1
|
Astragalus membranaceus Extract Prevents Calcium Oxalate Crystallization and Extends Lifespan in a Drosophila Urolithiasis Model. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081250. [PMID: 36013429 PMCID: PMC9409928 DOI: 10.3390/life12081250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1 in 20 people develops kidney stones at some point in their life. Although the surgical removal of stones is common, the recurrence rate remains high and it is therefore important to prevent the occurrence of kidney stones. We chose Astragalus membranaceus (AM), which is a traditional Chinese medicine, to study the prevention of urolithiasis using a Drosophila model based on our previous screening of traditional Chinese herbs. Wild-type Drosophila melanogaster Canton-S adult fruit flies were used in this study. Ethylene glycol (EG, 0.5%) was added to food as a lithogenic agent. The positive control agent (2% potassium citrate (K-citrate)) was then compared with AM (2, 8, and 16 mg/mL). After 21 days, the fruit flies were sacrificed under carbon dioxide narcotization, and the Malpighian tubules were dissected, removed, and processed for polarized light microscopy examination to observe calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization. Then, the ex vivo dissolution of crystals in the Malpighian tubules was compared between K-citrate and AM. Survival analysis of the EG, K-citrate, and AM groups was also performed. Both 2% K-citrate and AM (16 mg/mL) significantly inhibited EG-induced CaOx crystal formation. Mean lifespan was significantly reduced by the administration of EG, and the results were significantly reversed in the AM (8 and 16 mg/mL) groups. However, AM extract did not directly dissolve CaOx crystals in Drosophila Malpighian tubules ex vivo. In conclusion, AM extract decreased the ratio of CaOx crystallization in the Malpighian tubules and significantly ameliorated EG-induced reduction of lifespan. AM prevented CaOx crystal formation in the Drosophila model.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hilsabeck TAU, Liu-Bryan R, Guo T, Wilson KA, Bose N, Raftery D, Beck JN, Lang S, Jin K, Nelson CS, Oron T, Stoller M, Promislow D, Brem RB, Terkeltaub R, Kapahi P. A fly GWAS for purine metabolites identifies human FAM214 homolog medusa, which acts in a conserved manner to enhance hyperuricemia-driven pathologies by modulating purine metabolism and the inflammatory response. GeroScience 2022; 44:2195-2211. [PMID: 35381951 PMCID: PMC9616999 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum urate (hyperuricemia) promotes crystalline monosodium urate tissue deposits and gout, with associated inflammation and increased mortality. To identify modifiers of uric acid pathologies, we performed a fly Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) on purine metabolites using the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel strains. We tested the candidate genes using the Drosophila melanogaster model of hyperuricemia and uric acid crystallization ("concretion formation") in the kidney-like Malpighian tubule. Medusa (mda) activity increased urate levels and inflammatory response programming. Conversely, whole-body mda knockdown decreased purine synthesis precursor phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, uric acid, and guanosine levels; limited formation of aggregated uric acid concretions; and was sufficient to rescue lifespan reduction in the fly hyperuricemia and gout model. Levels of mda homolog FAM214A were elevated in inflammatory M1- and reduced in anti-inflammatory M2-differentiated mouse bone marrow macrophages, and influenced intracellular uric acid levels in human HepG2 transformed hepatocytes. In conclusion, mda/FAM214A acts in a conserved manner to regulate purine metabolism, promotes disease driven by hyperuricemia and associated tissue inflammation, and provides a potential novel target for uric acid-driven pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A U Hilsabeck
- Buck Institute for Research On Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Ru Liu-Bryan
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tracy Guo
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kenneth A Wilson
- Buck Institute for Research On Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Neelanjan Bose
- Buck Institute for Research On Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer N Beck
- Buck Institute for Research On Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Room A-632, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sven Lang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Kelly Jin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christopher S Nelson
- Buck Institute for Research On Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Tal Oron
- Buck Institute for Research On Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Marshall Stoller
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Room A-632, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Daniel Promislow
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Buck Institute for Research On Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- Buck Institute for Research On Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Room A-632, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dow JAT, Simons M, Romero MF. Drosophila melanogaster: a simple genetic model of kidney structure, function and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:417-434. [PMID: 35411063 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the genetic basis of many kidney diseases is being rapidly elucidated, their experimental study remains problematic owing to the lack of suitable models. The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster provides a rapid, ethical and cost-effective model system of the kidney. The unique advantages of D. melanogaster include ease and low cost of maintenance, comprehensive availability of genetic mutants and powerful transgenic technologies, and less onerous regulation, as compared with mammalian systems. Renal and excretory functions in D. melanogaster reside in three main tissues - the transporting renal (Malpighian) tubules, the reabsorptive hindgut and the endocytic nephrocytes. Tubules contain multiple cell types and regions and generate a primary urine by transcellular transport rather than filtration, which is then subjected to selective reabsorption in the hindgut. By contrast, the nephrocytes are specialized for uptake of macromolecules and equipped with a filtering slit diaphragm resembling that of podocytes. Many genes with key roles in the human kidney have D. melanogaster orthologues that are enriched and functionally relevant in fly renal tissues. This similarity has allowed investigations of epithelial transport, kidney stone formation and podocyte and proximal tubule function. Furthermore, a range of unique quantitative phenotypes are available to measure function in both wild type and disease-modelling flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Matias Simons
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology and Disease, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael F Romero
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen SJ, Chiu KY, Chen HY, Lin WY, Chen YH, Chen WC. Animal Models for Studying Stone Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10070490. [PMID: 32708380 PMCID: PMC7400259 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have stone disease too. There are several animal models for the research of human stone disease. Rodents are the most frequently used for stone research, although they are not prone to forming crystals in the kidneys. Ethylene glycol (EG), sodium oxalate and l-hydroxyproline are common lithogenic agents. Dogs and pigs were also reported as a study animal for stone disease. However, the breeding costs and body size are too high. The most-used genetic study animal for stone disease was the mouse, but it was high-cost. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals can also be light microscopically observed in the Malphigian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster, induced by adding EG to the food. Genetic studies of flies can be done by cross-breeding, and this has a lower cost than using mice. The fly model also has several advantages, including minimal breeding equipment, the fact that it is easier to reach larger numbers in a short time with flies, that crystals can be observed under microscopy, and that they allow genetic study. We suggest the fly will be an ideal animal model for stone research in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ju Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407204, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Kun-Yuan Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407204, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Huey-Yi Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.C.)
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Beyenbach KW, Schöne F, Breitsprecher LF, Tiburcy F, Furuse M, Izumi Y, Meyer H, Jonusaite S, Rodan AR, Paululat A. The septate junction protein Tetraspanin 2A is critical to the structure and function of Malpighian tubules in Drosophila melanogaster. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1107-C1122. [PMID: 32267718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00061.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanin-2A (Tsp2A) is an integral membrane protein of smooth septate junctions in Drosophila melanogaster. To elucidate its structural and functional roles in Malpighian tubules, we used the c42-GAL4/UAS system to selectively knock down Tsp2A in principal cells of the tubule. Tsp2A localizes to smooth septate junctions (sSJ) in Malpighian tubules in a complex shared with partner proteins Snakeskin (Ssk), Mesh, and Discs large (Dlg). Knockdown of Tsp2A led to the intracellular retention of Tsp2A, Ssk, Mesh, and Dlg, gaps and widening spaces in remaining sSJ, and tumorous and cystic tubules. Elevated protein levels together with diminished V-type H+-ATPase activity in Tsp2A knockdown tubules are consistent with cell proliferation and reduced transport activity. Indeed, Malpighian tubules isolated from Tsp2A knockdown flies failed to secrete fluid in vitro. The absence of significant transepithelial voltages and resistances manifests an extremely leaky epithelium that allows secreted solutes and water to leak back to the peritubular side. The tubular failure to excrete fluid leads to extracellular volume expansion in the fly and to death within the first week of adult life. Expression of the c42-GAL4 driver begins in Malpighian tubules in the late embryo and progresses upstream to distal tubules in third instar larvae, which can explain why larvae survive Tsp2A knockdown and adults do not. Uncontrolled cell proliferation upon Tsp2A knockdown confirms the role of Tsp2A as tumor suppressor in addition to its role in sSJ structure and transepithelial transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus W Beyenbach
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Animal Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Frederike Schöne
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Felix Tiburcy
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Sokendai, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Izumi
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Sokendai, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Heiko Meyer
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sima Jonusaite
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cohen E, Sawyer JK, Peterson NG, Dow JAT, Fox DT. Physiology, Development, and Disease Modeling in the Drosophila Excretory System. Genetics 2020; 214:235-264. [PMID: 32029579 PMCID: PMC7017010 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect excretory system contains two organ systems acting in concert: the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut perform essential roles in excretion and ionic and osmotic homeostasis. For over 350 years, these two organs have fascinated biologists as a model of organ structure and function. As part of a recent surge in interest, research on the Malpighian tubules and hindgut of Drosophila have uncovered important paradigms of organ physiology and development. Further, many human disease processes can be modeled in these organs. Here, focusing on discoveries in the past 10 years, we provide an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the Drosophila excretory system. We describe the major developmental events that build these organs during embryogenesis, remodel them during metamorphosis, and repair them following injury. Finally, we highlight the use of the Malpighian tubules and hindgut as accessible models of human disease biology. The Malpighian tubule is a particularly excellent model to study rapid fluid transport, neuroendocrine control of renal function, and modeling of numerous human renal conditions such as kidney stones, while the hindgut provides an outstanding model for processes such as the role of cell chirality in development, nonstem cell-based injury repair, cancer-promoting processes, and communication between the intestine and nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica K Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | | | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Cell Biology and
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A conserved role of the insulin-like signaling pathway in diet-dependent uric acid pathologies in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008318. [PMID: 31415568 PMCID: PMC6695094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated uric acid (UA) is a key risk factor for many disorders, including metabolic syndrome, gout and kidney stones. Despite frequent occurrence of these disorders, the genetic pathways influencing UA metabolism and the association with disease remain poorly understood. In humans, elevated UA levels resulted from the loss of the of the urate oxidase (Uro) gene around 15 million years ago. Therefore, we established a Drosophila melanogaster model with reduced expression of the orthologous Uro gene to study the pathogenesis arising from elevated UA. Reduced Uro expression in Drosophila resulted in elevated UA levels, accumulation of concretions in the excretory system, and shortening of lifespan when reared on diets containing high levels of yeast extract. Furthermore, high levels of dietary purines, but not protein or sugar, were sufficient to produce the same effects of shortened lifespan and concretion formation in the Drosophila model. The insulin-like signaling (ILS) pathway has been shown to respond to changes in nutrient status in several species. We observed that genetic suppression of ILS genes reduced both UA levels and concretion load in flies fed high levels of yeast extract. Further support for the role of the ILS pathway in modulating UA metabolism stems from a human candidate gene study identifying SNPs in the ILS genes AKT2 and FOXO3 being associated with serum UA levels or gout. Additionally, inhibition of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) gene rescued the reduced lifespan and concretion phenotypes in Uro knockdown flies. Thus, components of the ILS pathway and the downstream protein NOX represent potential therapeutic targets for treating UA associated pathologies, including gout and kidney stones, as well as extending human healthspan.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghimire S, Terhzaz S, Cabrero P, Romero MF, Davies SA, Dow JAT. Targeted renal knockdown of Na +/H + exchanger regulatory factor Sip1 produces uric acid nephrolithiasis in Drosophila. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F930-F940. [PMID: 31364377 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00551.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common kidney diseases, with poorly understood pathophysiology, but experimental study has been hindered by lack of experimentally tractable models. Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model organism for renal diseases because of genetic and functional similarities of Malpighian (renal) tubules with the human kidney. Here, we demonstrated function of the sex-determining region Y protein-interacting protein-1 (Sip1) gene, an ortholog of human Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF1), in Drosophila Malpighian tubules and its impact on nephrolithiasis. Abundant birefringent calculi were observed in Sip1 mutant flies, and the phenotype was also observed in renal stellate cell-specific RNA interference Sip1 knockdown in otherwise normal flies, confirming a renal etiology. This phenotype was abolished in rosy mutant flies (which model human xanthinuria) and by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, suggesting that the calculi were of uric acid. This was confirmed by direct biochemical assay for urate. Stones rapidly dissolved when the tubule was bathed in alkaline media, suggesting that Sip1 knockdown was acidifying the tubule. SIP1 was shown to collocate with Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 2 (NHE2) and with moesin in stellate cells. Knockdown of NHE2 specifically to the stellate cells also increased renal uric acid stone formation, and so a model was developed in which SIP1 normally regulates NHE2 activity and luminal pH, ultimately leading to uric acid stone formation. Drosophila renal tubules may thus offer a useful model for urate nephrolithiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Ghimire
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Selim Terhzaz
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Cabrero
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Romero
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Shireen A Davies
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rose E, Lee D, Xiao E, Zhao W, Wee M, Cohen J, Bergwitz C. Endocrine regulation of MFS2 by branchless controls phosphate excretion and stone formation in Drosophila renal tubules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8798. [PMID: 31217461 PMCID: PMC6584732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis is regulated in Drosophila is currently unknown. We here identify MFS2 as a key Pi transporter in fly renal (Malpighian) tubules. Consistent with its role in Pi excretion, we found that dietary Pi induces MFS2 expression. This results in the formation of Malpighian calcium-Pi stones, while RNAi-mediated knockdown of MFS2 increases blood (hemolymph) Pi and decreases formation of Malpighian tubule stones in flies cultured on high Pi medium. Conversely, microinjection of adults with the phosphaturic human hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) induces tubule expression of MFS2 and decreases blood Pi. This action of FGF23 is blocked by genetic ablation of MFS2. Furthermore, genetic overexpression of the fly FGF branchless (bnl) in the tubules induces expression of MFS2 and increases Malpighian tubule stones suggesting that bnl is the endogenous phosphaturic hormone in adult flies. Finally, genetic ablation of MFS2 increased fly life span, suggesting that Malpighian tubule stones are a key element whereby high Pi diet reduces fly longevity previously reported by us. In conclusion, MFS2 mediates excretion of Pi in Drosophila, which is as in higher species under the hormonal control of FGF-signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rose
- Section Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniela Lee
- Section Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily Xiao
- Section Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenzhen Zhao
- Section Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Wee
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Section Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Han S, Zhao C, Pokhrel G, Sun X, Chen Z, Xu H. Hydroxycitric Acid Tripotassium Inhibits Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation in the Drosophila Melanogaster Model of Hyperoxaluria. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:3662-3667. [PMID: 31099342 PMCID: PMC6540651 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hydroxycitric acid is a potential lithontriptic agent for calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones in the kidneys. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficiency of hydroxycitric acid tripotassium (K-HCA) against CaOx crystal formation using Drosophila melanogaster hyperoxaluria models. Material/Methods Wild-type D. melanogaster were fed standard medium with ethylene glycol or sodium oxalate added to induce hyperoxaluria. Their Malpighian tubules were dissected and observed under a microscope every 3 days. Crystal deposit score of each Malpighian tubule were evaluated under a magnification of ×200. Using hyperoxaluria Drosophila models, we investigated the inhibitory efficiency of hydroxycitrate acid tripotassium and citric acid tripotassium (K-CA) against CaOx crystal formation. The survival rate of each group was also assessed. Results When fed with 0.05% NaOx, the CaOx formation in Malpighian tubules increased significantly, without reduction of life span. Therefore, we selected 0.05% NaOx-induced hyperoxaluria models for the further investigations. After treatment, the stone scores showed that K-CA and K-HCA both significantly inhibit the formation of CaOx crystals in a dose-dependent manner, and with smaller dosage (0.01%), K-HCA was more efficient than K-CA. Moreover, after treatment of K-CA or K-HCA, the life span in different groups did not change, reflecting the safety to life. Conclusions The hyperoxaluria Drosophila models fed on 0.05% NaOx diet might be a useful tool to screen novel agents for the management of CaOx stones. K-HCA may be a promising agent for the prevention CaOx stones, with satisfying efficiency and acceptable safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanfu Han
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Chenming Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Gaurab Pokhrel
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Xifeng Sun
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bachmann S. From fish to nephrology: modelling glomerular function in Danio rerio larvae. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:16-18. [PMID: 27860407 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bachmann
- Department of Anatomy; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A Drosophila model identifies a critical role for zinc in mineralization for kidney stone disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124150. [PMID: 25970330 PMCID: PMC4430225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic calcification is a driving force for a variety of diseases, including kidney stones and atherosclerosis, but initiating factors remain largely unknown. Given its importance in seemingly divergent disease processes, identifying fundamental principal actors for ectopic calcification may have broad translational significance. Here we establish a Drosophila melanogaster model for ectopic calcification by inhibiting xanthine dehydrogenase whose deficiency leads to kidney stones in humans and dogs. Micro X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (μXANES) synchrotron analyses revealed high enrichment of zinc in the Drosophila equivalent of kidney stones, which was also observed in human kidney stones and Randall's plaques (early calcifications seen in human kidneys thought to be the precursor for renal stones). To further test the role of zinc in driving mineralization, we inhibited zinc transporter genes in the ZnT family and observed suppression of Drosophila stone formation. Taken together, genetic, dietary, and pharmacologic interventions to lower zinc confirm a critical role for zinc in driving the process of heterogeneous nucleation that eventually leads to stone formation. Our findings open a novel perspective on the etiology of urinary stones and related diseases, which may lead to the identification of new preventive and therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu SY, Shen JL, Man KM, Lee YJ, Chen HY, Chen YH, Tsai KS, Tsai FJ, Lin WY, Chen WC. An emerging translational model to screen potential medicinal plants for nephrolithiasis, an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:972958. [PMID: 25097661 PMCID: PMC4109113 DOI: 10.1155/2014/972958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological therapy for urolithiasis using medicinal plants has been increasingly adopted for the prevention of its recurrence. A Drosophila melanogaster model developed for translational research of urolithiasis was applied to evaluate agents with potential antilithic effects and calcium oxalate (CaOx) formation. Potential antilithic herbs were prepared in a mixture of food in a diluted concentration of 5,000 from the original extract with 0.5% ethylene glycol (EG) as the lithogenic agent. The control group was fed with food only. After 3 weeks, flies (n ≥ 150 for each group) were killed using CO2 narcotization, and the Malpighian tubules were dissected, removed, and processed for polarized light microscopy examination of the crystals. The crystal formation rate in the EG group was 100.0%. In the study, 16 tested herbal drugs reached the crystal formation rate of 0.0%, including Salviae miltiorrhizae, Paeonia lactiflora, and Carthami flos. Scutellaria baicalensis enhanced CaOx crystal formation. Two herbal drugs Commiphora molmol and Natrii sulfas caused the death of all flies. Our rapid screening methods provided evidence that some medicinal plants have potential antilithic effects. These useful medicinal plants can be further studied using other animal or human models to verify their effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- San-Yuan Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Lung Shen
- Center for General Education, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Ming Man
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tungs' Taichung Harbor Hospital, Taichung 43304, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuan-Ju Lee
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Yi Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dermatology, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dermatology, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Sung Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dermatology, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dermatology, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dermatology, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dermatology, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moran ME. Modern Stone Science. Urolithiasis 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8196-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Comparative Analysis of Compositions between Calcium Phosphate Calculi and Urinary Crystallites in the Stone-Formers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of urinary crystallites of less than 1000 nm from 10 calcium phosphate (CaP) stone-formers were investigated and compared with that from healthy subjects using X-ray power diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nanoparticle size analyzer. Although there were some calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals in CaP stones, the main components of crystallites in urine of CaP stone formers were uric acid (UA), CaP and COM, while that in healthy urine was mainly UA and a small amount of COM. That is, the CaP content in urinary crystallites of CaP stone-formers was significantly higher than that of controls. The particle size range of crystallites in lithogenic urine was 3~1000 nm and most of these crystallites were aggregated, but it was 30~500 nm in healthy subjects.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ho CY, Chen YH, Wu PY, Chang CH, Chen HY, Man KM, Shen JL, Tsai FJ, Lin WY, Lee YJ, Chen WC. Effects of commercial citrate-containing juices on urolithiasis in a Drosophila model. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2013; 29:488-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
17
|
Chen WC, Lin WY, Chen HY, Chang CH, Tsai FJ, Man KM, Shen JL, Chen YH. Melamine-induced urolithiasis in a Drosophila model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2753-7. [PMID: 22352299 DOI: 10.1021/jf204647p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Melamine-tainted food can induce renal stones in both humans and animals. We have previously reported a novel Drosophila model for the study of renal stone disease. In addition to hyperoxaluria-causing agents, we also tested herein the effect of melamine on crystal formation in Drosophila . The results indicate that administration of melamine alone caused crystal formation in a dose-dependent manner. The crystals also appeared after ingestion of melamine for 3 weeks in the Malpighian tubules of Drosophila when viewed with polarized light. Administration of potassium citrate (K citrate) was found to significantly ameliorate the melamine-induced reduction of lifespan. However, administration of K citrate failed to reduce the quantity of crystals. Because calcium oxalate is not the major crystal induced by melamine, the predominant components of melamine-induced crystals and the potential crystal inhibitors warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Protective effect of Flos carthami extract against ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 40:655-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-012-0472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|