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Gao X, Qin S, Wu Y, Chu C, Jiang B, Johnson RH, Kuang D, Zhang J, Wang X, Mehta A, Tew KD, Leone GW, Yu XZ, Wang H. Nuclear PFKP promotes CXCR4-dependent infiltration by T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e143119. [PMID: 34255748 DOI: 10.1172/jci143119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PFKP (phosphofructokinase, platelet), the major isoform of PFK1 expressed in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), is predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm to carry out its glycolytic function. Our study showed that PFKP is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein with functional nuclear export and nuclear localization sequences (NLSs). Cyclin D3/CDK6 facilitated PFKP nuclear translocation by dimerization and by exposing the NLS of PFKP to induce the interaction between PFKP and importin 9. Nuclear PFKP stimulated the expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), a chemokine receptor regulating leukemia homing/infiltration, to promote T-ALL cell invasion, which depended on the activity of c-Myc. In vivo experiments showed that nuclear PFKP promoted leukemia homing/infiltration into the bone marrow, spleen, and liver, which could be blocked with CXCR4 antagonists. Immunohistochemical staining of tissues from a clinically well-annotated cohort of T cell lymphoma/leukemia patients showed nuclear PFKP localization in invasive cancers, but not in nonmalignant T lymph node or reactive hyperplasia. The presence of nuclear PFKP in these specimens correlated with poor survival in patients with T cell malignancy, suggesting the potential utility of nuclear PFKP as a diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Gao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Shenghui Qin
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chen Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and
| | - Roger H Johnson
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Dong Kuang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anand Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gustavo W Leone
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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2
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Uras IZ, Sexl V, Kollmann K. CDK6 Inhibition: A Novel Approach in AML Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072528. [PMID: 32260549 PMCID: PMC7178035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complex disease with an aggressive clinical course and high mortality rate. The standard of care for patients has only changed minimally over the past 40 years. However, potentially useful agents have moved from bench to bedside with the potential to revolutionize therapeutic strategies. As such, cell-cycle inhibitors have been discussed as alternative treatment options for AML. In this review, we focus on cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) emerging as a key molecule with distinct functions in different subsets of AML. CDK6 exerts its effects in a kinase-dependent and -independent manner which is of clinical significance as current inhibitors only target the enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Z. Uras
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 43-1-25077-2917
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3
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CDK6 coordinates JAK2 V617F mutant MPN via NF-κB and apoptotic networks. Blood 2019; 133:1677-1690. [PMID: 30635286 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-08-872648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 80% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) harbor the acquired somatic JAK2 V617F mutation. JAK inhibition is not curative and fails to induce a persistent response in most patients, illustrating the need for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. We describe a critical role for CDK6 in MPN evolution. The absence of Cdk6 ameliorates clinical symptoms and prolongs survival. The CDK6 protein interferes with 3 hallmarks of disease: besides regulating malignant stem cell quiescence, it promotes nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and contributes to cytokine production while inhibiting apoptosis. The effects are not mirrored by palbociclib, showing that the functions of CDK6 in MPN pathogenesis are largely kinase independent. Our findings thus provide a rationale for targeting CDK6 in MPN.
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4
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Bellutti F, Tigan AS, Nebenfuehr S, Dolezal M, Zojer M, Grausenburger R, Hartenberger S, Kollmann S, Doma E, Prchal-Murphy M, Uras IZ, Höllein A, Neuberg DS, Ebert BL, Ringler A, Mueller AC, Loizou JI, Hinds PW, Vogl C, Heller G, Kubicek S, Zuber J, Malumbres M, Farlik M, Villunger A, Kollmann K, Sexl V. CDK6 Antagonizes p53-Induced Responses during Tumorigenesis. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:884-897. [PMID: 29899063 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor formation is a multistep process during which cells acquire genetic and epigenetic changes until they reach a fully transformed state. We show that CDK6 contributes to tumor formation by regulating transcriptional responses in a stage-specific manner. In early stages, the CDK6 kinase induces a complex transcriptional program to block p53 in hematopoietic cells. Cells lacking CDK6 kinase function are required to mutate TP53 (encoding p53) to achieve a fully transformed immortalized state. CDK6 binds to the promoters of genes including the p53 antagonists Prmt5, Ppm1d, and Mdm4 The findings are relevant to human patients: Tumors with low levels of CDK6 have mutations in TP53 significantly more often than expected.Significance: CDK6 acts at the interface of p53 and RB by driving cell-cycle progression and antagonizing stress responses. While sensitizing cells to p53-induced cell death, specific inhibition of CDK6 kinase activity may provoke the outgrowth of p53-mutant clones from premalignant cells. Cancer Discov; 8(7); 884-97. ©2018 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bellutti
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anca-Sarmiza Tigan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofie Nebenfuehr
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zojer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Grausenburger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svenja Hartenberger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eszter Doma
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Z Uras
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Donna S Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Ringler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andre C Mueller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna I Loizou
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Kubicek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Shang A, Lu WY, Yang M, Zhou C, Zhang H, Cai ZX, Wang WW, Wang WX, Wu GQ. miR-9 induces cell arrest and apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma via CDK 4/6 pathway. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1754-1762. [PMID: 29073835 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1391825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer remains a major public concern with considerable socioeconomic impact in the world, especially in southeast Asia. Despite substantial advancements have been made in treating oral cancer, the five-year survival rate for OSCC remained undesirable, and 35-55% patients developed recurrence within two years even with multimodality therapeutic strategies. Hence, identification of novel biomarkers for diagnosis and evaluating clinical outcome is of vital importance. MicroRNAs are 22-24 nt non-coding RNAs that could bind to 3' UTR of target mRNAs, thereby inducing degradation of mRNA or inhibiting translation. Due to its implication in regulation of post-transcriptional processes, the role of miRNAs in malignancies has been extensively studied, among which the discovery of functional miR-9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remained to be elucidated. We first demonstrated that miR-9 was down-regulated in 21 OSCC patients, and we further found that forced expression of miR-9 could result in deterred cell proliferation and decreased ability to migrate and form colonies. Flow cytometry displayed cell-cycle arrested at G0/G1 phase. We next used Targetscan to predict target genes of miR-9. CDK6, a protein highly implicated in cell cycle control, was chosen for verification. Down-regulation of CDK6 and Cyclin D1 in Tca8113 transfected with miR-9 mimics indicate that the complex formed by both proteins may be the effector of the antiproliferative function of miR-9 in OSCCs. Considering small molecules are developed to target CDK4/6, our finding may provide valuable scientific evidence for research and development of therapies and diagnostic methodology in OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anquan Shang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine, , Tongji Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China.,b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wen-Ying Lu
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Man Yang
- c Department of Laboratory Medicine , Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China.,d School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Hong Zhang
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zheng-Xin Cai
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- e Department of Pathology , The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China.,f Department of Pathology , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wan-Xiang Wang
- g Department of Laboratory Medicine , The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Gui-Qi Wu
- h Department of General Surgery , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
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Pikman Y, Alexe G, Roti G, Conway AS, Furman A, Lee ES, Place AE, Kim S, Saran C, Modiste R, Weinstock DM, Harris M, Kung AL, Silverman LB, Stegmaier K. Synergistic Drug Combinations with a CDK4/6 Inhibitor in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1012-1024. [PMID: 28151717 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), many patients will require additional therapy for relapsed/refractory disease. Cyclin D3 (CCND3) and CDK6 are highly expressed in T-ALL and have been effectively targeted in mutant NOTCH1-driven mouse models of this disease with a CDK4/6 small-molecule inhibitor. Combination therapy, however, will be needed for the successful treatment of human disease.Experimental Design: We performed preclinical drug testing using a panel of T-ALL cell lines first with LEE011, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, and next with the combination of LEE011 with a panel of drugs relevant to T-ALL treatment. We then tested the combination of LEE011 with dexamethasone or everolimus in three orthotopic mouse models and measured on-target drug activity.Results: We first determined that both NOTCH1-mutant and wild-type T-ALL are highly sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of CDK4/6 when wild-type RB is expressed. Next, we determined that CDK4/6 inhibitors are antagonistic when used either concurrently or in sequence with many of the drugs used to treat relapsed T-ALL (methotrexate, mercaptopurine, asparaginase, and doxorubicin) but are synergistic with glucocorticoids, an mTOR inhibitor, and gamma secretase inhibitor. The combinations of LEE011 with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone or the mTOR inhibitor everolimus were tested in vivo and prolonged survival in three orthotopic mouse models of T-ALL. On-target activity was measured in peripheral blood and tissue of treated mice.Conclusions: We conclude that LEE011 is active in T-ALL and that combination therapy with corticosteroids and/or mTOR inhibitors warrants further investigation. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1012-24. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Carroll et al., p. 873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Pikman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriela Alexe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giovanni Roti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Saur Conway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Furman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily S Lee
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew E Place
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chitra Saran
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Modiste
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marian Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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7
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Palbociclib treatment of FLT3-ITD+ AML cells uncovers a kinase-dependent transcriptional regulation of FLT3 and PIM1 by CDK6. Blood 2016; 127:2890-902. [PMID: 27099147 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-683581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 30% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia have constitutively activating internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase. Such mutations are associated with a poor prognosis and a high propensity to relapse after remission. FLT3 inhibitors are being developed as targeted therapy for FLT3-ITD(+) acute myeloid leukemia; however, their use is complicated by rapid development of resistance, which illustrates the need for additional therapeutic targets. We show that the US Food and Drug Administration-approved CDK4/6 kinase inhibitor palbociclib induces apoptosis of FLT3-ITD leukemic cells. The effect is specific for FLT3-mutant cells and is ascribed to the transcriptional activity of CDK6: CDK6 but not its functional homolog CDK4 is found at the promoters of the FLT3 and PIM1 genes, another important leukemogenic driver. There CDK6 regulates transcription in a kinase-dependent manner. Of potential clinical relevance, combined treatment with palbociclib and FLT3 inhibitors results in synergistic cytotoxicity. Simultaneously targeting two critical signaling nodes in leukemogenesis could represent a therapeutic breakthrough, leading to complete remission and overcoming resistance to FLT3 inhibitors.
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8
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CDK6-a review of the past and a glimpse into the future: from cell-cycle control to transcriptional regulation. Oncogene 2015; 35:3083-91. [PMID: 26500059 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The G1 cell-cycle kinase CDK6 has long been thought of as a redundant homolog of CDK4. Although the two kinases have very similar roles in cell-cycle progression, it has recently become apparent that they differ in tissue-specific functions and contribute differently to tumor development. CDK6 is directly involved in transcription in tumor cells and in hematopoietic stem cells. These functions point to a role of CDK6 in tissue homeostasis and differentiation that is partially independent of CDK6's kinase activity and is not shared with CDK4. We review the literature on the contribution of CDK6 to transcription in an attempt to link the new findings on CDK6's transcriptional activity to cell-cycle progression. Finally, we note that anticancer therapies based on the inhibition of CDK6 kinase activity fail to take into account its kinase-independent role in tumor development.
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9
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Aleem E, Arceci RJ. Targeting cell cycle regulators in hematologic malignancies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:16. [PMID: 25914884 PMCID: PMC4390903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies represent the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer in economically developed countries. In hematologic malignancies normal hematopoiesis is interrupted by uncontrolled growth of a genetically altered stem or progenitor cell (HSPC) that maintains its ability of self-renewal. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) not only regulate the mammalian cell cycle, but also influence other vital cellular processes, such as stem cell renewal, differentiation, transcription, epigenetic regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Chromosomal translocations, amplification, overexpression and altered CDK activities have been described in different types of human cancer, which have made them attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition. Mouse models deficient for one or more CDKs have significantly contributed to our current understanding of the physiological functions of CDKs, as well as their roles in human cancer. The present review focuses on selected cell cycle kinases with recent emerging key functions in hematopoiesis and in hematopoietic malignancies, such as CDK6 and its role in MLL-rearranged leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, CDK1 and its regulator WEE-1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and cyclin C/CDK8/CDK19 complexes in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The knowledge gained from gene knockout experiments in mice of these kinases is also summarized. An overview of compounds targeting these kinases, which are currently in clinical development in various solid tumors and hematopoietic malignances, is presented. These include the CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (palbociclib, LEE011, LY2835219), pan-CDK inhibitors that target CDK1 (dinaciclib, flavopiridol, AT7519, TG02, P276-00, terampeprocol and RGB 286638) as well as the WEE-1 kinase inhibitor, MK-1775. The advantage of combination therapy of cell cycle inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of AML, such as cytarabine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Aleem
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert J Arceci
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA
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10
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Kollmann K, Heller G, Schneckenleithner C, Warsch W, Scheicher R, Ott R, Schäfer M, Fajmann S, Schlederer M, Schiefer AI, Reichart U, Mayerhofer M, Hoeller C, Zöchbauer-Müller S, Kerjaschki D, Bock C, Kenner L, Hoefler G, Freissmuth M, Green A, Moriggl R, Busslinger M, Malumbres M, Sexl V. A kinase-independent function of CDK6 links the cell cycle to tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:167-81. [PMID: 23948297 PMCID: PMC3743049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to its close homolog CDK4, the cell cycle kinase CDK6 is expressed at high levels in lymphoid malignancies. In a model for p185BCR-ABL+ B-acute lymphoid leukemia, we show that CDK6 is part of a transcription complex that induces the expression of the tumor suppressor p16INK4a and the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF-A. This function is independent of CDK6's kinase activity. High CDK6 expression thus suppresses proliferation by upregulating p16INK4a, providing an internal safeguard. However, in the absence of p16INK4a, CDK6 can exert its full tumor-promoting function by enhancing proliferation and stimulating angiogenesis. The finding that CDK6 connects cell-cycle progression to angiogenesis confirms CDK6's central role in hematopoietic malignancies and could underlie the selection pressure to upregulate CDK6 and silence p16INK4a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Warsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene G. Ott
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schäfer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Fajmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Reichart
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Mayerhofer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Zöchbauer-Müller
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony R. Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Hematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author
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11
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Pontes HAR, Pontes FSC, Silva BSDF, Fonseca FP, Andrade BABD, Rizo VHT, Romanach MJ, Leon JE, Almeida OPD. Extranodal Nasal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: A Rare Oral Presentation and FASN, CD44 and GLUT-1 Expression. Braz Dent J 2013; 24:284-8. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma is an aggressive malignant tumor with distinctive clinicopathological features, characterized by vascular invasion and destruction, prominent necrosis, cytotoxic lymphocyte phenotype and a strong association with Epstein-Barr virus. Here is reported an extranodal nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma case, involving the maxillary sinus, floor of the orbit, and interestingly extending to the oral cavity through the alveolar bone and buccal mucosa, preserving the palate, leading to a primary misdiagnosis of aggressive periodontal disease. Moreover, this work investigated for the first time the immunohistochemical expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) proteins in this neoplasia. FASN showed strong cytoplasmatic expression in the neoplastic cells, whereas GLUT-1 and CD44 were negative. These findings suggest that the expression of FASN and the loss of CD44 might be involved in the pathogenesis of the extranodal nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, and that GLUT-1 may not participate in the survival adaptation of the tumor cells to the hypoxic environment. Further studies with larger series are required to confirm these initial results.
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12
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c-JUN promotes BCR-ABL-induced lymphoid leukemia by inhibiting methylation of the 5' region of Cdk6. Blood 2011; 117:4065-75. [PMID: 21300982 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-299644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor c-JUN and its upstream kinase JNK1 have been implicated in BCR-ABL-induced leukemogenesis. JNK1 has been shown to regulate BCL2 expression, thereby altering leukemogenesis, but the impact of c-JUN remained unclear. In this study, we show that JNK1 and c-JUN promote leukemogenesis via separate pathways, because lack of c-JUN impairs proliferation of p185(BCR-ABL)-transformed cells without affecting their viability. The decreased proliferation of c-Jun(Δ/Δ) cells is associated with the loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) expression. In c-Jun(Δ/Δ) cells, CDK6 expression becomes down-regulated upon BCR-ABL-induced transformation, which correlates with CpG island methylation within the 5' region of Cdk6. We verified the impact of Cdk6 deficiency using Cdk6(-/-) mice that developed BCR-ABL-induced B-lymphoid leukemia with significantly increased latency and an attenuated disease phenotype. In addition, we show that reexpression of CDK6 in BCR-ABL-transformed c-Jun(Δ/Δ) cells reconstitutes proliferation and tumor formation in Nu/Nu mice. In summary, our study reveals a novel function for the activating protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor c-JUN in leukemogenesis by antagonizing promoter methylation. Moreover, we identify CDK6 as relevant and critical target of AP-1-regulated DNA methylation on BCR-ABL-induced transformation, thereby accelerating leukemogenesis.
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13
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Slit2 inhibits growth and metastasis of fibrosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia 2009; 10:1411-20. [PMID: 19048120 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Slits are a group of secreted glycoproteins that play a role in the regulation of cell migration. Previous studies suggested that Slit2 might be a tumor-suppressor gene. However, it remained to be determined whether Slit2 suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in animal models. We showed that Slit2 expression was decreased or abolished in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) compared to normal tissues by in situ hybridization. Stable transfection of human SCC A431 and fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells with Slit2 gene suppressed tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Apoptosis in Slit2-transfected tumors was increased, whereas proliferating cells were decreased, suggesting a mechanism for Slit2-mediated tumor suppression. This was supported by further analysis indicating that antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl and cell cycle molecules Cdk6 and Cyclin D1 were down-regulated in Slit2-transfected tumors. Furthermore, wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays showed that the transfection with Slit2 inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion. Slit2-transfected tumors showed a high level of keratin 8/18 and a low level of N-cadherin expression compared to empty vector-transfected tumors. More importantly, Slit2 transfection suppressed the metastasis of HT1080 tumor cells in lungs after intravenous inoculation. Collectively, our study has demonstrated that Slit2 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of fibrosarcoma and SCC and that its effect on cell cycle and apoptosis signal pathways is an important mechanism for Slit2-mediated tumor suppression.
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14
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Wu X, Li P, Zhao J, Yang X, Wang F, Yang YQ, Fang F, Xu Y, Zhang H, Wang WY, Yi C. A clinical study of 115 patients with extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009; 20:619-25. [PMID: 18790372 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the clinicopathological features, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients with extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 115 patients diagnosed with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type who were admitted to our hospital between January 1991 and June 2006. RESULTS In total, 107 patients were available for follow-up. After the completion of treatment, 48 patients (44.9%) achieved a complete remission. By the end of the follow-up period, 60 patients (56.1%) had died from local recurrence or metastases. The mean survival duration was 70.0 months, the median survival duration was 42 months, and the 5-year survival rate was 39.4%. The mean survival durations of the three treatment groups of chemoradiotherapy, radiotherapy and palliative treatment were 91.6, 60.1 and 17.6 months, respectively. The median survival durations were 72.0, 42.0 and 10 months, respectively. Patients treated with > 50 Gy had better local control and survival than the < 50 Gy group. However, there was no significant difference between patients having fewer than four cycles of chemotherapy and patients having more than four cycles. Multifactor Cox regression model analysis showed that B symptoms, gender, International Prognostic Index (IPI) score, disease stage and therapy were all independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type is poor and significantly influenced by B symptoms, gender, IPI score, clinical staging and the method of treatment. Chemoradiotherapy should be the first choice for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Head and Neck Carcinoma Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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15
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Hu MG, Deshpande A, Enos M, Mao D, Hinds EA, Hu GF, Chang R, Guo Z, Dose M, Mao C, Tsichlis PN, Gounari F, Hinds PW. A requirement for cyclin-dependent kinase 6 in thymocyte development and tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:810-8. [PMID: 19155308 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) promotes cell cycle progression and is overexpressed in human lymphoid malignancies. To determine the role of CDK6 in development and tumorigenesis, we generated and analyzed knockout mice. Cdk6-deficient mice show pronounced thymic atrophy due to reduced proliferative fractions and concomitant transitional blocks in the double-negative stages. Using the OP9-DL1 system to deliver temporally controlled Notch receptor-dependent signaling, we show that CDK6 is required for Notch-dependent survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Furthermore, CDK6-deficient mice were resistant to lymphomagenesis induced by active Akt, a downstream target of Notch signaling. These results show a critical requirement for CDK6 in Notch/Akt-dependent T-cell development and tumorigenesis and strongly support CDK6 as a specific therapeutic target in human lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaofen G Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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16
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Katsaounis P, Alexopoulou A, Dourakis SP, Smyrnidis A, Marinos L, Filiotou A, Archimandritis AJ. An extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type, with specific immunophenotypic and genotypic features. Int J Hematol 2008; 88:202-205. [PMID: 18654739 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-008-0137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, 'nasal type,' is a rare clinicopathological entity in Europe. The main clinical features are nasal congestion, sore throat, dysphagia and epistaxis, due to a destructive mass involving the midline facial tissues. Pathologically, lymphoma cells exhibit angioinvasion, angiodestruction and coagulative necrosis. We report the case of a patient who presented with fever, dyspnea, nasal congestion, headache, distention of right nasal turbinates and exophytic lower leg ulcerating lesions. A CT scan of visceral scull demonstrated a filling mass of right frontal, ethmoidal and maxillary sinuses with erosion of the wall of right maxillary sinus and ventral portion of the diaphragm. A biopsy was performed in the skin lesion and showed an angioinvasive NK/T cell lymphoma CD56 negative with clonal rearrangement of the T-cell-receptor gamma gene. Up to our knowledge, this is a rare immunophenotype for NK/T-cell, 'nasal type,' lymphomas. However, the lymphoma may be classified as extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, 'nasal type,' due to typical clinical presentation, radiologic findings and pathological characteristics of polymorphism, angioinvasion, angiodestruction and coagulative necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Katsaounis
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Alexopoulou
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece. .,, 40 Konstantinoupoleos St., 16342, Hilioupolis, Athens, Greece.
| | - Spyros P Dourakis
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Smyrnidis
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Marinos
- Pathology of Blood Department, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Filiotou
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios J Archimandritis
- 2nd Department of Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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17
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Nagel S, Leich E, Quentmeier H, Meyer C, Kaufmann M, Drexler HG, Zettl A, Rosenwald A, MacLeod RAF. Amplification at 7q22 targets cyclin-dependent kinase 6 in T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2007; 22:387-92. [PMID: 17989712 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2405028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent chromosomal aberrations in hematopoietic tumors target genes involved in pathogenesis. Their identification and functional characterization are therefore important for the establishment of rational therapies. Here, we investigated genomic amplification at 7q22 in the T-cell lymphoma cell line SU-DHL-1 belonging to the subtype of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). Cytogenetic analysis mapped this amplicon to 86-95 Mb. Copy-number determination quantified the amplification level at 5- to 6-fold. Expression analysis of genes located within this region identified cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) as a potential amplification target. In comparison with control cell lines, SU-DHL-1 expressed considerably higher levels of CDK6. Functionally, SU-DHL-1 cells exhibited reduced sensitivity to rapamycin treatment, as indicated by cell growth and cell cycle analysis. Rapamycin reportedly inhibits degradation of the CDK inhibitor p27 with concomitant downregulation of cyclin D3, implying a proliferative advantage for CDK6 overexpression. Amplification of the CDK6 locus was analyzed in primary T-cell lymphoma samples and, while detected infrequently in those classified as ALCL (1%), was detected in 23% of peripheral T-cell lymphomas not otherwise specified. Taken together, analysis of the 7q22 amplicon identified CDK6 as an important cell cycle regulator in T-cell lymphomas, representing a novel potential target for rational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagel
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany.
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18
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Jones R, Ruas M, Gregory F, Moulin S, Delia D, Manoukian S, Rowe J, Brookes S, Peters G. A CDKN2A mutation in familial melanoma that abrogates binding of p16INK4a to CDK4 but not CDK6. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9134-41. [PMID: 17909018 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CDKN2A locus encodes two distinct proteins, p16INK4a and p14ARF, both of which are implicated in replicative senescence and tumor suppression in different contexts. Here, we describe the characterization of a novel strain of human diploid fibroblasts (designated Milan HDFs) from an individual who is homozygous for the R24P mutation in p16INK4a. As this mutation occurs in the first exon of INK4a (exon 1alpha), it has no effect on the primary sequence of p14(ARF). Based on both in vitro and in vivo analyses, the R24P variant is specifically defective for binding to CDK4 but remains able to associate with CDK6. Nevertheless, Milan HDFs behave as if they are p16INK4a deficient, in terms of sensitivity to spontaneous and oncogene-induced senescence, and the R24P variant has little effect on proliferation when ectopically expressed in normal fibroblasts. It can, however, impair the proliferation of U20S cells, presumably because they express more CDK6 than primary fibroblasts. These observations suggest that CDK4 and CDK6 are not functionally redundant and underscore the importance of CDK4 in the development of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jones
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincolns Inn Field London, WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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19
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Lin CW, Liu TY, Chen SU, Wang KT, Medeiros LJ, Hsu SM. CD94 1A transcripts characterize lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia of immature natural killer cell origin with distinct clinical features. Blood 2005; 106:3567-74. [PMID: 16046525 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most lymphoblastic lymphomas (LBLs) are regarded as neoplasms of immature T cells because they express cytoplasmic CD3 and frequently carry T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements. Immature natural killer (NK) and T cells, however, have a common bipotent T/NK-cell precursor in the thymus, and NK cells also express cytoplasmic CD3. Thus, some LBLs could arise from immature NK cells. Mature NK cells express 2 CD94 transcripts: 1A, induced by interleukin 15 (IL-15), and 1B constitutively. Because immature NK cells require IL-15 for development, CD94 1A transcripts could be a marker of NK-LBL. To test this hypothesis, we used laser capture microdissection to isolate IL-15 receptor alpha(+) lymphoid cells from the thymus and showed that these cells contained CD94 1A transcripts. We then assessed for CD94 transcripts in 21 cases of LBL that were cytoplasmic CD3(+), nuclear terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positive (TdT(+)), and CD56(-), consistent with either the T-cell or NK-cell lineage. We found that 7 LBLs expressed CD94 1A transcripts without TCR gene rearrangements, suggesting NK-cell lineage. Patients with NK-LBL were younger than patients with T-LBL (15 years versus 33 years; P = .11) and had a better 2-year survival (100% versus 27%; P < .01). These results improve the current classification of LBL and contribute to our understanding of NK-cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Leukemia/mortality
- Leukemia/pathology
- Male
- Microdissection/methods
- Middle Aged
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D/biosynthesis
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/mortality
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wu Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
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20
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Li CC, Tien HF, Tang JL, Yao M, Chen YC, Su IJ, Hsu SM, Hong RL. Treatment outcome and pattern of failure in 77 patients with sinonasal natural killer/T-cell or T-cell lymphoma. Cancer 2004; 100:366-75. [PMID: 14716773 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinonasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell or T-cell lymphoma behaves quite differently from other lymphomas. The objective of this study was to investigate clinical features, treatment outcomes, and failure patterns in patients with this type of sinonasal lymphoma. METHODS From September, 1977 to December, 2000, 77 patients with sinonasal NK/T-cell lymphoma or T-cell lymphoma who had received radiotherapy (R/T), chemotherapy (C/T), or both (R/T and C/T) were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS Fifty-six patients (73%) had locoregional disease only, and 21 patients (27%) had systemic involvement. Forty-four patients (57%) achieved a complete remission (CR). The 5-year overall survival rate was 36% (median follow-up, 89 months). Achievement of CR was the only prognostic factor for survival in multivariate analysis. Among patients with locoregional disease, the CR rate was 63%, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 42%. Combined R/T and C/T or R/T alone resulted in better survival compared with C/T alone (5-year survival rates, 59%, 50%, and 15%, respectively; P = 0.01). Incidences of locoregional and systemic failure were 43% and 30%, respectively. Outcome was dismal for patients with systemic disease, with a CR rate of 43% and a 5-year survival rate of 25%. Only 2 of 21 patients had sustained remissions. The locoregional and systemic failure rates were 57% and 71%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Treatment outcomes were unsatisfactory for patients with locoregional and systemic sinonasal NK/T-cell or T-cell lymphoma. R/T could not control locoregional disease satisfactorily, and C/T was unable to eradicate systemic disease in many patients. High-dose therapy may be worth studying in these patients. New treatments should be investigated to increase remission rates, prevent failure, and improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Li
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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21
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Hamzaoui M, Essid A, Sahli S, Ben Salah M, Boussen H, Ben Attia M, Houissa T. [Nasal angiocentric T cell-natural killer cell lymphoma with pancreatic localisation in a child]. Arch Pediatr 2004; 10:979-82. [PMID: 14613691 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2003.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nasal angiocentric T-cell-natural killer cell lymphoma is an aggressive tumor, exceptional in Tunisia, which is observed especially in Asia, Mexico and South America. We report the case of an 11-year-old boy, presenting with an exuberant and ulcerative tumor of the right nasal pit. Radiological investigation evidenced a right ethmoïdo-frontal tumor. Evolution was characterized by the installation of abdominal pain and fever, the evidenciation of a mass within the head of the pancreas that compressed the extra hepatic biliary duct and Wirsung's canal and was associated to hyperamylasemia. Biopsy under ultrasound revealed a histiocytic nature. Nasal biopsy found histiocytic and lymphocytic cells and led to a diagnosis of rhinoscleroma. The absence of improvement under antibiotic treatment and the development of fever with leuconeutropenia oriented towards the diagnosis of a non-Hodgkinian malignant lymphoma. Medullary biopsy and immunohistochimic study confirmed a T/NK cells lymphoma, with medullary invasion. The child died from acute respiratory distress syndrome. The authors insist on the rarity of this bipolar location, in particular in children, emphasize the difficulty of the diagnosis and review the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamzaoui
- Service de chirurgie pédiatrique A, hôpital d'enfants de Tunis, place Bab-Saadoune, 1006 Tunis, Tunisie.
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22
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Chen Q, Lin J, Jinno S, Okayama H. Overexpression of Cdk6-cyclin D3 highly sensitizes cells to physical and chemical transformation. Oncogene 2003; 22:992-1001. [PMID: 12592386 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all mammalian cells express two seemingly redundant cyclin-D-dependent kinases (Cdk4 and Cdk6) and three partner cyclins (D1, D2 and D3) essential for the G(1)-S transition, with predominant expression of Cdk4 and D1 in mesenchymal cells and Cdk6 and D3 in hematopoietic cells. We recently found two novel functions for Cdk6 executed in fibroblasts although unlike Cdk4 it is dispensable for their proliferation. In the rat fibroblast NRK-49F cells, oncogenic stimulation recruits Cdk6 to participate in a step of the cell cycle start that seems to be critical for anchorage-independent S-phase onset. Among the kinase-D-type cyclin combinations, the Cdk6-cyclin-D3 complex has a unique ability to evade inhibition by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and thereby control the cell's proliferative competence under growth-suppressive conditions. We describe here that 2-5-fold overexpression of both Cdk6 and D3 enhances by 5x10(3)-10(6)-fold the susceptibility of the BALB/c3T3 and C3H10T1/2 mouse fibroblast lines to ultraviolet irradiation- as well as 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transformation. This result suggests that deregulated expression of Cdk6 and cyclinD3 may predispose cells to malignant transformation, supporting the recent finding that cyclin D3 activated by chromosomal rearrangement is the causative gene of non-Hodgkin B lymphoma, in which Cdk6 is the major partner kinase.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Cell Division
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/radiation effects
- Codon/genetics
- Cyclin D1/biosynthesis
- Cyclin D1/physiology
- Cyclin D3
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/biosynthesis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/physiology
- Cyclins/biosynthesis
- Cyclins/genetics
- Cyclins/physiology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/radiation effects
- Gene Expression
- Genes, bcl-1
- Humans
- Methylcholanthrene/toxicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
- Rats
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transfection
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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23
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Lin CW, Yang JY, Chuang YC, Chen YH, Albitar M, Hsu SM. Presence of restricted killer immunoglobulin-like receptor repertoire and monoclonal T-cell receptor gamma rearrangement as evidence of mixed NK/T-cell differentiation in a subset of sinonasal lymphomas. J Transl Med 2003; 83:55-64. [PMID: 12533686 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000047491.62596.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most sinonasal lymphomas have a restricted killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) repertoire without a monoclonal T-cell receptor-gamma (TCR-gamma) rearrangement, implying an NK lineage. However, the lineage assignment of sinonasal lymphoma with a monoclonal TCR-gamma rearrangement is unclear because of its mixed NK/T phenotype. The possibility of a mixed NK/T lineage arises with the discovery of T cells with NK features, such as KIR(+) T cells or Valpha24(+) NKT cells. The former might transform into a T-cell lymphoma with both a monoclonal TCR-gamma rearrangement and a restricted KIR repertoire; the latter might give rise to a T-cell lymphoma with a monoclonal Valpha24 rearrangement and possibly a restricted KIR repertoire. To identify such mixed-lineage lymphomas, we undertook a survey of 15 consecutive sinonasal lymphomas and found six with both a restricted KIR repertoire and a monoclonal TCR-gamma rearrangement, consistent with KIR(+) T-cell lymphomas. Among these six cases, four female CD56(-)/CD44(-)/CD8(-)/CD45RO(+)/CD45RA(-) cases constituted a distinct group with a better prognosis than the rest of the male cases of sinonasal lymphomas. None of the six cases had a monoclonal Valpha24 repertoire, thus excluding a derivation from NKT cells. The predominance of KIR(+) T cells that normally function in chronic viral infections over Valpha24(+) NKT cells that typically recognize glycolipid antigens is consistent with the known association of Epstein-Barr virus infection with sinonasal lymphoma. The demonstration of mixed lineage in a mature lymphoid neoplasm is unusual and echoes the World Health Organization classification that placed NK-cell and T-cell lymphomas in a mixed group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wu Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Raffini LJ, Slater DJ, Rappaport EF, Lo Nigro L, Cheung NKV, Biegel JA, Nowell PC, Lange BJ, Felix CA. Panhandle and reverse-panhandle PCR enable cloning of der(11) and der(other) genomic breakpoint junctions of MLL translocations and identify complex translocation of MLL, AF-4, and CDK6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:4568-73. [PMID: 11930009 PMCID: PMC123688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.062066799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used panhandle PCR to clone the der(11) genomic breakpoint junction in three leukemias with t(4;11) and devised reverse-panhandle PCR to clone the breakpoint junction of the other derivative chromosome. This work contributes two elements to knowledge on MLL translocations. First is reverse-panhandle PCR for cloning breakpoint junctions of the other derivative chromosomes, sequences of which are germane to understanding the MLL translocation process. The technique revealed duplicated sequences in one case of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and small deletions in a case of treatment-related ALL. The second element is discovery of a three-way rearrangement of MLL, AF-4, and CDK6 in another case of infant ALL. Cytogenetic analysis was unsuccessful at diagnosis, but suggested t(4;11) and del(7)(q21q31) at relapse. Panhandle PCR analysis of the diagnostic marrow identified a breakpoint junction of MLL intron 8 and AF-4 intron 3. Reverse-panhandle PCR identified a breakpoint junction of CDK6 from band 7q21-q22 and MLL intron 9. CDK6 encodes a critical cell cycle regulator and is the first gene of this type disrupted by MLL translocation. Cdk6 is overexpressed or disrupted by translocation in many cancers. The in-frame CDK6-MLL transcript is provocative with respect to a potential contribution of the predicted Cdk6-MLL fusion protein in the genesis of the ALL, which also contains an in-frame MLL-AF4 transcript. The sequences in these three cases show additional MLL genomic breakpoint heterogeneity. Each breakpoint junction suggests nonhomologous end joining and is consistent with DNA damage and repair. CDK6-MLL is a new fusion of both genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Raffini
- Division of Oncology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ortega S, Malumbres M, Barbacid M. Cyclin D-dependent kinases, INK4 inhibitors and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1602:73-87. [PMID: 11960696 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(02)00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Cyclin D-Cdk4,6/INK4/Rb/E2F pathway plays a key role in controlling cell growth by integrating multiple mitogenic and antimitogenic stimuli. The components of this pathway are gene families with a high level of structural and functional redundancy and are expressed in an overlapping fashion in most tissues and cell types. Using classical transgenic technology as well as gene-targeting in ES cells, a series of mouse models have been developed to study the in vivo function of individual components of this pathway in both normal homeostasis and tumor development. These models have proven to be useful to define specific as well as redundant roles among members of these cell cycle regulatory gene families. This pathway is deregulated in the vast majority of human tumors by genetic and epigenetic alterations that target at least some of its key members such as Cyclin D1, Cdk4, INK4a and INK4b, pRb etc. As a consequence, some of these molecules are currently being considered as targets for cancer therapy, and several novel molecules, such as Cdk inhibitors, are under development as potential anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagrario Ortega
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Lin CW, Lee WH, Chang CL, Yang JY, Hsu SM. Restricted killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor repertoire without T-cell receptor gamma rearrangement supports a true natural killer-cell lineage in a subset of sinonasal lymphomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:1671-9. [PMID: 11696428 PMCID: PMC1867044 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cellular lineage of sinonasal T/NK (natural killer) cell lymphoma remains controversial. Lineage assignment is difficult because T cells and NK cells have a similar morphology and surface markers. Consequently, the assignment must depend heavily on the status of T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement. A monoclonal TCR rearrangement supports a T lineage; however, a corresponding monoclonality test for NK cells has not yet been established. Each NK cell bears a distinct set of killer cell immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (KIRs) that are randomly distributed over three groups. In principle, restriction of the KIR repertoire signifies a monoclonal or possibly oligoclonal NK-cell proliferation, just as Ig light-chain restriction usually indicates a monoclonal B-cell neoplasm. Using a novel group-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we found a restricted KIR repertoire in most sinonasal lymphomas (9 of 10), but only rarely in T-cell lymphomas (2 of 10) or reactive conditions involving T/NK cells (1 of 10). KIR+ sinonasal lymphomas usually lacked a monoclonal TCR-gamma rearrangement pattern, expressed another NK cell receptor, NKG2a, and were usually CD56-positve, cyclin-dependent kinase-6 (CDK6)-positive, CD44-negative, a phenotype already reported to indicate a true NK cell lineage. We conclude that, although sinonasal lymphomas have heterogeneous genotypes and phenotypes, a restricted KIR repertoire without TCR-gamma rearrangement provides preliminary support for the monoclonality hypothesis and can be used for defining a true NK-cell lineage in a subset of sinonasal lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Abstract
The ability to proliferate in the absence of anchorage is a fundamental attribute of cancer cells, yet how it is acquired is one central problem in cancer biology. By utilizing growth factor-transformable NRK cells and its insensitive mutants, we recently found that oncogenic stimulation invokes Cdk6 to participate in a critical step of the cell cycle start, but not via the regulation of its catalytic activity and that Cdk6 participation closely correlates with the anchorage-independent growth ability. Since many hematopoietic cells employ predominantly Cdk6 for the cell cycle start and perform anchorage-independent growth by nature, this finding raises the possibility that the mechanism by which oncogenic stimulation invokes anchorage-independent growth of NRK cells is similar to the one used for hematopoietic cell proliferation. We discuss this novel mechanism and its implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jinno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
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