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Abstract
Inflammation is a complex and necessary component of the response to biological, chemical, or physical stimuli, and the cellular and molecular events that initiate and regulate the interactions between the various players in the inflammatory process remain a source of ongoing investigation. In the acute phase of the inflammatory response, cells of the immune system migrate to the site of injury in a carefully orchestrated sequence of events that is facilitated by soluble mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and acute-phase proteins. Depending on the degree of injury, this acute phase may be sufficient to resolve the damage and initiate healing processes. Persistent inflammation, either as a result of prolonged exposure to stimulation or an inappropriate reaction against self-molecules, can lead to the chronic phase, in which tissue damage and fibrosis can occur. Chronic inflammation has been reported to contribute to numerous diseases, including arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and cancer, and to conditions of aging. Hematology and clinical chemistry data from standard toxicology studies can provide an initial indication of the presence and sometimes the location of inflammation. These data may suggest more specific immune function assays that are necessary to determine the presence and/or mechanism(s) of immunomodulation. Although changes in hematology dynamics, acute-phase proteins, complement factors, and cytokines are common to virtually all inflammatory conditions, and can be measured by a variety of techniques, individual biomarkers have yet to be strongly associated with specific pathologic events. Thus, although sensitive indicators of inflammation, these factors generally lack the specificity to identify the offending cause. The profile seen in a given inflammatory condition is dependent on the severity, chronicity, and mechanisms involved in the inflammatory process, as well as the species and the capacity of the individual's immune system to respond and adapt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dori R Germolec
- Toxicology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kelly A Shipkowski
- Toxicology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rachel P Frawley
- Toxicology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ellen Evans
- Immunotoxicology Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
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Ghanima W, Boiocchi L, Lee CS, Feng X, Geyer JT, Gudbrandsdottir S, Orazi A, Junker P, Bussel JB. Immune thrombocytopenia is associated with persistently deranged fibrosis-related seromarker profiles but low bone marrow fibrosis grades: A 2-year observational study on thrombopoietin receptor agonist treatment. Platelets 2018; 30:222-228. [PMID: 29293383 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1411586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) fibrosis is a potential side effect of thrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPO-RA) treatment. We aimed to investigate stromal seromarker profiles and growth factors in order to elucidate pathogenic and dynamic aspects of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)-related BM fibrosis before and during TPO-RA treatment. Connective tissue metabolites [procollagen I and III peptides (PINP/PIIINP); hyaluronan (HYA), C-terminal-telopeptide (ICTP), and fibrosis-related growth factors (transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), HGF, basic fibroblast growth factor)] were measured in blood samples acquired before initiation of TPO-RA and subsequently at 6-month intervals for up to 2 years. BM fibrosis was graded MF-0 in 8 (18%), MF-1 30 (65%), and MF-2 8 (18%) in the last available BM biopsy. In the 21 patients having more than one biopsy, the grade of fibrosis from the first to the last available biopsy decreased in 2 (10%), remained unchanged in 15 (71%), and increased in 4 (19%). Pretreatment levels of PIIINP, PINP, ICTP, and HYA were significantly increased in ITP versus controls. PINP, PIIINP, and HYA decreased on TPO-RA; ICTP remained unchanged. PINP:ICTP was lower before and during treatment compared to controls. Pretreatment, TGF-beta was lower than in controls; HGF exhibited the opposite pattern. HYA, ICTP, and TGF-beta tended to increase while PINP and platelet-derived growth factor tended to decrease with increasing fibrosis grade. In conclusion, ITP is associated with deranged patterns of extracellular matrix seromarkers and growth factors, indicating that BM stromal remodeling is enhanced. During TPO-RA treatment for up to 2 years, this profile was partially reversed while mild BM reticulin fibrosis was still present in the majority of patients. These observations likely reflect a BM injury by autoimmunity that is modified by TPO-RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Ghanima
- a Departments of Research , Medicine and Oncology, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway.,b Departments of Hematology, Institute of clinical medicine , Oslo University , Oslo Norway
| | - Leonardo Boiocchi
- c Pathology Department , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Christina S Lee
- d Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Xingmin Feng
- e National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Julia Turbiner Geyer
- f Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA
| | - Sif Gudbrandsdottir
- g Department of Haematology , Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde , Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Attilio Orazi
- f Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA
| | - Peter Junker
- h Department of Rheumatology C , Odense University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark , Odense, Denmark
| | - James B Bussel
- d Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
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Berlian G, Tandrasasmita OM, Tjandrawinata RR. Trombinol, a bioactive fraction of Psidium guajava , stimulates thrombopoietin expression in HepG2 cells. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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4
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CFD assessment of the effect of convective mass transport on the intracellular clearance of intracellular triglycerides in macrosteatotic hepatocytes. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:1095-1102. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ilangumaran S, Villalobos-Hernandez A, Bobbala D, Ramanathan S. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)–MET receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway: Diverse roles in modulating immune cell functions. Cytokine 2016; 82:125-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ghanima W, Junker P, Hasselbalch HC, Boiocchi L, Geyer JT, Feng X, Gudbrandsdottir S, Orazi A, Bussel JB. Fibroproliferative activity in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) treated with thrombopoietic agents. Br J Haematol 2011; 155:248-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tojima H, Kakizaki S, Kosone T, Horiguchi N, Yamazaki Y, Sato K, Takagi H, Mori M. Hepatocyte growth factor overexpression ameliorates liver inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Int 2011; 6:620-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-011-9301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Felici A, Giubellino A, Bottaro DP. Gab1 mediates hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated mitogenicity and morphogenesis in multipotent myeloid cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:310-21. [PMID: 20506405 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-stimulated mitogenesis, motogenesis and morphogenesis in various cell types begins with activation of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase and the recruitment of intracellular adaptors and kinase substrates. The adapter protein Gab1 is a critical effector and substrate of activated Met, mediating morphogenesis, among other activities, in epithelial cells. To define its role downstream of Met in hematopoietic cells, Gab1 was expressed in the HGF-responsive, Gab1-negative murine myeloid cell line 32D. Interestingly, the adhesion and motility of Gab1-expressing cells were significantly greater than parental cells, independent of growth factor treatment. Downstream of activated Met, Gab1 expression was specifically associated with rapid Shp-2 recruitment and activation, increased mitogenic potency, suppression of GATA-1 expression and concomitant upregulation of GATA-2 transcription. In addition to enhanced proliferation, continuous culture of Gab1-expressing 32D cells in HGF resulted in cell attachment, filopodia extension and phenotypic changes suggestive of monocytic differentiation. Our results suggest that in myeloid cells, Gab1 is likely to enhance HGF mitogenicity by coupling Met to Shp-2 and GATA-2 expression, thereby potentially contributing to normal myeloid differentiation as well as oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Felici
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1501, USA
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9
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Abstract
Inflammation is a complex and necessary component of an organism's response to biological, chemical or physical stimuli. In the acute phase, cells of the immune system migrate to the site of injury in a carefully orchestrated sequence of events that is mediated by cytokines and acute phase proteins. Depending upon the degree of injury, this acute phase may be sufficient to resolve the damage and initiate healing. Persistent inflammation as a result of prolonged exposure to stimulus or an inappropriate reaction to self molecules can lead to the chronic phase, in which tissue damage and fibrosis can occur. Chronic inflammation is reported to contribute to numerous diseases including allergy, arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and cancer, and to conditions of aging. Hematology and clinical chemistry data from standard toxicology studies can provide an initial indication of the presence and sometimes location of inflammation in the absence of specific data on the immune tissues. These data may suggest more specific immune function assays are necessary to determine the existence or mechanism(s) of -immunomodulation. Although changes in hematology dynamics, acute phase proteins, complement factors and cytokines are common to virtually all inflammatory conditions and can be measured by a variety of techniques, individual biomarkers have yet to be strongly associated with specific pathologic events. The specific profile in a given inflammatory condition is dependent upon species, mechanisms, severity, chronicity, and capacity of the immune system to respond and adapt.
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Nakanishi C, Doi H, Katsura K, Satomi S. Treatment with L-Valine Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis and Restores Thrombopoiesis in Rats Exposed to Carbon Tetrachloride. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2010; 221:151-9. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.221.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chikashi Nakanishi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Hideyuki Doi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Kazunori Katsura
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Susumu Satomi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
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Nakamura T, Mizuno S. The discovery of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its significance for cell biology, life sciences and clinical medicine. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:588-610. [PMID: 20551596 PMCID: PMC3081175 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than 25 years since HGF was discovered as a mitogen of hepatocytes. HGF is produced by stromal cells, and stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis and angiogenesis in various organs via tyrosine phosphorylation of its receptor, c-Met. In fetal stages, HGF-neutralization, or c-Met gene destruction, leads to hypoplasia of many organs, indicating that HGF signals are essential for organ development. Endogenous HGF is required for self-repair of injured livers, kidneys, lungs and so on. In addition, HGF exerts protective effects on epithelial and non-epithelial organs (including the heart and brain) via anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory signals. During organ diseases, plasma HGF levels significantly increased, while anti-HGF antibody infusion accelerated tissue destruction in rodents. Thus, endogenous HGF is required for minimization of diseases, while insufficient production of HGF leads to organ failure. This is the reason why HGF supplementation produces therapeutic outcomes under pathological conditions. Moreover, emerging studies delineated key roles of HGF during tumor metastasis, while HGF-antagonism leads to anti-tumor outcomes. Taken together, HGF-based molecules, including HGF-variants, HGF-fragments and c-Met-binders are available as regenerative or anti-tumor drugs. Molecular analysis of the HGF-c-Met system could provide bridges between basic biology and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Nakamura
- Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for Regenerative Drug Discovery, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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