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Raja E, Clarin MTRDC, Yanagisawa H. Matricellular Proteins in the Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Aging of Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14274. [PMID: 37762584 PMCID: PMC10531864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Matricellular proteins are secreted extracellular proteins that bear no primary structural functions but play crucial roles in tissue remodeling during development, homeostasis, and aging. Despite their low expression after birth, matricellular proteins within skin compartments support the structural function of many extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagens. In this review, we summarize the function of matricellular proteins in skin stem cell niches that influence stem cells' fate and self-renewal ability. In the epidermal stem cell niche, fibulin 7 promotes epidermal stem cells' heterogeneity and fitness into old age, and the transforming growth factor-β-induced protein ig-h3 (TGFBI)-enhances epidermal stem cell growth and wound healing. In the hair follicle stem cell niche, matricellular proteins such as periostin, tenascin C, SPARC, fibulin 1, CCN2, and R-Spondin 2 and 3 modulate stem cell activity during the hair cycle and may stabilize arrector pili muscle attachment to the hair follicle during piloerections (goosebumps). In skin wound healing, matricellular proteins are upregulated, and their functions have been examined in various gain-and-loss-of-function studies. However, much remains unknown concerning whether these proteins modulate skin stem cell behavior, plasticity, or cell-cell communications during wound healing and aging, leaving a new avenue for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Raja
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan; (E.R.); (M.T.R.D.C.C.)
| | - Maria Thea Rane Dela Cruz Clarin
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan; (E.R.); (M.T.R.D.C.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Humanics, School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan; (E.R.); (M.T.R.D.C.C.)
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2
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Cui X, Chang Z, Dang T, Meng J, Wang P, Wu J, Chai J. TNF upregulates peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 in esophageal cancer cells to clear the path to its signaling: Making the “enemy” a friend. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 722:109192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Carli ALE, Afshar-Sterle S, Rai A, Fang H, O'Keefe R, Tse J, Ferguson FM, Gray NS, Ernst M, Greening DW, Buchert M. Cancer stem cell marker DCLK1 reprograms small extracellular vesicles toward migratory phenotype in gastric cancer cells. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000098. [PMID: 33991177 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is a putative cancer stem cell marker, a promising diagnostic and prognostic maker for malignant tumors and a proposed driver gene for gastric cancer (GC). DCLK1 overexpression in a majority of solid cancers correlates with lymph node metastases, advanced disease and overall poor-prognosis. In cancer cells, DCLK1 expression has been shown to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), driving disruption of cell-cell adhesion, cell migration and invasion. Here, we report that DCLK1 influences small extracellular vesicle (sEV/exosome) biogenesis in a kinase-dependent manner. sEVs isolated from DCLK1 overexpressing human GC cell line MKN1 (MKN1OE -sEVs), promote the migration of parental (non-transfected) MKN1 cells (MKN1PAR ). Quantitative proteome analysis of MKN1OE -sEVs revealed enrichment in migratory and adhesion regulators (STRAP, CORO1B, BCAM, COL3A, CCN1) in comparison to MKN1PAR -sEVs. Moreover, using DCLK1-IN-1, a specific small molecule inhibitor of DCLK1, we reversed the increase in sEV size and concentration in contrast to other EV subtypes, as well as kinase-dependent cargo selection of proteins involved in EV biogenesis (KTN1, CHMP1A, MYO1G) and migration and adhesion processes (STRAP, CCN1). Our findings highlight a specific role of DCLK1-kinase dependent cargo selection for sEVs and shed new light on its role as a regulator of signaling in gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa L E Carli
- Cancer Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shoukat Afshar-Sterle
- Cancer Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Molecular Proteomics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Molecular Proteomics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan O'Keefe
- Cancer Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janson Tse
- Cancer Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fleur M Ferguson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Molecular Proteomics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Cancer Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Shimizu K, Imai H, Kawashima A, Okada A, Ono I, Miyamoto S, Kataoka H, Aoki T. Induction of CCN1 in Growing Saccular Aneurysms: A Potential Marker Predicting Unstable Lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:695-704. [PMID: 33885814 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has suggested that inflammatory responses promote the progression of saccular intracranial aneurysms (IAs). However, a biomarker predicting the progression has yet to be established. This study aimed to identify novel molecules upregulated during the progression using a previously established rat aneurysm model. In this model, aneurysms are induced at the surgically created common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcation. Based on sequential morphological data, the observation periods after the surgical manipulations were defined as the growing phase (on the 10th day) or the stable phase (on the 30th day). Total cell lysates from the CCA with or without an aneurysm lesion were prepared to perform protein array analysis. The protein array analysis revealed that the matricellular protein cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1) is induced in lesions during the growing phase. Immunohistochemistry corroborated the significant upregulation of CCN1 in the growing phase compared with the stable phase. Simultaneously with the induction of CCN1, significant increases in the number of CD68-positive macrophages, myeloperoxidase-positive cells, and proliferating smooth muscle cells in lesions were observed. Immunohistochemistry of human IA specimens reproduced the induction of CCN1 in some lesions. These findings imply a potential role of CCN1 as a marker predicting the progression of saccular aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kampei Shimizu
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto (KS, AO, IO, SM); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) From Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto (HI); Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba (AK); and Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (HK), Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto (KS, AO, IO, SM); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) From Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto (HI); Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba (AK); and Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (HK), Japan
| | - Akitsugu Kawashima
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto (KS, AO, IO, SM); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) From Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto (HI); Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba (AK); and Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (HK), Japan
| | - Akihiro Okada
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto (KS, AO, IO, SM); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) From Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto (HI); Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba (AK); and Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (HK), Japan
| | - Isao Ono
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto (KS, AO, IO, SM); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) From Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto (HI); Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba (AK); and Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (HK), Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto (KS, AO, IO, SM); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) From Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto (HI); Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba (AK); and Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (HK), Japan
| | - Hiroharu Kataoka
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto (KS, AO, IO, SM); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) From Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto (HI); Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba (AK); and Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (HK), Japan
| | - Tomohiro Aoki
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto (KS, AO, IO, SM); Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) From Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (KS, AO, IO, TA); Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto (HI); Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba (AK); and Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (HK), Japan
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5
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Zhu Y, Almuntashiri S, Han Y, Wang X, R. Somanath P, Zhang D. The Roles of CCN1/CYR61 in Pulmonary Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217810. [PMID: 33105556 PMCID: PMC7659478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN1 (cysteine-rich 61, connective tissue growth factor, and nephroblastoma-1), previously named CYR61 (cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61) belongs to the CCN family of matricellular proteins. CCN1 plays critical roles in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. Recent studies have extensively characterized the important physiological and pathological roles of CCN1 in various tissues and organs. In this review, we summarize both basic and clinical aspects of CCN1 in pulmonary diseases, including acute lung injury (ALI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), lung infection, and lung cancer. We also emphasize the important challenges for future investigations to better understand the CCN1 and its role in physiology and pathology, as well as the questions that need to be addressed for the therapeutic development of CCN1 antagonists in various lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Sultan Almuntashiri
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.); (Y.H.); (P.R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-6491; Fax: +1-706-721-3994
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6
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Esophageal cancer cells convert the death signal from TRAIL into a stimulus for survival during acid/bile exposure. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:1195-1200. [PMID: 32505571 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRAIL is best known for killing cancer cells selectively, however, some cancers resist TRAIL treatment for various reasons. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is such an example. Previously, we reported that the tumor cells interrupted TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by overexpressing the decoy receptors and survivin. AIMS To investigate TRAIL resistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma during GERD. METHODS We simulated GERD episodes in vitro by exposing cancer cells to the acid/bile conditions acutely as well as chronically. TRAIL and its receptors were examined for expression, interaction, and induction of cell death. RESULTS We found that acid/bile exposure drove the tumor cells to express TRAIL and TRAILR2 robustly, but did not lead to apoptosis, because the tumor cells overexpressed TRADD to replace FADD as the adaptor molecule to trigger NFκB activation instead of caspases, and thereby convert a death signal from TRAIL into a stimulus for survival. The tumor cells also overexpressed c-FLIP to keep caspases away from TRAILR2 in case FADD finds a way back to the death receptor. CONCLUSION Multiple reasons contribute to TRAIL resistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma, including overexpression of the decoy receptors to block the death receptors, using TRADD to replace FADD, and using c-FLIP to replace caspase-8.
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Dang T, Chai J. Molecular Dynamics in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Who's in Control? Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:789-801. [PMID: 32691711 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200720011341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is one of the fastest-growing cancers in the world. It occurs primarily due to the chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), during which the esophageal epithelium is frequently exposed to the acidic fluid coming up from the stomach. This triggers gene mutations in the esophageal cells, which may lead to EAC development. While p53 is activated to get rid of the mutated cells, NFκB orchestrates the remaining cells to heal the wound. However, if the mutations happen to TP53 (a common occasion), the mutant product turns to support tumorigenesis. In this case, NFκB goes along with the mutant p53 to facilitate cancer progression. TRAIL is one of the cytokines produced in response to GERD episodes and it can kill cancer cells selectively, but its clinical use has not been as successful as expected, because some highly sophisticated defense mechanisms against TRAIL have developed during the malignancy. To clear the obstacles for TRAIL action, using a second agent to disarm the cancer cells is required. CCN1 appears to be such a molecule. While supporting normal esophageal cell growth, CCN1 suppresses malignant transformation by inhibiting NFκB and kills the EAC cell through TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Dang
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Digestive Diseases; Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center for Prevention and
Treatment of Digestive Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 30 Hudemulin Rd, Baotou, 014030, China
| | - Jianyuan Chai
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Digestive Diseases; Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center for Prevention and
Treatment of Digestive Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 30 Hudemulin Rd, Baotou, 014030, China,Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Injury and Cancer, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA90822, USA,College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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8
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Acid/bile exposure triggers TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells by suppressing the decoy receptors and c-FLIP R. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 122:105736. [PMID: 32135301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma essentially develops from esophageal inflammation caused by chronic GERD. During GERD episodes, the lower esophageal epithelium is repeatedly exposed to stomach acid, which often contains duodenal bile salts that prompt malignant transformation. TRAIL is one of the cytokines produced in response to such insults and targets the transformed cells exclusively. In this study, we simulated GERD episodes in vitro by exposing the cancer cells to acid or acid/bile combination and found that the cancer cells lived through acid attacks by expression of the decoy receptors and c-FLIPR but died of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis when bile salts were present. Further investigation revealed that acid/bile exposure downregulated the decoy receptors and thereby facilitated TRAIL signaling; meantime, it inhibited protein kinase C activity and thus expedited c-FLIPR degradation, allowing apoptosis to take place.
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9
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Zhou Y, Li H, Liang X, Du H, Suo Y, Chen H, Liu W, Duan R, Huang X, Li Q. The CCN1 (CYR61) protein promotes skin growth by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition during skin expansion. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1460-1473. [PMID: 31828970 PMCID: PMC6991652 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin expansion technique is widely used to induce skin growth for large-scale skin deformity reconstruction. However, the capacity for skin expansion is limited and searching for ways to improve the expansion efficiency is a challenge. In this study, we aimed to explore the possible mechanism of skin expansion and to find a potential therapeutic target on promoting skin growth. We conducted weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) of microarray data generated from rat skin expansion and found CCN1 (CYR61) to be the central hub gene related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). CCN1 up-regulation was confirmed in human and rat expanded skin and also in mechanically stretched rat keratinocytes, together with acquired mesenchymal phenotype. After CCN1 stimulation on keratinocytes, cell proliferation was promoted and partial EMT was induced by activating β-catenin pathway. Treatment of CCN1 protein could significantly increase the flap thickness, improve the blood supply and restore the structure in a rat model of skin expansion, whereas inhibition of CCN1 through shRNA interference could dramatically reduce the efficiency of skin expansion. Our findings demonstrate that CCN1 plays a crucial role in skin expansion and that CCN1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target to promote skin growth and improve the efficiency of skin expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhou
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhou Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengyu Du
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjun Suo
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Duan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Huang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Overexpression of CCN1 in Het1A cells attenuates bile-induced esophageal metaplasia through suppressing non-canonical NFκB activation. Cytokine 2019; 116:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Dang T, Modak C, Meng X, Wu J, Narvaez R, Chai J. CCN1 induces apoptosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma through p53-dependent downregulation of survivin. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:2070-2077. [PMID: 30318638 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many cancer drugs have been developed to control tumor growth by inducing cancer cell apoptosis. However, several intracellular barriers could fail this attempt. One of these barrier is high expression of survivin. Survivin can interfere caspase activation and thereby abort apoptosis. In this study, we found that CCN1 suppressed the survivin expression in tumor cells of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and thus allowed apoptosis to finish. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this downregulation was dependent on p53 phosphorylation at Ser20, and CCN1 induced EAC cell apoptosis through the activation of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Dang
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Cristina Modak
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Injury and Cancer, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Xiemei Meng
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jinbao Wu
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Reinier Narvaez
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Injury and Cancer, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Jianyuan Chai
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.,Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Injury and Cancer, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
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12
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Du H, Zhou Y, Suo Y, Liang X, Chai B, Duan R, Huang X, Li Q. CCN1 accelerates re-epithelialization by promoting keratinocyte migration and proliferation during cutaneous wound healing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:966-972. [PMID: 30361094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Re-epithelialization is an essential part of wound healing and has a prominent influence on the prognosis. CCN family member 1 (CCN1 or Cysteine-rich 61, CYR61), a matricellular protein, has a potential role in the wound healing process. However, its role in re-epithelialization remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of CCN1 in the epidermis and its effect on keratinocytes during re-epithelialization. CCN1 expression in the wounded skin was analyzed using microarray data from GEO database and detected by immunofluorescence. The results showed upregulated CCN1 during the early stages of wound healing. Human primary keratinocytes were treated with recombinant human CCN1. The results showed that CCN1 promoted keratinocyte migration and proliferation. Moreover, a full-thickness mouse skin wound model and a superficial second-degree burn mouse model treated intracutaneously with CCN1 were used for in vivo studies. Topical treatment with CCN1 protein accelerated wound closure and re-epithelialization. Additionally, longer newly-formed epithelium tongue and elevated expression of PCNA and Ki67 were detected in the CCN1-treated group 4 days post-burn. These results indicate that CCN1 accelerates re-epithelialization by promoting keratinocyte migration and proliferation, and may serve as a novel target to promote re-epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Du
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yingjun Suo
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Bangda Chai
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Ran Duan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Xiaolu Huang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
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CCN1 sensitizes esophageal cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:163-169. [PMID: 29055676 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TRAIL is one of the best anti-cancer molecules in our body. It kills a variety of cancer cells that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy, without causing much negative impact on normal cells, because its death receptors are almost exclusively found on cancer cells. However, some cancer cells are not sensitive to TRAIL treatment, even though they express its death receptors. A second molecule is needed to help TRAIL to complete its mission. Finding such molecules now becomes a top priority in cancer research. Our study shows that CCN1 is such a molecule. CCN1 was highly expressed in the esophageal epithelium of the patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease, but faded away as the situation worsened towards adenocarcinoma. Treating the tumor cells with CCN1 resulted in apoptosis, while the same treatment to the normal cells only nourished cell growth. It was TRAIL that mediated this process. Apparently, CCN1 altered the expression profile of TRAIL and its receptors in tumor cells, namely, activating TRAIL and its death receptors and shutting down its decoy receptors. CCN1 and TRAIL worked as a team to put the cancer cells to death, as elimination of either one failed apoptosis.
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Raissadati A, Nykänen AI, Tuuminen R, Syrjälä SO, Krebs R, Arnaudova R, Rouvinen E, Wang X, Poller W, Lemström KB. Systemic overexpression of matricellular protein CCN1 exacerbates obliterative bronchiolitis in mouse tracheal allografts. Transpl Int 2015; 28:1416-25. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Raissadati
- University of Helsinki/Transplantation Laboratory, and Helsinki University Central Hospital/Cardiac Surgery/Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Antti I. Nykänen
- University of Helsinki/Transplantation Laboratory, and Helsinki University Central Hospital/Cardiac Surgery/Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Raimo Tuuminen
- University of Helsinki/Transplantation Laboratory, and Helsinki University Central Hospital/Cardiac Surgery/Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Simo O. Syrjälä
- University of Helsinki/Transplantation Laboratory, and Helsinki University Central Hospital/Cardiac Surgery/Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Rainer Krebs
- University of Helsinki/Transplantation Laboratory, and Helsinki University Central Hospital/Cardiac Surgery/Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Ralica Arnaudova
- University of Helsinki/Transplantation Laboratory, and Helsinki University Central Hospital/Cardiac Surgery/Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Eeva Rouvinen
- University of Helsinki/Transplantation Laboratory, and Helsinki University Central Hospital/Cardiac Surgery/Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Wolfgang Poller
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Berlin Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Karl B. Lemström
- University of Helsinki/Transplantation Laboratory, and Helsinki University Central Hospital/Cardiac Surgery/Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki Finland
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Sarkissyan S, Sarkissyan M, Wu Y, Cardenas J, Koeffler HP, Vadgama JV. IGF-1 regulates Cyr61 induced breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103534. [PMID: 25062088 PMCID: PMC4111618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies from our laboratory and others have shown that cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61) may be involved in tumor proliferation and invasion. In earlier studies, we demonstrated increased insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) is associated with breast tumor formation and poor clinical outcomes. In our current study we have investigated IGF-1 regulation of Cyr61 and whether targeting IGF-1 could inhibit Cyr61 induced tumor growth and proliferation. Methods Several ATCC derived normal and breast cancer cell lines were used in this study: MDA-MB231, BT474, MCF-7, and SKBR3. We also tested cells stably transfected in our laboratory with active Akt1 (pAkt; SKBR3/AA and MCF-7/AA) and dominant negative Akt1 (SKBR3/DN and MCF-7/DN). In addition, we used MCF-7 cells transfected with full length Cyr61 (CYA). Monolayer cultures treated with IGF-1 were analyzed for Cyr61 expression by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Migration assays and MTT based proliferation assays were used to determine invasive characteristics in response to IGF-1/Cyr61 activation. Results Cells with activated Akt have increased levels of Cyr61. Conversely, cells with inactive Akt have decreased levels of Cyr61. IGF-1 treatment increased Cyr61 expression significantly and cells with high level of Cyr61 demonstrate increased invasiveness and proliferation. Cyr61 overexpression and activation led to decrease in E-cadherin and decrease in FOXO1. Inhibition of the PI3K and MAPK pathways resulted in significant decrease in invasiveness and proliferation, most notably in the PI3K pathway inhibited cells. Conclusion The findings of this study show that IGF-1 upregulates Cyr61 primarily through activation of the Akt-PI3K pathway. IGF-1 induced MAPK plays a partial role. Increase in Cyr61 leads to increase in breast cancer cell growth and invasion. Hence, targeting Cyr61 and associated pathways may offer an opportunity to inhibit IGF-1 mediated Cyr61 induced breast cancer growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suren Sarkissyan
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marianna Sarkissyan
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yanyuan Wu
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Cardenas
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - H. Phillip Koeffler
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jaydutt V. Vadgama
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Is carcinoma a mesenchymal disease? The role of the stromal microenvironment in carcinogenesis. Pathology 2013; 45:371-81. [PMID: 23594691 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e328360b600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most research into the biology of carcinoma has focused on the epithelial cells therein; the inherent assumption has been that the tumour arises from epithelial cells 'gone bad', and that the surrounding stroma is simply an 'innocent bystander'. However, there is increasing evidence that there is a complex interplay between tumour cells and their surrounding microenvironment, and that the latter may be just as important in determining the development and clinical behaviour of a given tumour. Similarly, traditional oncological practice has been predominantly aimed at a perceived ideal goal of killing all the tumour epithelial cells, with only a few recently developed therapies seeking to affect other components (such as tumour vasculature); but identifying stromal factors involved in tumour growth and survival may well lead to the development of novel therapies. This review examines current understanding of the interplay between tumour epithelial cells and their microenvironment, and enumerates various stromal factors which appear to play a role in tumour progression and/or metastasis.
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Grosse L, Pâquet S, Caron P, Fazli L, Rennie PS, Bélanger A, Barbier O. Androgen Glucuronidation: An Unexpected Target for Androgen Deprivation Therapy, with Prognosis and Diagnostic Implications. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6963-71. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chai J, Jamal MM. S100A4 in esophageal cancer: Is this the one to blame? World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3931-5. [PMID: 22912541 PMCID: PMC3419987 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i30.3931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main reason for cancer-related death. S100A4 is one of the key molecules involved in this event. Several studies have shown that overexpression of S100A4 in non-metastatic cancer cells can make them become metastatic, and knockdown of S100A4 in metastatic cancer cells can curtail their invasive nature. A study by Chen et al[2] published in the World J Gastroenterol 18(9): 915-922, 2012 is a typical example. This study showed in vitro and in vivo evidence that S100A4 expression level determines the invasiveness of esophageal squamous carcinoma. Considering the fact that more than half of the cancer-related deaths are caused by malignancies derived from the digestive system and esophageal cancer is the 4th top contributor to this fraction, this study warrants more attention.
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Chai J, Modak C, Ouyang Y, Wu SY, Jamal MM. CCN1 Induces β-Catenin Translocation in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Integrin α11. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2012; 2012:207235. [PMID: 22701179 PMCID: PMC3371350 DOI: 10.5402/2012/207235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aims. Nuclear translocation of β-catenin is common in many cancers including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). As a mediator of Wnt signaling pathway, nuclear β-catenin can activate many growth-related genes including CCN1, which in turn can induce β-catenin translocation. CCN1, a matricellular protein, signals through various integrin receptors in a cell-dependent manner to regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, and survival. Its elevation has been reported in ESCC as well as other esophageal abnormalities such as Barrett's esophagus. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between CCN1 and β-catenin in ESCC. Methods and Results. The expression and correlation between CCN1 and β-catenin in ESCC tissue were examined through immunohistochemistry and further analyzed in both normal esophageal epithelial cells and ESCC cells through microarray, functional blocking and in situ protein ligation. We found that nuclear translocation of β-catenin in ESCC cells required high level of CCN1 as knockdown of CCN1 in ESCC cells reduced β-catenin expression and translocation. Furthermore, we found that integrin α11 was highly expressed in ESCC tumor tissue and functional blocking integrin α11 diminished CCN1-induced β-catenin elevation and translocation. Conclusions. Integrin α11 mediated the effect of CCN1 on β-catenin in esophageal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyuan Chai
- Laboratory of GI Injury and Cancer, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
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Nam S, Park T. Pathway-based evaluation in early onset colorectal cancer suggests focal adhesion and immunosuppression along with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31685. [PMID: 22496728 PMCID: PMC3322137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has one of the highest incidences among all cancers. The majority of CRCs are sporadic cancers that occur in individuals without family histories of CRC or inherited mutations. Unfortunately, whole-genome expression studies of sporadic CRCs are limited. A recent study used microarray techniques to identify a predictor gene set indicative of susceptibility to early-onset CRC. However, the molecular mechanisms of the predictor gene set were not fully investigated in the previous study. To understand the functional roles of the predictor gene set, in the present study we applied a subpathway-based statistical model to the microarray data from the previous study and identified mechanisms that are reasonably associated with the predictor gene set. Interestingly, significant subpathways belonging to 2 KEGG pathways (focal adhesion; natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity) were found to be involved in the early-onset CRC patients. We also showed that the 2 pathways were functionally involved in the predictor gene set using a text-mining technique. Entry of a single member of the predictor gene set triggered a focal adhesion pathway, which confers anti-apoptosis in the early-onset CRC patients. Furthermore, intensive inspection of the predictor gene set in terms of the 2 pathways suggested that some entries of the predictor gene set were implicated in immunosuppression along with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the early-onset CRC patients. In addition, we compared our subpathway-based statistical model with a gene set-based statistical model, MIT Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Our method showed better performance than GSEA in the sense that our method was more consistent with a well-known cancer-related pathway set. Thus, the biological suggestion generated by our subpathway-based approach seems quite reasonable and warrants a further experimental study on early-onset CRC in terms of dedifferentiation or differentiation, which is underscored in EMT and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoon Nam
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Supercomputing Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail: (TP); (SN)
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (TP); (SN)
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Ravi S, Haller CA, Sallach RE, Chaikof EL. Cell behavior on a CCN1 functionalized elastin-mimetic protein polymer. Biomaterials 2011; 33:2431-8. [PMID: 22212194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the design of an elastin-mimetic triblock copolymer with the ability to guide endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, and migration while maintaining the elastomeric properties of the protein polymer. The V2 ligand sequence from matricellular protein CCN1 (cysteine-rich 61, CYR61) was multimerized and cloned into elastin polymer LysB10, creating LysB10.V2. Cell adhesion studies demonstrated that a LysB10.V2 surface density of at least 40 pmol/cm(2) was required to elicit cell attachment. Peptide blocking studies confirmed V2 specific engagement with integrin receptor α(v)β(3) (P < 0.05) and we observed the formation of actin stress fiber networks and vinculin clustering, characteristic of focal adhesion assembly. Haptotatic migration assays demonstrated the ability of LysB10.V2 surfaces to stimulate migration of endothelial cells (P < 0.05). Significantly, we illustrated the ability of LysB10.V2 to support a quiescent endothelium. The CCN1 molecule functions to support many key biological processes necessary for tissue repair and thus presents a promising target for bioengineering applications. Collectively, our results demonstrate the potential to harness CCN1 specific function in the design of new scaffold materials for applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Ravi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
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Haque I, Mehta S, Majumder M, Dhar K, De A, McGregor D, Van Veldhuizen PJ, Banerjee SK, Banerjee S. Cyr61/CCN1 signaling is critical for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness and promotes pancreatic carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:8. [PMID: 21232118 PMCID: PMC3027193 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in outlining the mechanisms involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis, precise molecular pathways and cellular lineage specification remains incompletely understood. RESULTS We show here that Cyr61/CCN1 play a critical role in pancreatic carcinogenesis through the induction of EMT and stemness. Cyr61 mRNA and protein were detected in the early precursor lesions and their expression intensified with disease progression. Cyr61/CCN1 expression was also detected in different pancreatic cancer cell lines. The aggressive cell lines, in which the expressions of mesenchymal/stem cell molecular markers are predominant; exhibit more Cyr61/CCN1 expression. Cyr61 expression is exorbitantly higher in cancer stem/tumor initiating Panc-1-side-population (SP) cells. Upon Cyr61/CCN1 silencing, the aggressive behaviors are reduced by obliterating interlinking pathobiological events such as reversing the EMT, blocking the expression of stem-cell-like traits and inhibiting migration. In contrast, addition of Cyr61 protein in culture medium augments EMT and stemness features in relatively less aggressive BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells. Using a xenograft model we demonstrated that cyr61/CCN1 silencing in Panc-1-SP cells reverses the stemness features and tumor initiating potency of these cells. Moreover, our results imply a miRNA-based mechanism for the regulation of aggressive behaviors of pancreatic cancer cells by Cyr61/CCN1. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the discovery of the involvement of Cyr61/CCN1 in pancreatic carcinogenesis may represent an important marker for PDAC and suggests Cyr61/CCN1 can be a potential cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inamul Haque
- Cancer Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
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