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Jha JC, Banal C, Chow BSM, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm K. Diabetes and Kidney Disease: Role of Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:657-684. [PMID: 26906673 PMCID: PMC5069735 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intrarenal oxidative stress plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Enhanced oxidative stress results from overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the context of concomitant, insufficient antioxidant pathways. Renal ROS production in diabetes is predominantly mediated by various NADPH oxidases (NOXs), but a defective antioxidant system as well as mitochondrial dysfunction may also contribute. Recent Advances: Effective agents targeting the source of ROS generation hold the promise to rescue the kidney from oxidative damage and prevent subsequent progression of DKD. Critical Issues and Future Directions: In the present review, we summarize and critically analyze molecular and cellular mechanisms that have been demonstrated to be involved in NOX-induced renal injury in diabetes, with particular focus on the role of increased glomerular injury, the development of albuminuria, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, novel agents targeting NOX isoforms are discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 657-684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Jha
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudine Banal
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryna S M Chow
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark E Cooper
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
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Jha JC, Gray SP, Barit D, Okabe J, El-Osta A, Namikoshi T, Thallas-Bonke V, Wingler K, Szyndralewiez C, Heitz F, Touyz RM, Cooper ME, Schmidt HHHW, Jandeleit-Dahm KA. Genetic targeting or pharmacologic inhibition of NADPH oxidase nox4 provides renoprotection in long-term diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1237-54. [PMID: 24511132 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy may occur, in part, as a result of intrarenal oxidative stress. NADPH oxidases comprise the only known dedicated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-forming enzyme family. In the rodent kidney, three isoforms of the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase are expressed (Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4). Here we show that Nox4 is the main source of renal ROS in a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin administration in ApoE(-/-) mice. Deletion of Nox4, but not of Nox1, resulted in renal protection from glomerular injury as evidenced by attenuated albuminuria, preserved structure, reduced glomerular accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, attenuated glomerular macrophage infiltration, and reduced renal expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and NF-κB in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice. Importantly, administration of the most specific Nox1/4 inhibitor, GKT137831, replicated these renoprotective effects of Nox4 deletion. In human podocytes, silencing of the Nox4 gene resulted in reduced production of ROS and downregulation of proinflammatory and profibrotic markers that are implicated in diabetic nephropathy. Collectively, these results identify Nox4 as a key source of ROS responsible for kidney injury in diabetes and provide proof of principle for an innovative small molecule approach to treat and/or prevent chronic kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Jha
- Diabetic Complications Division, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen P Gray
- Diabetic Complications Division, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Barit
- Diabetic Complications Division, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Okabe
- Human Epigenetics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Human Epigenetics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamehachi Namikoshi
- Diabetic Complications Division, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Vicki Thallas-Bonke
- Diabetic Complications Division, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rhian M Touyz
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Diabetic Complications Division, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin A Jandeleit-Dahm
- Diabetic Complications Division, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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Pitera JE, Turmaine M, Woolf AS, Scambler PJ. Generation of mice with a conditional null Fraser syndrome 1 (Fras1) allele. Genesis 2012; 50:892-8. [PMID: 22730198 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fraser syndrome (FS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by skin lesions and kidney and upper airway malformations. Fraser syndrome 1 (FRAS1) is an extracellular matrix protein, and FRAS1 homozygous mutations occur in some FS individuals. FRAS1 is expressed at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface in embryonic skin and kidney. blebbed mice have a null Fras1 mutation and phenocopy human FS. Like humans with FS, they exhibit a high fetal and neonatal mortality, precluding studies of FRAS1 functions in later life. We generated conditional Fras1 null allele mice. Cre-mediated generalized deletion of this allele generated embryonic skin blisters and renal agenesis characteristic of blebbed mice and human FS. Targeted deletion of Fras1 in kidney podocytes circumvented skin blistering, renal agenesis, and early death. FRAS1 expression was downregulated in maturing glomeruli which then became sclerotic. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that locally produced FRAS1 has roles in glomerular maturation and integrity. This conditional allele will facilitate study of possible role for FRAS1 in other tissues such as the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta E Pitera
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
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Chang JH, Paik SY, Mao L, Eisner W, Flannery PJ, Wang L, Tang Y, Mattocks N, Hadjadj S, Goujon JM, Ruiz P, Gurley SB, Spurney RF. Diabetic kidney disease in FVB/NJ Akita mice: temporal pattern of kidney injury and urinary nephrin excretion. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33942. [PMID: 22496773 PMCID: PMC3319540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Akita mice are a genetic model of type 1 diabetes. In the present studies, we investigated the phenotype of Akita mice on the FVB/NJ background and examined urinary nephrin excretion as a marker of kidney injury. Male Akita mice were compared with non-diabetic controls for functional and structural characteristics of renal and cardiac disease. Podocyte number and apoptosis as well as urinary nephrin excretion were determined in both groups. Male FVB/NJ Akita mice developed sustained hyperglycemia and albuminuria by 4 and 8 weeks of age, respectively. These abnormalities were accompanied by a significant increase in systolic blood pressure in 10-week old Akita mice, which was associated with functional, structural and molecular characteristics of cardiac hypertrophy. By 20 weeks of age, Akita mice developed a 10-fold increase in albuminuria, renal and glomerular hypertrophy and a decrease in the number of podocytes. Mild-to-moderate glomerular mesangial expansion was observed in Akita mice at 30 weeks of age. In 4-week old Akita mice, the onset of hyperglycemia was accompanied by increased podocyte apoptosis and enhanced excretion of nephrin in urine before the development of albuminuria. Urinary nephrin excretion was also significantly increased in albuminuric Akita mice at 16 and 20 weeks of age and correlated with the albumin excretion rate. These data suggest that: 1. FVB/NJ Akita mice have phenotypic characteristics that may be useful for studying the mechanisms of kidney and cardiac injury in diabetes, and 2. Enhanced urinary nephrin excretion is associated with kidney injury in FVB/NJ Akita mice and is detectable early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Seung-Yeol Paik
- Chung-ang University Medical School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lan Mao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William Eisner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Flannery
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liming Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuping Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalie Mattocks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- INSERM U927, Poitiers, France and INSERM CIC 0802, Poitiers, France and CHU Poitiers, Endocrinologie, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Michel Goujon
- CHU Poitiers, Pathology Unit, Poitiers, France
- INSERM U927, Poitiers, France and INSERM CIC 0802, Poitiers, France and CHU Poitiers, Endocrinologie, Poitiers, France
| | - Phillip Ruiz
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susan B. Gurley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Spurney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Kidney histologic alterations in α-Galactosidase-deficient mice. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:477-86. [PMID: 21328014 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a rare X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the α-galactosidase gene (GLA), the resultant deficiency of lysosomal α-galactosidase enzyme activity leading to systemic accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other glycosphingolipids. GLA knockout mice ("Fabry mice") were generated as an animal model for Fabry disease but, as they do not manifest progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), their relevance as a model for human Fabry nephropathy is uncertain. We evaluated the histological alterations in the kidneys of Fabry mice at different ages, as contrasted to those observed in wild-type mice. Furthermore, we compared the renal histological alterations of Fabry mice to the kidney pathology reported in patients with Fabry disease at comparable age ranges and across different CKD stages, using a scoring system that has been developed for Fabry nephropathy. Fabry mice are phenotypically different from wild-type mice, displaying progressive age-related accumulation of glycosphingolipids in all types of renal cells. There were no statistically significant differences between Fabry mice and Fabry patients in the prevalence of glycosphingolipid storage per renal cell type with the exceptions of mesangial (higher in humans) and proximal tubular cells (higher in mice). However, Fabry mice lack the nonspecific histological glomerulosclerotic and interstitial fibrotic renal lesions that best correlate with progressive CKD in Fabry patients, and do not develop large podocyte inclusions. We postulate that the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these species differences, may contribute important clues to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of Fabry nephropathy.
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Cox RD, Church CD. Mouse models and the interpretation of human GWAS in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:155-64. [PMID: 21324932 PMCID: PMC3046087 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last 3 years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have had unprecedented success in identifying loci that are involved in common diseases. For example, more than 35 susceptibility loci have been identified for type 2 diabetes and 32 for obesity thus far. However, the causal gene and variant at a specific linkage disequilibrium block is often unclear. Using a combination of different mouse alleles, we can greatly facilitate the understanding of which candidate gene at a particular disease locus is associated with the disease in humans, and also provide functional analysis of variants through an allelic series, including analysis of hypomorph and hypermorph point mutations, and knockout and overexpression alleles. The phenotyping of these alleles for specific traits of interest, in combination with the functional analysis of the genetic variants, may reveal the molecular and cellular mechanism of action of these disease variants, and ultimately lead to the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for common human diseases. In this Commentary, we discuss the progress of GWAS in identifying common disease loci for metabolic disease, and the use of the mouse as a model to confirm candidate genes and provide mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Cox
- Metabolism and Inflammation, MRC Harwell Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK.
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