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Zhao J, Xiong Y, Liu Y, Ling J, Liu S, Wang W. Endothelium Piezo1 deletion alleviates experimental varicose veins by attenuating perivenous inflammation. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05115-9. [PMID: 39249600 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Previous large-scale genetic studies have prioritized the causal genes piezo type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (PIEZO1) and castor zinc finger 1 (CASZ1) associated with varicose veins (VVs). This study aims to evaluate their roles in both clinical and experimental VVs. In this study, we investigated abundance of PIEZO1 and CASZ1 in both varicose and normal veins from the same patients. Yoda1 (a selective PIEZO1 agonist, 2.6 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally for 3 weeks to evaluate the effect of PIEZO1 activation on experimental VVs. Subsequently, endothelial Piezo1 deletion mice (Piezo1iΔEC mice) were generated to explored the role of endothelial PIEZO1 on VVs. Laser speckle imaging, flow cytometry, cell tracing with Evans blue or rhodamine-6G, and histopathological staining were utilized to evaluate the pathophysiology of VVs. Our results showed that mRNA expression of PIEZO1, but not CASZ1, was abundant and increased in clinical VVs. The Piezo1tP1-td mice revealed endothelium-specific expression of PIEZO1 in mice veins. By establishing iliac vein ligation-induced VVs in mice, Yoda1 exacerbated experimental VVs with increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Subsequently, endothelial Piezo1 deletion (Piezo1iΔEC mice) alleviated experimental VVs and vascular remodeling by directly reducing vascular permeability and leukocyte-endothelium interactions compared to the control (Piezo1fl/fl mice). PIEZO1 is highly expressed in clinical VVs, meanwhile, activation or inhibition of PIEZO1 exerts a remarkable effect on experimental VVs. Furthermore, Piezo1 may constitute a potential therapeutic approach for the medical treatment of VVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Zhao
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yacheng Xiong
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jin Ling
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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2
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Kienzl P, Deinsberger J, Weber B. Chronic Venous Disease: Pathophysiological Aspects, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis. Hamostaseologie 2024; 44:277-286. [PMID: 38991541 DOI: 10.1055/a-2315-6206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is highly prevalent in the general population and encompasses a range of pathological and hemodynamic changes in the veins of the lower extremities. These alterations give rise to a variety of symptoms, with more severe forms resulting in venous ulceration, which causes morbidity and high socioeconomic burden. The origins and underlying mechanisms of CVD are intricate and multifaceted, involving environmental factors, genetics, hormonal factors, and immunological factors that bring about structural and functional alterations in the venous system. This review offers the latest insights into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of CVD, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge. Furthermore, the diagnostic approach for CVD is highlighted and current diagnostic tools are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kienzl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Deinsberger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Weber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Sreelakshmi BJ, Karthika CL, Ahalya S, Kalpana SR, Kartha CC, Sumi S. Mechanoresponsive ETS1 causes endothelial dysfunction and arterialization in varicose veins via NOTCH4/DLL4 signaling. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151420. [PMID: 38759515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Varicose veins are the most common venous disorder in humans and are characterized by hemodynamic instability due to valvular insufficiency and orthostatic lifestyle factors. It is unclear how changes in biomechanical signals cause aberrant remodeling of the vein wall. Our previous studies suggest that Notch signaling is implicated in varicose vein arterialization. In the arterial system, mechanoresponsive ETS1 is a transcriptional activator of the endothelial Notch, but its involvement in sensing disrupted venous flow and varicose vein formation has not been investigated. Here, we use human varicose veins and cultured human venous endothelial cells to show that disturbed venous shear stress activates ETS1-NOTCH4/DLL4 signaling. Notch components were highly expressed in the neointima, whereas ETS1 was upregulated in all histological layers of varicose veins. In vitro microfluidic flow-based studies demonstrate that even minute changes in venous flow patterns enhance ETS1-NOTCH4/DLL4 signaling. Uniform venous shear stress, albeit an inherently low-flow system, does not induce ETS1 and Notch proteins. ETS1 activation under altered flow was mediated primarily by MEK1/2 and, to a lesser extent, by MEK5 but was independent of p38 MAP kinase. Endothelial cell-specific ETS1 knockdown prevented disturbed flow-induced NOTCH4/DLL4 expression. TK216, an inhibitor of ETS-family, prevented the acquisition of arterial molecular identity and loss of endothelial integrity in cells exposed to the ensuing altered shear stress. We conclude that ETS1 senses blood flow disturbances and may promote venous remodeling by inducing endothelial dysfunction. Targeting ETS1 rather than downstream Notch proteins could be an effective and safe strategy to develop varicose vein therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Sreelakshmi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - C L Karthika
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - S Ahalya
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - S R Kalpana
- Sri Jayadeva Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences & Research, Bangalore 570016, India
| | - C C Kartha
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - S Sumi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India.
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4
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Ma Y, Zhu Q, Luo S, Zhang F, Liu L, Mengxue Z, Zhang Z, Cao X, Qiu X, Zeng X, Ji D, Li C, Zhong X, Wang J, Wei Y. Environmentally relevant concentrations of fipronil selectively disrupt venous vessel development in zebrafish embryos/larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139146. [PMID: 37290517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pesticide fipronil is widely dispersed in aquatic environments and frequently detected in the general population. Although the adverse effects on embryonic growth by fipronil exposure have been extensively documented, the early responses for its developmental toxicity are largely unknown. In the present study, we explored the sensitive targets of fipronil, focusing on vascular injury using zebrafish embryos/larvae and cultured human endothelial cells. Exposure to 5-500 μg/L fipronil at the early stage impeded the growth of sub-intestinal venous plexus (SIVP), caudal vein plexus (CVP), and common cardinal veins (CCV). The damages on venous vessels occurred at exposure to the environmentally relevant concentration as low as 5 μg/L fipronil, whereas no significant change was observed in general toxicity indexes. In contrast, vascular development of the dorsal aorta (DA) or intersegmental artery (ISA) was not affected. In addition, the mRNA levels of vascular markers and vessel type-specific function genes exhibited significant decreases in venous genes, including nr2f2, ephb4a, and flt4, but no appreciable change in arterial genes. Likewise, the more pronounced changes in cell death and cytoskeleton disruption were shown in human umbilical vein endothelial cells as compared with human aortic endothelial cells. Furthermore, molecular docking supported a stronger affinity of fipronil and its metabolites to the proteins correlated with venous development, such as BMPR2 and SMARCA4. These results reveal the heterogeneity in developing vasculature responsive to fipronil's exposure. The preferential impacts on the veins confer higher sensitivity, allowing them to be appropriate targets for monitoring fipronil's developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qicheng Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shili Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fenghong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Zhi Mengxue
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Zhuyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaolian Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xuelin Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Di Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chenxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiali Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianshe Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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5
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Karthika CL, Venugopal V, Sreelakshmi BJ, Krithika S, Thomas JM, Abraham M, Kartha CC, Rajavelu A, Sumi S. Oscillatory shear stress modulates Notch-mediated endothelial mesenchymal plasticity in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:22. [PMID: 36934253 PMCID: PMC10024393 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (cAVM) are a significant cause of intracranial hemorrhagic stroke and brain damage. The arteriovenous junctions in AVM nidus are known to have hemodynamic disturbances such as altered shear stress, which could lead to endothelial dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms coupling shear stress and endothelial dysfunction in cAVMs are poorly understood. We speculated that disturbed blood flow in artery-vein junctions activates Notch receptors and promotes endothelial mesenchymal plasticity during cAVM formation. METHODS We investigated the expression profile of endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and cell adhesion markers, as well as activated Notch receptors, in 18 human cAVM samples and 15 control brain tissues, by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical evaluation. Employing a combination of a microfluidic system, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, as well as invasion and inhibitor assays, the effects of various shear stress conditions on Notch-induced EndMT and invasive potential of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/d3) were analyzed. RESULTS We found evidence for EndMT and enhanced expression of activated Notch intracellular domain (NICD3 and NICD4) in human AVM nidus samples. The expression of transmembrane adhesion receptor integrin α9/β1 is significantly reduced in cAVM nidal vessels. Cell-cell adhesion proteins such as VE-cadherin and N-cadherin were differentially expressed in AVM nidus compared with control brain tissues. Using well-characterized hCMECs, we show that altered fluid shear stress steers Notch3 nuclear translocation and promotes SNAI1/2 expression and nuclear localization. Oscillatory flow downregulates integrin α9/β1 and VE-cadherin expression, while N-cadherin expression and endothelial cell invasiveness are augmented. Gamma-secretase inhibitor RO4929097, and to a lesser level DAPT, prevent the mesenchymal transition and invasiveness of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells exposed to oscillatory fluid flow. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides, for the first time, evidence for the role of oscillatory shear stress in mediating the EndMT process and dysregulated expression of cell adhesion molecules, especially multifunctional integrin α9/β1 in human cAVM nidus. Concomitantly, our findings indicate the potential use of small-molecular inhibitors such as RO4929097 in the less-invasive therapeutic management of cAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Karthika
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Vani Venugopal
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - B J Sreelakshmi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - S Krithika
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Jaya Mary Thomas
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Mathew Abraham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - C C Kartha
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - S Sumi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India.
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6
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Costa D, Andreucci M, Ielapi N, Serraino GF, Mastroroberto P, Bracale UM, Serra R. Molecular Determinants of Chronic Venous Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031928. [PMID: 36768250 PMCID: PMC9916309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) refers to several pathological and hemodynamic alterations of the veins of lower limbs causing a wide range of symptoms and signs with a high prevalence in the general population and with disabling consequences in the most severe forms. The etiology and pathophysiology of CVD is complex and multifactorial, involving genetic, proteomic, and cellular mechanisms that result in changes to the venous structure and functions. Expressions of several genes associated with angiogenesis, vascular development, and the regulation of veins are responsible for the susceptibility to CVD. Current evidence shows that several extracellular matrix alterations (ECM) could be identified and in some cases pharmacologically targeted. This review shows the most up to date information on molecular determinants of CVD in order to provide a complete overview of the current knowledge on this topic. In particular, the article explores the genetic influence, the hormonal influence, ECM imbalance, and histopathology of CVD and the role of endothelial dysfunction in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Costa
- Department of Law, Economics and Sociology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Ielapi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filiberto Serraino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale Mastroroberto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
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7
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Fang T, Sun S, Zhao B, Dong J, Cao K, Wang W. NLRC5 modulates phenotypic transition and inflammation of human venous smooth muscle cells by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway via TLR4 in varicose veins. Microvasc Res 2022; 143:104405. [PMID: 35835172 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In varicose veins, abnormal phenotypic transition and inflammatory response is commonly found in venous smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We aimed to explore the potential role and mechanism of NLRC5 exerted on VSMCs phenotypic transition and inflammation. NLRC5 expression was detected in varicose veins and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMCs by RT-qPCR and Western bolt assays. A loss-of-function assay was performed to evaluate the effects of NLRC5 knockdown on VSMC proliferation, migration, and phenotypic transition. ELISA was used to detect the contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the supernatant. The modulation of NLRC5 on TLR4 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling was also evaluated. We found that the expressions of NLRC5 in varicose veins and PDGF-induced VSMCs were upregulated. NLRC5 knockdown inhibited VSMC proliferation and migration. Extracellular matrix transformation was blocked by downregulating NLRC5 with increasing SM-22α expression and MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio, as well as decreasing OPN and collagen I expressions. Besides, NLRC5 silencing reduced the contents of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we found that NLRC5 regulated TLR4 expression, as well as subsequently activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, which was involved in NLRC5-mediated phenotypic transition and inflammatory in VSMCs. In conclusion, silencing NLRC5 depressed VSMCs' phenotypic transition and inflammation by modulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway via TLR4. This may provide a theoretical basis for treatment of varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai city 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shaojun Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai city 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai city 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianxin Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai city 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai city 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai city 264001, Shandong Province, China.
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8
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Jiang N, Hu Y, Wang M, Zhao Z, Li M. The Notch Signaling Pathway Contributes to Angiogenesis and Tumor Immunity in Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER: TARGETS AND THERAPY 2022; 14:291-309. [PMID: 36193236 PMCID: PMC9526507 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s376873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer in women is the first leading tumor in terms of incidence worldwide. Some subtypes of BC lack distinct molecular targets and exhibit therapeutic resistance; these patients have a poor prognosis. Thus, the search for new molecular targets is an ongoing challenge for BC therapy. The Notch signaling pathway is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and it is a highly conserved in the evolution of the species, controlling cellular fates such as death, proliferation, and differentiation. Numerous studies have shown that improper activation of Notch signaling may lead to excessive cell proliferation and cancer, with tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive effects in various carcinomas. Thus, inhibitors of Notch signaling are actively being investigated for the treatment of various tumors. The role of Notch signaling in BC has been widely studied in recent years. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that Notch signaling has a pro-oncogenic role in BC, and the tumor-promoting effect is largely a result of the diverse nature of tumor immunity. Immunological abnormality is also a factor involved in the pathogenesis of BC, suggesting that Notch signaling could be a target for BC immunotherapies. Furthermore, angiogenesis is essential for BC growth and metastasis, and the Notch signaling pathway has been implicated in angiogenesis, so studying the role of Notch signaling in BC angiogenesis will provide new prospects for the treatment of BC. We summarize the potential roles of the current Notch signaling pathway and its inhibitors in BC angiogenesis and the immune response in this review and describe the pharmacological targets of Notch signaling in BC, which may serve as a theoretical foundation for future research into exploring this pathway for novel BC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jiang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Hu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuowei Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zuowei Zhao, Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-0411-84671291, Fax +86-0411-84671230, Email
| | - Man Li
- Department of Oncology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Man Li, Department of Oncology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-0411-84671291, Fax +86-0411-84671230, Email
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9
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Kocarslan S, Kocarslan A, Doganer A, Yasim A. What is the relationship of varicose vein pathogenesis with collagen fibers? Niger J Clin Pract 2022; 25:304-309. [PMID: 35295053 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_1505_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background In this study, the densities of collagen 1 and collagen 4, which are an effective vascular component in the remodelling of varicose veins, were investigated. Materials and Methods The study included primary varicose vein samples of 20 patients and vein samples of 20 healthy controls. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using collagen 1 and collagen 4 antibodies. Histochemical staining was performed using Masson Trichrome. Results In the immunohistochemical analysis of varicose samples, collagen 1 immunostaining was negative in 17 cases (85%) and positive in 3 cases (15%). In healthy venous tissue samples, collagen 1 immunostaining was negative in 12 cases (60%) and positive in 8 cases (40%). There was no statistically significant difference between both groups concerning collagen 1 immunostaining (p > 0.05). In varicose samples, collagen 4 immunostaining was negative in 4 cases (20%) and positive in 16 cases (80%). In healthy venous tissue samples, collagen 4 immunostaining was negative in 13 cases (65%) and positive in 7 cases (35%). Statistical comparison of healthy veins and varicose veins concerning collagen 4 immunostaining showed a significant difference (p = 0.03). In the histochemical analysis of varicose samples, Masson Trichrome staining was negative in 4 cases (20%) and positive in 16 cases (80%). In healthy venous tissue samples, Masson Trichrome staining was negative in 18 cases (90%) and positive in 2 cases (10%). Statistical comparison of healthy veins and varicose veins concerning collagen 4 immunostaining showed a significant difference (p = 0.01). Conclusion The change in the density of collagen types plays an important role in vein wall remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kocarslan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - A Kocarslan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - A Doganer
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - A Yasim
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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10
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Contribution of the Elastic Component and Venous Wall Arterialization in Patients with Venous Reflux. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020260. [PMID: 35207748 PMCID: PMC8878435 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVeD) is defined as a set of disorders affecting the venous system mainly manifested in the form of varicose veins. CVeD is characterized by a sustained venous hypertension, leading to a plethora of functional and structural changes in the vein that may cause valve incompetence and pathologic reflux. In turn, venous reflux aggravates the venous hypertension and enhances the progression of CVeD into the most advanced stages. Previous studies have proposed that there are several alterations in the venous wall preceding the valve dysfunction and venous reflux. Besides, it has also been identified that young patients with CVeD present premature aging and changes in the venous wall composition that may be related to the presence of venous reflux. In this context, the aim of the present study is to examine the possible pathophysiological role of elastic fibers and their precursors in the venous wall of patients with reflux in comparison to those without reflux, considering the variable age in both groups (<50 years and ≥50 years). We performed immunohistochemical and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order to assess the protein and gene expression of tropoelastin, fibrillin-1, fibulins 4 and 5, lysyl oxidase and lysyl oxidase like 1, respectively. In parallel, we assessed the elastin content through histological techniques (orcein stain) in this group of patients. Our results show significant changes in elastic fibers and their precursors in young patients with pathologic reflux when compared with elder patients with reflux and young patients without reflux. These variations suggest that the venous system of young patients with venous reflux appears to present an enhanced dynamism and arterialization of the venous wall, which may be associated with a premature aging and pathological environment of the tissue.
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Shear Stress Alterations Activate BMP4/pSMAD5 Signaling and Induce Endothelial Mesenchymal Transition in Varicose Veins. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123563. [PMID: 34944071 PMCID: PMC8700678 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous diseases, including varicose veins, are characterized by hemodynamic disturbances due to valve defects, venous insufficiency, and orthostatism. Veins are physiologically low shear stress systems, and how altered hemodynamics drives focal endothelial dysfunction and causes venous remodeling is unknown. Here we demonstrate the occurrence of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in human varicose veins. Moreover, the BMP4-pSMAD5 pathway was robustly upregulated in varicose veins. In vitro flow-based assays using human vein, endothelial cells cultured in microfluidic chambers show that even minimal disturbances in shear stress as may occur in early stages of venous insufficiency induce BMP4-pSMAD5-based phenotype switching. Furthermore, low shear stress at uniform laminar pattern does not induce EndMT in venous endothelial cells. Targeting the BMP4-pSMAD5 pathway with small molecule inhibitor LDN193189 reduced SNAI1/2 expression in venous endothelial cells exposed to disturbed flow. TGFβ inhibitor SB505124 was less efficient in inhibiting EndMT in venous endothelial cells exposed to disturbed flow. We conclude that disturbed shear stress, even in the absence of any oscillatory flow, induces EndMT in varicose veins via activation of BMP4/pSMAD5-SNAI1/2 signaling. The present findings serve as a rationale for the possible use of small molecular mechanotherapeutics in the management of varicose veins.
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12
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Ortega MA, Fraile-Martínez O, García-Montero C, Ruiz-Grande F, Barrena S, Montoya H, Pekarek L, Zoullas S, Alvarez-Mon MA, Sainz F, Asúnsolo A, Acero J, Álvarez-Mon M, Buján J, García-Honduvilla N, Guijarro LG. Chronic venous disease patients show increased IRS-4 expression in the great saphenous vein wall. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211041275. [PMID: 34590920 PMCID: PMC8489764 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211041275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic venous disease (CVeD) is a multifactorial and debilitating condition that has a high prevalence in Western countries and an important associated socioeconomic burden. Varicose veins (VVs) are the most common manifestations of CVeD. Pathologically, many morphological and functional changes have been described in VVs, which most notably affect venous wall integrity. Previous studies have found several molecular alterations that negatively affect normal cell signaling pathways. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-4 is a central adaptor protein that is closely related to insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling upstream, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt or mitogen-activated protein kinases downstream, and other proteins. These molecular pathways have been implicated in CVeD pathogenesis. Thus, the aim of our study was to identify the role of IRS-4 in VV tissue. METHODS We conducted a histopathological study to analyze IRS-4 protein expression in CVeD patients compared with healthy controls. RESULTS Our results demonstrate a significant increase in IRS-4 expression in VV tissue. CONCLUSIONS IRS-4 may be implicated in CVeD development and progression. Therefore, IRS-4 could be a potential diagnostic or therapeutic target for patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Ruiz-Grande
- Angiology and Vascular Surgery Service, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silve Barrena
- Angiology and Vascular Surgery Service, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Montoya
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia Zoullas
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Sainz
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Angiology and Vascular Surgery Service, Central University Hospital of Defence-UAH Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Asúnsolo
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Acero
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service and Internal Medicine (CIBEREHD), University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis G Guijarro
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CIBEREHD), Department of System Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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13
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Cao Y, Cao Z, Wang W, Jie X, Li L. MicroRNA‑199a‑5p regulates FOXC2 to control human vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:627. [PMID: 34212977 PMCID: PMC8281299 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicose veins are among the most common disorders of the vascular system; however, the pathogenesis of varicose veins remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of microRNA (miR)‑199a‑5p in varicose veins and in the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that miR‑199a‑5p had target sites on the forkhead box C2 (FOXC2) 3'‑untranslated region. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of miR‑199a‑5p and FOXC2 in varicose vein and normal great saphenous vein tissues. Cell Counting Kit‑8 and Transwell migration assays were performed to validate the effects of miR‑199a‑5p on VSMCs. Contractile markers, such as smooth muscle 22α, calponin, smooth muscle actin and myosin heavy chain 11 were used to detect phenotypic transition. RT‑qPCR revealed that miR‑199a‑5p was downregulated in varicose veins compared with expression in normal great saphenous veins, whereas FOXC2 was upregulated in varicose veins. In addition, biomarkers of the VSMC contractile phenotype were downregulated in varicose veins. Overexpression of miR‑199a‑5p by mimics suppressed VSMC proliferation and migration, whereas depletion of miR‑199a‑5p enhanced VSMC proliferation and migration. Notably, the effects caused by miR‑199a‑5p could be reversed by FOXC2 overexpression. Dual luciferase reporter analysis confirmed that FOXC2 was a target of miR‑199a‑5p. In conclusion, miR‑199a‑5p may be a novel regulator of phenotypic switching in VSMCs by targeting FOXC2 during varicose vein formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwen Cao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qianwei Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Weitie Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Jie
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qianwei Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qianwei Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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14
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Gifre-Renom L, Jones EAV. Vessel Enlargement in Development and Pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2021; 12:639645. [PMID: 33716786 PMCID: PMC7947306 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.639645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From developmental stages until adulthood, the circulatory system remodels in response to changes in blood flow in order to maintain vascular homeostasis. Remodeling processes can be driven by de novo formation of vessels or angiogenesis, and by the restructuration of already existing vessels, such as vessel enlargement and regression. Notably, vessel enlargement can occur as fast as in few hours in response to changes in flow and pressure. The high plasticity and responsiveness of blood vessels rely on endothelial cells. Changes within the bloodstream, such as increasing shear stress in a narrowing vessel or lowering blood flow in redundant vessels, are sensed by endothelial cells and activate downstream signaling cascades, promoting behavioral changes in the involved cells. This way, endothelial cells can reorganize themselves to restore normal circulation levels within the vessel. However, the dysregulation of such processes can entail severe pathological circumstances with disturbances affecting diverse organs, such as human hereditary telangiectasias. There are different pathways through which endothelial cells react to promote vessel enlargement and mechanisms may differ depending on whether remodeling occurs in the adult or in developmental models. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the fast-adapting processes governing vessel enlargement can open the door to a new set of therapeutical approaches to be applied in occlusive vascular diseases. Therefore, we have outlined here the latest advances in the study of vessel enlargement in physiology and pathology, with a special insight in the pathways involved in its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre-Renom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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15
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The Inhibition of Prolyl Oligopeptidase as New Target to Counteract Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Findings in a Mouse Model. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120604. [PMID: 33322134 PMCID: PMC7764674 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common disorder related to functional and morphological abnormalities of the venous system. Inflammatory processes and angiogenesis alterations greatly concur to the onset of varicose vein. KYP-2047 is a selective inhibitor of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), a serine protease involved in the release of pro-angiogenic molecules. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the capacity of KYP-2047 to influence the angiogenic and inflammatory mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of CVI. (2) Methods: An in vivo model of CVI-induced by saphene vein ligation (SVL) and a tissue block culture study were performed. Mice were subjected to SVL followed by KYP-2047 treatment (intraperitoneal, 10 mg/kg) for 7 days. Histological analysis, Masson's trichrome, Van Gieson staining, and mast cells evaluation were performed. Release of cytokines, nitric oxide synthase production, TGF-beta, VEGF, α-smooth muscle actin, PREP, Endoglin, and IL-8 quantification were investigated. (3) Results: KYP-2047 treatment ameliorated the histological abnormalities of the venous wall, reduced the collagen increase and modulated elastin content, lowered cytokines levels and prevented mast degranulation. Moreover, a decreased expression of TGF-beta, eNOS, VEGF, α-smooth muscle actin, IL-8, and PREP was observed in in vivo study; also a reduction in VEGF and Endoglin expression was confirmed in tissue block culture study. (4) Conclusions: For the first time, this research, highlighting the importance of POP as new target for vascular disorders, revealed the therapeutic potential of KYP-2047 as a helpful treatment for the management of CVI.
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16
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Wang Z, Qi Y, Wang R, Wu W, Li Z, Wang M, Liu R, Zhang C, Li W, Wang S. IGFBP6 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and morphology via cyclin E-CDK2. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9538-9556. [PMID: 32529639 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of varicose veins, the underlying pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. The present study aims to explore the role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 (IGFBP6) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Using a protein array approach, we identified several differentially expressed proteins between varicose great saphenous veins and normal great saphenous veins. Bioinformatic analysis showed that IGFBP6 was closely related to cell proliferation. Further validation confirmed that IGFBP6 was one of the most highly expressed proteins in varicose vein tissue. Knocking down IGFBP6 in VSMCs significantly attenuated cell proliferation and induced the S phase arrest during the cell cycle. Further experiments demonstrated that IGFBP6 knockdown increased cyclin E ubiquitination, which reduced expression of cyclin E and phosphorylation of CDK2. Furthermore, IGFBP6 knockdown arrested centrosome replication, which subsequently influenced VSMC morphology. Ultimately, IGFBP6 was validated to be involved in VSMC proliferation in varicose vein tissues. The present study reveals that IGFBP6 is closely correlated with VSMC biological function and provides unprecedented insights into the underlying pathogenesis of varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhecun Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunling Qi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mian Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiming Liu
- Laboratory of General Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of General Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenming Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Karthika CL, Ahalya S, Radhakrishnan N, Kartha CC, Sumi S. Hemodynamics mediated epigenetic regulators in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:125-143. [PMID: 32844345 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium of blood vessels is continuously exposed to various hemodynamic forces. Flow-mediated epigenetic plasticity regulates vascular endothelial function. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of mechanosensing-related epigenetics in localized endothelial dysfunction and the regional susceptibility for lesions in vascular diseases. In this article, we review the epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA de/methylation, histone modifications, as well as non-coding RNAs in promoting endothelial dysfunction in major arterial and venous diseases, consequent to hemodynamic alterations. We also discuss the current challenges and future prospects for the use of mechanoepigenetic mediators as biomarkers of early stages of vascular diseases and dysregulated mechanosensing-related epigenetic regulators as therapeutic targets in various vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Karthika
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - S Ahalya
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - N Radhakrishnan
- St.Thomas Institute of Research on Venous Diseases, Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - C C Kartha
- Society for Continuing Medical Education & Research (SOCOMER), Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - S Sumi
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India.
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18
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Guo Z, Luo C, Zhu T, Li L, Zhang W. Elevated c-fos expression is correlated with phenotypic switching of human vascular smooth muscle cells derived from lower limb venous varicosities. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020; 9:242-251. [PMID: 32360331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower limb venous varicosities (VVs) are clinically common; however, their molecular underpinnings are far from well elucidated. Previous studies have demonstrated that the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a critical role in VV pathogenesis and that c-fos is upregulated in VSMCs from VVs. The present study investigated the histologic and cytologic changes in VVs and the correlation between c-fos upregulation and VSMC phenotypic switching. METHODS Thirty-four patients with VVs (VV group) and 13 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass using autologous great saphenous vein segments (normal vein [NV] group) were enrolled in the present study. The great saphenous veins of both groups were harvested for subsequent experiments. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for vein morphologic analysis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot assays were used to assess mRNA and protein expression of c-fos, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and osteopontin (OPN). Simple linear regression was used to evaluate the correlation between c-fos and OPN/α-SMA. Primary VSMCs were isolated from both groups and cultured in vitro. A cell counting kit-8 assay and scratch-wound assay were used to analyze the proliferation and migration abilities of the cells, respectively. RESULTS The mean age of the patients in the NV and VV groups was 61.4 ± 3.8 years and 59.5 ± 10.4 years, respectively. The vein cavities of the VV group were dilated, and the arrangement of the cells was disordered. The tunica media of the VV group was thicker than that of the NV group owing to the accumulation and proliferation of VSMCs. Significantly elevated mRNA levels of c-fos and OPN were observed in the VV group compared with the NV group, and a positive correlation was further demonstrated between the mRNA levels of c-fos and OPN/α-SMA (R2, 0.5524; P < .001). The VSMCs derived from the VV group were more numerous (as shown by the cell counting kit-8 assay) and had a significantly greater migration speed (as shown by the scratch-wound assay) than those derived from the NV group. Moreover, the protein expression of c-fos was significantly upregulated in VSMCs derived from the VV group, and this change was accompanied by a decrease in α-SMA and an increase in OPN expression. CONCLUSIONS Both mRNA and protein expression of c-fos were upregulated in VV specimens, and the phenotypic biomarkers (OPN/α-SMA) were altered concurrently. VSMCs derived from VVs showed increased proliferation and migration abilities. Upregulation of c-fos might play a role in the phenotypic switching of VSMCs and subsequently participate in the pathogenesis of VVs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE C-fos is an immediate early gene owing to the transient and rapid change in its expression in response to stimuli. It is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell movement. In the present study, varicose vein specimens showed increased mRNA and protein expression of c-fos, accompanied by altered phenotypic biomarkers. The upregulation of the c-fos gene in smooth muscle cells cultured from varicose vein specimens might be associated with phenotypic switching and functional disturbance. These results could contribute to the exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of varicose veins and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chentao Luo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Zhongshan Hospital and Department of Vascular Surgery, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Zhang
- Zhongshan Hospital and Department of Vascular Surgery, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Serra R, Ssempijja L, Provenzano M, Andreucci M. Genetic biomarkers in chronic venous disease. Biomark Med 2020; 14:75-80. [PMID: 32053001 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy.,Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
| | - Lwanga Ssempijja
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy.,Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
| | - Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
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20
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Zhang C, Li H, Guo X. FOXC2-AS1 regulates phenotypic transition, proliferation and migration of human great saphenous vein smooth muscle cells. Biol Res 2019; 52:59. [PMID: 31801629 PMCID: PMC6894326 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In varicose veins, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) often shows phenotypic transition and abnormal proliferation and migration. Evidence suggests the FOXC2–Notch pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of varicose veins. Here, this study aimed to explore the role of long non-coding RNA FOXC2-AS1 (FOXC2 antisense RNA 1) in phenotypic transition, proliferation, and migration of varicose vein-derived VSMCs and to explore whether the FOXC2-Notch pathway was involved in this process. Methods The effect of FOXC2-AS1 on the proliferation and migration of human great saphenous vein smooth muscle cells (SV-SMCs) was analyzed using MTT assay and Transwell migration assay, respectively. The levels of contractile marker SM22α and synthetic marker osteopontin were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot to assess the phenotypic transition. Results The human varicose veins showed thickened intima, media and adventitia layers, increased synthetic VSMCs, as well as upregulated FOXC2-AS1 and FOXC2 expression. In vitro assays showed that FOXC2-AS1 overexpression promoted phenotypic transition, proliferation, and migration of SV-SMCs. However, the effect of FOXC2-AS1 overexpression could be abrogated by both FOXC2 silencing and the Notch signaling inhibitor FLI-06. Furthermore, FOXC2-AS1 overexpression activated the Notch pathway by upregulating FOXC2. Conclusion FOXC2-AS1 overexpression promotes phenotypic transition, proliferation, and migration of SV-SMCs, at least partially, by activating the FOXC2-Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Huixiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Xueli Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
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Bissacco D, Oberto S, Kontothanassis D, Caggiati A. Venous intima-media thickness increases both in deep and superficial systems in patients with great saphenous vein reflux. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2019; 7:832-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Machado MJC, Boardman R, Riu F, Emanueli C, Benest AV, Bates DO. Enhanced notch signaling modulates unproductive revascularization in response to nitric oxide-angiopoietin signaling in a mouse model of peripheral ischemia. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12549. [PMID: 30974486 PMCID: PMC6899699 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arteriolargenesis can be induced by concomitant stimulation of nitric Oxide (NO)-Angiopoietin receptor (Tie)-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling in the rat mesentery angiogenesis assay. We hypothesized that the same combination of exogenously added growth factors would also have a positive impact on arteriolargenesis and, consequently, the recovery of blood flow in a model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia. RESULTS AND METHODS NO-Tie mice had faster blood flow recovery compared to control mice, as assessed by laser speckle imaging. There was no change in capillary density within the ischemic muscles, but arteriole density was higher in NO-Tie mice. Given the previously documented beneficial effect of VEGF signaling, we tested whether NO-Tie-VEGF mice would show further improvement. Surprisingly, these mice recovered no differently from control, arteriole density was similar and capillary density was lower. Dll4 is a driver of arterial specification, so we hypothesized that Notch1 expression would be involved in arteriolargenesis. There was a significant upregulation of Notch1 transcripts in NO-Tie-VEGF compared with NO-Tie mice. Using soluble Dll4 (sDll4), we stimulated Notch signaling in the ischemic muscles of mice. NO-Tie-sDll4 mice had significantly increased capillary and arteriole densities, but impaired blood flow recovery. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Dll4 activation early on in revascularization can lead to unproductive angiogenesis and arteriolargenesis, despite increased vascular densities. These results suggest spatial and temporal balance of growth factors needs to be perfected for ideal functional and anatomical revascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. C. Machado
- Division of Cancer and Stem CellsTumour and Vascular Biology Laboratories, Cancer BiologySchool of MedicineQueen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Rachel Boardman
- Division of Cancer and Stem CellsTumour and Vascular Biology Laboratories, Cancer BiologySchool of MedicineQueen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Federica Riu
- Division of Cancer and Stem CellsTumour and Vascular Biology Laboratories, Cancer BiologySchool of MedicineQueen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - Andrew V. Benest
- Division of Cancer and Stem CellsTumour and Vascular Biology Laboratories, Cancer BiologySchool of MedicineQueen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - David O. Bates
- Division of Cancer and Stem CellsTumour and Vascular Biology Laboratories, Cancer BiologySchool of MedicineQueen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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23
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Torres C, Machado R, Lima M. Flow cytometric characterization of the saphenous veins endothelial cells in patients with chronic venous disease and in patients undergoing bypass surgery: an exploratory study. Heart Vessels 2019; 35:1-13. [PMID: 31227876 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-019-01451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have suggested that the primary factors for development of chronic venous disease (CVD), which commonly manifests as varicose veins (VV), are due to structural and biochemical modifications of the vessel wall. The aim of this exploratory study was to characterize by flow cytometry the endothelial cells (EC) mechanically extracted from the varicose saphenous veins (VSV) segments of patients submitted to VV surgery, and to compare the expression of cell surface molecules in these EC with that observed in the EC from the graft SV (GSV) of patients undergoing bypass surgery. EC were isolated from distal- (varicose trunk) and from proximal- (nearly normal) VSV segments of 30 patients submitted to VV surgery, and from proximal GSV segments of 20 patients submitted to bypass surgery (control group), using a mechanical method, and their immunophenotype was characterized by flow cytometry. EC were identified as being CD45negCD146brightCD31bright, and analyzed for expression of activation-related (CD54, CD62E, CD106), procoagulant (CD142), and cell junction (CD31, CD146) molecules, and for the scavenger receptor, CD36. The EC harvested from the SV segments of CVD patients had lower expression of all the molecules evaluated, in comparison to controls; these differences were more evident for the EC isolated from the distal-VSV. The EC extracted from the proximal- and distal-VSV segments of the CVD patients also differ from each other, the first having lower levels of CD62E, CD106, CD142 and CD36. Groups did not match for gender and controls were heterogeneous concerning the underlying pathologies, which may have a confounding effect. Our study revealed that the EC isolated from varicose (distal) and nearly normal (proximal) VSV segments of the CVD patients differ phenotypically from each other, and from the EC of the control group. The VSV segments more affected by the CVD have the lowest expression of the studied markers. We hypothesize that CVD is associated with a decrease on the EC surface molecules, causing EC dysfunctionality. Further studies with a large number of gender-matched participants are needed, to confirm the results obtained in this exploratory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Torres
- Laboratório de Citometria, Serviço de Hematologia Clínica, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Rua D. Manuel II 57, 4050-014, Porto, Portugal. .,Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (UMIB/ICBAS/UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-343, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Machado
- Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Lima
- Laboratório de Citometria, Serviço de Hematologia Clínica, Hospital de Santo António (HSA), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Rua D. Manuel II 57, 4050-014, Porto, Portugal.,Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (UMIB/ICBAS/UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-343, Porto, Portugal
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Thomas JM, Surendran S, Abraham M, Sasankan D, Bhaadri S, Rajavelu A, Kartha CC. Gene expression analysis of nidus of cerebral arteriovenous malformations reveals vascular structures with deficient differentiation and maturation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198617. [PMID: 29897969 PMCID: PMC5999265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are characterised by tangles of dysplastic blood vessels which shunt blood from arteries to veins with no intervening capillary bed. It is not known at what stage of development and differentiation, AVM vessels became aberrant. To address this, we have analysed the expression of vascular differentiation, vascular maturation and brain capillary specific genes in AVM nidus. Methodology We performed immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis of vascular differentiation (HEY2, DLL4, EFNB2, and COUP-TFII), vascular maturation (ENG and KLF2) and brain capillary specific genes (GGTP and GLUT1) on ten surgically excised human brain AVMs and ten normal human brain tissues. Results Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AVM vessels co-express both artery and vein differentiation genes. H-score analysis revealed that there is statistically significant (P < 0.0001) increase in expression of these proteins in AVM vessels compared to control vessels. These findings were further confirmed by western blot analysis and found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001) for all proteins except Hey2. Both immunostaining and western blot analysis revealed that AVM vessels express GGTP and GLUT1, markers specific to brain capillaries. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that expression of KLF2, a vascular maturation marker is significantly (P <0.001) decreased in AVM vessels and was further confirmed by western blot analysis (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical and western blot analysis demonstrated that another vascular maturation protein Endoglin had high expression in AVM vessels compared to control vessels. The results were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Summary Our findings suggest that vascular structures of AVMs co-express markers specific for arteries, veins and capillaries. We conclude that AVM nidus constitutes of aberrant vessels which are not terminally differentiated and inadequately matured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Mary Thomas
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumi Surendran
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Mathew Abraham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Dhakshmi Sasankan
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sridutt Bhaadri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Tropical Disease Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- * E-mail: (AR); (CCK)
| | - Chandrasekharan C. Kartha
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- * E-mail: (AR); (CCK)
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Studennikova VV, Severgina LO, Dzyundzya AN, Korovin IA. [Lower extremity varicose veins in childhood and at a young age: Mechanism of development and specific features]. Arkh Patol 2018; 79:56-60. [PMID: 28792000 DOI: 10.17116/patol201779456-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In Russia more than 125,000 patients with various venous diseases, lower extremity varicose veins (LEVV) being predominant, were annually operated on. In recent years, there has been a trend toward younger patients with signs of LEVV. Screening studies have revealed the signs of the disease in 10-15% of high-school children. The high prevalence of LEVV as a whole and its younger onset in recent decades cause more attention to an investigation of the relationship between the development of varicose veins, in childhood and adolescence in particular, and genomic changes. Patients with varicose veins have been noted to have a genetically reduced capacity for contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the vein walls, their remodeling due to the increased synthesis of matrix Gla protein, overproduction of TGF-β1, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, hyperhomocysteinemia, and mutations in the genes encoding the synthesis of thrombomodulin. Varicose vein transformation is considered to be a minor phenomenon of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) leading to failure of their walls due to abnormalities in the fibrous structures and extracellular matrix. Confirmation of the role of UCTD in the development of varicose veins will be able to provide an individual approach to treating patients and to choosing adequate postoperative therapy aimed at preventing a disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Studennikova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - L O Severgina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Dzyundzya
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Korovin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Wang J, Yue X. Role and importance of the expression of transcription factor FOXC2 in cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6627-6631. [PMID: 29151910 PMCID: PMC5678244 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the expression of transcription factor forkhead box C2 (FOXC2) and the clinical features of cervical cancer. A total of 66 patients with cervical cancer, 42 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 25 patients with cervical inflammation were enrolled. The positive expression rates and expression levels of mRNA of FOXC2, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), Notch protein and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) in cervical tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The positive expression rates and expression levels of mRNA of FOXC2, N-cadherin, VEGF, SDF-1, Notch and LYVE-1 in cervical cancer were significantly higher than those in CIN, and those in the inflammatory tissues were the lowest, while the positive expression rate of E-cadherin in cervical cancer was lower than that in CIN, and that in the inflammatory tissues was the highest (P<0.05). The positive expression rates of FOXC2, N-cadherin, VEGF, SDF-1, Notch and LYVE-1 in patients with cervical cancer [human papillomavirus (HPV) positive, squamous cell carcinoma, Stages III–IV, maximal diameter ≥3.8 cm and low differentiation] were increased, and the positive expression rate of E-cadherin was decreased (P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that FOXC2 was positively correlated with the positive expression rates of N-cadherin, VEGF, SDF-1, Notch and LYVE-1, and negatively correlated with E-cadherin (P<0.05). In conclusion, the high expression of FOXC2 is correlated with the HPV infection, pathological pattern, clinical stage, tumor diameter and differentiation grade of cervical cancer, which may be involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, vascular and matrix formation, Notch signaling pathway and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linyi Hospital of Τraditional Chinese Medicine, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Yue
- Department of Obstetrics, Linyi Hospital of Τraditional Chinese Medicine, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
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Jacobs BN, Andraska EA, Obi AT, Wakefield TW. Pathophysiology of varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2017; 5:460-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Serum from Varicose Patients Induces Senescence-Related Dysfunction of Vascular Endothelium Generating Local and Systemic Proinflammatory Conditions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2069290. [PMID: 27994710 PMCID: PMC5141312 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2069290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of endothelium in varicose vein development is indisputable, the effect of the pathology on biological properties of endothelial cells remains unclear. Here we examined if the presence of varicose veins affects senescence of endothelial cells (HUVECs) and, if so, what will be the local and systemic outcome of this effect. Experiments showed that HUVECs subjected to serum from varicose patients display improved proliferation, increased expression of senescence marker, SA-β-Gal, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as compared with serum from healthy donors. Both increased SA-β-Gal activity and ROS release were mediated by TGF-β1, the concentration of which in varicose serum was elevated and the activity of which in vitro was prevented using specific neutralizing antibody. Senescent HUVECs exposed to varicose serum generated increased amounts of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, uPA, PAI-1, and ET-1. Direct comparison of sera from varicose and healthy donors showed that pathological serum contained increased level of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, uPA, and ET-1. Calendar age of healthy subjects correlated positively with serum uPA and negatively with P-selectin. Age of varicose patients correlated positively with ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and ET-1. Collectively, our findings indicate that the presence of varicose veins causes a senescence-related dysfunction of vascular endothelium, which leads to the development of local and systemic proinflammatory environment.
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Mazuchova J, Pec M, Halasova E, Valentova V, Sarlinova M, Mazuch J, Zelnik S. News in Pathogenesis of Chronic Venous Insufficiency. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/acm-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This review article is concentrating on the news in the pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency (CVD). Despite ongoing progress in understanding the molecular aspects of CVD the exact mechanism of its development remains unclear. Many different factors may play role in the pathogenesis of CVD, including changes in hydrostatic pressure, valvular incompetence, increased capillary permeability, endothelial dysfunction, activation of leukocytes, deep venous obstruction, capillary microthrombosis, ineffective function of calf muscle pump, biochemical and structural changes in the vessel wall, extracellular matrix alteration, and several other mechanisms. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is an important step in the finding of new potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mazuchova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin and University Hospital in Martin, Department of Medical Biology
| | - M Pec
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin and University Hospital in Martin, Department of Medical Biology
| | - E Halasova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin and University Hospital in Martin, Department of Medical Biology
| | - V Valentova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin and University Hospital in Martin, Department of Medical Biology
| | - M Sarlinova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin and University Hospital in Martin, Department of Medical Biology
| | - J Mazuch
- Clinic of Surgery and Transplant Center
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