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Impact of Posttranslational Modification in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focusing on Citrullination, Carbamylation, and Acetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910576. [PMID: 34638916 PMCID: PMC8508717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is caused by prolonged periodic interactions between genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination, carbamylation, and acetylation are correlated with the pathogenesis of RA. PTM and cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, NETosis, leukotoxic hypercitrullination (LTH), and necrosis are related to each other and induce autoantigenicity. Certain microbial infections, such as those caused by Porphyromonasgingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella copri, can induce autoantigens in RA. Anti-modified protein antibodies (AMPA) containing anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs), anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies, and anti-acetylated protein antibodies (AAPAs) play a role in pathogenesis as well as in prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. Interestingly, smoking is correlated with both PTMs and AMPAs in the development of RA. However, there is lack of evidence that smoking induces the generation of AMPAs.
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Di Iorio BR, Marzocco S, Bellasi A, De Simone E, Dal Piaz F, Rocchetti MT, Cosola C, Di Micco L, Gesualdo L. Nutritional therapy reduces protein carbamylation through urea lowering in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:804-813. [PMID: 28992314 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein carbamylation is one of the non-enzymatic reactions involved in protein molecular ageing. We sought to investigate the relationship between urea levels and protein carbamylation, and whether a Mediterranean diet (MD) and a very low protein diet (VLPD) reduce protein carbamylation through reduction in urea levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods This is a prospective, randomized, crossover controlled trial that investigated 60 patients with CKD grades 3B-4 (46 males, mean age of 67 years). The enrolled CKD patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to two different nutritional treatment arms: (i) 3 months of free diet (FD), 6 months of VLPD, 3 months of FD and 6 months of MD; and (ii) 3 months of FD, 6 months of MD, 3 months of FD and 6 months of VLPD. Blood levels of lysine (Lys) and homocitrulline (Hcit) and their ratio were used as markers of cyanate levels. Due to a lack of pre-existing data on the potential effects of different dietary regimens and in light of the exploratory nature of the study, no formal sample size estimation was carried out. Results At study completion, lower diastolic blood pressure and decreased serum levels of urea, sodium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone, but higher serum levels of bicarbonate and haemoglobin, were noted with MD and VLPD. When compared with FD, both MD and VLPD were also associated with a decrease in serum Hcit levels and Hcit/Lys ratios (P < 0.001). Notably, reductions in urea levels correlated with substantial reductions in Hcit levels (R2 = 0.16 and 0.17 for VLPD and MD, respectively). Conclusion In conclusion, nutritional treatments that significantly decrease serum levels of urea are associated with reduced protein carbamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio R Di Iorio
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, 'A. Landolfi Hospital', Solofra (AV), Italy
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Antonio Bellasi
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST-Lariana, Ospedale S. Anna, Como, Italy
| | - Emanuele De Simone
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, AORN 'San Giuseppe Moscati', Avellino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carmela Cosola
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Micco
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, 'A. Landolfi Hospital', Solofra (AV), Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Binder V, Bergum B, Jaisson S, Gillery P, Scavenius C, Spriet E, Nyhaug AK, Roberts HM, Chapple ILC, Hellvard A, Delaleu N, Mydel P. Impact of fibrinogen carbamylation on fibrin clot formation and stability. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:899-910. [PMID: 28382370 PMCID: PMC5442607 DOI: 10.1160/th16-09-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbamylation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification induced upon exposure of free amino groups to urea-derived cyanate leading to irreversible changes of protein charge, structure and function. Levels of carbamylated proteins increase significantly in chronic kidney disease and carbamylated albumin is considered as an important biomarker indicating mortality risk. High plasma concentrations and long half-life make fibrinogen a prime target for carbamylation. As aggregation and cross-linking of fibrin monomers rely on lysine residues, it is likely that carbamylation impacts fibrinogen processing. In this study we investigated carbamylation levels of fibrinogen from kidney disease patients as well as the impact of carbamylation on fibrinogen cleavage by thrombin, fibrin polymerisation and cross-linking in vitro. In conjunction, all these factors determine clot structure and stability and thus control biochemical and mechanical properties. LC-MS/MS analyses revealed significantly higher homocitrulline levels in patient fibrinogen than in fibrinogen isolated from control plasma. In our in vitro studies we found that although carbamylation does not affect thrombin cleavage per se, it alters fibrin polymerisation kinetics and impairs cross-linking and clot degradation. In addition, carbamylated fibrin clots had reduced fiber size and porosity associated with decreased mechanical stability. Using mass spectroscopy, we discovered that N-terminally carbamylated fibrinopeptide A was generated in this process and acted as a strong neutrophil chemoattractant potentially mediating recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of fibrin(ogen) turnover. Taken together, carbamylation of fibrinogen seems to play a role in aberrant fibrin clot formation and might be involved in haemostatic disorders associated with chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Binder
- Veronika Binder, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, The Laboratory Building, 5th floor, Bergen, Norway, Tel.: +47 55 97 46 48, Fax: +47 55 97 58 17, E-mail:
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Sun JT, Yang K, Mao JY, Shen WF, Lu L, Wu QH, Wang YP, Wu LP, Zhang RY. Cyanate-Impaired Angiogenesis: Association With Poor Coronary Collateral Growth in Patients With Stable Angina and Chronic Total Occlusion. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004700. [PMID: 27986757 PMCID: PMC5210395 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Cyanate has recently gained attention for its role in the pathogenesis of vascular injury. Nonetheless, the effect of cyanate on angiogenesis remains unclear. Methods and Results In this study, we demonstrated that oral administration of cyanate impaired blood perfusion recovery in a mouse hind‐limb ischemia model. A reduction in blood perfusion recovery at day 21 was observed in the ischemic tissue of cyanate‐treated mice. Likewise, there were fewer capillaries in the ischemic hind‐limb tissue of cyanate‐exposed mice. Our in vitro study showed that cyanate, together with its carbamylated products, inhibited the migration, proliferation, and tube‐formation abilities of endothelial cells. Further research revealed that cyanate regulated angiogenesis partly by interrupting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2/phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt pathway. The serum concentrations of homocitrulline, a marker of cyanate exposure, were determined in 117 patients with stable angina and chronic total occlusion. Consistent with the antiangiogenic role of cyanate, homocitrulline levels were increased in patients with poor coronary collateralization (n=58) compared with those with high collateralization (n=59; 21.09±13.08 versus 15.54±9.02 ng/mL, P=0.009). In addition, elevated homocitrulline concentration was a strong predictor of poor coronary collateral growth. Conclusions Impaired angiogenesis induced by cyanate might contribute to poor coronary collateral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Teng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yan Mao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Feng Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Hong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ping Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ping Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Constant molecular aging rates vs. the exponential acceleration of mortality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1121-3. [PMID: 26792520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524017113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Sun JT, Yang K, Lu L, Zhu ZB, Zhu JZ, Ni JW, Han H, Chen N, Zhang RY. Increased carbamylation level of HDL in end-stage renal disease: carbamylated-HDL attenuated endothelial cell function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F511-7. [PMID: 26764205 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00508.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that carbamylated modification plays a crucial role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, information on the biological effects of carbamylated high-density lipoprotein (C-HDL) in ESRD is poor. The present study investigated the carbamylation level of HDL in ESRD and the effects of C-HDL on endothelial repair properties. HDL was isolated from healthy control subjects (n = 22) and patients with ESRD (n = 30). The carbamylation level of HDL was detected using ELISA. Isolated C-HDL for use in tissue culture experiments was carbamylated in vitro to a similar extent to that observed in ESRD. Human arterial endothelial cells were treated with C-HDL or native HDL to assess their migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis properties. HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 activity was also determined by spectrophotometry assay. Compared with healthy control subjects, the carbamylation level of HDL in ESRD patients was increased and positively correlated with blood urea concentration. In vitro, C-HDL significantly inhibited migration, angiogenesis, and proliferation in endothelial cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 activity was decreased and negatively correlated with the carbamylation level of HDL in ESRD patients. In addition, C-HDL suppressed the expression of VEGF receptor 2 and scavenger receptor class B type I signaling pathways in endothelial cells. In conclusion, the present study identified a significantly increased carbamylation level of HDL in ESRD. Furthermore, C-HDL inhibited endothelial cell repair functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Teng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Bin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhou Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wei Ni
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Han
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China;
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Pitfalls with nitric oxide synthase activity assays and their avoidance by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Kidney Int 2015; 87:860-1. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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