeared irregular, and glandular epithelium was destroyed in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2573 genes with altered expression. The levels of 1137 genes increased and 1436 genes decreased in Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated most immunological responses were reduced in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Gene microarray showed that there were 25-, 22-, and 18-fold downregulation for growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11) in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. The downregulation of EGFR, GRB2, and PTPN11 will reduce the production of reactive oxygen species and protect against oxidative stress-induced injury for intestine. Thus, the transcriptome analysis showed the protecting functions of IMB patients against hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in the intestine of Tibetans via affecting GRB2/EGFR/PTPN11 pathways.
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22
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Hu Y, Mou L, Yang F, Tu H, Lin W. Curcumin attenuates cyclosporine A‑induced renal fibrosis by inhibiting hypermethylation of the klotho promoter. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3229-36. [PMID: 27510836 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is increasingly considered to be a worldwide public health problem and usually leads to renal fibrosis. In the present study, curcumin, a polyphenol pigment extracted from turmeric, was demonstrated to exert protective effects on renal fibrosis via the suppression of transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β) downstream signaling, such as plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1 (PAI‑1), α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) and collagen I (Col I) downregulation. The present findings demonstrate that curcumin exerted a protective effect on cyclosporine A‑induced renal fibrosis via a klotho (KL)‑dependent mechanism, which inhibits the TGF‑β signaling pathway. Further research indicated that curcumin induced KL expression in HK‑2 tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting CpG hypermethylation in the KL promoter, which mediates the loss of expression in cells. Methylation‑specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with bisulfite sequencing identified numerous key CpG sites, such as 249, 240 and 236, whose methylation statuses are important for KL expression. A PCR reporter assay was utilized to further confirm these findings. In addition, the effects of curcumin on the regulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) expression were evaluated, and the data suggest that curcumin inhibits Dnmt1 expression and restricts CpG hypermethylation. Thus, the current study reveals that curcumin attenuated renal fibrosis by suppressing CpG methylation in the KL promoter, thus inducing KL expression, which inhibited TGF‑β signaling, which may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 31009, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Mou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 31009, P.R. China
| | - Fuye Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 31009, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Tu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 31009, P.R. China
| | - Wanbing Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 31009, P.R. China
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Rodrigues-Diez R, González-Guerrero C, Ocaña-Salceda C, Rodrigues-Diez RR, Egido J, Ortiz A, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ramos AM. Calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine A and tacrolimus induce vascular inflammation and endothelial activation through TLR4 signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27915. [PMID: 27295076 PMCID: PMC4904742 DOI: 10.1038/srep27915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of the calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) cyclosporine and tacrolimus greatly reduced the rate of allograft rejection, although their chronic use is marred by a range of side effects, among them vascular toxicity. In transplant patients, it is proved that innate immunity promotes vascular injury triggered by ischemia-reperfusion damage, atherosclerosis and hypertension. We hypothesized that activation of the innate immunity and inflammation may contribute to CNI toxicity, therefore we investigated whether TLR4 mediates toxic responses of CNIs in the vasculature. Cyclosporine and tacrolimus increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines and endothelial activation markers in cultured murine endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells as well as in ex vivo cultures of murine aortas. CNI-induced proinflammatory events were prevented by pharmacological inhibition of TLR4. Moreover, CNIs were unable to induce inflammation and endothelial activation in aortas from TLR4−/− mice. CNI-induced cytokine and adhesion molecules synthesis in endothelial cells occurred even in the absence of calcineurin, although its expression was required for maximal effect through upregulation of TLR4 signaling. CNI-induced TLR4 activity increased O2−/ROS production and NF-κB-regulated synthesis of proinflammatory factors in cultured as well as aortic endothelial and VSMCs. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms associated with CNI vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rodrigues-Diez
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian González-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ocaña-Salceda
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl R Rodrigues-Diez
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián M Ramos
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Abstract
The bidirectional causality between kidney injury and inflammation remains an area of unexpected discoveries. The last decade unraveled the molecular mechanisms of sterile inflammation, which established danger signaling via pattern recognition receptors as a new concept of kidney injury-related inflammation. In contrast, renal cell necrosis remained considered a passive process executed either by the complement-related membrane attack complex, exotoxins, or cytotoxic T cells. Accumulating data now suggest that renal cell necrosis is a genetically determined and regulated process involving specific outside-in signaling pathways. These findings support a unifying theory in which kidney injury and inflammation are reciprocally enhanced in an autoamplification loop, referred to here as necroinflammation. This integrated concept is of potential clinical importance because it offers numerous innovative molecular targets for limiting kidney injury by blocking cell death, inflammation, or both. Here, the contribution of necroinflammation to AKI is discussed in thrombotic microangiopathies, necrotizing and crescentic GN, acute tubular necrosis, and infective pyelonephritis or sepsis. Potential new avenues are further discussed for abrogating necroinflammation-related kidney injury, and questions and strategies are listed for further exploration in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant R Mulay
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; and
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25
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Yuan J, Benway CJ, Bagley J, Iacomini J. MicroRNA-494 promotes cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity and epithelial to mesenchymal transition by inhibiting PTEN. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:1682-91. [PMID: 25854542 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A major complication associated with cyclosporine (CsA) treatment is nephrotoxicity. In this study, we examined whether microRNAs play a role in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. Treatment of mice with CsA resulted in nephrotoxicity that was associated with an early increase in expression of microRNA mmu-miR-494 (miR-494). Similarly, tubular epithelial cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by CsA toxicity resulted in the upregulation of microRNA-494 and a decrease in PTEN levels in vitro. miR-494 directly targeted Pten and negatively regulated its expression. Preventing Pten targeting by miR-494 was sufficient to prevent CsA induced EMT. Knockdown of miR-494 prevented the downregulation of PTEN in tubular epithelial cells following CsA treatment and also prevented CsA induced EMT. Thus, miR-494 plays a major role in promoting CsA induced nephrotoxicity through its ability to target Pten thereby contributing to EMT. We suggest that manipulating miR-494 expression may represent a novel approach to preventing EMT associated with CsA induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yuan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - C J Benway
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.,Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences Programs in Immunology and Genetics, Boston, MA
| | - J Bagley
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - J Iacomini
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.,Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences Programs in Immunology and Genetics, Boston, MA
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26
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious clinical condition with no effective treatment. Tubular cells are key targets in AKI. Tubular cells and, specifically, proximal tubular cells are extremely rich in mitochondria and mitochondrial changes had long been known to be a feature of AKI. However, only recent advances in understanding the molecules involved in mitochondria biogenesis and dynamics and the availability of mitochondria-targeted drugs has allowed the exploration of the specific role of mitochondria in AKI. We now review the morphological and functional mitochondrial changes during AKI, as well as changes in the expression of mitochondrial genes and proteins. Finally, we summarise the current status of novel therapeutic strategies specifically targeting mitochondria such as mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening inhibitors (cyclosporine A (CsA)), quinone analogues (MitoQ, SkQ1 and SkQR1), superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics (Mito-CP), Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptides (Bendavia) and mitochondrial division inhibitors (mdivi-1). MitoQ, SkQ1, SkQR1, Mito-CP, Bendavia and mdivi-1 have improved the course of diverse experimental models of AKI. Evidence for a beneficial effect of CsA on human cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury derives from a clinical trial; however, CsA is nephrotoxic. MitoQ and Bendavia have been shown to be safe for humans. Ongoing clinical trials are testing the efficacy of Bendavia in AKI prevention following renal artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.
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27
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Les glomérulopathies associées aux néoplasies myéloprolifératives. Rev Med Interne 2014; 35:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Yu YL, Yiang GT, Chou PL, Tseng HH, Wu TK, Hung YT, Lin PS, Lin SY, Liu HC, Chang WJ, Wei CW. Dual role of acetaminophen in promoting hepatoma cell apoptosis and kidney fibroblast proliferation. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2077-84. [PMID: 24682227 PMCID: PMC4055434 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), is a safe analgesic and antipyretic drug at therapeutic dose, and is widely used in the clinic. However, high doses of APAP can induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Most studies have focused on high‑dose APAP‑induced acute liver and kidney injury. So far, few studies have investigated the effects of the therapeutic dose (1/10 of the high dose) or of the low dose (1/100 of the high dose) of APAP on the cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular effects of therapeutic- or low‑dose APAP treatment on hepatoma cells and kidney fibroblasts. As expected, high‑dose APAP treatment inhibited while therapeutic and low‑dose treatment did not inhibit cell survival of kidney tubular epithelial cells. In addition, therapeutic-dose treatment induced an increase in the H2O2 level, activated the caspase‑9/‑3 cascade, and induced cell apoptosis of hepatoma cells. Notably, APAP promoted fibroblast proliferation, even at low doses. This study demonstrates that different cellular effects are exerted upon treatment with different APAP concentrations. Our results indicate that treatment with the therapeutic dose of APAP may exert an antitumor activity on hepatoma, while low‑dose treatment may be harmful for patients with fibrosis, since it may cause proliferation of fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Giou-Teng Yiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Lun Chou
- Division of Allergy‑Immunology‑Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan 265, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsu-Hung Tseng
- Division of General Surgery, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung 403, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsai-Kun Wu
- 2The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Shiuan Lin
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Chun Liu
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Jung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chyou-Wei Wei
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
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29
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Renal biopsy: use of biomarkers as a tool for the diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:192836. [PMID: 24719498 PMCID: PMC3955602 DOI: 10.1155/2014/192836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a glomerulopathy associated with nephrotic syndrome and podocyte injury. FSGS occurs both in children and adults and it is considered the main idiopathic nephrotic syndrome nowadays. It is extremely difficult to establish a morphological diagnosis, since some biopsies lack a considerable quantifiable number of sclerotic glomeruli, given their focal aspect and the fact that FSGS occurs in less than half of the glomeruli. Therefore, many biological molecules have been evaluated as potential markers that would enhance the diagnosis of FSGS. Some of these molecules and receptors are associated with the pathogenesis of FSGS and have potential use in diagnosis.
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30
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González-Guerrero C, Ocaña-Salceda C, Berzal S, Carrasco S, Fernández-Fernández B, Cannata-Ortiz P, Egido J, Ortiz A, Ramos AM. Calcineurin inhibitors recruit protein kinases JAK2 and JNK, TLR signaling and the UPR to activate NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses in kidney tubular cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:825-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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31
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Matsui F, Rhee A, Hile KL, Zhang H, Meldrum KK. IL-18 induces profibrotic renal tubular cell injury via STAT3 activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1014-21. [PMID: 23904224 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00620.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-18 is an important mediator of obstruction-induced renal fibrosis and renal tubular epithelial cell (TEC) injury. IL-18's proinflammatory properties have been attributed, in part, to NF-κB activation and the stimulation of cytokine gene expression; however, STAT3 has increasingly been shown to mediate renal fibrotic injury. We therefore hypothesized that IL-18 mediates profibrotic TEC injury via STAT3 activation. Male C57BL6 wild-type mice and transgenic mice for human IL-18-binding protein were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction or sham operation. The kidneys were harvested 1 or 2 wk afterward and analyzed for active STAT3 (p-STAT3) expression (Western blotting, immunohistochemistry) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression. In a separate arm, renal tubular cells (HK-2) were directly stimulated with IL-18 for 2 days with or without the STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 (50 μM). Cell lysates were then analyzed for p-STAT3 and SOCS3 expression, profibrotic cellular changes (collagen and α-SMA expression), and tubular cell apoptosis. p-STAT3 and SOCS3 expression increased significantly in response to obstruction; however, a significant reduction in p-STAT3 and SOCS3 expression occurred following 1 wk, but not 2 wk, of obstruction in the presence of IL-18 neutralization. In vitro results similarly demonstrate increased p-STAT3, SOCS3, α-SMA, and collagen III expression, and increased collagen production and TEC apoptosis in response to IL-18 stimulation, but the response was significantly diminished in the presence of STAT3 inhibition. These results demonstrate that IL-18-induces profibrotic cellular changes and collagen production in TECs via STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Matsui
- Pediatric Urology, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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32
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Linkermann A, De Zen F, Weinberg J, Kunzendorf U, Krautwald S. Programmed necrosis in acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 27:3412-9. [PMID: 22942173 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) had been widely used synonymously to caspase-mediated apoptosis until caspase-independent cell death was described. Identification of necrosis as a regulated process in ischaemic conditions has recently changed our understanding of PCD. At least three pathways of programmed necrosis (PN) have been identified. First, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3)-dependent necroptosis causes organ failure following stroke, myocardial infarction and renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Necroptosis can be mediated either by a large intracellular caspase-8-containing signalling complex called the ripoptosome or by the RIP1-/RIP3-containing necroptosome and is controlled by a caspase-8/FLICE inhibitory protein(long) heterodimer at least in the latter case. Second, mitochondrial permeability transition mediates apoptotic or necrotic stimuli and depends on the mitochondrial protein cyclophilin D. The third PN pathway involves the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-calpain axis that contributes to acute kidney injury (AKI). Preclinical interference with the PN pathways therefore raises expectations for the future treatment of ischaemic conditions. In this brief review, we aim to summarize the clinically relevant PCD pathways and to transfer the basic science data to settings of AKI. We conclude that pathologists were quite right to refer to ischaemic kidney injury as 'acute tubular necrosis'.
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33
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Conditional deletion of Jak2 reveals an essential role in hematopoiesis throughout mouse ontogeny: implications for Jak2 inhibition in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59675. [PMID: 23544085 PMCID: PMC3609865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline deletion of Jak2 in mice results in embryonic lethality at E12.5 due to impaired hematopoiesis. However, the role that Jak2 might play in late gestation and postnatal life is unknown. To understand this, we utilized a conditional knockout approach that allowed for the deletion of Jak2 at various stages of prenatal and postnatal life. Specifically, Jak2 was deleted beginning at either mid/late gestation (E12.5), at postnatal day 4 (PN4), or at ∼2 months of age. Deletion of Jak2 beginning at E12.5 resulted in embryonic death characterized by a lack of hematopoiesis. Deletion beginning at PN4 was also lethal due to a lack of erythropoiesis. Deletion of Jak2 in young adults was characterized by blood cytopenias, abnormal erythrocyte morphology, decreased marrow hematopoietic potential, and splenic atrophy. However, death was observed in only 20% of the mutants. Further analysis of these mice suggested that the increased survivability was due to an incomplete deletion of Jak2 and subsequent re-population of Jak2 expressing cells, as conditional deletion in mice having one floxed Jak2 allele and one null allele resulted in a more severe phenotype and subsequent death of all animals. We found that the deletion of Jak2 in the young adults had a differential effect on hematopoietic lineages; specifically, conditional Jak2 deletion in young adults severely impaired erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis, modestly affected granulopoiesis and monocytopoiesis, and had no effect on lymphopoiesis. Interestingly, while the hematopoietic organs of these mutant animals were severely affected by the deletion of Jak2, we found that the hearts, kidneys, lungs, and brains of these same mice were histologically normal. From this, we conclude that Jak2 plays an essential and non-redundant role in hematopoiesis during both prenatal and postnatal life and this has direct implications regarding the inhibition of Jak2 in humans.
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34
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Ucero ÁC, Berzal S, Ocaña-Salceda C, Sancho M, Orzáez M, Messeguer A, Ruiz-Ortega M, Egido J, Vicent MJ, Ortiz A, Ramos AM. A polymeric nanomedicine diminishes inflammatory events in renal tubular cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51992. [PMID: 23300960 PMCID: PMC3534689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamic acid/peptoid 1 (QM56) nanoconjugate inhibits apoptosis by interfering with Apaf-1 binding to procaspase-9. We now describe anti-inflammatory properties of QM56 in mouse kidney and renal cell models.In cultured murine tubular cells, QM56 inhibited the inflammatory response to Tweak, a non-apoptotic stimulus. Tweak induced MCP-1 and Rantes synthesis through JAK2 kinase and NF-κB activation. Similar to JAK2 kinase inhibitors, QM56 inhibited Tweak-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity and chemokine expression, despite failing to inhibit NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation and NF-κB DNA binding. QM56 prevented JAK2 activation and NF-κB-p65(Ser536) phosphorylation. The anti-inflammatory effect and JAK2 inhibition by QM56 were observed in Apaf-1(-/-) cells. In murine acute kidney injury, QM56 decreased tubular cell apoptosis and kidney inflammation as measured by down-modulations of MCP-1 and Rantes mRNA expression, immune cell infiltration and activation of the JAK2-dependent inflammatory pathway.In conclusion, QM56 has an anti-inflammatory activity which is independent from its role as inhibitor of Apaf-1 and apoptosis and may have potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro C. Ucero
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Berzal
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ocaña-Salceda
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Sancho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Vicent
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián M. Ramos
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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35
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Wang K, Wu YG, Su J, Zhang JJ, Zhang P, Qi XM. Total glucosides of paeony regulates JAK2/STAT3 activation and macrophage proliferation in diabetic rat kidneys. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:521-36. [PMID: 22745068 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) is the major active constituent of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., which has shown renoprotection in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Activation of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) is an important mechanism by which hyperglycemia contributes to renal damage. Macrophages also play an essential role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Herein, we investigated the ability of TGP to modulate JAK2/STAT3 activation and macrophage proliferation in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. TGP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered orally once a day for eight weeks. Levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were determined by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry and double immunohistochemistry were used to identify p-STAT3, ED-1, PCNA/ED-1, and p-STAT3/ED-1-positive (+) cells. The elevated 24-h urinary albumin excretion rate was markedly attenuated by treatment with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg TGP. Western blot analysis showed that the significantly increased levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3 proteins in the kidneys of diabetic rats were significantly inhibited by 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg TGP treatment. The marked accumulation and proliferation of macrophages in diabetic kidneys were significantly inhibited by TGP treatment. ED-1+/p-STAT3+ cells were significantly increased in the kidneys from the model group but were significantly inhibited by TGP treatment. These results show that TGP significantly inhibited diabetic nephropathy progression and suggest that these protective effects are associated with the ability of TGP to inhibit the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and macrophage proliferation and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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36
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Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Schmitz V, Brunner N, Crunk A, Corby K, Bendrick-Peart J, Leibfritz D, Edelstein CL, Thurman JM, Christians U. Low-salt diet and cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: changes in kidney cell metabolism. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5135-44. [PMID: 23057591 DOI: 10.1021/pr300260e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine (CsA) is a highly effective immunosuppressant used in patients after transplantation; however, its use is limited by nephrotoxicity. Salt depletion is known to enhance CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. The goal of our study was to identify the molecular effects of salt depletion alone and in combination with CsA on the kidney using a proteo-metabolomic strategy. Rats (n = 6) were assigned to four study groups: (1) normal controls, (2) low-salt fed controls, (3) 10 mg/kg/d CsA for 28 days on a normal diet, (4) 10 mg/kg/d CsA for 28 days on low-salt diet. Low-salt diet redirected kidney energy metabolism toward mitochondria as indicated by a higher energy charge than in normal-fed controls. Low-salt diet alone reduced phospho-AKT and phospho-STAT3 levels and changed the expression of ion transporters PDZK1 and CLIC1. CsA induced macro- and microvesicular tubular epithelial vacuolization and reduced energy charge, changes that were more significant in low-salt fed animals, probably because of their more pronounced dependence on mitochondria. Here, CsA increased phospho-JAK2 and phospho-STAT3 levels and reduced the phospho-IKKγ and p65 proteins, thus activating NF-κB signaling. Decreased expression of lactate transport regulator CD147 and phospho-AKT was also observed after CsA exposure in low-salt rats, indicating a decrease in glycolysis. In summary, our study suggests a key role for PDZK1, CD147, JAK/STAT, and AKT signaling in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity and proposes mechanistic explanations on why rats fed a low-salt diet have higher sensitivity to CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jost Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Volker Schmitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Brunner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amanda Crunk
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kyler Corby
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Dieter Leibfritz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Charles L Edelstein
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Matsui F, Meldrum KK. The role of the Janus kinase family/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in fibrotic renal disease. J Surg Res 2012; 178:339-45. [PMID: 22883438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, a number of cytokines and growth factors including transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor α, and angiotensin II have been shown to play a crucial role in renal fibrosis. The Janus kinase family (JAK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) constitute one of the primary signaling pathways that regulate cytokine expression, and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway has increasingly been implicated in the pathophysiology of renal disease. This review examines the role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in fibrotic renal disease. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is activated in a variety of renal diseases and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of renal fibrosis. Experimental evidence suggests that inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, in particular JAK2 and STAT3, may suppress renal fibrosis and protect renal function. However, it is incompletely understood which cells activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and which JAK/STAT signaling pathway is activated in each renal disease. Research regarding JAK/STAT signaling and its contribution to renal disease is still ongoing in humans. Future studies are required to elucidate the potential role of JAK/STAT signaling inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in the attenuation of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Matsui
- Department of Urology, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Vallon V, Thomson SC. Renal function in diabetic disease models: the tubular system in the pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney. Annu Rev Physiol 2012; 74:351-75. [PMID: 22335797 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus affects the kidney in stages. At the onset of diabetes mellitus, in a subset of diabetic patients the kidneys grow large, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) becomes supranormal, which are risk factors for developing diabetic nephropathy later in life. This review outlines a pathophysiological concept that focuses on the tubular system to explain these changes. The concept includes the tubular hypothesis of glomerular filtration, which states that early tubular growth and sodium-glucose cotransport enhance proximal tubule reabsorption and make the GFR supranormal through the physiology of tubuloglomerular feedback. The diabetic milieu triggers early tubular cell proliferation, but the induction of TGF-β and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors causes a cell cycle arrest and a switch to tubular hypertrophy and a senescence-like phenotype. Although this growth phenotype explains unusual responses like the salt paradox of the early diabetic kidney, the activated molecular pathways may set the stage for tubulointerstitial injury and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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Antioxidants in kidney diseases: the impact of bardoxolone methyl. Int J Nephrol 2012; 2012:321714. [PMID: 22701794 PMCID: PMC3373077 DOI: 10.1155/2012/321714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are the mainstay of therapy to retard the progression of proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKD) such as diabetic nephropathy. However, diabetic nephropathy is still the first cause of end-stage renal disease. New drugs targeted to the pathogenesis and mechanisms of progression of these diseases beyond RAAS inhibition are needed. There is solid experimental evidence of a key role of oxidative stress and its interrelation with inflammation on renal damage. However, randomized and well-powered trials on these agents in CKD are scarce. We now review the biological bases of oxidative stress and its role in kidney diseases, with focus on diabetic nephropathy, as well as the role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and recent clinical trials targeting this pathway with bardoxolone methyl.
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Sarró E, Jacobs-Cachá C, Itarte E, Meseguer A. A pharmacologically-based array to identify targets of cyclosporine A-induced toxicity in cultured renal proximal tubule cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 258:275-87. [PMID: 22155090 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity were generally thought to be hemodynamic in origin; however, there is now accumulating evidence of a direct tubular effect. Although genomic and proteomic experiments by our group and others provided overall information on genes and proteins up- or down-regulated by CsA in proximal tubule cells (PTC), a comprehensive view of events occurring after CsA exposure remains to be described. For this purpose, we applied a pharmacologic approach based on the use of known activities of a large panel of potentially protective compounds and evaluated their efficacy in preventing CsA toxicity in cultured mouse PTC. Our results show that compounds that blocked protein synthesis and apoptosis, together with the CK2 inhibitor DMAT and the PI3K inhibitor apigenin, were the most efficient in preventing CsA toxicity. We also identified GSK3, MMPs and PKC pathways as potential targets to prevent CsA damage. Additionally, heparinase-I and MAPK inhibitors afforded partial but significant protection. Interestingly, antioxidants and calcium metabolism-related compounds were unable to ameliorate CsA-induced cytotoxicity. Subsequent experiments allowed us to clarify the hierarchical relationship of targeted pathways after CsA treatment, with ER stress identified as an early effector of CsA toxicity, which leads to ROS generation, phenotypical changes and cell death. In summary, this work presents a novel experimental approach to characterizing cellular responses to cytotoxics while pointing to new targets to prevent CsA-induced toxicity in proximal tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sarró
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
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Xu J, Wang D, Zhang C, Song J, Liang T, Jin W, Kim YC, Wang SM, Hou G. Alternatively Expressed Genes Identified in the CD4+ T Cells of Allograft Rejection Mice. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:333-50. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x552844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allograft rejection is a leading cause for the failure of allotransplantation. CD4+ T cells play critical roles in this process. The identification of genes that alternatively expressed in CD4+ T cells during allograft rejection will provide critical information for studying the mechanism of allograft rejection, finding specific gene markers for monitoring, predicting allograft rejection, and opening new ways to regulate and prevent allograft rejection. Here, we established allograft and isograft transplantation models by adoptively transferring wild-type BALB/c mouse CD4+ T cells into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with a C57BL/6 or BALB/c mouse skin graft. Using the whole transcriptome sequencing-based serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technology, we identified 97 increasingly and 88 decreasingly expressed genes that may play important roles in allograft rejection and tolerance. Functional classification of these genes shows that apoptosis, transcription regulation, cell growth and maintenance, and signal transduction are among the frequently changed functional groups. This study provides a genome-wide view for the candidate genes of CD4+ T cells related to allotransplantation, and this report is a good resource for further microarray studies and for identifying the specific markers that are associated with clinical organ transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jing Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Weirong Jin
- Shanghai Huaguan BioChip Co., Ltd, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yeong C. Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - San Ming Wang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Guihua Hou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Freitas MCS, Uchida Y, Zhao D, Ke B, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Blockade of Janus kinase-2 signaling ameliorates mouse liver damage due to ischemia and reperfusion. Liver Transpl 2010; 16:600-10. [PMID: 20440769 PMCID: PMC3001321 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling is one of the major pathways for cytokine signal transduction. However, the role of the JAK/STAT pathway in liver ischemia/reperfusion is not clear. This study focuses on Janus kinase-2 (JAK2), which functions upstream of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in JAK/STAT, and its role in the mechanism of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Partial warm ischemia was produced in the hepatic lobes of C57BL/6 mice for 90 minutes, and this was followed by 6 hours of reperfusion. Mice were treated with a JAK2 inhibitor (tyrphostin AG490; 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or vehicle 60 minutes prior to ischemic insult. JAK2 blockade resulted in a significant reduction of hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. Macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, was markedly decreased in AG490-treated livers in comparison with controls. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1beta] and chemokines [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL-10) and CXCL-2] was also significantly reduced in the AG490-treated group in comparison with controls. AG490-treated livers showed fewer cells positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling and reduced cleaved caspase-3 protein expression in parallel with increased B-cell lymphoma extra large expression. We employed AG490 (75 mM) in primary bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) and hepatoma cell (CRL1830) cultures, which were both stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL). In BMM cultures, AG490 depressed otherwise LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression programs (IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-1beta, CXCL-10, and inducible nitric oxide synthase). In hepatoma cells, AG490 reduced cleaved caspase-3 expression. Moreover, JAK2 blockade inhibited STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. This is the first report documenting that JAK2 signaling is essential in the pathophysiology of liver IRI, as its selective blockage ameliorated the disease process and protected livers from inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia S. Freitas
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yoichiro Uchida
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Danyun Zhao
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bibo Ke
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Ortiz-Muñoz G, Lopez-Parra V, Lopez-Franco O, Fernandez-Vizarra P, Mallavia B, Flores C, Sanz A, Blanco J, Mezzano S, Ortiz A, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Suppressors of cytokine signaling abrogate diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:763-72. [PMID: 20185635 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009060625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) is an important mechanism by which hyperglycemia contributes to renal damage, suggesting that modulation of this pathway may prevent renal and vascular complications of diabetes. Here, we investigated the involvement of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) as intracellular negative regulators of JAK/STAT activation in diabetic nephropathy. In a rat model, inducing diabetes resulted in JAK/STAT activation and increased expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3. In humans, we observed increased expression of glomerular and tubulointerstitial SOCS proteins in biopsies of patients with diabetic nephropathy. In vitro, high concentrations of glucose activated JAK/STAT/SOCS in human mesangial and tubular cells. Overexpression of SOCS reversed the glucose-induced activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, expression of STAT-dependent genes (chemokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins), and cell proliferation. In vivo, intrarenal delivery of adenovirus expressing SOCS1 and SOCS3 to diabetic rats significantly improved renal function and reduced renal lesions associated with diabetes, such as mesangial expansion, fibrosis, and influx of macrophages. SOCS gene delivery also decreased the activation of STAT1 and STAT3 and the expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic proteins in the diabetic kidney. In summary, these results provide direct evidence for a link between the JAK/STAT/SOCS axis and hyperglycemia-induced cell responses in the kidney. Suppression of the JAK/STAT pathway by increasing intracellular SOCS proteins may have therapeutic potential in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Ortiz-Muñoz
- Renal and Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
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Siedlecki A, Anderson JR, Jin X, Garbow JR, Lupu TS, Muslin AJ. RGS4 controls renal blood flow and inhibits cyclosporine-mediated nephrotoxicity. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:231-41. [PMID: 19958325 PMCID: PMC3221245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are powerful immunomodulatory agents that produce marked renal dysfunction due in part to endothelin-1-mediated reductions in renal blood flow. Ligand-stimulated Gq protein signaling promotes the contraction of smooth muscle cells via phospholipase Cbeta-mediated stimulation of cytosolic calcium release. RGS4 is a GTPase activating protein that promotes the deactivation of Gq and Gi family members. To investigate the role of G protein-mediated signaling in the pathogenesis of CNI-mediated renal injury, we used mice deficient for RGS4 (rgs4(-/-)). Compared to congenic wild type control animals, rgs4(-/-) mice were intolerant of the CNI, cyclosporine (CyA), rapidly developing fatal renal failure. Rgs4(-/-) mice exhibited markedly reduced renal blood flow after CyA treatment when compared to congenic wild type control mice as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hypoperfusion was reversed by coadministration of CyA with the endothelin antagonist, bosentan. The MAPK/ERK pathway was activated by cyclosporine administration and was inhibited by cotreatment with bosentan. These results show that endothelin-1-mediated Gq protein signaling plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vasoconstrictive renal injury and that RGS4 antagonizes the deleterious effects of excess endothelin receptor activation in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Siedlecki
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110.,Nephrology Division, John Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jeff R. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joel R. Garbow
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Traian S. Lupu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Anthony J. Muslin
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110.,Nephrology Division, John Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology; Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
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