1
|
Histidine Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Screening Aminoglycosides and Nanomolar Level Detection of Streptomycin in Water, Milk, and Whey. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9120358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside (AMG) antibiotics are being applied to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, mainly in livestock, and are prescribed only in severe cases because of their adverse impacts on human health and the environment. Monitoring antibiotic residues in dairy products relies on the accessibility of portable and efficient analytical techniques. Presently, high-throughput screening techniques have been proposed to detect several antimicrobial drugs having identical structural and functional features. The L-histidine functionalized gold nanoparticles (His@AuNPs) do not form a complex with other tested antibiotic classes but show high selectivity for AMG antibiotics. We used ligand-induced aggregation of His@AuNPs as a rapid and sensitive localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) assay for AMG antibiotics, producing longitudinal extinction shifts at 660 nm. Herein, we explore the practical application of His@AuNPs to detect streptomycin spiked in water, milk, and whey fraction of milk with nanomolar level sensitivity. The ability of the analytical method to recognize target analytes sensitively and rapidly is of great significance to perform monitoring, thus would certainly reassure widespread use of AMG antibiotics. The biosynthesis of hybrid organic–inorganic metal nanoparticles like His@AuNPs with desired size distribution, stability, and specific host–guest recognition proficiency, would further facilitate applications in various other fields.
Collapse
|
2
|
Volpi S, Rozzi A, Rivi N, Neri M, Knoll W, Corradini R. Submonomeric Strategy with Minimal Protection for the Synthesis of C(2)-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:902-907. [PMID: 33417460 PMCID: PMC7880566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of C(2)-modified peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) is proposed, using a submonomeric strategy with minimally protected building blocks, which allowed a reduction in the required synthetic steps. N(3)-unprotected, d-Lys- and d-Arg-based backbones were used to obtain positively charged PNAs with high optical purity, as inferred from chiral GC measurements. "Chiral-box" PNAs targeting the G12D point mutation of the KRAS gene were produced using this method, showing improved sequence selectivity for the mutated- vs wild-type DNA strand with respect to unmodified PNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Volpi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43123, Italy
| | - Andrea Rozzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43123, Italy
| | - Nicola Rivi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43123, Italy
| | - Martina Neri
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43123, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43123, Italy
- Biosensor
Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Roberto Corradini
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43123, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Movilli J, Choudhury SS, Schönhoff M, Huskens J. Enhancement of Probe Density in DNA Sensing by Tuning the Exponential Growth Regime of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 32:9155-9166. [PMID: 33191977 PMCID: PMC7659331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-based biosensing devices benefit from a dedicated design of the probe layer present at the transducing interface. The layer architecture, its physicochemical properties, and the embedding of the receptor sites affect the probability of binding the analyte. Here, the enhancement of the probe density at the sensing interface by tuning the exponential growth regime of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) is presented. PEMs were made of poly-l-lysine (PLL), with appended clickable dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) groups and oligo(ethylene glycol) chains, and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). The DNA probe loading and target hybridization efficiencies of the PEMs were evaluated as a function of the PLL layer number and the growth regime by a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). An amplification factor of 25 in the target DNA detection was found for a 33-layer exponentially grown PEM compared to a monolayer. A Voigt-based model showed that DNA probe binding to the DBCO groups is more efficient in the open, exponentially grown films, while the hybridization efficiencies appeared to be high for all layer architectures. These results show the potential of such engineered gel-like structures to increase the detection of bio-relevant analytes in biosensing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Movilli
- Molecular
NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Salmeen Shakil Choudhury
- Molecular
NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular
NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Manukyan AK. Structural characteristics of cyclopentane-modified peptide nucleic acids from molecular dynamics simulations. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-0970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
Breveglieri G, Bassi E, Carlassara S, Cosenza LC, Pellegatti P, Guerra G, Finotti A, Gambari R, Borgatti M. Y-chromosome identification in circulating cell-free fetal DNA using surface plasmon resonance. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:353-61. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Breveglieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
- Biotechnology Center; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bassi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Silvia Carlassara
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Lucia Carmela Cosenza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
- Biotechnology Center; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Patrizia Pellegatti
- Operative Unit of Laboratory Analysis; University Hospital S. Anna; Ferrara Italy
| | - Giovanni Guerra
- Operative Unit of Laboratory Analysis; University Hospital S. Anna; Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
- Biotechnology Center; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meneghello A, Antognoli A, Sonato A, Zacco G, Ruffato G, Cretaio E, Romanato F. Label-free efficient and accurate detection of cystic fibrosis causing mutations using an azimuthally rotated GC-SPR platform. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11773-81. [PMID: 25359284 DOI: 10.1021/ac503272y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanosensors are candidates for the development of new sensors with low detection limits, high sensitivity, and specificity for target detection: these characteristics are of critical importance in the screening of mutations responsible for inherited diseases. In this work, we focused our study on the detection of some of the most frequent mutations responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF) among the Italian population. For the detection of the CF mutations we adopted a recently developed and highly sensitive Grating Coupled-Surface Plasmon Resonance (GC-SPR) enhanced spectroscopy method for label-free molecular identification exploiting a conical illumination configuration. Gold sinusoidal gratings functionalized with heterobifunctional PEG were used as sensing surfaces, and the specific biodetection was achieved through the coupling with DNA hairpin probes designed for single nucleotide discrimination. Such substrates were used to test unlabeled PCR amplified homozygous wild type (wt) and heterozygous samples, deriving from clinical samples, for the screened mutations. Hybridization conditions were optimized to obtain the maximum discrimination ratio (DR) between the homozygous wild type and the heterozygous samples. SPR signals obtained from hybridizing wild type and heterozygous samples show DRs able to identify univocally the correct genotypes, as confirmed by fluorescence microarray experiments run in parallel. Furthermore, SPR genotyping was not impaired in samples containing unrelated DNA, allowing the platform to be used for the concomitant discrimination of several alleles also scalable for a high throughput screening setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meneghello
- Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A. , Via S. Crispino 106, Padova, Italy , c/o Nanofab, Via delle Industrie 5, 30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Manicardi A, Guidi L, Ghidini A, Corradini R. Pyrene-modified PNAs: Stacking interactions and selective excimer emission in PNA2DNA triplexes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1495-503. [PMID: 25161706 PMCID: PMC4142857 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrene derivatives can be incorporated into nucleic acid analogs in order to obtain switchable probes or supramolecular architectures. In this paper, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) containing 1 to 3 1-pyreneacetic acid units (PNA1–6) with a sequence with prevalence of pyrimidine bases, complementary to cystic fibrosis W1282X point mutation were synthesized. These compounds showed sequence-selective switch-on of pyrene excimer emission in the presence of target DNA, due to PNA2DNA triplex formation, with stability depending on the number and positioning of the pyrene units along the chain. An increase in triplex stability and a very high mismatch-selectivity, derived from combined stacking and base-pairing interactions, were found for PNA2, bearing two distant pyrene units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Manicardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy. ; Tel: +39 0521 905410
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy. ; Tel: +39 0521 905410
| | - Alice Ghidini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy. ; Tel: +39 0521 905410 ; Present Address: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Hälsovägen 7, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Roberto Corradini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy. ; Tel: +39 0521 905410
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ermini ML, Mariani S, Scarano S, Minunni M. Bioanalytical approaches for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms by Surface Plasmon Resonance biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:28-37. [PMID: 24841091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mapping of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in patients' genome is a main goal in theranostics, aiming to the development of therapies based on personalized medicine. In this review, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) biosensors applied to the recognition of SNPs were reviewed, since these technologies are emerging in clinical diagnosis as powerful tools thanks to their analytical features, mainly the real-time and label-free monitoring based on array format for parallel analysis. Since the literature is heterogeneous, a critical classification and a systemic comparison of the analytical performances of published methods were here reviewed on the basis of the analytical strategy and the assay design. In particular, the use of helping agents (i.e. proteins, nanoparticles (NPs), intercalating agents) or artificial DNAs, often coupled to SPR to achieve allele discrimination and/or enhanced sensitivity, were here revised and classified. Finally, the real suitability of SPR biosensors to clinical diagnostics for SNPs detection was addressed by comparing their features and performances with those of other biosensors based on other techniques (e.g. electrochemical biosensors).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Ermini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Maria Minunni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; Consorzio Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gambari R. Peptide nucleic acids: a review on recent patents and technology transfer. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:267-94. [PMID: 24405414 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.863874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA/RNA-based drugs are considered of major interest in molecular diagnosis and nonviral gene therapy. In this field, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs, DNA analogs in which the sugar-phosphate backbone is replaced by N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units or similar building blocks) have been demonstrated to be excellent candidates as diagnostic reagents and biodrugs. AREAS COVERED Recent (2002 - 2013) patents based on studies on development of PNA analogs, delivery systems for PNAs, applications of PNAs in molecular diagnosis, and use of PNA for innovative therapeutic protocols. EXPERT OPINION PNAs are unique reagents in molecular diagnosis and have been proven to be very active and specific for alteration of gene expression, despite the fact that solubility and uptake by target cells can be limiting factors. Accordingly, patents on PNAs have taken in great consideration delivery strategies. PNAs have been proven stable and effective in vivo, despite the fact that possible long-term toxicity should be considered. For possible clinical applications, the use of PNA molecules in combination with drugs already employed in therapy has been suggested. Considering the patents available and the results on in vivo testing on animal models, we expect in the near future relevant PNA-based clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gambari
- University of Ferrara, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section , Via Fossato di Mortara n.74, 44100 Ferrara , Italy +39 532 974443 ; +39 532 974500 ;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marzaro G, Guiotto A, Borgatti M, Finotti A, Gambari R, Breveglieri G, Chilin A. Psoralen derivatives as inhibitors of NF-κB/DNA interaction: synthesis, molecular modeling, 3D-QSAR, and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1830-42. [PMID: 23414143 DOI: 10.1021/jm3009647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some new psoralen derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of NF-κB/DNA interaction, with the aim to investigate the structural determinants required to inhibit this interaction. Starting from molecular docking studies, several possible protein binding sites were proposed and several three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models were built using the docked poses of 29 (the most active psoralen in the series) as templates for alignment of the inhibitors. The selected best model was validated through the prediction of the activity of 17 novel compounds. All the experimental data agreed with the computational experiments, supporting the reliability of the computational approach. The hypothesis about the interaction with NF-κB was also supported by surface plasmon resonance based assays using compound 29. All the collected data allowed the identification of compound 29 as a potential candidate for the development of pharmaceutical strategies against the inflammatory phenotype of cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marzaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Šípová H, Homola J. Surface plasmon resonance sensing of nucleic acids: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 773:9-23. [PMID: 23561902 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have become a central tool for the investigation and quantification of biomolecules and their interactions. Nucleic acids (NAs) play a vital role in numerous biological processes and therefore have been one of the major groups of biomolecules targeted by the SPR biosensors. This paper discusses the advances of NA SPR biosensor technology and reviews its applications both in the research of molecular interactions involving NAs (NA-NA, NA-protein, NA-small molecule), as well as for the field of bioanalytics in the areas of food safety, medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Šípová
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Chaberská 57, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Homola
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Chaberská 57, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gu Y, Tan YJ, Wang CY, Nie JL, Yu JR, Li YH. A Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Platform Coupled with Gold Nanoparticle Probes for Unpurified Nucleic Acids Detection. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.682241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
13
|
Zhang X, Lou Z, Wang A, Zhang H. Detection of Wild-Type Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase of Lymphocytes in Gamma-Irradiated Mice with Surface Plasmon Resonance. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.655677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
14
|
Fabbri E, Manicardi A, Tedeschi T, Sforza S, Bianchi N, Brognara E, Finotti A, Breveglieri G, Borgatti M, Corradini R, Marchelli R, Gambari R. Modulation of the biological activity of microRNA-210 with peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2192-202. [PMID: 22012891 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the activity of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) that targets microRNA-210 (miR-210), which is associated with hypoxia and is modulated during erythroid differentiation. PNAs directed against miR-210 were designed to bind with high affinity to the target RNA strand and to undergo efficient uptake in target cells. A polyarginine-PNA conjugate directed against miR-210 (Rpep-PNA-a210) showed both very high affinity for RNA and efficient uptake into target cells without the need for transfection reagents. An unmodified PNA of the same sequence displayed the ability to bind RNA, but cellular uptake was very poor. Consistent with this, only Rpep-PNA-a210 strongly inhibited miR-210 activity, as evaluated by assays on undifferentiated K562 cells and on cells treated with mithramycin, which was found to induce erythroid differentiation and miR-210 overexpression. Targeting miR-210 by Rpep-PNA-a210 resulted in: 1) a decrease in miR-210 levels as measured by RT-PCR, 2) up-regulation of raptor mRNA, 3) a decrease in γ-globin mRNA, and 4) decreased expression of differentiated functions (i.e., proportion of benzidine-positive cells, content of embryo-fetal hemoglobins). The efficient delivery of anti-miR PNAs through a suitable peptide carrier (Rpep-PNA-a210) leads to the inhibition of miR-210 activity, altering the expression of miR-210-regulated erythroid functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Fabbri
- BioPharmaNet, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara n.74, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effect of ionic strength on PNA-DNA hybridization on surfaces and in solution. Biointerphases 2010; 2:80-8. [PMID: 20408640 DOI: 10.1116/1.2746871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are mimics of oligonucleotides containing a neutral peptidelike backbone and are able to bind complementary DNA targets with high affinity and selectivity. In order to investigate the effect of the ionic strength of the buffer solution, hybridization experiments with PNAs as (catcher) probes and DNAs as target oligonucleotides were performed in different salt solutions. Surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy was employed for real-time monitoring of DNA hybridizations to surface bound PNA. Probes with three different strand lengths were immobilized by self-assembly on the sensor surface. By introducing Cy5-labeled DNA targets the affinity constants, K(A)=k(on) (association)/k(off) (dissociation), were determined for fully complementary (MM0) as well as for single base mismatched (MM1) duplexes. Furthermore, the thermal stability of each duplex was determined by measuring melting curves in solution which was then compared to the kinetic and affinity parameters determined for the surface hybridization reactions. The results indicate that ions do not play a significant role for the PNA/DNA hybridization kinetics at surfaces. However, changes in the configuration of the PNA/DNA duplex due to the ionic strength variations influence the fluorescence yield drastically.
Collapse
|
16
|
Application of peptide nucleic acid towards development of nanobiosensor arrays. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 79:153-61. [PMID: 20356802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is the modified DNA or DNA analogue with a neutral peptide backbone instead of a negatively charged sugar phosphate. PNA exhibits chemical stability, resistant to enzymatic degradation inside living cell, recognizing specific sequences of nucleic acid, formation of stable hybrid complexes like PNA/DNA/PNA triplex, strand invasion, extraordinary thermal stability and ionic strength, and unique hybridization relative to nucleic acids. These unique physicobiochemical properties of PNA enable a new mode of detection, which is a faster and more reliable analytical process and finds applications in the molecular diagnostics and pharmaceutical fields. Besides, a variety of unique characteristic features, PNAs replace DNA as a probe for biomolecular tool in the molecular genetic diagnostics, cytogenetics, and various pharmaceutical potentials as well as for the development of sensors/arrays/chips and many more investigation purposes. This review paper discusses the various current aspects related with PNAs, making a new hot device in the commercial applications like nanobiosensor arrays.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rossi S, Lesignoli F, Germini A, Faccini A, Sforza S, Corradini R, Marchelli R. Identification of PCR-amplified genetically modified organisms (GMOs) DNA by peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes in anion-exchange chromatographic analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:2509-16. [PMID: 17326652 DOI: 10.1021/jf062063s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PCR products obtained by selective amplification of transgenic DNA derived from food samples containing Roundup Ready soybean or Bt-176 maize have been analyzed by anion-exchange HPLC. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), oligonucleotide analogues known to bind to complementary single-stranded DNA with high affinity and specificity, have been used as specific probes in order to assess the identity of the peaks observed. Two different protocols were adopted in order to obtain single-stranded DNA: amplification with an excess of one primer or digestion of one DNA strand. The single-stranded DNA was mixed with the PNA probe, and the presence of a specific sequence was revealed through detection of the corresponding PNA:DNA peak with significantly different retention time. Advantages and limits of this approach are discussed. The method was tested with reference materials and subsequently applied to commercial samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale Università di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 17/A, I-43100 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zezza F, Pascale M, Mulè G, Visconti A. Detection of Fusarium culmorum in wheat by a surface plasmon resonance-based DNA sensor. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 66:529-37. [PMID: 16563535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on DNA hybridization has been developed for the detection of Fusarium culmorum, a fungal pathogen of cereals. A 0.57 kbp DNA fragment of F. culmorum was amplified by specific primers and a 25-mer oligonucleotide probe was selected within the sequence of the PCR amplicon. After biotinilation, the probe was immobilized on a streptavidin sensor chip and tested for biospecific interaction with PCR products of F. culmorum. The effect of denaturating agents (formamide and urea) and ionic strength (NaCl) on hybridization efficiency of double-stranded PCR products with the immobilized probe and the specificity of the probe were investigated. The SPR biosensor was successfully used for the detection of F. culmorum in culture material of different strains and in naturally infected wheat samples. Tested on fungal cultures, it showed a good selectivity for F. culmorum against other species of either Fusarium or other fungal genera. A background signal was observed in wheat samples strictly depending on the DNA amount of the testing matrix. Testing 30 ng of durum wheat DNA the detection limit was 0.06 pg of F. culmorum DNA. The developed PCR-SPR assay allowed to detect F. culmorum with sensitivity and specificity higher than gel-electrophoresis analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zezza
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council, Via G. Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tedeschi T, Chiari M, Galaverna G, Sforza S, Cretich M, Corradini R, Marchelli R. Detection of the R553X DNA single point mutation related to cystic fibrosis by a "chiral box" D-lysine-peptide nucleic acid probe by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 26:4310-6. [PMID: 16287174 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to recognize the presence of the R553X point mutation of the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene in the human genome, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) complementary to the mutated gene tract and bearing three adjacent chiral monomers based on D-lysine (chiral box) was synthesized and used as a probe in CE. Binding specificity was preliminarily studied with complementary and mismatched oligonucleotides by UV spectroscopy, electrospray MS, and electrophoresis, indicating a very high sequence selectivity. The chiral PNA probe was then hybridized to cyanine-5-labeled DNA samples (186 bp), obtained by PCR amplification, respectively, from: (a) normal homozygous subjects (wtDNA), (b) CF-affected homozygous subjects (mutDNA), (c) heterozygous subjects (healthy carriers) and denatured at low ionic strength. The PNA-DNA mixture was directly analyzed by CE with LIF detection: a new signal corresponding to the PNA-mutDNA duplex was observed, in the case of CF-affected homozygous subjects, whereas for the sample containing the mismatched sequence (normal homozygous wtDNA) only the signal corresponding to ssDNA (ss, single strand) was detected. In the case of heterozygous DNA, both PNA-mutDNA duplex and ssDNA were detected. With this simple assay, it was possible to discriminate in an easy way among the three cases (mutated homozygous, normal homozygous, and heterozygous subjects) with a total specificity, thus allowing a decisive advance for the diagnosis of CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Tedeschi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rockenbauer E, Petersen K, Vogel U, Bolund L, Kølvraa S, Nielsen KV, Nexø BA. SNP genotyping using microsphere-linked PNA and flow cytometric detection. Cytometry A 2005; 64:80-6. [PMID: 15729710 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent the most frequent form of genetic variations. Some of the most sensitive methods for SNP genotyping employ synthetic oligonucleotides, such as the peptide nucleic acid (PNA). We introduce a new method combining allele-specific hybridization, PNA technology, and flow cytometric detection. We tested the design by genotyping a Danish basal cell carcinoma cohort of 80 individuals for an A/C SNP in exon 6 of the XPD gene. METHODS Genomic DNA was amplified by a two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the presence of fluorescein-dyed primers and fluorescein-12-dUTP. The allele-specific PNA molecules were covalently coupled to carboxylated microspheres with and without rhodamine. Allele-specific hybridization between PCR products and immobilized PNA was carried out at 60 degrees C followed by flow cytometric detection. RESULTS We present a fully functional two-bead genotyping system based on PNA capture and flow cytometric detection used for the correct and fast regenotyping of a Danish basal cell carcinoma cohort. CONCLUSIONS This new assay presents a simple, rapid, and robust method for SNP genotyping for laboratories equipped with a standard flow cytometer. Moreover, this system offers potential for multiplexing and will be operational for middle-scale genotyping.
Collapse
|
21
|
Special-Purpose Modifications and Immobilized Functional Nucleic Acids for Biomolecular Interactions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/b136673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
The analysis of biomolecules using microarrays and other biosensors has a significant role in molecular biotechnology, and will become even more important in the future as a versatile tool for research and diagnostics. For many applications, the synthetic DNA mimic peptide nucleic acid (PNA) could be advantageous as a probe molecule, owing to its unique physicochemical and biochemical properties. PNA exhibits superior hybridization characteristics and improved chemical and enzymatic stability relative to nucleic acids. Furthermore, its different molecular structure enables new modes of detection, especially procedures that avoid the introduction of a label. In our opinion, all of these factors contribute significantly toward the establishment of faster and more reliable analytical processes and opens new fields of application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Brandt
- Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wood DO, Lee JS. Investigation of pH-dependent DNA-metal ion interactions by surface plasmon resonance. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:566-74. [PMID: 15621291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ni(II) and Zn(II) M-DNA formation and denaturation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by Cd(2+) were monitored by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). When exposed to immobilized 30 bp 50% GC dsDNA, Zn(2+) and Ni(2+) were found to give signals indicative of a conformational change at pH 8.5 but not 7.5, while Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) caused small changes at both pHs. The concentrations that gave 50% of the maximum responses were 0.06 and 0.50 mM for Zn(2+) and Ni(2+), respectively. At pH 8.5, Cd(2+) denatured over 40% of the dsDNA, while other metals denatured less than 5% of the DNA. Smaller pH-dependent signals were induced by Zn(2+), Ni(2+) or Cd(2+) with 50% GC single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and with a homopolymer of d(T)30. Homopolymers d(A)30 and d(C)30 showed small signals that were largely independent of pH in the presence of Zn(2+) or Ni(2+).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David O Wood
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lemarchand K, Masson L, Brousseau R. Molecular biology and DNA microarray technology for microbial quality monitoring of water. Crit Rev Microbiol 2004; 30:145-72. [PMID: 15490968 DOI: 10.1080/10408410490435142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Public concern over polluted water is a major environmental issue worldwide. Microbial contamination of water arguably represents the most significant risk to human health on a global scale. An important challenge in modern water microbial quality monitoring is the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of microbial indicators and waterborne pathogens. Presently, microbial tests are based essentially on time-consuming culture methods. Rapid microbiological analyses and detection of rare events in water systems are important challenges in water safety assessment since culture methods present serious limitations from both quantitative and qualitative points of view. To circumvent lengthy culture methods, newer enzymatic, immunological, and genetic methods are being developed as an alternative. DNA microarray technology is a new and promising tool that allows the detection of several hundred or even thousands DNA sequences simultaneously. Recent advances in sample processing and DNA microarray technologies provide new perspectives to assess microbial water quality. The aims of this review are to (1) summarize what is currently known about microbial indicators, (2) describe the most important waterborne pathogens, (3) present molecular methods used to monitor the presence of pathogens in water, and (4) show the potential of DNA microarrays in water quality monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lemarchand
- National Research Council of Canada, Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Feriotto G, Breveglieri G, Finotti A, Gardenghi S, Gambari R. Real-time multiplex analysis of four beta-thalassemia mutations employing surface plasmon resonance and biosensor technology. J Transl Med 2004; 84:796-803. [PMID: 15094716 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, biospecific interaction analysis (BIA) employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and biosensor technologies was applied to the analysis of multiple mutations of the human beta-globin gene. To this aim, large target polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were immobilized on sensor chips and then probes detecting beta degrees 39 (C>T), beta degrees IVSI-1 (G>A), beta(+)IVSI-6 (T>C) and beta(+)IVSI-110 (G>A) thalassemia mutations were sequentially injected. In this study, a total of ten normal and seven heterozygous subjects, and six homozygous patients were considered. The results obtained allow to conclude that discrimination between normal subjects, heterozygous, and homozygous patients is readily achieved for all the four mutations by PCR amplification of genomic DNA containing all the regions corresponding to the same mutations, immobilization of the same PCR products, and hybridization. To our knowledge the procedure described here is the first reported on the use of SPR-based BIA and biosensor technology for multiple detections of point mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giordana Feriotto
- Laboratory for the Development of Pharmacological and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia, Biotechnology Center, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yuan BF, Hao YH, Tan Z. Universal Sensing Strategy for the Detection of Nucleic Acid Targets by Optical Biosensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance. Clin Chem 2004; 50:1057-60. [PMID: 15161721 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Feng Yuan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Feriotto G, Breveglieri G, Gardenghi S, Carandina G, Gambari R. Surface plasmon resonance and biosensor technology for real-time molecular diagnosis of beta o 39 thalassemia mutation. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS : A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN DISEASE THROUGH THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 8:33-41. [PMID: 15230640 DOI: 10.1007/bf03260045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biospecific interaction analysis (BIA) employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and biosensor technologies is of interest in clinical genetics. However, few data are available on its use in hereditary diseases caused by genetic mutations. AIM The primary aim of this study was the refinement of BIA technology for use in identifying the beta o 39 mutation of the beta-globin gene, a mutation which causes a common type of beta o thalassemia. METHODS Target-biotinylated PCR products were immobilized on streptavidin-coated sensor chips and diagnosed using SPR-based BIA performed by injecting specific oligonucleotide probes into the sensor chip. RESULTS We demonstrated that the beta o 39 mutation can be easily and reproducibly identified during the association phase. CONCLUSIONS This should be considered a pilot study demonstrating the ability of SPR-based BIA to detect point mutations in the beta-globin gene by real-time monitoring of hybridization between oligonucleotide probes and target-biotinylated PCR products generated from genomic DNA from normal, heterozygous individuals and homozygous beta o thalassemia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giordana Feriotto
- Laboratory for the Development of Pharmacological and Pharmacogenomic Treatment of Thalassemia, Biotechnology Center, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Giakoumaki E, Minunni M, Tombelli S, Tothill IE, Mascini M, Bogani P, Buiatti M. Combination of amplification and post-amplification strategies to improve optical DNA sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 19:337-44. [PMID: 14615092 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(03)00193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The work evaluated a series of approaches to optimise detection of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA samples by an optical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) (BiacoreX). The optimised procedure was based on an asymmetric PCR amplification system to amplify predominantly one DNA strand, containing the sequence complementary to a specific probe. The study moved into two directions, aiming to improve the analytical performance of SPR detection in PCR amplified products. One approach concerned the application of new strategies at the level of PCR, i.e. asymmetric PCR to obtain ssDNA amplified fragments containing the target capable of hybridisation with the immobilised complementary probe. The other strategy focused on the post-PCR amplification stage. Optimised denaturing conditions were applied to both symmetrically and asymmetrically amplified fragments. The effective combination of the two strategies allowed a rapid and specific hybridisation reaction. The developed method was successfully applied in the detection of genetically modified organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Giakoumaki
- Cranfield Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Feriotto G, Gardenghi S, Bianchi N, Gambari R. Quantitation of Bt-176 maize genomic sequences by surface plasmon resonance-based biospecific interaction analysis of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:4640-4646. [PMID: 14705890 DOI: 10.1021/jf0341013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensors have been described for the identification of genetically modified organisms (GMO) by biospecific interaction analysis (BIA). This paper describes the design and testing of an SPR-based BIA protocol for quantitative determinations of GMOs. Biotinylated multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products from nontransgenic maize as well as maize powders containing 0.5 and 2% genetically modified Bt-176 sequences were immobilized on different flow cells of a sensor chip. After immobilization, different oligonucleotide probes recognizing maize zein and Bt-176 sequences were injected. The results obtained were compared with Southern blot analysis and with quantitative real-time PCR assays. It was demonstrated that sequential injections of Bt-176 and zein probes to sensor chip flow cells containing multiplex PCR products allow discrimination between PCR performed using maize genomic DNA containing 0.5% Bt-176 sequences and that performed using maize genomic DNA containing 2% Bt-176 sequences. The efficiency of SPR-based BIA in discriminating material containing different amounts of Bt-176 maize is comparable to real-time quantitative PCR and much more reliable than Southern blotting, which in the past has been used for semiquantitative purposes. Furthermore, the approach allows the BIA assay to be repeated several times on the same multiplex PCR product immobilized on the sensor chip, after washing and regeneration of the flow cell. Finally, it is emphasized that the presented strategy to quantify GMOs could be proposed for all of the SPR-based, commercially available biosensors. Some of these optical SPR-based biosensors use, instead of flow-based sensor chips, stirred microcuvettes, reducing the costs of the experimentation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Verma S, Jäger S, Thum O, Famulok M. Functional tuning of nucleic acids by chemical modifications: tailored oligonucleotides as drugs, devices, and diagnostics. CHEM REC 2003; 3:51-60. [PMID: 12552531 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modifications of nucleic acids present vast opportunities for extending the functions and properties of these biomolecules. In general, efforts invested in this direction pertain to the introduction of reactive functional groups for further derivatizations of oligonucleotides with numerous reporter groups and for equipping nucleic acids with catalytic chemical moieties. This review deals with representative chemical modifications in the nucleobases, sugars, and the phosphate ester backbone and their application from novel catalytic RNA selection to nucleic acid-based biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Verma
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
We have assembled references of 700 articles published in 2001 that describe work performed using commercially available optical biosensors. To illustrate the technology's diversity, the citation list is divided into reviews, methods and specific applications, as well as instrument type. We noted marked improvements in the utilization of biosensors and the presentation of kinetic data over previous years. These advances reflect a maturing of the technology, which has become a standard method for characterizing biomolecular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sforza S, Galaverna G, Dossena A, Corradini R, Marchelli R. Role of chirality and optical purity in nucleic acid recognition by PNA and PNA analogs. Chirality 2002; 14:591-8. [PMID: 12112334 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids are DNA mimics able to form duplexes with complementary DNA or RNA strands of remarkable affinity and selectivity. Oligopyrimidine PNA can displace one strand of dsDNA by forming PNA(2):DNA triplexes of very high stability. Many PNA analogs have been described in recent years, in particular, chiral PNA analogs. In the present article the results obtained recently using PNA derived from N-aminoethylamino acids 7 are illustrated. In particular, the dependence of optical purity on synthetic methodologies and a rationale for the observed effects of chirality on DNA binding ability is proposed. Chirality as a tool for improving sequence selectivity is also described. PNA analogs derived from D- or L-ornithine 8 were also found to be subjected to epimerization during solid phase synthesis. Modification of the coupling conditions or the use of a submonomeric strategy greatly reduced epimerization. The optically pure oligothymine PNAs 8 were found to bind to RNA by forming triplexes of unusual CD spectra. The melting curves of these adducts presented two transitions, suggesting a conformational change followed by melting at high temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sforza
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale Università di Parma-Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|