1
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Fouani Y, Gholipour A, Oveisee M, Shahryari A, Saberi H, Mowla SJ, Malakootian M. Distinct gene expression patterns of SOX2 and SOX2OT variants in different types of brain tumours. J Genet 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-023-01423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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2
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Olsen TR, Talla P, Furnari J, Bruce JN, Canoll P, Zha S, Sims PA. Scalable co-sequencing of RNA and DNA from individual nuclei. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.09.527940. [PMID: 36798358 PMCID: PMC9934633 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The ideal technology for directly investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype would analyze both RNA and DNA genome-wide and with single-cell resolution. However, existing tools lack the throughput required for comprehensive analysis of complex tumors and tissues. We introduce a highly scalable method for jointly profiling DNA and expression following nucleosome depletion (DEFND-seq). In DEFND-seq, nuclei are nucleosome-depleted, tagmented, and separated into individual droplets for mRNA and genomic DNA barcoding. Once nuclei have been depleted of nucleosomes, subsequent steps can be performed using the widely available 10x Genomics droplet microfluidic technology and commercial kits without experimental modification. We demonstrate the production of high-complexity mRNA and gDNA sequencing libraries from thousands of individual nuclei from both cell lines and archived surgical specimens for associating gene expression phenotypes with both copy number and single nucleotide variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Olsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Pranay Talla
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Julia Furnari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Shan Zha
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
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3
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Mejía-Rodríguez R, Romero-Trejo D, González RO, Segovia J. Combined treatments with AZD5363, AZD8542, curcumin or resveratrol induce death of human glioblastoma cells by suppressing the PI3K/AKT and SHH signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 33:101430. [PMID: 36714540 PMCID: PMC9876780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a very aggressive tumor that presents vascularization, necrosis and is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Current treatments are not effective eradicating GBM, thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic strategies against GBM. AZD5363, AZD8542, curcumin and resveratrol, are widely studied for the treatment of cancer and in the present study we explored the effects of the administration of combined treatments with AZD5363, AZD8542, curcumin or resveratrol on human GBM cells. We found that the combined treatments with AZD5363+AZD8542+Curcumin and AZD8542+Curcumin+Resveratrol inhibit the PI3K/AKT and SHH survival pathways by decreasing the activity of AKT, the reduction of the expression of SMO, pP70S6k, pS6k, GLI1, p21 and p27, and the activation of caspase-3 as a marker of apoptosis. These results provide evidence that the combined treatments AZD5363+AZD8542+Curcumin and AZD8542+Curcumin+Resveratrol have the potential to be an interesting option against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Mejía-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico
| | - Daniel Romero-Trejo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico
| | - Rosa O. González
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa (UAM-I), Mexico
| | - José Segovia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico,Corresponding author. Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN # 2508, 07300, Mexico.
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4
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The RING finger protein family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:300. [PMID: 36042206 PMCID: PMC9424811 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a highly conserved and fundamental posttranslational modification (PTM) in all eukaryotes regulating thousands of proteins. The RING (really interesting new gene) finger (RNF) protein, containing the RING domain, exerts E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to target proteins. Multiple reviews have summarized the critical roles of the tripartite-motif (TRIM) protein family, a subgroup of RNF proteins, in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory, infectious, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Except for TRIMs, since numerous studies over the past decades have delineated that other RNF proteins also exert widespread involvement in several diseases, their importance should not be underestimated. This review summarizes the potential contribution of dysregulated RNF proteins, except for TRIMs, to the pathogenesis of some diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorder. Since viral infection is broadly involved in the induction and development of those diseases, this manuscript also highlights the regulatory roles of RNF proteins, excluding TRIMs, in the antiviral immune responses. In addition, we further discuss the potential intervention strategies targeting other RNF proteins for the prevention and therapeutics of those human diseases.
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5
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Hu X, Liu R, Hou J, Peng W, Wan S, Xu M, Li Y, Zhang G, Zhai X, Liang P, Cui H. SMARCE1 promotes neuroblastoma tumorigenesis through assisting MYCN-mediated transcriptional activation. Oncogene 2022; 41:4295-4306. [PMID: 35978151 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SMARCE1 gene, encoding a core subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is situated on chromosome 17q21-ter region that is frequently gained in neuroblastoma. However, its role in the tumorigenesis remains unknown. Here, we showed that high expression of SMARCE1 was associated with poor prognosis of patients with neuroblastoma, especially those with MYCN amplification. Knockdown of SMARCE1 reduced proliferation, colony formation, and tumorigenicity of neuroblastoma cells. Mechanistically, SMARCE1 directly interacted with MYCN, which was necessary for MYCN-mediated transcriptional activation of downstream target genes including PLK1, ODC1, and E2F2. Overexpression of PLK1, ODC1 or E2F2 significantly reversed the inhibiting effect of SMARCE1 knockdown on the proliferation, colony formation, and tumorigenicity of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, we revealed that MYCN directly regulated SMARCE1 transcription through binding to a non-canonical E-box of SMARCE1 promoter, thus enhancing SMARCE1-MYCN cooperativity. These findings establish SMARCE1 is a critical oncogenic factor in neuroblastoma and provide a new potential target for treatment of neuroblastoma with 17q21-ter gain and MYCN amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ruochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jianbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Sicheng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Minghao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yongsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xuan Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China. .,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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6
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Mladek AC, Yan H, Tian S, Decker PA, Burgenske DM, Bakken K, Hu Z, He L, Connors MA, Carlson BL, Wilson J, Bommi-Reddy A, Conery A, Eckel-Passow JE, Sarkaria JN, Kitange GJ. RBBP4-p300 axis modulates expression of genes essential for cell survival and is a potential target for therapy in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:1261-1272. [PMID: 35231103 PMCID: PMC9340617 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RBBP4 activates transcription by histone acetylation, but the partner histone acetyltransferases are unknown. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that RBBP4 interacts with p300 in a complex in glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS shRNA silencing of RBBP4 or p300 and RNAseq was used to identify genes co-regulated by RBBP4 and p300 in GBM43 patient-derived xenograft (PDX). RBBP4/p300 complex was demonstrated using proximity ligation assay (PLA) and ChIPseq delineated histone H3 acetylation and RBBP4/p300 complex binding in promoters/enhancers. Temozolomide (TMZ)-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were evaluated by γ-H2AX and proliferation by CyQuant and live cell monitoring assays. In vivo efficacy was based on survival of mice with orthotopic tumors. RESULTS shRBBP4 and shp300 downregulated 4768 genes among which 1485 (31%) were commonly downregulated by both shRNAs, while upregulated genes were 2484, including 863 (35%) common genes. The pro-survival genes were the top-ranked among the downregulated genes, including C-MYC. RBBP4/p300 complex was demonstrated in the nucleus, and shRBBP4 or shp300 significantly sensitized GBM cells to TMZ compared to the control shNT in vitro (P < .05). Moreover, TMZ significantly prolonged the survival of mice bearing GBM22-shRBBP4 orthotopic tumors compared with control shNT tumors (median shNT survival 52 days vs. median shRBBP4 319 days; P = .001). CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 inhibitor CPI-1612 suppressed H3K27Ac and RBBP4/p300 complex target proteins, including C-MYC, and synergistically sensitized TMZ in vitro. Pharmacodynamic evaluation confirmed brain penetration by CPI-1612 supporting further investigation to evaluate efficacy to sensitize TMZ. CONCLUSIONS RBBP4/p300 complex is present in GBM cells and is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C Mladek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Huihuang Yan
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shulan Tian
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul A Decker
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Katrina Bakken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zeng Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lihong He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Margaret A Connors
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan Wilson
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Andy Conery
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gaspar J Kitange
- Corresponding Author: Gaspar J. Kitange, MD, PhD, Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA (/)
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7
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Shi ZF, Li KKW, Huang QJQ, Wang WW, Kwan JSH, Chen H, Liu XZ, Li WC, Chan DTM, Zhang ZY, Mao Y, Ng HK. Molecular landscape of IDH-wildtype, H3-wildtype glioblastomas of adolescents and young adults (AYA). Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12802. [PMID: 35191072 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterise glioblastomas of adolescents and young adults (AYA) that were IDH wildtype (wt) and H3 wildtype (wt). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty such patients (aged 16-32) were studied by methylation profiling, targeted sequencing and targeted RNA-seq. RESULTS Tumours predominantly clustered into three methylation classes according to the terminology of Capper et al. (2018): (anaplastic) PXA (21 cases), GBM_midline (15 cases) and glioblastoma RTK/mesenchymal (7 cases). Two cases clustered with ANA_PA, 4 cases with LGG classes and 1 with GBM_MYCN. Only fifteen cases reached a calibrated score >0.84 when the cases were uploaded to DKFZ Classifier. GBM_midline-clustered tumours had a poorer overall survival (OS) compared to the PXA-clustered tumours (p=0.030). LGG-clustered cases had a significantly better survival than GBM_midline-clustered tumours and glioblastoma RTK/mesenchymal-clustered tumours. Only 13/21 (62%) of PXA-clustered cases were BRAF V600E mutated. Most GBM_midline-clustered cases were not located in the midline. GBM_midline-clustered cases were characterized by PDGFRA amplification/mutation (73.3%), mutations of mismatch repair genes (40.0%), and all showed H3K27me3 and EZH1P loss, and an unmethylated MGMT promoter. Across the whole cohort, MGMT promoter methylation and wildtype TERT promoter were favourable prognosticators. Mismatch repair gene mutations were poor prognosticators and together with methylation class and MGMT methylation, maintained their significance in multi-variate analyses. BRAF mutation was a good prognosticator in the PXA-clustered tumours. CONCLUSION Methylation profiling is a useful tool in the diagnosis and prognostication of AYA glioblastomas and the methylation classes have distinct molecular characteristics. The usual molecular diagnostic criteria for adult IDHwt glioblastoma should be applied with caution within the AYA age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Hong Kong and Shanghai Brain Consortium (HSBC)
| | - Kay Ka-Wai Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong and Shanghai Brain Consortium (HSBC)
| | - Queenie Jun-Qi Huang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Johnny Sheung-Him Kwan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Cai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Danny Tat-Ming Chan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong and Shanghai Brain Consortium (HSBC)
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8
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Gargini R, Segura-Collar B, Garranzo-Asensio M, Hortigüela R, Iglesias-Hernández P, Lobato-Alonso D, Moreno-Raja M, Esteban-Martin S, Sepúlveda-Sánchez JM, Nevola L, Sánchez-Gómez P. IDP-410: a Novel Therapeutic Peptide that Alters N-MYC Stability and Reduces Angiogenesis and Tumor Progression in Glioblastomas. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:408-420. [PMID: 35099769 PMCID: PMC9130446 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most frequent and highly aggressive brain tumors, being resistant to all cytotoxic and molecularly targeted agents tested so far. There is, therefore, an urgent need to find novel therapeutic approaches and/or alternative targets to bring treatment options to patients. Here, we first show that GBMs express high levels of N-MYC protein, a transcription factor involved in normal brain development. A novel stapled peptide designed to specifically target N-MYC protein monomer, IDP-410, is able to impair the formation of N-MYC/MAX complex and reduce the stability of N-MYC itself. As a result, the viability of GBM cells is compromised. Moreover, the efficacy is found dependent on the levels of expression of N-MYC. Finally, we demonstrate that IDP-410 reduces GBM growth in vivo when administered systemically, both in subcutaneous and intracranial xenografts, reducing the vascularization of the tumors, highlighting a potential relationship between the function of N-MYC and the expression of mesenchymal/angiogenic genes. Overall, our results strengthen the view of N-MYC as a therapeutic target in GBM and strongly suggest that IDP-410 could be further developed to become a first-in-class inhibitor of N-MYC protein, affecting not only tumor cell proliferation and survival, but also the interplay between GBM cells and their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gargini
- Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Rafael Hortigüela
- Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones, Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Fu M, Zhang J, Li W, He S, Zhang J, Tennant D, Hua W, Mao Y. Gene clusters based on OLIG2 and CD276 could distinguish molecular profiling in glioblastoma. J Transl Med 2021; 19:404. [PMID: 34565408 PMCID: PMC8474912 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular profiling of glioblastoma (GBM) based on transcriptomic analysis could provide precise treatment and prognosis. However, current subtyping (classic, mesenchymal, neural, proneural) is time-consuming and cost-intensive hindering its clinical application. A simple and efficient method for classification was imperative. Methods In this study, to simplify GBM subtyping more efficiently, we applied a random forest algorithm to conduct 26 genes as a cluster featured with hub genes, OLIG2 and CD276. Functional enrichment analysis and Protein–protein interaction were performed using the genes in this gene cluster. The classification efficiency of the gene cluster was validated by WGCNA and LASSO algorithms, and tested in GSE84010 and Gravandeel’s GBM datasets. Results The gene cluster (n = 26) could distinguish mesenchymal and proneural excellently (AUC = 0.92), which could be validated by multiple algorithms (WGCNA, LASSO) and datasets (GSE84010 and Gravandeel’s GBM dataset). The gene cluster could be functionally enriched in DNA elements and T cell associated pathways. Additionally, five genes in the signature could predict the prognosis well (p = 0.0051 for training cohort, p = 0.065 for test cohort). Conclusions Our study proved the accuracy and efficiency of random forest classifier for GBM subtyping, which could provide a convenient and efficient method for subtyping Proneural and Mesenchymal GBM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03083-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Edgartown, UK
| | - Shan He
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Edgartown, UK
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgartown, UK
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Xavier MA, Rezende F, Titze-de-Almeida R, Cornelissen B. BRCAness as a Biomarker of Susceptibility to PARP Inhibitors in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1188. [PMID: 34439854 PMCID: PMC8394995 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. GBMs commonly acquire resistance to standard-of-care therapies. Among the novel means to sensitize GBM to DNA-damaging therapies, a promising strategy is to combine them with inhibitors of the DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery, such as inhibitors for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP inhibitors (PARPis) have already shown efficacy and have received regulatory approval for breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancer treatment. In these cancer types, after PARPi administration, patients carrying specific mutations in the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and 2 (BRCA2) suppressor genes have shown better response when compared to wild-type carriers. Mutated BRCA genes are infrequent in GBM tumors, but their cells can carry other genetic alterations that lead to the same phenotype collectively referred to as 'BRCAness'. The most promising biomarkers of BRCAness in GBM are related to isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), MYC proto-oncogene, and estrogen receptors beta (ERβ). BRCAness status identified by accurate biomarkers can ultimately predict responsiveness to PARPi therapy, thereby allowing patient selection for personalized treatment. This review discusses potential biomarkers of BRCAness for a 'precision medicine' of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ann Xavier
- Central Institute of Sciences, Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, University of Brasília—UnB/FAV, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (F.R.); (R.T.-d.-A.)
| | - Fernando Rezende
- Central Institute of Sciences, Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, University of Brasília—UnB/FAV, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (F.R.); (R.T.-d.-A.)
| | - Ricardo Titze-de-Almeida
- Central Institute of Sciences, Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, University of Brasília—UnB/FAV, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (F.R.); (R.T.-d.-A.)
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Department of Oncology, Radiobiology Research Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Bhattacharya S. Glioblastoma Multiforme and its Cell Interruption. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716999201007125709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal type of brain cancer or primary glial neoplasm, mostly
targeting aged populations. The average survival is only 15 months from the date of occurrence. It
is often observed that, the invasive nature of the tumour is the main reason for poor prognosis and
strong recurrence of GBM in patients even after prescribed treatments. Despite all types of therapies,
it is necessary to understand the various molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways to
identify targets for GBM treatment. This compilation is specifically designed to discuss Wnt signalling
and Hedgehog-GLI1 pathways, which have positive and negative regulation against GBM.
The recent research finding associated with different signalling pathways for GBM has also been
discussed within this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road (NH-95), Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
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12
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Borgenvik A, Čančer M, Hutter S, Swartling FJ. Targeting MYCN in Molecularly Defined Malignant Brain Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 10:626751. [PMID: 33585252 PMCID: PMC7877538 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.626751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Misregulation of MYC genes, causing MYC overexpression or protein stabilization, is frequently found in malignant brain tumors highlighting their important roles as oncogenes. Brain tumors in children are the most lethal of all pediatric malignancies and the most common malignant primary adult brain tumor, glioblastoma, is still practically incurable. MYCN is one of three MYC family members and is crucial for normal brain development. It is associated with poor prognosis in many malignant pediatric brain tumor types and is focally amplified in specific adult brain tumors. Targeting MYCN has proved to be challenging due to its undruggable nature as a transcription factor and for its importance in regulating developmental programs also in healthy cells. In this review, we will discuss efforts made to circumvent the difficulty of targeting MYCN specifically by using direct or indirect measures to treat MYCN-driven brain tumors. We will further consider the mechanism of action of these measures and suggest which molecularly defined brain tumor patients that might benefit from MYCN-directed precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borgenvik
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matko Čančer
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Hutter
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Gaps and Doubts in Search to Recognize Glioblastoma Cellular Origin and Tumor Initiating Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:6783627. [PMID: 32774372 PMCID: PMC7396023 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6783627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular origin of glioblastoma (GB) is constantly discussed and remains a controversial subject. Unfortunately, neurobiologists are not consistent in defining neural stem cells (NSC) complicating this issue even further. Nevertheless, some suggestions referring to GB origin can be proposed based on comparing GB to central nervous system (CNS) cells. Firstly, GB cells show in vitro differentiation pattern similar to GFAP positive neural cells, rather than classical (GFAP negative) NSC. GB cells in primary cultures become senescent in vitro, similar to GFAP positive neural progenitors, whereas classical NSC proliferate in vitro infinitely. Classical NSC apoptosis triggered by introduction of IDH1R132H undermines hypothesis stating that IDH-mutant (secondary) GB origins from these NSC. Analysis of biological role of typical IDH-wildtype (primary) GB oncogene such as EGFRvIII also favors GFAP positive cells rather than classical NSC as source of GB. Single-cell NGS and single-cell transcriptomics also suggest that GFAP positive cells are GB origin. Considering the above-mentioned and other discussed in articles data, we suggest that GFAP positive cells (astrocytes, radial glia, or GFAP positive neural progenitors) are more likely to be source of GB than classical GFAP negative NSC, and further in vitro assays should be focused on these cells. It is highly possible that several populations of tumor initiating cells (TIC) exist within GB, adjusting their phenotype and even genotype to various environmental conditions including applied therapy and periodically going through different TIC states as well as non-TIC state. This adjustment is driven by changes in number and types of amplicons. The existence of various populations of TIC would enable creating neoplastic foci in different environments and increase tumor aggressiveness.
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14
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Romo CG, Palsgrove DN, Sivakumar A, Elledge CR, Kleinberg LR, Chaichana KL, Gocke CD, Rodriguez FJ, Holdhoff M. Widely metastatic IDH1-mutant glioblastoma with oligodendroglial features and atypical molecular findings: a case report and review of current challenges in molecular diagnostics. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:16. [PMID: 30738431 PMCID: PMC6368694 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-019-0793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas with 1p/19q-codeletion as well as mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 are typically characterized as oligodendrogliomas with comparatively good response to treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. Case presentation We present the case of a 28-year-old man with an IDH1 and TP53 mutant high grade glioma with abnormalities in chromosomes 1 and 19 suggestive of anaplastic oligodendroglioma that rapidly progressed to widespread metastatic disease. Biopsy of a liver lesion confirmed metastasis of the patient’s known brain primary and chemotherapy with temozolomide was initiated. The patient’s rapidly growing tumor burden with fulminant liver failure and tumor lysis led to multisystem failure of which the patient died. Further molecular testing illustrated features more consistent with glioblastoma: multiple large chromosomal aberrations including loss of whole chromosome 1 and 2q; gain/amplification of MYCN, MET, and CDK4; loss of CDKN2A/B; and an ATRX mutation. Conclusion This case illustrates the importance of higher level molecular diagnostic testing for patients with particularly aggressive disease progression that is not concordant with standard prognoses. Additional data on cases with atypical alterations of 1p and 19q are needed to better understand the distinct biology of these cancers so that appropriate therapies can be developed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13000-019-0793-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Romo
- Brain Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1550 Orleans Street, 1M16, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Doreen N Palsgrove
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ananyaa Sivakumar
- Brain Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1550 Orleans Street, 1M16, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Christen R Elledge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence R Kleinberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kaisorn L Chaichana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D Gocke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthias Holdhoff
- Brain Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1550 Orleans Street, 1M16, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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15
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Kafka A, Bačić M, Tomas D, Žarković K, Bukovac A, Njirić N, Mrak G, Krsnik Ž, Pećina‐Šlaus N. Different behaviour of DVL1, DVL2, DVL3 in astrocytoma malignancy grades and their association to TCF1 and LEF1 upregulation. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:641-655. [PMID: 30468298 PMCID: PMC6307814 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Key regulators of the Wnt signalling, DVL1, DVL2 and DVL3, in astrocytomas of different malignancy grades were investigated. Markers for DVL1, DVL2 and DVL3 were used to detect microsatellite instability (MSI) and gross deletions (LOH), while immunohistochemistry and immunoreactivity score were used to determine the signal strengths of the three DVL proteins and transcription factors of the pathway, TCF1 and LEF1. Our findings demonstrated that MSI at all three DVL loci was constantly found across tumour grades with the highest number in grade II (P = 0.008). Collectively, LOHs were more frequent in high-grade tumours than in low grade ones. LOHs of DVL3 gene were significantly associated with grade IV tumours (P = 0.007). The results on protein expressions indicated that high-grade tumours expressed less DVL1 protein as compared with low grade ones. A significant negative correlation was established between DVL1 expression and malignancy grades (P < 0.001). The expression of DVL2 protein was found similar across grades, while DVL3 expression significantly increased with malignancy grades (P < 0.001). The signal strengths of expressed DVL1 and DVL3 were negatively correlated (P = 0.002). However, TCF1 and LEF1 were both significantly upregulated and increasing with astrocytoma grades (P = 0.001). A positive correlation was established between DVL3 and both TCF1 (P = 0.020) and LEF1 (P = 0.006) suggesting their joint involvement in malignant progression. Our findings suggest that DVL1 and DVL2 may be involved during early stages of the disease, while DVL3 may have a role in later phases and together with TCF1 and LEF1 promotes the activation of Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kafka
- Laboratory of Neuro‐oncologyCroatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
- Department of BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | | | - Davor Tomas
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
- Department of PathologyUniversity Hospital Center “Sisters of Charity”ZagrebCroatia
| | - Kamelija Žarković
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
- Division of PathologyUniversity Hospital Center “Zagreb”ZagrebCroatia
| | - Anja Bukovac
- Laboratory of Neuro‐oncologyCroatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
- Department of BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Niko Njirić
- Laboratory of Neuro‐oncologyCroatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital Center “Zagreb”School of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Goran Mrak
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital Center “Zagreb”School of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Željka Krsnik
- Department of NeuroscienceCroatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Nives Pećina‐Šlaus
- Laboratory of Neuro‐oncologyCroatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
- Department of BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
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16
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Quaranta M, Divella R, Daniele A, Di Tardo S, Venneri MT, Lolli I, Troccoli G. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Serum Levels and Prognostic Value in Malignant Gliomas. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 93:275-80. [PMID: 17679463 DOI: 10.1177/030089160709300308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of a family of cell membrane receptors that use tyrosine kinase activity as the signal transduction mechanism. It is commonly expressed or overexpressed by many solid tumors and correlates with disease progression and a poor clinical prognosis. Increased EGFR expression might therefore be a strong prognostic feature in multiple tumor types, and inhibition of its cellular actions may have substantial therapeutic benefit. The aim of this study was to estimate the EGFR serum concentration for potential use as a biological marker of brain cancer to predict prognosis and follow-up after treatment. Methods and study design Serum samples obtained from 50 healthy individuals and 65 brain cancer patients (35 glioblastoma multiforme and 30 anaplastic astrocytomas) were collected before and after treatment and assayed for EGFR extracellular domain serum concentrations by a sandwich ELISA. Results EGFR was elevated in 47 of 65 brain cancer patients, with mean serum values of 84 ± 18 ng/ml, compared with that of healthy controls (43.6 ± 11 ng/ml, P = 0.001). There was a significant difference in the mean serum levels of EGFR between glioblastoma multiforme patients (96.2 ± 12 ng/ml) and anaplastic astrocytoma patients (71.6 ± 18 ng/ml, P = 0.04). Sixty brain cancer patients underwent surgery; EGFR serum levels did not show significant differences from those observed before surgery. For all patients, median overall survival was 13 months (anaplastic astrocytoma, 18 months; glioblastoma multiforme, 12.5 months). In 47 patients with high EGFR serum levels, overall survival was reduced (P = 0. 01), with a median survival time corresponding to 11.5 months (anaplastic astrocytoma, 14.5 months; glioblastoma multiforme, 10.5 months). Conclusions Although a prospective study with large sample size is warranted, serum EGFR extracellular domain may be potentially useful as a biological marker of gliomas for prediction of prognosis and follow-up after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Quaranta
- Department of Experimental Oncology of Cancer Research, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.
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17
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Rickman DS, Schulte JH, Eilers M. The Expanding World of N-MYC–Driven Tumors. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:150-163. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays an important role in supporting the proliferation and/or survival of murine neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs); however, the downstream effectors of this factor remain unknown. Here, we show that MIF increases the expression of Pax6 and Chd7 in NSPCs in vitro. During neural development, the chromatin remodeling factor Chd7 (chromatin helicase-DNA-binding protein 7) is expressed in the ventricular zone of the telencephalon of mouse brain at embryonic day 14.5, as well as in cultured NSPCs. Retroviral overexpression of Pax6 in NSPCs increased Chd7 gene expression. Lentivirally-expressed Chd7 shRNA suppressed cell proliferation and neurosphere formation, and inhibited neurogenesis in vitro, while decreasing gene expression of Hes5 and N-myc. In addition, CHD7 overexpression increased cell proliferation in human embryonic stem cell-derived NSPCs (ES-NSPCs). In Chd7 mutant fetal mouse brains, there were fewer intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) compared to wildtype littermates, indicating that Chd7 contributes to neurogenesis in the early developmental mouse brain. Furthermore, in silico database analysis showed that, among members of the CHD family, CHD7 is highly expressed in human gliomas. Interestingly, high levels of CHD7 gene expression in human glioma initiating cells (GICs) compared to normal astrocytes were revealed and gene silencing of CHD7 decreased GIC proliferation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CHD7 is an important factor in the proliferation and stemness maintenance of NSPCs, and CHD7 is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of gliomas.
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19
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Jiang MC. CAS (CSE1L) signaling pathway in tumor progression and its potential as a biomarker and target for targeted therapy. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13077-13090. [PMID: 27596143 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CSE1L (chromosome segregation 1-like protein), also named as CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein), is highly expressed in most cancer types. CSE1L/CAS is a multiple functional protein that plays roles in apoptosis, cell survival, chromosome assembly, nucleocytoplasmic transport, microvesicle formation, and cancer metastasis; some of the functions are explicitly correlated. CSE1L is also a cancer serum biomarker. The phosphorylation of CAS is regulated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The RAS/RAF/MAPK/ERK signaling pathways are the essential targets of most targeted cancer drugs, thus serum phosphorylated CSE1L may be a potential biomarker for monitoring drug resistance in targeted therapy. CSE1L can regulate Ras-induced ERK phosphorylation. CSE1L also regulates the expression and phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) and MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) and is thus involved in the melanogenesis and progression of melanoma. CAS is an exosome/microvesicle membrane protein. Tumor cells consistently secrete microvesicles and tumor-derived microvesicles may be accumulated around tumors. Therefore, microvesicle membrane CSE1L may be a potential target for the development of high-efficacy antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy. This review will focus on CSE1L expression in cancers, its relationship to Ras/ERK and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways in melanoma development, its potential for the development of ADCs and tumor imaging reagents, and secretory phosphorylated CSE1L for monitoring the emergence of drug resistance in targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Jiang
- Targetrust Biotech. Ltd., No. 510 Zhongzheng Rd, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
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20
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Jones NM, Rowe MR, Shepherd PR, McConnell MJ. Targeted inhibition of dominant PI3-kinase catalytic isoforms increase expression of stem cell genes in glioblastoma cancer stem cell models. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:207-16. [PMID: 27176780 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) exhibit therapy resistance and drive self-renewal of the tumour, making cancer stem cells an important target for therapy. The PI3K signalling pathway has been the focus of considerable research effort, including in glioblastoma (GBM), a cancer that is notoriously resistant to conventional therapy. Different isoforms of the catalytic sub-unit have been associated with proliferation, migration and differentiation in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Blocking these processes in CSC would improve patient outcome. We examined the effect of isoform specific PI3K inhibitors in two models of GBM CSC, an established GBM stem cell line 08/04 and a neurosphere formation model. We identified the dominant catalytic PI3K isoform for each model, and inhibition of the dominant isoform blocked AKT phosphorylation, as did pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Analysis of SOX2, OCT4 and MSI1 expression revealed that inhibition of the dominant p110 subunit increased expression of cancer stem cell genes, while pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibition caused a similar, though not identical, increase in cancer stem cell gene expression. This suggested that PI3K inhibition enhanced, rather than blocked, CSC activity. Careful analysis of the response to specific isoform inhibition will be necessary before specific subunit inhibitors can be successfully deployed against GBM CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew R Rowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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21
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Tateishi K, Iafrate AJ, Ho Q, Curry WT, Batchelor TT, Flaherty KT, Onozato ML, Lelic N, Sundaram S, Cahill DP, Chi AS, Wakimoto H. Myc-Driven Glycolysis Is a Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4452-65. [PMID: 27076630 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deregulated Myc drives an oncogenic metabolic state, including pseudohypoxic glycolysis, adapted for the constitutive production of biomolecular precursors to feed rapid tumor cell growth. In glioblastoma, Myc facilitates renewal of the tumor-initiating cell reservoir contributing to tumor maintenance. We investigated whether targeting the Myc-driven metabolic state could be a selectively toxic therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The glycolytic dependency of Myc-driven glioblastoma was tested using (13)C metabolic flux analysis, glucose-limiting culture assays, and glycolysis inhibitors, including inhibitors of the NAD(+) salvage enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (NAMPT), in MYC and MYCN shRNA knockdown and lentivirus overexpression systems and in patient-derived glioblastoma tumorspheres with and without MYC/MYCN amplification. The in vivo efficacy of glycolyic inhibition was tested using NAMPT inhibitors in MYCN-amplified patient-derived glioblastoma orthotopic xenograft mouse models. RESULTS Enforced Myc overexpression increased glucose flux and expression of glycolytic enzymes in glioblastoma cells. Myc and N-Myc knockdown and Myc overexpression systems demonstrated that Myc activity determined sensitivity and resistance to inhibition of glycolysis. Small-molecule inhibitors of glycolysis, particularly NAMPT inhibitors, were selectively toxic to MYC/MYCN-amplified patient-derived glioblastoma tumorspheres. NAMPT inhibitors were potently cytotoxic, inducing apoptosis and significantly extended the survival of mice bearing MYCN-amplified patient-derived glioblastoma orthotopic xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Myc activation in glioblastoma generates a dependency on glycolysis and an addiction to metabolites required for glycolysis. Glycolytic inhibition via NAMPT inhibition represents a novel metabolically targeted therapeutic strategy for MYC or MYCN-amplified glioblastoma and potentially other cancers genetically driven by Myc. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4452-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Tateishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Quan Ho
- Department of Pathology, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William T Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maristela L Onozato
- Department of Pathology, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nina Lelic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sudhandra Sundaram
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Andrew S Chi
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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22
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Cho HJ, Kim SS, Wang HJ, Kim BW, Cho H, Jung J, Cho SS, Kim JK, Lee JH, Kim YB, Yang MJ, Yoo BM, Lee KJ, Cho SW, Cheong JY. Detection of Novel Genomic Markers for Predicting Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients by Integrative Analysis of Copy Number Aberrations and Gene Expression Profiles: Results from a Long-Term Follow-Up. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 35:71-80. [PMID: 26624274 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore novel genomic biomarkers predicting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis by integrative analysis of DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) and gene expression profiles. Array comparative genomic hybridization and expression array were performed on 45 and 31 HCC samples, respectively. To identify functionally important genes, concordant results of DNA copy number and gene expression were retrieved by integrative analysis. Cox regression analysis indicated that the CNAs in 192 genomic regions were significantly associated with overall survival (OS; p < 0.05). Integrative analysis capturing concordant results demonstrated that the low expression of TLE4 (p = 0.041) and XPA (p = 0.006) was associated with poor OS. In the analysis of tumor recurrence, 514 genomic regions with CNAs were associated with recurrence. Integrative analysis revealed that the overexpression of 16 genes, including FGR (p = 0.003), RELA (p = 0.049), LTBP3 (p = 0.050), and RIN1 (p = 0.023), was significantly associated with shorter time to tumor recurrence. On multivariate analysis, FGR and XPA were independent risk factors of early recurrence and poor OS, respectively. Integrated analysis of CNAs and gene expression profiles correlated with long-term follow-up data successfully identified potential prognostic markers predicting survival and tumor recurrence in patients with HCC who underwent surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Cho
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Wang
- 2 Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Wan Kim
- 2 Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea.,4 Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghee Jung
- 5 Department of Bioinformatics, Macrogen, Inc. , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jai Keun Kim
- 6 Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei Hee Lee
- 6 Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Kim
- 7 Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Yang
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Moo Yoo
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jae Lee
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Cho
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Liu W, Li D, Ni M, Jia W, Wan W, Tang J, Jia G. Neurosurgical publications in China: an analysis of the web of science database. Chin Neurosurg J 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s41016-015-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Qi J, Ronai ZA. Dysregulation of ubiquitin ligases in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 23:1-11. [PMID: 26690337 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (UBLs) are critical components of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), which governs fundamental processes regulating normal cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and cell cycle in response to external stress signals and DNA damage. Among multiple steps of the UPS system required to regulate protein ubiquitination and stability, UBLs define specificity, as they recognize and interact with substrates in a temporally- and spatially-regulated manner. Such interactions are required for substrate modification by ubiquitin chains, which marks proteins for recognition and degradation by the proteasome or alters their subcellular localization or assembly into functional complexes. UBLs are often deregulated in cancer, altering substrate availability or activity in a manner that can promote cellular transformation. Such deregulation can occur at the epigenetic, genomic, or post-translational levels. Alterations in UBL can be used to predict their contributions, affecting tumor suppressors or oncogenes in select tumors. Better understanding of mechanisms underlying UBL expression and activities is expected to drive the development of next generation modulators that can serve as novel therapeutic modalities. This review summarizes our current understanding of UBL deregulation in cancer and highlights novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Qi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, 92037, USA.
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The Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Tumor Induced Bone Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1658-83. [PMID: 26343726 PMCID: PMC4586789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in cancer treatments, tumor induced bone disease continues to cause significant morbidities. While tumors show distinct mutations and clinical characteristics, they behave similarly once they establish in bone. Tumors can metastasize to bone from distant sites (breast, prostate, lung), directly invade into bone (head and neck) or originate from the bone (melanoma, chondrosarcoma) where they cause pain, fractures, hypercalcemia, and ultimately, poor prognoses and outcomes. Tumors in bone secrete factors (interleukins and parathyroid hormone-related protein) that induce RANKL expression from osteoblasts, causing an increase in osteoclast mediated bone resorption. While the mechanisms involved varies slightly between tumor types, many tumors display an increase in Hedgehog signaling components that lead to increased tumor growth, therapy failure, and metastasis. The work of multiple laboratories has detailed Hh signaling in several tumor types and revealed that tumor establishment in bone can be controlled by both canonical and non-canonical Hh signaling in a cell type specific manner. This review will explore the role of Hh signaling in the modulation of tumor induced bone disease, and will shed insight into possible therapeutic interventions for blocking Hh signaling in these tumors.
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Wang G, Wang J, Zhao H, Wang J, Tony To SS. The role of Myc and let-7a in glioblastoma, glucose metabolism and response to therapy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 580:84-92. [PMID: 26151775 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is thought to result from an imbalance between glucose metabolism and tumor growth. The Myc oncogene and lethal-7a microRNA (let-7a miRNA) have been suggested to cooperatively regulate multiple downstream targets leading to changes in chromosome stability, gene mutations, and/or modulation of tumor growth. Here, we review the roles of Myc and let-7a in glucose metabolism and tumor growth and addresses their future potential as prognostic markers and therapeutic tools in GBM. We focus on the functions of Myc and let-7a in glucose uptake, tumor survival, proliferation, and mobility of glioma cells. In addition, we discuss how regulation of different pathways by Myc or let-7a may be useful for future GBM therapies. A large body of evidence suggests that targeting Myc and let-7a may provide a selective mechanism for the deregulation of glucose metabolic pathways in glioma cells. Indeed, Myc and let-7a are aberrantly expressed in GBM and have been linked to the regulation of cell growth and glucose metabolism in GBM. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Targeting alternative glucose metabolism and regulate pathways in GBM cells for future glioblastoma therapies".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200235, China; Hubei University of Medicine, No. 30 People South Road, Shiyan City, Hubei Province 442000, China.
| | - JunJie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200235, China; Hubei University of Medicine, No. 30 People South Road, Shiyan City, Hubei Province 442000, China
| | - HuaFu Zhao
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shing Shun Tony To
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Cooperative integration between HEDGEHOG-GLI signalling and other oncogenic pathways: implications for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2015; 17:e5. [PMID: 25660620 PMCID: PMC4836208 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The HEDGEHOG-GLI (HH-GLI) signalling is a key pathway critical in embryonic development, stem cell biology and tissue homeostasis. In recent years, aberrant activation of HH-GLI signalling has been linked to several types of cancer, including those of the skin, brain, lungs, prostate, gastrointestinal tract and blood. HH-GLI signalling is initiated by binding of HH ligands to the transmembrane receptor PATCHED and is mediated by transcriptional effectors that belong to the GLI family, whose activity is finely tuned by a number of molecular interactions and post-translation modifications. Several reports suggest that the activity of the GLI proteins is regulated by several proliferative and oncogenic inputs, in addition or independent of upstream HH signalling. The identification of this complex crosstalk and the understanding of how the major oncogenic signalling pathways interact in cancer is a crucial step towards the establishment of efficient targeted combinatorial treatments. Here we review recent findings on the cooperative integration of HH-GLI signalling with the major oncogenic inputs and we discuss how these cues modulate the activity of the GLI proteins in cancer. We then summarise the latest advances on SMO and GLI inhibitors and alternative approaches to attenuate HH signalling through rational combinatorial therapies.
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Cherepanov S, Baklaushev V, Gabashvili A, Shepeleva I, Chekhonin V. Hedgehog signaling in the pathogenesis of neuro-oncology diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156103332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes current knowledge on the Hedgehog signaling pathway, its role in normal embryogenesis and/or initiation and progression of neuro-oncological diseases, especially of high-grade gliomas, the most malignant neuroepithelial tumors. The main proteins forming the Hedgehog signaling pathway include Shh, PTCH1, SMO, HHIP, SUFU and GLI1 isoforms. Effects of other signaling pathways on the family of transcription factors GLI and other proteins are described. The review summarizes modern data about the impact of the Hedgehog signaling pathway on proliferation, migration activity and invasiveness, and also on tumor neoangiogenesis and tumor cell chemoresistance. The role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in origin of cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition is also analyzed. Some prospects for new anticancer drugs acting on components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Cherepanov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.P. Baklaushev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A.N. Gabashvili
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I.I. Shepeleva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.P. Chekhonin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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29
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Waugh MG. Chromosomal Instability and Phosphoinositide Pathway Gene Signatures in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:621-630. [PMID: 25502460 PMCID: PMC4703635 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural rearrangements of chromosome 10 are frequently observed in glioblastoma multiforme and over 80 % of tumour samples archived in the catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer database had gene copy number loss for PI4K2A which encodes phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIalpha. PI4K2A loss of heterozygosity mirrored that of PTEN, another enzyme that regulates phosphoinositide levels and also PIK3AP1, MINPP1, INPP5A and INPP5F. These results indicated a reduction in copy number for a set of phosphoinositide signalling genes that co-localise to chromosome 10q. This analysis was extended to a panel of phosphoinositide pathway genes on other chromosomes and revealed a number of previously unreported associations with glioblastoma multiforme. Of particular note were highly penetrant copy number losses for a group of X-linked phosphoinositide phosphatase genes OCRL, MTM1 and MTMR8; copy number amplifications for the chromosome 19 genes PIP5K1C, AKT2 and PIK3R2, and also for the phospholipase C genes PLCB1, PLCB4 and PLCG1 on chromosome 20. These mutations are likely to affect signalling and trafficking functions dependent on the PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,5)P2 lipids as well as the inositol phosphates IP3, IP5 and IP6. Analysis of flanking genes with functionally unrelated products indicated that chromosomal instability as opposed to a phosphoinositide-specific process underlay this pattern of copy number variation. This in silico study suggests that in glioblastoma multiforme, karyotypic changes have the potential to cause multiple abnormalities in sets of genes involved in phosphoinositide metabolism and this may be important for understanding drug resistance and phosphoinositide pathway redundancy in the advanced disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Waugh
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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30
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Höland K, Boller D, Hagel C, Dolski S, Treszl A, Pardo OE, Ćwiek P, Salm F, Leni Z, Shepherd PR, Styp-Rekowska B, Djonov V, von Bueren AO, Frei K, Arcaro A. Targeting class IA PI3K isoforms selectively impairs cell growth, survival, and migration in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94132. [PMID: 24718026 PMCID: PMC3981776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is frequently activated in human cancer and plays a crucial role in glioblastoma biology. We were interested in gaining further insight into the potential of targeting PI3K isoforms as a novel anti-tumor approach in glioblastoma. Consistent expression of the PI3K catalytic isoform PI3K p110α was detected in a panel of glioblastoma patient samples. In contrast, PI3K p110β expression was only rarely detected in glioblastoma patient samples. The expression of a module comprising the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/PI3K p110α/phosphorylated ribosomal S6 protein (p-S6) was correlated with shorter patient survival. Inhibition of PI3K p110α activity impaired the anchorage-dependent growth of glioblastoma cells and induced tumor regression in vivo. Inhibition of PI3K p110α or PI3K p110β also led to impaired anchorage-independent growth, a decreased migratory capacity of glioblastoma cells, and reduced the activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. These effects were selective, because targeting of PI3K p110δ did not result in a comparable impairment of glioblastoma tumorigenic properties. Together, our data reveal that drugs targeting PI3K p110α can reduce growth in a subset of glioblastoma tumors characterized by the expression of EGFR/PI3K p110α/p-S6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Höland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Boller
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Dolski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - András Treszl
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olivier E. Pardo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Ćwiek
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana Salm
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zaira Leni
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter R. Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - André O. von Bueren
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Karl Frei
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Arcaro
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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31
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Beltran H. The N-myc Oncogene: Maximizing its Targets, Regulation, and Therapeutic Potential. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:815-22. [PMID: 24589438 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-myc (MYCN), a member of the Myc family of basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper (bHLHZ) transcription factors, is a central regulator of many vital cellular processes. As such, N-myc is well recognized for its classic oncogenic activity and association with human neuroblastoma. Amplification and overexpression of N-myc has been described in other tumor types, particularly those of neural origin and neuroendocrine tumors. This review outlines N-myc's contribution to normal development and oncogenic progression. In addition, it highlights relevant transcriptional targets and mechanisms of regulation. Finally, the clinical implications of N-Myc as a biomarker and potential as a target using novel therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himisha Beltran
- Author's Affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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32
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Guglielmi L, Cinnella C, Nardella M, Maresca G, Valentini A, Mercanti D, Felsani A, D'Agnano I. MYCN gene expression is required for the onset of the differentiation programme in neuroblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1081. [PMID: 24556696 PMCID: PMC3944258 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is an embryonic tumour of the sympathetic nervous system and is one of the most common cancers in childhood. A high differentiation stage has been associated with a favourable outcome; however, the mechanisms governing neuroblastoma cell differentiation are not completely understood. The MYCN gene is considered the hallmark of neuroblastoma. Even though it has been reported that MYCN has a role during embryonic development, it is needed its decrease so that differentiation can be completed. We aimed to better define the role of MYCN in the differentiation processes, particularly during the early stages. Considering the ability of MYCN to regulate non-coding RNAs, our hypothesis was that N-Myc protein might be necessary to activate differentiation (mimicking embryonic development events) by regulating miRNAs critical for this process. We show that MYCN expression increased in embryonic cortical neural precursor cells at an early stage after differentiation induction. To investigate our hypothesis, we used human neuroblastoma cell lines. In LAN-5 neuroblastoma cells, MYCN was upregulated after 2 days of differentiation induction before its expected downregulation. Positive modulation of various differentiation markers was associated with the increased MYCN expression. Similarly, MYCN silencing inhibited such differentiation, leading to negative modulation of various differentiation markers. Furthermore, MYCN gene overexpression in the poorly differentiating neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-AS restored the ability of such cells to differentiate. We identified three key miRNAs, which could regulate the onset of differentiation programme in the neuroblastoma cells in which we modulated MYCN. Interestingly, these effects were accompanied by changes in the apoptotic compartment evaluated both as expression of apoptosis-related genes and as fraction of apoptotic cells. Therefore, our idea is that MYCN is necessary during the activation of neuroblastoma differentiation to induce apoptosis in cells that are not committed to differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guglielmi
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
| | - C Cinnella
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
| | - M Nardella
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
| | - G Maresca
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
| | - A Valentini
- PTV, Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine Departments, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - D Mercanti
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
| | - A Felsani
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
| | - I D'Agnano
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
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33
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Lichti CF, Liu H, Shavkunov AS, Mostovenko E, Sulman EP, Ezhilarasan R, Wang Q, Kroes RA, Moskal JC, Fenyö D, Oksuz BA, Conrad CA, Lang FF, Berven FS, Végvári A, Rezeli M, Marko-Varga G, Hober S, Nilsson CL. Integrated chromosome 19 transcriptomic and proteomic data sets derived from glioma cancer stem-cell lines. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:191-9. [PMID: 24266786 DOI: 10.1021/pr400786s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One subproject within the global Chromosome 19 Consortium is to define chromosome 19 gene and protein expression in glioma-derived cancer stem cells (GSCs). Chromosome 19 is notoriously linked to glioma by 1p/19q codeletions, and clinical tests are established to detect that specific aberration. GSCs are tumor-initiating cells and are hypothesized to provide a repository of cells in tumors that can self-replicate and be refractory to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents developed for the treatment of tumors. In this pilot study, we performed RNA-Seq, label-free quantitative protein measurements in six GSC lines, and targeted transcriptomic analysis using a chromosome 19-specific microarray in an additional six GSC lines. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000563. Here we present insights into differences in GSC gene and protein expression, including the identification of proteins listed as having no or low evidence at the protein level in the Human Protein Atlas, as correlated to chromosome 19 and GSC subtype. Furthermore, the upregulation of proteins downstream of adenovirus-associated viral integration site 1 (AAVS1) in GSC11 in response to oncolytic adenovirus treatment was demonstrated. Taken together, our results may indicate new roles for chromosome 19, beyond the 1p/19q codeletion, in the future of personalized medicine for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, UTMB Cancer Center, University of Texas Medical Branch , 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Wada K, Maruno M, Suzuki T, Kagawa N, Hashiba T, Fujimoto Y, Hashimoto N, Izumoto S, Yoshimine T. Chromosomal and genetic abnormalities in benign and malignant meningiomas using DNA microarray. Neurol Res 2013; 27:747-54. [PMID: 16197812 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x35648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningioma is the commonest brain tumor and many genetic abnormalities, such as the loss of chromosome 22q and the mutation of NF2, have been reported. METHODS These classical abnormalities were detected using Southern blot, PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization, but these methods examine only very limited regions or limited mapping resolution of the tumor genome. In this study, we used DNA microarray assay, which detects numerous genetic abnormalities simultaneously and analyses a global assessment of molecular events in meningioma cells. We studied 31 meningiomas by GenoSensor Array 300 in order to detect the chromosomal aberrations and genetic abnormalities in the whole genome. RESULTS This study demonstrated not only classical chromosomal aberration, such as loss of chromosome 22q in 19 meningiomas (61.3%), but also new genetic characteristics of meningiomas, such as amplification of MSH2 in 16 meningiomas (51.6%), deletion of GSCL in 13 meningiomas (41.9%) and deletion of HIRA in seven meningiomas (22.6%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DNA microarray assay is useful in research for the genetic characters of meningiomas and understanding tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Wada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Li KK, Yang L, Pang JC, Chan AK, Zhou L, Mao Y, Wang Y, Lau K, Poon WS, Shi Z, Ng H. MIR-137 suppresses growth and invasion, is downregulated in oligodendroglial tumors and targets CSE1L. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:426-39. [PMID: 23252729 PMCID: PMC8028883 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-137 (miR-137) expression has been reported to be decreased in astrocytic tumors in two expression profiling studies but its role in the pathogenesis of oligodendroglial tumors is still limited. In this study, we demonstrate that miR-137 expression is significantly downregulated in a cohort of 35 oligodendroglial tumors and nine glioma cell lines compared with normal brains. Lower miR-137 expression is associated with shorter progressive-free survival and overall survival. Restoration of miR-137 expression in an oligodendroglial cells TC620, and also glioblastoma cells of U87 and U373 significantly suppressed cell growth, anchorage-independent growth, as well as invasion. Demethylation and deacetylation treatments resulted in upregulation of miR-137 expression in TC620 cells. In silico analysis showed that CSE1 chromosome segregation 1-like (yeast) (CSE1L) is a potential target gene of miR-137. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-137 negatively regulates CSE1L by interaction between miR-137 and complementary sequences in the 3' UTR of CSE1L. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CSE1L is upregulated in oligodendroglial tumors. Knockdown of CSE1L resulted in similar outcomes as overexpressing miR-137 in oligodendroglioma cells and glioblastoma cells. Overall, our data suggest that miR-137 regulates growth of glioma cells and targets CSE1L, providing further understanding in the tumorigenesis of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Ka‐Wai Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Jesse Chung‐Sean Pang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Aden Ka‐Yin Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- Department of NeurosurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of NeurosurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of NeuropathologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kin‐Mang Lau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Neurosurgery DivisionDepartment of SurgeryThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of NeurosurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ho‐Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
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36
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Thériault BL, Dimaras H, Gallie BL, Corson TW. The genomic landscape of retinoblastoma: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 42:33-52. [PMID: 24433356 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a paediatric ocular tumour that continues to reveal much about the genetic basis of cancer development. Study of genomic aberrations in retinoblastoma tumours has exposed important mechanisms of cancer development and identified oncogenes and tumour suppressors that offer potential points of therapeutic intervention. The recent development of next-generation genomic technologies has allowed further refinement of the genomic landscape of retinoblastoma at high resolution. In a relatively short period of time, a wealth of genetic and epigenetic data has emerged on a small number of tumour samples. These data highlight the inherent molecular complexity of this cancer despite the fact that most retinoblastomas are initiated by the inactivation of a single tumour suppressor gene. This review outlines the current understanding of the genomic, genetic and epigenetic changes in retinoblastoma, highlighting recent genome-wide analyses that have identified exciting candidate genes worthy of further validation as potential prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte L Thériault
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Amplified and homozygously deleted genes in glioblastoma: impact on gene expression levels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46088. [PMID: 23029397 PMCID: PMC3460955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) displays multiple amplicons and homozygous deletions that involve relevant pathogenic genes and other genes whose role remains unknown. METHODOLOGY Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-arrays were used to determine the frequency of recurrent amplicons and homozygous deletions in GBM (n = 46), and to evaluate the impact of copy number alterations (CNA) on mRNA levels of the genes involved. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Recurrent amplicons were detected for chromosomes 7 (50%), 12 (22%), 1 (11%), 4 (9%), 11 (4%), and 17 (4%), whereas homozygous deletions involved chromosomes 9p21 (52%) and 10q (22%). Most genes that displayed a high correlation between DNA CNA and mRNA levels were coded in the amplified chromosomes. For some amplicons the impact of DNA CNA on mRNA expression was restricted to a single gene (e.g., EGFR at 7p11.2), while for others it involved multiple genes (e.g., 11 and 5 genes at 12q14.1-q15 and 4q12, respectively). Despite homozygous del(9p21) and del(10q23.31) included multiple genes, association between these DNA CNA and RNA expression was restricted to the MTAP gene. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results showed a high frequency of amplicons and homozygous deletions in GBM with variable impact on the expression of the genes involved, and they contributed to the identification of other potentially relevant genes.
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38
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Rodriguez FJ, Orr BA, Ligon KL, Eberhart CG. Neoplastic cells are a rare component in human glioblastoma microvasculature. Oncotarget 2012; 3:98-106. [PMID: 22298889 PMCID: PMC3292896 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular proliferation is a key biological and diagnostic hallmark of human glioblastoma, one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. It has recently been suggested that stem-like glioblastoma cells have the capacity to differentiate into functional endothelial cells, and that a significant proportion of the vascular lining in tumors has a neoplastic origin. In principle, this finding could significantly impact the efficacy and development of antiangiogenic therapies targeting the vasculature. While the potential of stem-like cancer cells to form endothelium in culture seems clear, in our clinical experience using a variety of molecular markers, neoplastic cells do not contribute significantly to the endothelial-lined vasculature of primary human glioblastoma. We sought to confirm this impression by analyzing vessels in glioblastoma previously examined using chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for EGFR and immunohistochemistry for mutant IDH1. Vessels containing cells expressing these definitive neoplastic markers were identified in a small fraction of tumors, but only 10% of vessel profiles examined contained such cells and when identified these cells comprised less than 10% of the vascular cellularity in the cross section. Interestingly, these rare intravascular cells showing EGFR amplification by CISH or mutant IDH1 protein by immunohistochemistry were located in the middle or outer portions of vessel walls, but not amongst the morphologic boundaries of the endothelial lining. To more directly address the capacity of glioblastoma cells to contribute to the vascular endothelium, we performed double labeling (Immunofluorescence/FISH) for the endothelial marker CD34 and EGFR gene locus. Although rare CD34 positive neoplastic cells unassociated with vessels were identified (<1%), this analysis did not identify EGFR amplified cells within vascular linings, and further supports our observations that incorporation of glioblastoma cells into the tumor vessels is at best extremely rare, and therefore of questionable clinical or therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is a histopathologically heterogeneous disease with few treatment options. Therapy based on genomic alterations is rapidly gaining popularity because of the high response rate and high specificity. DNA copy number and exon-sequencing studies of glioblastoma multiforme samples have revealed recurrent genomic alterations in genes such as TP53, EGFR, and IDH1, but to date, this has not resulted in novel glioblastoma multiforme therapies. Identification of expression subtypes has resulted in new insights such as the association between genomic abnormalities and expression signatures. This review describes the types of genomic studies that have been performed and that are underway, the most prominent results, and the implications of genomic research for the development of clinical treatment modalities.
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Swartling FJ, Savov V, Persson AI, Chen J, Hackett CS, Northcott PA, Grimmer MR, Lau J, Chesler L, Perry A, Phillips JJ, Taylor MD, Weiss WA. Distinct neural stem cell populations give rise to disparate brain tumors in response to N-MYC. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:601-613. [PMID: 22624711 PMCID: PMC3360885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene MYCN is mis-expressed in various types of human brain tumors. To clarify how developmental and regional differences influence transformation, we transduced wild-type or mutationally stabilized murine N-myc(T58A) into neural stem cells (NSCs) from perinatal murine cerebellum, brain stem, and forebrain. Transplantation of N-myc(WT) NSCs was insufficient for tumor formation. N-myc(T58A) cerebellar and brain stem NSCs generated medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors, whereas forebrain NSCs developed diffuse glioma. Expression analyses distinguished tumors generated from these different regions, with tumors from embryonic versus postnatal cerebellar NSCs demonstrating Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) dependence and SHH independence, respectively. These differences were regulated in part by the transcription factor SOX9, activated in the SHH subclass of human medulloblastoma. Our results demonstrate context-dependent transformation of NSCs in response to a common oncogenic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik J Swartling
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Vasil Savov
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders I Persson
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Justin Chen
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christopher S Hackett
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Grimmer
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jasmine Lau
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Louis Chesler
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Arie Perry
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - William A Weiss
- University of California, Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Abstract
Myc proteins are often deregulated in human brain tumors, especially in embryonal tumors that affect children. Many observations have shown how alterations of these pleiotropic Myc transcription factors provide initiation, maintenance, or progression of tumors. This review will focus on the role of Myc family members (particularly c-myc and Mycn) in tumors like medulloblastoma and glioma and will further discuss how to target stabilization of these proteins for future brain tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik J Swartling
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.
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The MYCN oncogene and differentiation in neuroblastoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21:256-66. [PMID: 21849159 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Childhood neuroblastoma exhibits a heterogeneous clinical behavior ranging from low-risk tumors with the ability to spontaneously differentiate and regress, to high-risk tumors causing the highest number of cancer related deaths in infants. Amplification of the MYCN oncogene is one of the few prediction markers for adverse outcome. This gene encodes the MYCN transcriptional regulator predominantly expressed in the developing peripheral neural crest. MYCN is vital for proliferation, migration and stem cell homeostasis while decreased levels are associated with terminal neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, high-risk tumors without MYCN amplification frequently display increased c-MYC expression and/or activation of MYC signaling pathways. On the other hand, downregulation of MYCN leads to decreased proliferation and differentiation, emphasizing the importance of MYC signaling in neuroblastoma biology. Furthermore, expression of the neurotrophin receptor TrkA is associated with good prognosis, the ability to differentiate and spontaneous regression while expression of the related TrkB receptor is correlated with bad prognosis and MYCN amplification. Here we discuss the role of MYCN in neuroblastoma with a special focus on the contribution of elevated MYCN signaling for an aggressive and undifferentiated phenotype as well as the potential of using MYCN as a therapeutic target.
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Tai CJ, Chang CC, Shen SC, Lee WR, Jiang MC. Serum Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein for Cancer Diagnosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kim HS, Han HD, Armaiz-Pena GN, Stone RL, Nam EJ, Lee JW, Shahzad MMK, Nick AM, Lee SJ, Roh JW, Nishimura M, Mangala LS, Bottsford-Miller J, Gallick GE, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK. Functional roles of Src and Fgr in ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1713-21. [PMID: 21300758 PMCID: PMC3077122 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Src is an attractive target because it is overexpressed in a number of malignancies, including ovarian cancer. However, the effect of Src silencing on other Src family kinases (SFKs) is not known. We hypothesized that other SFK members could compensate for the lack of Src activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cell viability after either Src or Fgr silencing was examined in ovarian cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Expression of SFKs after Src silencing in ovarian cancer cells was examined by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Therapeutic effect of in vivo Src and/or Fgr silencing was examined using siRNA incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles (siRNA/CH-NP). Microvessel density, cell proliferation, and apoptosis markers were determined by immunohistochemical staining in ovarian tumor tissues. RESULTS Src silencing enhanced cytotoxicity of docetaxel in both SKOV3ip1 and HeyA8 cells. In addition, Src silencing using siRNA/CH-NP in combination with docetaxel resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth compared with control siRNA/CH-NP (81.8% reduction in SKOV3ip1, P = 0.017; 84.3% reduction in HeyA8, P < 0.005). These effects were mediated by decreased tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and increased tumor cell apoptosis. Next, we assessed the effects of Src silencing on other SFK members in ovarian cancer cell lines. Src silencing resulted in significantly increased Fgr levels. Dual Src and Fgr silencing in vitro resulted in increased apoptosis that was mediated by increased caspase and AKT activity. In addition, dual silencing of Src and Fgr in vivo using siRNA/CH-NP resulted in the greatest reduction in tumor growth compared with silencing of either Src or Fgr alone in the HeyA8 model (68.8%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that, in addition to Src, Fgr plays a biologically significant role in ovarian cancer growth and might represent an important target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Kim
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Pathology, Cheil General Hospital and Women’s Healthcare Center, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 100-380
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Guillermo N. Armaiz-Pena
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rebecca L. Stone
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Eun Ji Nam
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Women’s Cancer Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 120-752
| | - Jeong-Won Lee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 135-710
| | - Mian M. K. Shahzad
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology and UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Alpa M. Nick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sun Joo Lee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Won Roh
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Dongguk University IIsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Masato Nishimura
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lingegowda S. Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- University of Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Department of Radiation Biophysics, Houston, TX 77058
| | - Justin Bottsford-Miller
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gary E. Gallick
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0018-4, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Cancer Biology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 173, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Cancer Biology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 173, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
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Charles N, Holland EC. The perivascular niche microenvironment in brain tumor progression. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:3012-21. [PMID: 20714216 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.15.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most frequent and aggressive malignant brain tumor, has a very poor prognosis of approximately 1-year. The associated aggressive phenotype and therapeutic resistance of glioblastoma is postulated to be due to putative brain tumor stem-like cells (BTSC). The best hope for improved therapy lies in the ability to understand the molecular biology that controls BTSC behavior. The tumor vascular microenvironment of brain tumors has emerged as important regulators of BTSC behavior. Emerging data have identified the vascular microenvironment as home to a multitude of cell types engaged in various signaling that work collectively to foster a supportive environment for BTSCs. Characterization of the signaling pathways and intercellular communication between resident cell types in the microvascular niche of brain tumors is critical to the identification of potential BTSC-specific targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Charles
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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46
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SCCRO promotes glioma formation and malignant progression in mice. Neoplasia 2010; 12:476-84. [PMID: 20563250 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as an oncogene activated by amplification in squamous cell carcinomas, several lines of evidence now suggest that squamous cell carcinoma-related oncogene (SCCRO; aka DCUN1D1) may play a role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of human cancers including gliomas. SCCRO's oncogenic function is substantiated by its ectopic expression, resulting in transformation of cells in culture and xenograft formation in nude mice. The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo oncogenicity of SCCRO in a murine model. Ubiquitous expression of SCCRO resulted in early embryonic lethality. Because SCCRO overexpression was detected in human gliomas, its in vivo oncogenic activity was assessed in an established murine glioma model. Conditional expression of SCCRO using a replication-competent ASLV long terminal repeat with splice acceptor/nestin-(tumor virus-A) tv-a model system was not sufficient to induce tumor formation in a wild-type genetic background, but tumors formed with increasing frequency and decreasing latency in facilitated background containing Ink4a deletion alone or in combination with PTEN loss. Ectopic expression of SCCRO in glial progenitor cells resulted in lower-grade gliomas in Ink4a(-/-) mice, whereas its expression in Ink4a(-/-)/PTEN(-/-) background produced high-grade glioblastoma-like lesions that were indistinguishable from human tumors. Expression of SCCRO with platelet-derived growth factor-beta (PDGF-beta) resulted in an increased proportion of mice forming glioblastoma-like tumors compared with those induced by PDGF-beta alone. This work substantiates SCCRO's function as an oncogene by showing its ability to facilitate malignant transformation and carcinogenic progression in vivo and supports a role for SCCRO in the pathogenesis of gliomas and other human cancers.
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Genomic aberrations associated with outcome in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors treated within the EORTC phase III trial 26951. J Neurooncol 2010; 103:221-30. [PMID: 20820870 PMCID: PMC3097344 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite similar morphological aspects, anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors (AOTs) form a heterogeneous clinical subgroup of gliomas. The chromosome arms 1p/19q codeletion has been shown to be a relevant biomarker in AOTs and to be perfectly exclusive from EGFR amplification in gliomas. To identify new genomic regions associated with prognosis, 60 AOTs from the EORTC trial 26951 were analyzed retrospectively using BAC-array-based comparative genomic hybridization. The data were processed using a binary tree method. Thirty-three BACs with prognostic value were identified distinguishing four genomic subgroups of AOTs with different prognosis (p < 0.0001). Type I tumors (25%) were characterized by: (1) an EGFR amplification, (2) a poor prognosis, (3) a higher rate of necrosis, and (4) an older age of patients. Type II tumors (21.7%) had: (1) loss of prognostic BACs located on 1p tightly associated with 19q deletion, (2) a longer survival, (3) an oligodendroglioma phenotype, and (4) a frontal location in brain. Type III AOTs (11.7%) exhibited: (1) a deletion of prognostic BACs located on 21q, and (2) a short survival. Finally, type IV tumors (41.7%) had different genomic patterns and prognosis than type I, II and III AOTs. Multivariate analysis showed that genomic type provides additional prognostic data to clinical, imaging and pathological features. Similar results were obtained in the cohort of 45 centrally reviewed–validated cases of AOTs. Whole genome analysis appears useful to screen the numerous genomic abnormalities observed in AOTs and to propose new biomarkers particularly in the non-1p/19q codeleted AOTs.
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Li J, Di C, Mattox AK, Wu L, Adamson DC. The future role of personalized medicine in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2010; 3:111-27. [PMID: 23226047 PMCID: PMC3513213 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains one of the most malignant primary central nervous system tumors. Personalized therapeutic approaches have not become standard of care for GBM, but science is fast approaching this goal. GBM's heterogeneous genomic landscape and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy make this tumor one of the most challenging to treat. Recent advances in genome-wide studies and genetic profiling show that there is unlikely to be a single genetic or cellular event that can be effectively targeted in all patients. Instead, future therapies will likely require personalization for each patient's tumor genotype or proteomic profile. Over the past year, many investigations specifically focused simultaneously on strategies to target oncogenic pathways, angiogenesis, tumor immunology, epigenomic events, glioma stem cells (GSCs), and the highly migratory glioma cell population. Combination therapy targeting multiple pathways is becoming a fast growing area of research, and many studies put special attention on small molecule inhibitors. Because GBM is a highly vascular tumor, therapy that directs monoclonal antibodies or small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors toward angiogenic factors is also an area of focus for the development of new therapies. Passive, active, and adoptive immunotherapies have been explored by many studies recently, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression with microRNAs is also becoming an important area of study. GSCs can be useful targets to stop tumor recurrence and proliferation, and recent research has found key molecules that regulate GBM cell migration that can be targeted by therapy. Current standard of care for GBM remains nonspecific; however, pharmacogenomic studies are underway to pave the way for patient-specific therapies that are based on the unique aberrant pathways in individual patients. In conclusion, recent studies in GBM have found many diverse molecular targets possible for therapy. The next obstacle in treating this fatal tumor is ascertaining which molecules in each patient should be targeted and how best to target them, so that we can move our current nonspecific therapies toward the realm of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chunhui Di
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Austin K Mattox
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda Wu
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - D Cory Adamson
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Neurosurgery Section, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Tai CJ, Hsu CH, Shen SC, Lee WR, Jiang MC. Cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CSE1L/CAS) protein in cancer metastasis and chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:110. [PMID: 20701792 PMCID: PMC2925819 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CSE1L/CAS) protein is highly expressed in cancer, and its expression is positively correlated with high cancer stage, high cancer grade, and worse outcomes of patients. CSE1L (or CAS) regulates chemotherapeutic drug-induced cancer cell apoptosis and may play important roles in mediating the cytotoxicities of chemotherapeutic drugs against cancer cells in cancer chemotherapy. CSE1L was originally regarded as a proliferation-associated protein and was thought to regulate the proliferation of cancer cells in cancer progression. However, the results of experimental studies showed that enhanced CSE1L expression is unable to increase proliferation of cancer cells and CSE1L regulates invasion and metastasis but not proliferation of cancer cells. Recent studies revealed that CSE1L is a secretory protein, and there is a higher prevalence of secretory CSE1L in the sera of patients with metastatic cancer. Therefore, CSE1L may be a useful serological marker for screening, diagnosis and prognosis, assessment of therapeutic responses, and monitoring for recurrence of cancer. In this paper, we review the expression of CSE1L in cancer and discuss why CSE1L regulates the invasion and metastasis rather than the proliferation of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jeng Tai
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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50
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Huse JT, Holland EC. Targeting brain cancer: advances in the molecular pathology of malignant glioma and medulloblastoma. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10:319-31. [PMID: 20414201 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumours continue to be the cause of a disproportionate level of morbidity and mortality across a wide range of individuals. The most common variants in the adult and paediatric populations - malignant glioma and medulloblastoma, respectively - have been the subject of increasingly intensive research over the past two decades that has led to considerable advances in the understanding of their basic biology and pathogenesis. This Review summarizes these developments in the context of the evolving notion of molecular pathology and discusses the implications that this work has on the design of new treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Huse
- Departments of Pathology, 408 East 69th Street (Z1304), New York, NY 10065, USA
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