Genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase-1 are associated with chronic kidney disease in Japanese women

Pharmacogenomics analysis in Chinese pediatric liver transplantation patients with renal toxicity induced by tacrolimus

Survival for pediatric liver transplantation patients is limited by nephrotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors tacrolimus. The present study was to explore the association of genetic factors with nephrotoxicity of pediatric liver transplantation patients treated with tacrolimus.Chinese pediatric liver transplantation patients under tacrolimus therapy between March 2014 and August 2018 from Children's Hospital of Fudan University were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 15 patients, including 6 patients with nephrotoxicity induced by tacrolimus and 9 patients without nephrotoxicity, were detected by pharmacogenomics (PGxOne®160). Demographic characteristics and laboratory testing were collected from medical logs. Tacrolimus blood concentrations were extracted from therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) documents.The risk of renal toxicity induced by tacrolimus in Chinese pediatric liver transplantation patients were positively associated with T allele of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) rs2470890 (RR = 2.857, 95% confidence interval = [1.392-5.863]), A allele of dopamine D2 (DRD2) rs1076560 (RR = 4.375, 95% confidence interval = [1.148-16.676]), T allele of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) rs662 (RR = 2.800, 95% confidence interval= [1.184-6.622]), respectively.Pharmacogenomics analysis in Chinese pediatric liver transplantation patients with renal toxicity induced by tacrolimus was firstly reported. The SNPs in 3 genes (CYP1A2, DRD2, and PON1) were associated with risk of tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity.

A Genetic Biomarker of Oxidative Stress, the Paraoxonase-1 Q192R Gene Variant, Associates with Cardiomyopathy in CKD: A Longitudinal Study

Background. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of CKD and this alteration is strongly implicated in LV hypertrophy and in LV dysfunction. Methods and Patients. We resorted to the strongest genetic biomarker of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, the Q192R variant in the PON1 gene, to unbiasedly assess (Mendelian randomization) the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of this gene-variant with LV mass and function in 206 CKD patients with a 3-year follow-up. Results. The R allele of Q192R polymorphism associated with oxidative stress as assessed by plasma 8-isoPGF2α (P = 0.03) and was dose-dependently related in a direct fashion to LVMI (QQ: 131.4 ± 42.6 g/m(2); RQ: 147.7 ± 51.1 g/m(2); RR: 167.3 ± 41.9 g/m(2); P = 0.001) and in an inverse fashion to systolic function (LV Ejection Fraction) (QQ: 79 ± 12%; RQ: 69 ± 9%; RR: 65 ± 10% P = 0.002). On longitudinal observation, this gene variant associated with the evolution of the same echocardiographic indicators [LVMI: 13.40 g/m(2) per risk allele, P = 0.005; LVEF: -2.96% per risk allele, P = 0.001]. Multivariate analyses did not modify these associations. Conclusion. In CKD patients, the R allele of the Q192R variant in the PON1 gene is dose-dependently related to the severity of LVH and LV dysfunction and associates with the longitudinal evolution of these cardiac alterations. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that oxidative stress is implicated in cardiomyopathy in CKD patients.

The influence of renal function on the association of rs854560 polymorphism of paraoxonase 1 gene with long-term prognosis in patients after myocardial infarction

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme responsible for the antioxidant properties of high density lipoprotein (HDL). The activity of PON1 is decreased in patients with coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction or chronic kidney disease. rs662 and rs854560 are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with PON1 activity and 10-year cardiovascular mortality of patients with stable coronary artery disease. We investigated the association of rs662 and rs854560 SNPs of the PON1 gene with 5-year mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated invasively. We analyzed the data of consecutive patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI. Genotyping was performed with the TaqMan method. The analyzed end-point was total 5-year mortality. Additional subgroup analysis was performed for survival of patients depending on their eGFR. The study group comprised 634 patients (mean age 62.3 ± 11.85 years; 25.2 % of women, n = 160; PCI successful in 92.3 %, n = 585). No clinically relevant differences in baseline characteristics were found between the genotypes. No association between either genotype and 5-year mortality was found: p = 0.4 for the rs662 SNP, p = 0.73 for the rs854560 one (log-rank test). However, in a subgroup of patients with eGFR below median value (78.6 ml/min/1.73m2) the rs854560 AA homozygotes had a significantly lower probability of survival (p = 0.047, log-rank test). The AA genotype of the rs854560 SNPs of the PON1 gene is associated with increased mortality in patients after myocardial infarction in the subpopulation of patients with lowered eGFR. This phenomenon may be explained by potentially lower PON1 activity in kidney disease.

Evidence for association between paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms and polycystic ovarian syndrome in southwest Chinese women

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 192Q/R and 55L/M polymorphisms of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in Chinese women.

DESIGN

A case-control study.

METHODS

A total of 1113 subjects (610 patients with PCOS and 503 control women) from a population of Chinese Han nationality in Chengdu area were included in this study. PON1 genotypes were studied using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Clinical and metabolic parameters were analyzed.

RESULTS

The frequencies of PON1 192RR genotype and R allele were significantly higher in patients with PCOS than in control women (44.6 vs 36.4%, 0.667 vs 0.610 respectively). The 192RR genotype remained a significant predictor for PCOS (odds ratio (RR/QR)(+)(QQ): 1.656, 95% confidence interval: 1.156-2.371) in prognostic models including age, body mass index, insulin resistance index, triglyceride, HDL, and LDL as covariates. Compared with patients with QQ genotype, patients with RR or QR genotype had significantly higher waist circumference and fasting insulin and triglyceride levels, patients with RR genotype had significantly higher waist-to-hip ratio, and patients with QR genotype had significantly higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Such relationships were not detected in the control women. No significant differences were found in the frequencies of PON1 55L/M genotype and allele between PCOS and control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The 192Q/R, but not 55L/M, polymorphism in PON1 gene is associated with the risk of PCOS in south-west Chinese women.

Polymorphism of proinflammatory cytokine genes and albuminuria in the Japanese general population: the Takahata study

BACKGROUND

A cluster of proinflammatory cytokines plays an important role in the development of various renal diseases, and the expression of these cytokines is genetically modified. To examine the association between polymorphisms of proinflammatory cytokine genes and albuminuria, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the general population.

METHODS

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six proinflammatory cytokine genes, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, CC chemokine ligand 1 (CCL1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), were genotyped in 2927 Japanese subjects. Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) was measured in morning spot urine samples.

RESULTS

Albuminuria (UACR ≥ 30 mg/g) was significantly associated with the A/A + A/G genotype at rs2069852 in the IL-6 gene (P = 0.01) and the A/A genotype at rs228269 in the CCL1 gene (P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis with adjustment for traditional risk factors showed that these genotypes independently predicted albuminuria [odds ratio (OR) 1.782, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.171-2.712, P = 0.007 for the A/A + A/G genotype at rs2069852 in IL-6, and OR 1.432, 95% CI 1.128-1.770, P = 0.003 for the A/A genotype at rs228269 in CCL1]. The prevalence of albuminuria and the UACR were increased along with the increase of risk genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that SNPs in the IL-6 and CCL1 genes were associated with albuminuria, and the combination of these genotypes had an additive effect on the prevalence and severity of albuminuria. This indicates that genetic factors influencing inflammatory responses may affect the development of renal injury in the Japanese general population.

Genetic variants of connexin37 are associated with carotid intima-medial thickness and future onset of ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND

Carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) is a surrogate marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of genetic variants on IMT and future development of ischemic stroke in a cohort, followed by an independent replication study.

METHODS

B-mode carotid ultrasound was performed among 3330 healthy adults in the CVDFACT cohort study, and the genetic effects of atherosclerosis-related genes including connexin37 (GJA4), C-reactive protein (CRP), paraoxonase (PON1), adiponectin (ACDC), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), beta-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1, ADRB2), antithrombin III (SERPINC1), and kinesin family member 6 (KIF6) were evaluated by a multivariate regression model, adjusting for traditional vascular risk factors. Study subjects were prospectively followed for the development of ischemic stroke to assess the prognostic impacts of these genetic variants. An independent case-control study was performed to replicate the genetic association from the cohort study.

RESULTS

The T allele of connexin37 C1019T polymorphism significantly affected IMT (β=0.014, p=0.013) after adjusting for traditional risk factors. During an average follow-up period of 10.7 years, 80 patients with ischemic stroke (2.4%) were identified. The connexin37 1019T allele was significantly associated with an increased rate of ischemic stroke under an additive model, with hazard ratios (HR) of 2.83 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.66) and 1.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.71), comparing TT and CT genotype with CC, respectively. After Cox analysis, age (HR, 1.78 every 10 years), diabetes mellitus (HR, 2.63), hypertension (HR, 2.08), and the T allele of C1019T polymorphism of GJA4 (HR, 1.69) were identified as independent predictors of ischemic stroke. The relationship between T allele of C1019T polymorphism of GJA4 gene and ischemic stroke was also confirmed by an independent association study.

CONCLUSION

Connexin 37 genetic variants significantly affect carotid IMT and contribute to future development of ischemic stroke.

Inflammation gene variants and susceptibility to albuminuria in the U.S. population: analysis in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1991-1994

BACKGROUND

Albuminuria, a common marker of kidney damage, serves as an important predictive factor for the progression of kidney disease and for the development of cardiovascular disease. While the underlying etiology is unclear, chronic, low-grade inflammation is a suspected key factor. Genetic variants within genes involved in inflammatory processes may, therefore, contribute to the development of albuminuria.

METHODS

We evaluated 60 polymorphisms within 27 inflammatory response genes in participants from the second phase (1991-1994) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a population-based and nationally representative survey of the United States. Albuminuria was evaluated as logarithm-transformed albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), as ACR ≥ 30 mg/g, and as ACR above sex-specific thresholds. Multivariable linear regression and haplotype trend analyses were conducted to test for genetic associations in 5321 participants aged 20 years or older. Differences in allele and genotype distributions among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans were tested in additive and codominant genetic models.

RESULTS

Variants in several genes were found to be marginally associated (uncorrected P value < 0.05) with log(ACR) in at least one race/ethnic group, but none remained significant in crude or fully-adjusted models when correcting for the false-discovery rate (FDR). In analyses of sex-specific albuminuria, IL1B (rs1143623) among Mexican Americans remained significantly associated with increased odds, while IL1B (rs1143623), CRP (rs1800947) and NOS3 (rs2070744) were significantly associated with ACR ≥ 30 mg/g in this population (additive models, FDR-P < 0.05). In contrast, no variants were found to be associated with albuminuria among non-Hispanic blacks after adjustment for multiple testing. The only variant among non-Hispanic whites significantly associated with any outcome was TNF rs1800750, which failed the test for Hardy-Weinberg proportions in this population. Haplotypes within MBL2, CRP, ADRB2, IL4R, NOS3, and VDR were significantly associated (FDR-P < 0.05) with log(ACR) or albuminuria in at least one race/ethnic group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest a small role for genetic variation within inflammation-related genes to the susceptibility to albuminuria. Additional studies are needed to further assess whether genetic variation in these, and untested, inflammation genes alter the susceptibility to kidney damage.