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Bronstein R, Pace J, Gowthaman Y, Salant DJ, Mallipattu SK. Podocyte-Parietal Epithelial Cell Interdependence in Glomerular Development and Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:737-750. [PMID: 36800545 PMCID: PMC10125654 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes and parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are among the few principal cell types within the kidney glomerulus, the former serving as a crucial constituent of the kidney filtration barrier and the latter representing a supporting epithelial layer that adorns the inner wall of Bowman's capsule. Podocytes and PECs share a circumscript developmental lineage that only begins to diverge during the S-shaped body stage of nephron formation-occurring immediately before the emergence of the fully mature nephron. These two cell types, therefore, share a highly conserved gene expression program, evidenced by recently discovered intermediate cell types occupying a distinct spatiotemporal gene expression zone between podocytes and PECs. In addition to their homeostatic functions, podocytes and PECs also have roles in kidney pathogenesis. Rapid podocyte loss in diseases, such as rapidly progressive GN and collapsing and cellular subtypes of FSGS, is closely allied with PEC proliferation and migration toward the capillary tuft, resulting in the formation of crescents and pseudocrescents. PECs are thought to contribute to disease progression and severity, and the interdependence between these two cell types during development and in various manifestations of kidney pathology is the primary focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bronstein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jesse Pace
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yogesh Gowthaman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - David J. Salant
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandeep K. Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
- Renal Section, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, New York
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Cao Y, Lin JH, Hammes HP, Zhang C. Cellular phenotypic transitions in diabetic nephropathy: An update. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1038073. [PMID: 36408221 PMCID: PMC9666367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1038073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes and is the most common cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal fibrosis is the final pathological change in DN. It is widely believed that cellular phenotypic switching is the cause of renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Several types of kidney cells undergo activation and differentiation and become reprogrammed to express markers of mesenchymal cells or podocyte-like cells. However, the development of targeted therapy for DN has not yet been identified. Here, we discussed the pathophysiologic changes of DN and delineated the possible origins that contribute to myofibroblasts and podocytes through phenotypic transitions. We also highlight the molecular signaling pathways involved in the phenotypic transition, which would provide valuable information for the activation of phenotypic switching and designing effective therapies for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Lin
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Chun Zhang,
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3
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Ni L, Yuan C, Wu X. The recruitment mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of podocytes from parietal epithelial cells. J Transl Med 2021; 19:441. [PMID: 34674704 PMCID: PMC8529729 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are differentiated postmitotic cells which cannot be replaced after podocyte injury. The mechanism of podocyte repopulation after injury has aroused wide concern. Parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are heterogeneous and only a specific subpopulation of PECs has the capacity to replace podocytes. Major progress has been achieved in recent years regarding the role and function of a subset of PECs which could transdifferentiate toward podocytes. Additionally, several factors, such as Notch, Wnt/ß-catenin, Wilms’ tumor-1, miR-193a and growth arrest-specific protein 1, have been shown to be involved in these processes. Finally, PECs serve as a potential therapeutic target in the conditions of podocyte loss. In this review, we discuss the latest observations and concepts about the recruitment of podocytes from PECs in glomerular diseases as well as newly identified mechanisms and the most recent treatments for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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Huang S, Park J, Qiu C, Chung KW, Li SY, Sirin Y, Han SH, Taylor V, Zimber-Strobl U, Susztak K. Jagged1/Notch2 controls kidney fibrosis via Tfam-mediated metabolic reprogramming. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005233. [PMID: 30226866 PMCID: PMC6161902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While Notch signaling has been proposed to play a key role in fibrosis, the direct molecular pathways targeted by Notch signaling and the precise ligand and receptor pair that are responsible for kidney disease remain poorly defined. In this study, we found that JAG1 and NOTCH2 showed the strongest correlation with the degree of interstitial fibrosis in a genome-wide expression analysis of a large cohort of human kidney samples. Transcript analysis of mouse kidney disease models, including folic-acid (FA)-induced nephropathy, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), or apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1)-associated kidney disease, indicated that Jag1 and Notch2 levels were higher in all analyzed kidney fibrosis models. Mice with tubule-specific deletion of Jag1 or Notch2 (Kspcre/Jag1flox/flox and Kspcre/Notch2flox/flox) had no kidney-specific alterations at baseline but showed protection from FA-induced kidney fibrosis. Tubule-specific genetic deletion of Notch1 and global knockout of Notch3 had no effect on fibrosis. In vitro chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments and genome-wide expression studies identified the mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) as a direct Notch target. Re-expression of Tfam in tubule cells prevented Notch-induced metabolic and profibrotic reprogramming. Tubule-specific deletion of Tfam resulted in fibrosis. In summary, Jag1 and Notch2 play a key role in kidney fibrosis development by regulating Tfam expression and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizheng Huang
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jihwan Park
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chengxiang Qiu
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Szu-yuan Li
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yasemin Sirin
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Abstract
The glomerulus has 3 resident cells namely mesangial cells that produce the mesangial matrix, endothelial cells that line the glomerular capillaries, and podocytes that cover the outer surface of the glomerular basement membrane. Parietal epithelial cells (PrECs), which line the Bowman's capsule are not part of the glomerular tuft but may have an important role in the normal function of the glomerulus. A significant progress has been made in recent years regarding our understanding of the role and function of these cells in normal kidney and in kidneys with various types of glomerulopathy. In crescentic glomerulonephritis necrotizing injury of the glomerular tuft results in activation and leakage of fibrinogen which provides the trigger for excessive proliferation of PrECs giving rise to glomerular crescents. In cases of collapsing glomerulopathy, podocyte injury causes collapse of the glomerular capillaries and activation and proliferation of PrECs, which accumulate within the urinary space in the form of pseudocrescents. Many of the noninflammatory glomerular lesions such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and global glomerulosclerosis also result from podocyte injury which causes variable loss of podocytes. In these cases podocyte injury leads to activation of PrECs that extend on to the glomerular tuft where they cause segmental and/or global sclerosis by producing excess matrix, resulting in obliteration of the capillary lumina. In diabetic nephropathy, in addition to increased matrix production in the mesangium and glomerular basement membranes, increased loss of podocytes is an important determinant of long-term prognosis. Contrary to prior belief there is no convincing evidence for an active podocyte proliferation in any of the above mentioned glomerulopathies.
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Roeder SS, Stefanska A, Eng DG, Kaverina N, Sunseri MW, McNicholas BA, Rabinovitch P, Engel FB, Daniel C, Amann K, Lichtnekert J, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Changes in glomerular parietal epithelial cells in mouse kidneys with advanced age. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F164-78. [PMID: 26017974 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00144.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney aging is accompanied by characteristic changes in the glomerulus, but little is known about the effect of aging on glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs), nor if the characteristic glomerular changes in humans and rats also occur in very old mice. Accordingly, a descriptive analysis was undertaken in 27-mo-old C57B6 mice, considered advanced age. PEC density was significantly lower in older mice compared with young mice (aged 3 mo), and the decrease was more pronounced in juxtamedullary glomeruli compared with outer cortical glomeruli. In addition to segmental and global glomerulosclerosis in older mice, staining for matrix proteins collagen type IV and heparan sulfate proteoglycan were markedly increased in Bowman's capsules of older mouse glomeruli, consistent with increased extracellular matrix production by PECs. De novo staining for CD44, a marker of activated and profibrotic PECs, was significantly increased in aged glomeruli. CD44 staining was more pronounced in the juxtamedullary region and colocalized with phosphorylated ERK. Additionally, a subset of aged PECs de novo expressed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers α-smooth muscle and vimentin, with no changes in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers E-cadherin and β-catenin. The mural cell markers neural/glial antigen 2, PDGF receptor-β, and CD146 as well as Notch 3 were also substantially increased in aged PECs. These data show that mice can be used to better understand the aging kidney and that PECs undergo substantial changes, especially in juxtamedullary glomeruli, that may participate in the overall decline in glomerular structure and function with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S Roeder
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ania Stefanska
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Natalya Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Maria W Sunseri
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Peter Rabinovitch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Felix B Engel
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Julia Lichtnekert
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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