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Pospiech M, Beckford J, Kumar AMS, Tamizharasan M, Brito J, Liang G, Mangul S, Alachkar H. The DNA methylation landscape across the TCR loci in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112376. [PMID: 38917523 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The capacity of T cells to initiate anti-leukemia immune responses is determined by the ability of their receptors (TCRs) to recognize leukemia neoantigens. Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation contribute to shaping the TCR repertoire composition and diversity. The DNA hypomethylating agents (HMAs) have been widely used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Whether DNA HMAs directly influence TCR gene loci methylation patterns remains unknown. By analyzing public datasets, we compared methylation patterns across TCR loci in AML patients and healthy controls. We also explored how HMAs influence TCR loci DNA methylation in patients with AML. While methylation patterns are largely conserved across the TCR loci, certain V genes exhibit high interindividual variability. Although overall methylation levels within the TCR loci did not show significant differences, specific sites, including 32 TRAV and 12 TRBV sites exhibited distinct methylation patterns when comparing T cells from healthy donors to those from patients with AML. In leukemic cells, decitabine treatment demethylates sites across the TRAV and TRBV genes. While not as significant, a similar pattern of demethylation is observed in T cells. Pretreatment AML samples exhibit higher methylation beta values in differentially methylated positions (DMPs) compared with non-DMPs. Methylation levels of certain TRAV and TRBV genes in leukemic cells are associated with patients' risk status. The presence of disease specific TCR loci methylated signatures that are associated with clinical outcome presents an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. HMAs can modulate the TCR loci methylation patterns, yet whether they could reprogram the TCR repertoire composition remains to be explored.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- DNA Methylation
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Decitabine/pharmacology
- Decitabine/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pospiech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America
| | - John Beckford
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America
| | - Advaith Maya Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America; Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America
| | - Mukund Tamizharasan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America; Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America
| | - Jaqueline Brito
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America
| | - Serghei Mangul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America
| | - Houda Alachkar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the United States of America.
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2
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Valdez BC, Tsimberidou AM, Yuan B, Nieto Y, Baysal MA, Chakraborty A, Andersen CR, Andersson BS. Synergistic cytotoxicity of histone deacetylase and poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors and decitabine in pancreatic cancer cells: Implications for novel therapy. Oncotarget 2024; 15:361-373. [PMID: 38829622 PMCID: PMC11146633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can modulate the acetylation status of proteins, influencing the genomic instability exhibited by cancer cells. Poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have a direct effect on protein poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation, which is important for DNA repair. Decitabine is a nucleoside cytidine analogue, which when phosphorylated gets incorporated into the growing DNA strand, inhibiting methylation and inducing DNA damage by inactivating and trapping DNA methyltransferase on the DNA, thereby activating transcriptionally silenced DNA loci. We explored various combinations of HDACi and PARPi +/- decitabine (hypomethylating agent) in pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3 and PL45 (wild-type BRCA1 and BRCA2) and Capan-1 (mutated BRCA2). The combination of HDACi (panobinostat or vorinostat) with PARPi (talazoparib or olaparib) resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity in all cell lines tested. The addition of decitabine further increased the synergistic cytotoxicity noted with HDACi and PARPi, triggering apoptosis (evidenced by increased cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP1). The 3-drug combination treatments (vorinostat, talazoparib, and decitabine; vorinostat, olaparib, and decitabine; panobinostat, talazoparib, and decitabine; panobinostat, olaparib, and decitabine) induced more DNA damage (increased phosphorylation of histone 2AX) than the individual drugs and impaired the DNA repair pathways (decreased levels of ATM, BRCA1, and ATRX proteins). The 3-drug combinations also altered the epigenetic regulation of gene expression (NuRD complex subunits, reduced levels). This is the first study to demonstrate synergistic interactions between the aforementioned agents in pancreatic cancer cell lines and provides preclinical data to design individualized therapeutic approaches with the potential to improve pancreatic cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno C. Valdez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Apostolia M. Tsimberidou
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yago Nieto
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mehmet A. Baysal
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abhijit Chakraborty
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Clark R. Andersen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Borje S. Andersson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Woost PG, William BM, Cooper BW, Ueda Oshima M, Otegbeye F, De Lima MJ, Wald D, Mahfouz RZ, Saunthararajah Y, Stefan T, Jacobberger JW. Flow cytometry of DNMT1 as a biomarker of hypomethylating therapies. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2024; 106:11-24. [PMID: 38345160 PMCID: PMC11000818 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The 5-azacytidine (AZA) and decitabine (DEC) are noncytotoxic, differentiation-inducing therapies approved for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemias (AML), and under evaluation as maintenance therapy for AML postallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and to treat hemoglobinapathies. Malignant cell cytoreduction is thought to occur by S-phase specific depletion of the key epigenetic regulator, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) that, in the case of cancers, thereby releases terminal-differentiation programs. DNMT1-targeting can also elevate expression of immune function genes (HLA-DR, MICA, MICB) to stimulate graft versus leukemia effects. In vivo, there is a large inter-individual variability in DEC and 5-AZA activity because of pharmacogenetic factors, and an assay to quantify the molecular pharmacodynamic effect of DNMT1-depletion is a logical step toward individualized or personalized therapy. We developed and analytically validated a flow cytometric assay for DNMT1 epitope levels in blood and bone marrow cell subpopulations defined by immunophenotype and cell cycle state. Wild type (WT) and DNMT1 knock out (DKO) HC116 cells were used to select and optimize a highly specific DNMT1 monoclonal antibody. Methodologic validation of the assay consisted of cytometry and matching immunoblots of HC116-WT and -DKO cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells; flow cytometry of H116-WT treated with DEC, and patient samples before and after treatment with 5-AZA. Analysis of patient samples demonstrated assay reproducibility, variation in patient DNMT1 levels prior to treatment, and DNMT1 depletion posttherapy. A flow-cytometry assay has been developed that in the research setting of clinical trials can inform studies of DEC or 5-AZA treatment to achieve targeted molecular pharmacodynamic effects and better understand treatment-resistance/failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Woost
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Basem M William
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brenda W Cooper
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Masumi Ueda Oshima
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Folashade Otegbeye
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marcos J De Lima
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David Wald
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Reda Z Mahfouz
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tammy Stefan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James W Jacobberger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Wang R, Xu Y, Wang B, Wang H, Wang M, Jing Y, Gao X, Yu L. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) show benefit in AML rather than in intermediate/high-risk MDS based on genetic mutations in epigenetic modification (EMMs): from a retrospective study. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:61-71. [PMID: 37926751 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Since HMAs were recommended for treatments in AML and MDS, we wondered whether HMAs could provide similar benefit to AML and intermediate/high-risk MDS under the direction of next-generation sequencing. Here we retrospectively analyzed the prognosis of 176 AML and 128 intermediate/high-risk MDS patients treated with HMAs or non-HMA regimens. For AML, HMAs regimen was related to better CR rate compared with non-HMA regimen in elder cohort, while the situation was the opposite in younger cohort. In consolidation phase, EMM (+) patients could benefit from HMAs regimen. Relapsed AML patients receiving HMAs regimen rather than non-HMA regimen had better post-relapse survival. Multivariate analysis identified HMA regimen as an independent prognostic factor for OS in EMM (+) cohort. For intermediate/high-risk MDS patients not undergoing HSCT, however, HMA regimen showed no survival advantage in EMM (+) cohort and was conversely associated with shorter survival in EMM (-) cohort compared with non-HMA regimen. And among those undergoing HSCT, HMA prior to HSCT predicted poor prognosis compared with upfront HSCT regardless of the existence of EMMs. Therefore, HMAs had better therapeutic value in AML rather than in intermediate/high-risk MDS based on EMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Wang
- Medicine School, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, 1098 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bianhong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Medicine School, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Medicine School, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaoning Gao
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Medicine School, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, 1098 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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5
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Batra SS, Cabrera A, Spence JP, Hilton IB, Song YS. Predicting the effect of CRISPR-Cas9-based epigenome editing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560674. [PMID: 37873127 PMCID: PMC10592942 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation orchestrates mammalian transcription, but functional links between them remain elusive. To tackle this problem, we here use epigenomic and transcriptomic data from 13 ENCODE cell types to train machine learning models to predict gene expression from histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), achieving transcriptome-wide correlations of ~ 0.70 - 0.79 for most samples. In addition to recapitulating known associations between histone PTMs and expression patterns, our models predict that acetylation of histone subunit H3 lysine residue 27 (H3K27ac) near the transcription start site (TSS) significantly increases expression levels. To validate this prediction experimentally and investigate how engineered vs. natural deposition of H3K27ac might differentially affect expression, we apply the synthetic dCas9-p300 histone acetyltransferase system to 8 genes in the HEK293T cell line. Further, to facilitate model building, we perform MNase-seq to map genome-wide nucleosome occupancy levels in HEK293T. We observe that our models perform well in accurately ranking relative fold changes among genes in response to the dCas9-p300 system; however, their ability to rank fold changes within individual genes is noticeably diminished compared to predicting expression across cell types from their native epigenetic signatures. Our findings highlight the need for more comprehensive genome-scale epigenome editing datasets, better understanding of the actual modifications made by epigenome editing tools, and improved causal models that transfer better from endogenous cellular measurements to perturbation experiments. Together these improvements would facilitate the ability to understand and predictably control the dynamic human epigenome with consequences for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isaac B. Hilton
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University
| | - Yun S. Song
- Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley
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6
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Farsetti A, Illi B, Gaetano C. How epigenetics impacts on human diseases. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 114:15-22. [PMID: 37277249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field of biology that studies the changes in gene expression that are not due to alterations in the DNA sequence but rather the chemical modifications of DNA and its associated proteins. Epigenetic mechanisms can profoundly influence gene expression, cell differentiation, tissue development, and disease susceptibility. Understanding epigenetic changes is essential to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the increasingly recognized role of environmental and lifestyle factors in health and disease and the intergenerational transmission of phenotypes. Recent studies suggest epigenetics may be critical in various diseases, from cardiovascular disease and cancer to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Epigenetic modifications are potentially reversible and could provide new therapeutic avenues for treating these diseases using epigenetic modulators. Moreover, epigenetics provide insight into disease pathogenesis and biomarkers for disease diagnosis and risk stratification. Nevertheless, epigenetic interventions have the potential for unintended consequences and may potentially lead to increased risks of unexpected outcomes, such as adverse drug reactions, developmental abnormalities, and cancer. Therefore, rigorous studies are essential to minimize the risks associated with epigenetic therapies and to develop safe and effective interventions for improving human health. This article provides a synthetic and historical view of the origin of epigenetics and some of the most relevant achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Farsetti
- Istituto di analisi dei sistemi ed informatica "Antonio Ruberti" (IASI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via dei Taurini, 19 - 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Barbara Illi
- Istituto di biologia e Patologia Molecolari, (IBPM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Gaetano
- Laboratorio di Epigenetica, Istituti Cinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Ma Q, Zhao M, Long B, Li H. Super-enhancer-associated gene CAPG promotes AML progression. Commun Biol 2023; 6:622. [PMID: 37296281 PMCID: PMC10256737 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is the most common acute leukemia in adults, the barrier of refractory and drug resistance has yet to be conquered in the clinical. Abnormal gene expression and epigenetic changes play an important role in pathogenesis and treatment. A super-enhancer is an epigenetic modifier that promotes pro-tumor genes and drug resistance by activating oncogene transcription. Multi-omics integrative analysis identifies the super-enhancer-associated gene CAPG and its high expression level was correlated with poor prognosis in AML. CAPG is a cytoskeleton protein but has an unclear function in AML. Here we show the molecular function of CAPG in regulating NF-κB signaling pathway by proteomic and epigenomic analysis. Knockdown of Capg in the AML murine model resulted in exhausted AML cells and prolonged survival of AML mice. In conclusion, SEs-associated gene CAPG can contributes to AML progression through NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minyi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Long
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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8
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Cheon H, Hur JK, Hwang W, Yang HJ, Son JH. Epigenetic modification of gene expression in cancer cells by terahertz demethylation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4930. [PMID: 36967404 PMCID: PMC10040409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation can affect the degree of DNA methylation, the spectral characteristics of which exist in the terahertz region. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification in which a methyl (CH3) group is attached to cytosine, a nucleobase in human DNA. Appropriately controlled DNA methylation leads to proper regulation of gene expression. However, abnormal gene expression that departs from controlled genetic transcription through aberrant DNA methylation may occur in cancer or other diseases. In this study, we demonstrate the modification of gene expression in cells by THz demethylation using resonant THz radiation. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we observed changes in the degree of global DNA methylation in the SK-MEL-3 melanoma cell line under irradiation with 1.6-THz radiation with limited spectral bandwidth. Resonant THz radiation demethylated living melanoma cells by 19%, with no significant occurrence of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, and the demethylation ratio was linearly proportional to the power of THz radiation. THz demethylation downregulates FOS, JUN, and CXCL8 genes, which are involved in cancer and apoptosis pathways. Our results show that THz demethylation has the potential to be a gene expression modifier with promising applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwayeong Cheon
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho K Hur
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochang Hwang
- Department of Pre-Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dognjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Hiuk Son
- Department of Physics, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Nabil R, Hassan NM, Abdellateif MS, Gawdat RM, Elshazly SS. The prognostic role of C-KIT, TET1 and TET2 gene expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:641-653. [PMID: 36371552 PMCID: PMC9884250 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM was to assess the role of C-KIT, TET1 and TET2 expression in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). METHODS The expression levels of C-KIT, TET1 and TET2 were assessed in the bone marrow (BM) aspirate of 152 AML patients compared to 20 healthy control using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data were correlated with the clinico-pathological features of the patients, response to treatment, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) rates. RESULTS C-KIT, TET1 and TET2 were significantly upregulated in AML patients [0.25 (0-11.6), 0.0113 (0-3.301), and 0.07 (0-4); respectively], compared to the control group [0.013 (0.005-0.250), P < 0.001, 0.001 (0-0.006), P < 0.001, and 0.02 (0.008-0.055), P = 0.019; respectively]. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve of of C-KIT were (48.7%, 100%, 0.855; respectively, P = 0.001), and that of TET1 were (63.4%, 100%, 0.897; respectively, P = 0.001), while that of TET2 were (56.8%, 100%, 0.766; respectively, P = 0.019). When combining the three markers, the sensitivity was 77.5%, however it reached the highest sensitivity (78.6%) and specificity (100%) when combining both c-KIT + TET1 together for the diagnosis of AML. C-KIT overexpression associated with shorter DFS (P = 0.05) and increased incidence of relapse (P = 0.019). Lymph nodes involvement [HR = 2.200, P = 0.005] is an independent risk factor for shorter OS rate of AML patients. Increased BM blast % [HR = 7.768, P = 0.002], and FLT3-ITD mutation [HR = 2.989, P = 0.032] are independent risk factors for shorter DSF rate of the patients. CONCLUSION C-KIT, TET1, and TET2 could be used as possible useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Nabil
- Clinical pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Hassan
- Clinical pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona S Abdellateif
- Medical Biochemistry and molecular biology, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rania M Gawdat
- Clinical and chemical pathology department, Faculty of medicine, Beni Suef university, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Samar Sami Elshazly
- Clinical pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a family of myeloid cancers with diverse genotypes and phenotypes characterized by ineffective haematopoiesis and risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Some epidemiological data indicate that MDS incidence is increasing in resource-rich regions but this is controversial. Most MDS cases are caused by randomly acquired somatic mutations. In some patients, the phenotype and/or genotype of MDS overlaps with that of bone marrow failure disorders such as aplastic anaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) and AML. Prognostic systems, such as the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R), provide reasonably accurate predictions of survival at the population level. Therapeutic goals in individuals with lower-risk MDS include improving quality of life and minimizing erythrocyte and platelet transfusions. Therapeutic goals in people with higher-risk MDS include decreasing the risk of AML transformation and prolonging survival. Haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can cure MDS, yet fewer than 10% of affected individuals receive this treatment. However, how, when and in which patients with HCT for MDS should be performed remains controversial, with some studies suggesting HCT is preferred in some individuals with higher-risk MDS. Advances in the understanding of MDS biology offer the prospect of new therapeutic approaches.
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11
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Zhou JD, Xu ZJ, Jin Y, Zhang XL, Gu Y, Ma JC, Wen XM, Lin J, Zhang TJ, Qian J. Whole-Genome DNA Methylation Sequencing Reveals Epigenetic Changes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:897898. [PMID: 35847864 PMCID: PMC9277050 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.897898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation of cancer-associated genes has been identified to contribute to the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, few studies have elucidated the whole-genome DNA methylation in the initiation pathogenesis of MDS. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing was performed in five de novo MDS patients and four controls to investigate epigenetic alterations in MDS pathogenesis. The mean global methylation in five MDS patients showed no significant difference compared with the four controls. In depth, a total of 1,459 differentially methylated fragments, including 759 hypermethylated and 700 hypomethylated fragments, were identified between MDS patients and controls. Targeted bisulfite sequencing further identified that hypermethylation of DLEU7, FOXR1, LEP, and PANX2 were frequent events in an additional cohort of MDS patients. Subsequently, LEP hypermethylation was confirmed by real-time quantitative methylation-specific PCR in an expanded cohort of larger MDS patients. In clinics, LEP hypermethylation tended to be associated with lower bone marrow blasts and was significantly correlated with U2AF1 mutation. Survival analysis indicated that LEP hypermethylation was associated with a markedly longer survival time but was not an independent prognostic biomarker in MDS patients. Functional studies revealed pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of leptin in the MDS cell line SKM-1, and it was significantly associated with cell growth and death as well as the Toll-like receptor and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that whole-genome DNA methylation analysis identified novel epigenetic alterations such as DLEU7, FOXR1, LEP, and PANX2 methylations as frequent events in MDS. Moreover, LEP might play a role in MDS pathogenesis, and LEP hypermethylation was associated with longer survival but not as an independent prognostic biomarker in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-dong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zi-jun Xu
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xin-long Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ji-chun Ma
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang-mei Wen
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Qian, ; Ting-juan Zhang, ; Jiang Lin,
| | - Ting-juan Zhang
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Qian, ; Ting-juan Zhang, ; Jiang Lin,
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Qian, ; Ting-juan Zhang, ; Jiang Lin,
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Bhol CS, Mishra SR, Patil S, Sahu SK, Kirtana R, Manna S, Shanmugam MK, Sethi G, Patra SK, Bhutia SK. PAX9 reactivation by inhibiting DNA methyltransferase triggers antitumor effect in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166428. [PMID: 35533906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA hypermethylation is associated with oral carcinogenesis. Procaine, a local anesthetic, is a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor that activates anticancer mechanisms. However, its effect on silenced tumor suppressor gene (TSG) activation and its biological role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unknown. Here, we report procaine inhibited DNA methylation by suppressing DNMT activity and increased the expression of PAX9, a differentiation gene in OSCC cells. Interestingly, the reactivation of PAX9 by procaine found to inhibit cell growth and trigger apoptosis in OSCC in vitro and in vivo. Likely, the enhanced PAX9 expression after exposure to procaine controls stemness and differentiation through the autophagy-dependent pathway in OSCC cells. PAX9 inhibition abrogated procaine-induced apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of stemness. In OSCC cells, procaine improved anticancer drug sensitivity through PAX9, and its deficiency significantly blunted the anticancer drug sensitivity mediated by procaine. Additionally, NRF2 activation by procaine facilitated the antitumor response of PAX9, and pharmacological inhibition of NRF2 by ML385 reduced death and prevented the decrease in the orosphere-forming potential of OSCC cells. Furthermore, procaine promoted antitumor activity in FaDu xenografts in athymic nude mice, and immunohistochemistry data showed that PAX9 expression was significantly enhanced in the procaine group compared to the vehicle control. In conclusion, PAX9 reactivation in response to DNMT inhibition could trigger a potent antitumor mechanism to provide a new therapeutic strategy for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sekhar Bhol
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - R Kirtana
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Soumen Manna
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Muthu Kumaraswamy Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India.
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Quiles-Jiménez A, Dahl TB, Bjørås M, Alseth I, Halvorsen B, Gregersen I. Epitranscriptome in Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease: Potential Target for Therapies. Stroke 2022; 53:2114-2122. [PMID: 35240858 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.037581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic disease such as stroke, remains high, and cardiovascular disease is the cause of one-third of all deaths worldwide. The main subjacent cause, atherosclerosis, is not fully understood. To improve early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies, it is crucial to unveil the key molecular mechanisms that lead to atherosclerosis development. The field of epitranscriptomics is blossoming and quickly advancing in fields like cancer research, nevertheless, poorly understood in the context of cardiovascular disease. Epitranscriptomic modifications are shown to regulate the metabolism and function of RNA molecules, which are important for cell functions such as cell proliferation, a key aspect in atherogenesis. As such, epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms can serve as novel checkpoints in gene expression during disease development. In this review, we describe examples of the latest research investigating epitranscriptomic modifications, in particular A-to-I editing and the covalent modification N6-methyladenosine and their regulatory proteins, in the context of cardiovascular disease. We additionally discuss the potential of these mechanisms as therapeutic targets and novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Quiles-Jiménez
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway. (A.Q.-J., T.B.D., B.H., I.G.).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway (A.Q.-J., B.H.)
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway. (A.Q.-J., T.B.D., B.H., I.G.).,Division of Critical Care and Emergencies, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway. (T.B.D.)
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway. (M.B., I.A.).,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (M.B.)
| | - Ingrun Alseth
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway. (M.B., I.A.)
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway. (A.Q.-J., T.B.D., B.H., I.G.).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway (A.Q.-J., B.H.)
| | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway. (A.Q.-J., T.B.D., B.H., I.G.)
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Zarei M, Hue JJ, Hajihassani O, Graor HJ, Katayama ES, Loftus AW, Bajor D, Rothermel LD, Vaziri-Gohar A, Winter JM. Clinical development of IDH1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2021; 103:102334. [PMID: 34974243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) has been investigated as a promising therapeutic target in select cancers with a mutated version of the enzyme (mtIDH1). With only one phase III trial published to date and two indications approved for routine clinical use by the FDA, we reviewed the entire clinical trial portfolio to broadly understand mtIDH1 inhibitor activity in patients. We queried PubMed.gov and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify published and ongoing clinical trials related to IDH1 and cancer. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), 2-hydroxyglutarate levels, and adverse events were summarized. To date, ten clinical trials investigating mtIDH1 inhibitors among patients with diverse malignancies (cholangiocarcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, chondrosarcoma, glioma) have been published. Almost every trial (80%) has investigated ivosidenib. In multiple phase I trials, ivosidenib treatment resulted in promising radiographic and biochemical responses with improved survival outcomes (relative to historic data) among patients with both solid and hematologic mtIDH1 malignancies. Among patients enrolled in a phase III trial with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, ivosidenib resulted in a PFS rate of 32% at 6 months, as compared to 0% with placebo. There was a 5.2 month increase in OS with ivosidenib relative to placebo, after considering crossover. The treatment-specific grade ≥3 adverse event rate of ivosidenib was 2%-26% among all patients, and was just 3.6% among 284 patients who had a solid tumor across four trials. Although <1% of malignancies harbor IDH1 mutations, small molecule mtIDH1 inhibitors, namely ivosidenib, appear to be biologically active and well tolerated in patients with solid and hematologic mtIDH1 malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Zarei
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan J Hue
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Omid Hajihassani
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hallie J Graor
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Alexander W Loftus
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - David Bajor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Luke D Rothermel
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ali Vaziri-Gohar
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jordan M Winter
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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15
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Azacitidine Treatment in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia Type 2 and Acute Myeloid Leukemia According to their Cytogenetic Findings. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2021-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Azacitidine is one of the hypomethylating agents available for the treatment of elderly patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is also used as an appropriate treatment of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) in the real life setting. As treatment of AML and CMML is not curative, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) remains traditionally the only option, significant clinical benefits by hypomethylating agents have been reported. According to the available data, 16% of subjects with MDS who received azacitidine had a complete or partial normalization of blood cell counts and bone marrow morphology, while two-thirds of patients who required blood transfusions no longer needed them. Nevertheless, it can also be hepatotoxic in patients with severe liver impairment and extensive liver tumors.
Aim: to summarize the effect of azacitidine treatment in patients in the light of their general condition, blood count parameters, toxicity (general and hematologic), as well as the presence of cytogenetic aberrations.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven patients of which 15 patients with MDS, 9 patients with CMML and 3 patients with AML received azacitidine treatment. The blood count levels and toxicity were followed for a period of twelve months.
Results: 22.2% of our patients (6 of 27) of different hematologic diagnoses showed genetic aberrations in their DNA. All they showed quick disease progression and fatal outcome, four of them also developed hematologic toxicity. The remaining 77.8% had no cytogenetic findings. Of all the cohort, 19.05% developed toxicity during the course of the treatment, 38% – decreased leucocyte levels, 14.3% – decreased thrombocyte levels and 18.2% – decreased hemoglobin level. The erythrocyte levels were not substantially influenced by the treatment. The majority of the patients sustained stable levels of red blood cells, as well as of platelets and hemoglobin without remarkable changes between month 0 and month 6 of the treatment.
Conclusion: Our results showed, that the main disadvantage of azacitidine treatment in our patients were progressive leucopenia (in 10/27 patients or 37% of cases) and toxicity (8/27 or 29.6% of cases).
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation (DNAm) have been associated with stress responses and increased vulnerability to depression. Abnormal DNAm is observed in stressed animals and depressed individuals. Antidepressant treatment modulates DNAm levels and regulates gene expression in diverse tissues, including the brain and the blood. Therefore, DNAm could be a potential therapeutic target in depression. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the involvement of DNAm in the behavioural and molecular changes associated with stress exposure and depression. We also evaluated the possible use of DNAm changes as biomarkers of depression. Finally, we discussed current knowledge limitations and future perspectives.
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17
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Liu N, Shan F, Ma M. Strategic enhancement of immune checkpoint inhibition in refractory Colorectal Cancer: Trends and future prospective. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108017. [PMID: 34352568 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), known as a frequently fatal disease, ranking as the third most common malignancy, is the second leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Metastases are common in CRC patients which account for approximately 25% of the patients at diagnosis, 50% of patients during treatment which is associated closely with CRC mortality. Conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are standards of care for the treatment of CRC patients. However, primary tumor recurrence and secondary disease in patients receiving standard of care treatment modalities occur in 50% of patients so that new treatment modalities are needed. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has transformed the management of patients suffered from metastatic CRC (mCRC) with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI) -high (MSI-H) while manifests ineffectiveness in preserved mismatch repair (pMMR) or microsatellite stable (MSS) "cold" tumors which makes up the majority (95%) of mCRC. In this review, we mainly lay emphasis on the development of combinations in therapy strategies with ICIs with other immune based treatment approaches to increase the intra-tumoral immune response and render tumors 'immune-reactive', thereby increasing the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingxing Ma
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
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18
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Decitabine Downregulates TIGAR to Induce Apoptosis and Autophagy in Myeloid Leukemia Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8877460. [PMID: 33532040 PMCID: PMC7836025 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8877460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decitabine (DAC) is a well-known DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, which has been widely used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, in addition to hypomethylation, DAC in AML is also involved in cell metabolism, apoptosis, and immunity. The TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) functions to inhabit glycolysis and protect cancer cells from reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) associated apoptosis. Our previous study revealed that TIGAR is highly expressed in myeloid leukemia cell lines and AML primary cells and associated with poor prognosis in adult patients with cytogenetically normal AML. In the present study, it was found that in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, DAC downregulates the TIGAR expression, induces ROS production, and promotes apoptosis in HL-60 and K562 cells. However, blocking the glycolytic pathway partially reversed the combined effects of DAC and TIGAR knockdown on apoptosis, ROS production, and cell cycle arrest, indicating that DAC induced apoptosis through the glycolytic pathway. Furthermore, TIGAR also has a negative impact on autophagy, while DAC treatment upregulates autophagy-related proteins LC3, Beclin-1, ATG3, and ATG-5, downregulates p62, and promotes the formation of autophagosomes, indicating that DAC may activate autophagy by downregulating TIGAR. Taken together, DAC plays an unmethylated role in inducing apoptosis and activating autophagy in myeloid leukemia by downregulating TIGAR.
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Juárez-Mercado KE, Prieto-Martínez FD, Sánchez-Cruz N, Peña-Castillo A, Prada-Gracia D, Medina-Franco JL. Expanding the Structural Diversity of DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:ph14010017. [PMID: 33375520 PMCID: PMC7824300 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are attractive compounds for epigenetic drug discovery. They are also chemical tools to understand the biochemistry of epigenetic processes. Herein, we report five distinct inhibitors of DNMT1 characterized in enzymatic inhibition assays that did not show activity with DNMT3B. It was concluded that the dietary component theaflavin is an inhibitor of DNMT1. Two additional novel inhibitors of DNMT1 are the approved drugs glyburide and panobinostat. The DNMT1 enzymatic inhibitory activity of panobinostat, a known pan inhibitor of histone deacetylases, agrees with experimental reports of its ability to reduce DNMT1 activity in liver cancer cell lines. Molecular docking of the active compounds with DNMT1, and re-scoring with the recently developed extended connectivity interaction features approach, led to an excellent agreement between the experimental IC50 values and docking scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Eurídice Juárez-Mercado
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Fernando D. Prieto-Martínez
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Norberto Sánchez-Cruz
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Andrea Peña-Castillo
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Diego Prada-Gracia
- Research Unit on Computational Biology and Drug Design, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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Bartczak K, Białas AJ, Kotecki MJ, Górski P, Piotrowski WJ. More than a Genetic Code: Epigenetics of Lung Fibrosis. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 24:665-681. [PMID: 32926347 PMCID: PMC7677145 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At the end of the last century, genetic studies reported that genetic information is not transmitted solely by DNA, but is also transmitted by other mechanisms, named as epigenetics. The well-described epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, biochemical modifications of histones, and microRNAs. The role of altered epigenetics in the biology of various fibrotic diseases is well-established, and recent advances demonstrate its importance in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis-predominantly referring to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the most lethal of the interstitial lung diseases. The deficiency in effective medications suggests an urgent need to better understand the underlying pathobiology. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning epigenetic changes in pulmonary fibrosis and associations of these changes with several cellular pathways of known significance in its pathogenesis. It also designates the most promising substances for further research that may bring us closer to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Bartczak
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, The Medical University of Lodz, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adam J Białas
- Department of Pathobiology of Respiratory Diseases, The Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz J Kotecki
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, The Medical University of Lodz, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, The Medical University of Lodz, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech J Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, The Medical University of Lodz, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Lodz, Poland
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21
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Kang KW, Lee BH, Jeon MJ, Yu ES, Sik Kim D, Lee SR, Sung HJ, Choi CW, Park Y, Kim BS. Efficacy of posaconazole prophylaxis in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome patients treated with hypomethylating agents. Ther Adv Hematol 2020; 11:2040620720966882. [PMID: 35154623 PMCID: PMC8832331 DOI: 10.1177/2040620720966882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although many acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
patients have been treated with hypomethylating agents (HMAs) as a
substitute for intensive chemotherapy in recent years, the incidence of
invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and the efficacy of posaconazole as
antifungal prophylaxis in these patients are not well known to date. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 280 AML and MDS patients treated with HMAs to
identify IFI incidence and posaconazole efficacy as antifungal prophylaxis
in these patients. Results: The overall incidence of probable or proven IFIs was 7.9% (22/280 patients):
11.5% in the no-use group (17/148 patients) and 3.8% in the posaconazole
group (5/132 patients). Most IFIs occurred during the early cycles of the
HMAs (median: 3 cycles; range: 1–8 cycles), especially in patients who had
neutropenia or did not respond to HMAs. Posaconazole significantly lowered
IFI incidence compared with that in the no-use group in univariate and
multivariate analyses. Moreover, patients who had reduced liver function at
HMA initiation, were treated with decitabine therapy, and did not respond to
HMA chemotherapy were independently associated with a higher IFI risk. In
subgroup analysis, posaconazole appeared to be more beneficial for patients
with good Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score or liver
function at HMA initiation. Conclusion: Thus, in AML and MDS patients receiving HMAs, IFI risk may be high during the
early cycles, especially when the underlying disease is not controlled.
Posaconazole could represent antifungal prophylaxis in these patients;
further studies are needed for its appropriate indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Won Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Ji Jeon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Sang Yu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Sik Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Ryeon Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwa Jung Sung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Won Choi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
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22
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Kiianitsa K, Zhang Y, Maizels N. Treatment of human cells with 5-aza-dC induces formation of PARP1-DNA covalent adducts at genomic regions targeted by DNMT1. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 96:102977. [PMID: 33039802 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside analog 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) is used to treat some hematopoietic malignancies. The mechanism of cell killing depends upon DNMT1, but is otherwise not clearly defined. Here we show that PARP1 forms covalent DNA adducts in human lymphoblast or fibroblasts treated with 5-aza-dC. Some adducts recovered from 5-aza-dC-treated cells have undergone cleavage by apoptotic caspases 3/7. Mapping of PARP1-DNA adducts, by a new method, "Adduct-Seq", demonstrates adduct enrichment at CpG-dense genomic locations that are targets of maintenance methylation by DNMT1. Covalent protein-DNA adducts can arrest replication and induce apoptosis, and these results raise the possibility that induction of PARP1-DNA adducts may contribute to cell killing in response to treatment with 5-aza-dC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yinbo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nancy Maizels
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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23
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Peedicayil J. Pharmacoepigenetics and Pharmacoepigenomics: An Overview. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 16:392-399. [PMID: 29676232 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180419154633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid and major advances being made in epigenetics are impacting pharmacology, giving rise to new sub-disciplines in pharmacology, pharmacoepigenetics, the study of the epigenetic basis of variation in response to drugs; and pharmacoepigenomics, the application of pharmacoepigenetics on a genome-wide scale. METHODS This article highlights the following aspects of pharmacoepigenetics and pharmacoepigenomics: epigenetic therapy, the role of epigenetics in pharmacokinetics, the relevance of epigenetics to adverse drug reactions, personalized medicine, drug addiction, and drug resistance, and the use of epigenetic biomarkers in drug therapy. RESULTS Epigenetics is having an increasing impact on several areas of pharmacology. CONCLUSION Pharmacoepigenetics and pharmacoepigenomics are new sub-disciplines in pharmacology and are likely to have an increasing impact on the use of drugs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Peedicayil
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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24
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Chouliaras L, Kumar GS, Thomas AJ, Lunnon K, Chinnery PF, O'Brien JT. Epigenetic regulation in the pathophysiology of Lewy body dementia. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 192:101822. [PMID: 32407744 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body dementia encompasses both dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. Although both are common causes of dementia, they remain relatively understudied. The review summarises the clinico-pathologic characteristics of Lewy Body dementia and discusses the genetic and environmental evidence contributing to the risk of developing the condition. Considering that the pathophysiology of Lewy body dementia is not yet fully understood, here we focus on the role of epigenetic mechanisms as potential key mediators of gene-environment interactions in the development of the disease. We examine available important data on genomics, epigenomics, gene expression and proteomic studies in Lewy body dementia on human post-mortem brain and peripheral tissues. Genetic variation and epigenetic modifications in key genes involved in the disorder, such as apolipoprotein E (APOE), α-synuclein (SNCA) and glucocerobrosidase (GBA), suggest a central involvement of epigenetics in DLB but conclusive evidence is scarce. This is due to limitations of existing literature, such as small sample sizes, lack of replication and lack of studies interrogating cell-type specific epigenetic modifications in the brain. Future research in the field can improve the understanding of this common but complex and rapidly progressing type of dementia and potentially open early diagnostic and effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gautham S Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Katie Lunnon
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Huang J, Bai L, Cui B, Wu L, Wang L, An Z, Ruan S, Yu Y, Zhang X, Chen J. Leveraging biological and statistical covariates improves the detection power in epigenome-wide association testing. Genome Biol 2020; 21:88. [PMID: 32252795 PMCID: PMC7132874 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS), which seek the association between epigenetic marks and an outcome or exposure, involve multiple hypothesis testing. False discovery rate (FDR) control has been widely used for multiple testing correction. However, traditional FDR control methods do not use auxiliary covariates, and they could be less powerful if the covariates could inform the likelihood of the null hypothesis. Recently, many covariate-adaptive FDR control methods have been developed, but application of these methods to EWAS data has not yet been explored. It is not clear whether these methods can significantly improve detection power, and if so, which covariates are more relevant for EWAS data. RESULTS In this study, we evaluate the performance of five covariate-adaptive FDR control methods with EWAS-related covariates using simulated as well as real EWAS datasets. We develop an omnibus test to assess the informativeness of the covariates. We find that statistical covariates are generally more informative than biological covariates, and the covariates of methylation mean and variance are almost universally informative. In contrast, the informativeness of biological covariates depends on specific datasets. We show that the independent hypothesis weighting (IHW) and covariate adaptive multiple testing (CAMT) method are overall more powerful, especially for sparse signals, and could improve the detection power by a median of 25% and 68% on real datasets, compared to the ST procedure. We further validate the findings in various biological contexts. CONCLUSIONS Covariate-adaptive FDR control methods with informative covariates can significantly increase the detection power for EWAS. For sparse signals, IHW and CAMT are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bowen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhiyin An
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shulin Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Division of Digital Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xianyang Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, Blocker 449D, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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26
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Epigenetic therapies in acute myeloid leukemia: where to from here? Blood 2020; 134:1891-1901. [PMID: 31697822 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is epigenetic dysregulation, which is initiated by recurrent translocations and/or mutations in transcription factors and chromatin regulators. This manifests as a block in myeloid differentiation and an increase in malignant self-renewal. These common features of AML have led to widespread optimism that epigenetic therapies would dramatically change the natural history of this disease. Although preclinical studies with these drugs fueled this optimism, results from early clinical trials have offered a more sobering message. Here, we provide an overview of epigenetic therapies that are currently approved by therapeutic regulatory authorities across the world and those undergoing early-phase clinical trials. We also discuss the conceptual and molecular factors that may explain some of the disparity between the bench and bedside, as well as emerging avenues for combining the current generation of epigenetic therapies with other classes of agents and the development of novel epigenetic therapies. With further research and development of this exciting class of drugs, we may finally be able to dramatically improve outcomes for patients afflicted with this aggressive and often incurable malignancy.
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27
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Myasoedova VA, Sukhorukov V, Grechko AV, Zhang D, Romanenko E, Orekhov V, Orekhov AN. Inhibitors of DNA Methylation and Histone Deacetylation as Epigenetically Active Drugs for Anticancer Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:635-641. [PMID: 30950345 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190405144026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression is regulated and tightly controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. Alterations of these mechanisms are frequently observed in various diseases, particularly, in various types of cancer. Malignant transformation is caused by the impairment of the mechanisms of cell differentiation and cell cycle control associated with epigenetic changes. Altered patterns of epigenetic modification associated with malignancies can potentially be reversed by some agents that act on the key proteins responsible for DNA/histone modification and chromatin remodelling. Examples of such substances include the inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases or histone deacetylase. During the recent years, a number of such substances have been evaluated as potential therapeutic agents against certain types of cancer in preclinical and clinical studies, and some of them have been approved for treatment of hematological cancers. Application of epidrugs for therapy of solid tumors remains, however, more challenging. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the most studied mechanisms of epigenetic modification and the available epigenetically active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika A Myasoedova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation.,Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 109240, Russian Federation
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Elena Romanenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physical and Clinical Biology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vawain Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation.,Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation
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28
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Mottini C, Tomihara H, Carrella D, Lamolinara A, Iezzi M, Huang JK, Amoreo CA, Buglioni S, Manni I, Robinson FS, Minelli R, Kang Y, Fleming JB, Kim MP, Bristow CA, Trisciuoglio D, Iuliano A, Del Bufalo D, Di Bernardo D, Melisi D, Draetta GF, Ciliberto G, Carugo A, Cardone L. Predictive Signatures Inform the Effective Repurposing of Decitabine to Treat KRAS-Dependent Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5612-5625. [PMID: 31492820 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutated KRAS protein is a pivotal tumor driver in pancreatic cancer. However, despite comprehensive efforts, effective therapeutics that can target oncogenic KRAS are still under investigation or awaiting clinical approval. Using a specific KRAS-dependent gene signature, we implemented a computer-assisted inspection of a drug-gene network to in silico repurpose drugs that work like inhibitors of oncogenic KRAS. We identified and validated decitabine, an FDA-approved drug, as a potent inhibitor of growth in pancreatic cancer cells and patient-derived xenograft models that showed KRAS dependency. Mechanistically, decitabine efficacy was linked to KRAS-driven dependency on nucleotide metabolism and its ability to specifically impair pyrimidine biosynthesis in KRAS-dependent tumors cells. These findings also showed that gene signatures related to KRAS dependency might be prospectively used to inform on decitabine sensitivity in a selected subset of patients with KRAS-mutated pancreatic cancer. Overall, the repurposing of decitabine emerged as an intriguing option for treating pancreatic tumors that are addicted to mutant KRAS, thus offering opportunities for improving the arsenal of therapeutics for this extremely deadly disease. SIGNIFICANCE: Decitabine is a promising drug for cancer cells dependent on RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mottini
- Department of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Hideo Tomihara
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Diego Carrella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Lamolinara
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Justin K Huang
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carla A Amoreo
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Buglioni
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Manni
- Animal Facility (SAFU), IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Frederick S Robinson
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rosalba Minelli
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael P Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher A Bristow
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniela Trisciuoglio
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Davide Melisi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulio F Draetta
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Alessandro Carugo
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Luca Cardone
- Department of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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29
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Dou L, Xu Q, Wang M, Xiao Y, Cheng L, Li H, Huang W, Mei J, Jing Y, Bo J, Liu D, Yu L. Clinical efficacy of decitabine in combination with standard-dose cytarabine, aclarubicin hydrochloride, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of young patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5013-5023. [PMID: 31303761 PMCID: PMC6605041 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The chemotherapeutic regimen DCAG (decitabine with cytarabine, aclarubicin hydrochloride, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) is effective for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia, but recommendations for young patients remain controversial. This study investigated the tolerance and efficacy of DCAG for patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (aged 14–60 years). The clinical features or molecular markers that may predict response to DCAG were identified. Patients and methods: One-hundred sixty-one consecutive patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia received DCAG or standard (idarubicin plus cytarabine, IA) induction chemotherapy (n=64 and 97, respectively). Results: The rates of complete remission after the first cycle, overall survival (OS), and event-free survival (EFS) were comparable. After the second cycle, the complete remission rate of the DCAG group (54.7%) was significantly lower than that of the reference (78.35%, P=0.005). The following were associated with significantly worse OS, and EFS, in the DCAG group: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score ≥3 and no response after the second induction therapy; and FLT3-ITD. The multivariate analysis showed the DCAG group with significantly shorter OS associated with ECOG ≥3 and FLT3-ITD. In the DCAG group, after the first cycle of induction chemotherapy the median recovery times of neutrophils and platelets were 15.8 and 13 days. Conclusion: The DCAG and IA groups were similar with regard to complete remission rate after the first cycle, OS, and EFS. The complete remission rate after the second cycle of the DCAG was significantly lower than that of the IA. Grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were a major adverse event associated with DCAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Dou
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Xu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Longcan Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghua Li
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenrong Huang
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Mei
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Bo
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, People's Republic of China
| | - Daihong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
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30
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Zeng JD, Wu WKK, Wang HY, Li XX. Serine and one-carbon metabolism, a bridge that links mTOR signaling and DNA methylation in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104352. [PMID: 31323332 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian / mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical sensor of environmental cues that regulates cellular macromolecule synthesis and metabolism in eukaryotes. DNA methylation is the most well-studied epigenetic modification that is capable of regulating gene transcription and affecting genome stability. Both dysregulation of mTOR signaling and DNA methylation patterns have been shown to be closely linked to tumor progression and serve as promising targets for cancer therapy. Although their respective roles in tumorigenesis have been extensively studied, whether molecular interplay exists between them is still largely unknown. In this review, we provide a brief overview of mTOR signaling, DNA methylation as well as related serine and one-carbon metabolism, one of the most critical aspects of metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Based on the latest understanding regarding the regulation of metabolic processes by mTOR signaling as well as interaction between metabolism and epigenetics, we further discuss how serine and one-carbon metabolism may serve as a bridge that links mTOR signaling and DNA methylation to promote tumor growth. Elucidating their relationship may provide novel insight for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Deng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University cancer center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University cancer center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University cancer center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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31
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Wong KK, Lawrie CH, Green TM. Oncogenic Roles and Inhibitors of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. Biomark Insights 2019; 14:1177271919846454. [PMID: 31105426 PMCID: PMC6509988 DOI: 10.1177/1177271919846454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alteration has been proposed to give rise to numerous classic hallmarks of cancer. Impaired DNA methylation plays a central role in the onset and progression of several types of malignancies, and DNA methylation is mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) consisting of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B. DNMTs are frequently implicated in the pathogenesis and aggressiveness of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients. In this review, we describe and discuss the oncogenic roles of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B in AML. The clinical response predictive roles of DNMTs in clinical trials utilising hypomethylating agents (azacitidine and decitabine) in AML patients are presented. Novel hypomethylating agent (guadecitabine) and experimental DNMT inhibitors in AML are also discussed. In summary, hypermethylation of tumour suppressors mediated by DNMT1 or DNMT3B contributes to the progression and severity of AML (except MLL-AF9 and inv(16)(p13;q22) AML for DNMT3B), while mutation affecting DNMT3A represents an early genetic lesion in the pathogenesis of AML. In clinical trials of AML patients, expression of DNMTs is downregulated by hypomethylating agents while the clinical response predictive roles of DNMT biomarkers remain unresolved. Finally, nucleoside hypomethylating agents have continued to show enhanced responses in clinical trials of AML patients, and novel non-nucleoside DNMT inhibitors have demonstrated cytotoxicity against AML cells in pre-clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Charles H Lawrie
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Oncology Department, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Tina M Green
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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32
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Yu G, Wu Y, Wang W, Xu J, Lv X, Cao X, Wan T. Low-dose decitabine enhances the effect of PD-1 blockade in colorectal cancer with microsatellite stability by re-modulating the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:401-409. [PMID: 29622799 PMCID: PMC6461874 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-1 blockade has demonstrated impressive clinical outcomes in colorectal cancers that have high microsatellite instability. However, the therapeutic efficacy for patients with tumors with low microsatellite instability or stable microsatellites needs further improvement. Here, we have demonstrated that low-dose decitabine could increase the expression of immune-related genes such as major histocompatibility complex genes and cytokine-related genes as well as the number of lymphocytes at the tumor site in CT26 colorectal cancer-bearing mice. A more significant inhibition of tumor growth and a prolongation of survival were observed in the CT26 mouse model after treatment with a combination of PD-1 blockade and decitabine than in mice treated with decitabine or PD-1 blockade alone. The anti-tumor effect of the PD-1 blockade was enhanced by low-dose decitabine. The results of RNA sequencing and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of decitabine-treated CT26 cells and tumor samples with microsatellite stability from the patient tumor-derived xenograft model have shown that many immune-related genes, including antigen-processing and antigen-presenting genes, were upregulated, whereas the promoter demethylation was downregulated after decitabine exposure. Therefore, decitabine-based tumor microenvironment re-modulation could improve the effect of the PD-1 blockade. The application of decitabine in PD-1 blockade-based immunotherapy may elicit more potent immune responses, which can provide clinical benefits to the colorectal cancer patients with low microsatellite instability or stable microsatellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganjun Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jia Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoping Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Tao Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Wen XM, Zhang TJ, Ma JC, Zhou JD, Xu ZJ, Zhu XW, Yuan Q, Ji RB, Chen Q, Deng ZQ, Lin J, Qian J. Establishment and molecular characterization of decitabine-resistant K562 cells. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3317-3324. [PMID: 30793488 PMCID: PMC6484323 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical activity of decitabine (5‐aza‐2‐deoxycytidine, DAC), a hypomethylating agent, has been demonstrated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. However, secondary resistance to this agent often occurs during treatment and leads to treatment failure. It is important to clarify the mechanisms underlying the resistance for improving the efficacy. In this study, by gradually increasing concentration after a continuous induction of DAC, we established the DAC‐resistant K562 cell line (K562/DAC) from its parental cell line K562. The proliferation and survival rate of K562/DAC was significantly increased, whereas the apoptosis rate was remarkably decreased than that of K562 after DAC treatment. In K562/DAC, a total of 108 genes were upregulated and 118 genes were downregulated by RNA‐Seq. In addition, we also observed aberrant expression of DDX43/H19/miR‐186 axis (increased DDX43/H19 and decreased miR‐186) in K562/DAC cells. Ectopic expression of DDX43 in parental K562 cells rendered cells resistant to the DAC. Taken together, we successfully established DAC‐resistant K562 cell line which can serve as a good model for investigating DAC resistance mechanisms, and DDX43/H19/miR‐186 may be involved in DAC resistance in K562.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Mei Wen
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Juan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Chun Ma
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Dong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Jun Xu
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Run-Bi Ji
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qin Chen
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Qun Deng
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Izquierdo AG, Crujeiras AB. Obesity-Related Epigenetic Changes After Bariatric Surgery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:232. [PMID: 31040824 PMCID: PMC6476922 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In recent years, an increasing number of studies have begun focusing on epigenetics as a link between environmental factors and a greater predisposition to the development of obesity and its comorbidities. An important challenge in this field is the evaluation of the possibility of the reversal of obesity-related epigenetic marks by means of therapy to induce weight loss and if the beneficial effects of therapy in reducing obesity are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. We aimed to offer an outline of the current results regarding to the impact of bariatric surgery on epigenetic regulation, as well as to show if the beneficial effect of this intervention could be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Methods: A review of the scientific publications in PubMed was performed by using key words related to obesity, epigenetics and bariatric surgery to provide an update of recent findings in this area of research. The most relevant and recently published articles and abstracts were selected to frame this review. Results: Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of differential DNA methylation after bariatric surgery and the differential expression of non-coding RNAs. Therefore, epigenetic regulation could mediate the benefit of bariatric surgery on body weight and the metabolic disturbances associated with excess body weight, such as insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. This evidence is relatively new as epigenetic regulation was first evaluated in the obesity field only a few years ago. However, there is an urgent need to perform longitudinal studies to evaluate the capacity of epigenetic marks in the prediction of bariatric surgery response. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery appears to be capable of partially reversing the obesity-related epigenome. The identification of potential epigenetic biomarkers predictive for the success of bariatric surgery may open new doors to personalized therapy for severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G. Izquierdo
- Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Crujeiras
- Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ana B. Crujeiras
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Savona MR, Kolibaba K, Conkling P, Kingsley EC, Becerra C, Morris JC, Rifkin RM, Laille E, Kellerman A, Ukrainskyj SM, Dong Q, Skikne BS. Extended dosing with CC-486 (oral azacitidine) in patients with myeloid malignancies. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:1199-1206. [PMID: 30016552 PMCID: PMC6221082 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CC‐486 (oral azacitidine) is an epigenetic modifier in clinical development for treatment of hematological cancers. This study of extended CC‐486 dosing included patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). After a pharmacokinetic assessment period, 31 patients (MDS n = 18, CMML n = 4, and AML n = 9) entered a clinical phase in which they received CC‐486 300 mg once‐daily for 21 days of repeated 28‐day cycles. Median age was 71 years (range: 53‐93); 42% of patients were aged ≥75 years. A total of 5 patients with AML (63%) had prior MDS. Median number of CC‐486 treatment cycles was 4 (range: 1‐32). The most common treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were gastrointestinal (84% of patients) and hematologic (81%). Most common grade 3‐4 TEAEs were neutropenia (n = 13, 42%) and anemia (n = 9, 29%). Ten patients experienced grade 4 neutropenia. Infrequently, CC‐486 dose was interrupted or reduced due to gastrointestinal (n = 5, 16%) or hematologic (n = 6, 19%) TEAEs. Overall response rate (complete remission [CR], CR with incomplete hematological recovery [CRi], partial remission [PR], marrow CR) in the MDS/CMML subgroups was 32% and in the AML subgroup (CR/CRi/PR) was 22%. Red blood cell transfusion independence rates in the MDS/CMML and AML subgroups were 33% and 25%, respectively, and 2 MDS/CMML patients attained hematologic improvement as a best response on‐study. No baseline gene mutation was predictive of response/nonresponse. CC‐486 allows flexible dosing and schedules to improve tolerability or response. Neutropenia in early treatment cycles deserves scrutiny and may warrant initiation of prophylactic antibiotics. KEY POINTS The safety profile of oral CC‐486 was comparable to that of injectable azacitidine; most adverse events were hematological and gastrointestinal. Extended (21‐day/cycle) CC‐486 dosing induced responses in patients with hematological malignancies, many of whom had prior DNMTi failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn Kolibaba
- US Oncology Research; Woodlands Texas
- Northwest Cancer Specialists; Vancouver Western Australia
| | - Paul Conkling
- US Oncology Research; Woodlands Texas
- Virginia Oncology Associates; Norfolk Virginia
| | - Edwin C. Kingsley
- US Oncology Research; Woodlands Texas
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada
| | - Carlos Becerra
- US Oncology Research; Woodlands Texas
- Texas Oncology, PA (North), Sammons Cancer Center; Dallas Texas
| | - John C. Morris
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Robert M. Rifkin
- US Oncology Research; Woodlands Texas
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers; Denver Colorado
| | | | | | | | - Qian Dong
- Celgene Corporation; Summit New Jersey
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Abstract
Targeting DNA hypermethylation, using nucleoside analogs, is an efficient approach to reprogram cancer cell epigenome leading to reduced proliferation, increased differentiation, recognition by the immune system, and ultimately cancer cell death. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute myelogenous leukemia. To improve clinical efficacy and overcome mechanisms of drug resistance, a second generation of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors has been designed and is currently in clinical trials. Although efficient in monotherapy against hematologic malignancies, the potential of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors to synergize with small molecules targeting chromatin or immunotherapy will provide additional opportunities for their future clinical application against leukemia and solid tumors.
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Roolf C, Richter A, Konkolefski C, Knuebel G, Sekora A, Krohn S, Stenzel J, Krause BJ, Vollmar B, Murua Escobar H, Junghanss C. Decitabine demonstrates antileukemic activity in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with MLL rearrangements. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:62. [PMID: 29728108 PMCID: PMC5936021 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Promotor hypermethylation of CpG islands is common in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) with mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements. Hypomethylating agents (HMA) such as azacitidine (AZA) and decitabine (DEC) reduce DNA hypermethylation by incorporation into DNA and were successfully introduced into the clinic for the treatment of myeloid neoplasias. Methods Here, we investigated whether HMA induce comparable biological effects in MLL-positive BCP-ALL. Further, efficacy of HMA and concomitant application of cytostatic drugs (cytarabine and doxorubicin) were evaluated on established SEM and RS4;11 cell lines. In addition, promising approaches were studied on BCP-ALL cell line- and patient-derived xenograft models. Results In general, DEC effects were stronger compared to AZA on MLL-positive BCP-ALL cells. DEC significantly reduced proliferation by induction of cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and apoptosis. Most sensitive to HMA were SEM cells which are characterized by a fast cell doubling time. The combination of low-dose HMA and conventional cytostatic agents revealed a heterogeneous response pattern. The strongest antiproliferative effects were observed when ALL cells were simultaneously exposed to HMA and cytostatic drugs. Most potent synergistic effects of HMA were induced with cytarabine. Finally, the therapeutic potential of DEC was evaluated on BCP-ALL xenograft models. DEC significantly delayed leukemic proliferation in xenograft models as demonstrated longitudinally by non-invasive bioluminescence as well as 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging. Unexpectedly, in vivo concomitant application of DEC and cytarabine did not enhance the antiproliferative effect compared to DEC monotherapy. Conclusions Our data reveal that DEC is active in MLL-positive BCP-ALL and warrant clinical evaluation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-018-0607-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roolf
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - A Richter
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Konkolefski
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - G Knuebel
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - A Sekora
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Krohn
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - J Stenzel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Gertrudenplatz 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - B J Krause
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Gertrudenplatz 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - B Vollmar
- Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - H Murua Escobar
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Junghanss
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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Bohl SR, Bullinger L, Rücker FG. Epigenetic therapy: azacytidine and decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2018. [PMID: 29543073 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1453802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are older and exhibit a poor prognosis even after intensive therapy. Inducing differentiation and apoptosis of leukemic blasts by DNA-hypomethylating agents, like e.g. azacytidine (AZA) and decitabine (DAC), represent well-tolerated alternative treatment approaches. Both agents show convincing response as single agents in AML. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms and predictive biomarkers for these agents. Areas covered: This review will (i) provide an overview of the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying the action of these drugs, (ii) report promising predictive biomarkers, (iii) elude on new combined treatment options, and (iv) discuss novel approaches to improve outcomes. A literature search was performed using PubMed to find recent major publications, which provide biological and clinical research about epigenetic therapy in AML patients. Expert commentary: Numerous studies have demonstrated that HMA therapy with AZA or DAC may lead to significant response rates, even in pre-treated patients. Nevertheless, there is still an unmet need to further improve outcome in elderly AML patients. Therefore, novel treatment combinations are needed and some of them, such as AZA plus venetoclax, already show promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan R Bohl
- a Department of Internal Medicine III , University Hospital Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- a Department of Internal Medicine III , University Hospital Ulm , Ulm , Germany.,b Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology , Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Frank G Rücker
- a Department of Internal Medicine III , University Hospital Ulm , Ulm , Germany
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Fratta E, Montico B, Rizzo A, Colizzi F, Sigalotti L, Dolcetti R. Epimutational profile of hematologic malignancies as attractive target for new epigenetic therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57327-57350. [PMID: 27329599 PMCID: PMC5302993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, recurrent somatic mutations in epigenetic regulators have been identified in patients with hematological malignancies. Furthermore, chromosomal translocations in which the fusion protein partners are themselves epigenetic regulators or where epigenetic regulators are recruited/targeted by oncogenic fusion proteins have also been described. Evidence has accumulated showing that "epigenetic drugs" are likely to provide clinical benefits in several hematological malignancies, granting their approval for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. A large number of pre-clinical and clinical trials evaluating epigenetic drugs alone or in combination therapies are ongoing. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of known epigenetic alterations and of the current use of epigenetic drugs for the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Fratta
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Barbara Montico
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Aurora Rizzo
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Francesca Colizzi
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Luca Sigalotti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Mnasri N, Mamarbachi M, Allen BG, Mayer G. 5-Azacytidine engages an IRE1α-EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling pathway that stabilizes the LDL receptor mRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1861:29-40. [PMID: 29208426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the primary conduit for the clearance of plasma LDL-cholesterol and increasing its expression represents a central goal for treating cardiovascular disease. However, LDLR mRNA is unstable and undergoes rapid turnover mainly due to the three AU-rich elements (ARE) in its proximal 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Herein, our data revealed that 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC), an antimetabolite used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome, stabilizes the LDLR mRNA through a previously unrecognized signaling pathway resulting in a strong increase of its protein level in human hepatocytes in culture. 5-AzaC caused a sustained activation of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) kinase domain and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) independently of endoplasmic reticulum stress. This resulted in activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) that, in turn, stabilized LDLR mRNA. Systematic mutation of the AREs (ARE1-3) in the LDLR 3'UTR and expression of each mutant coupled to a luciferase reporter in Huh7 cells demonstrated that ARE1 is required for rapid LDLR mRNA decay and 5-AzaC-induced mRNA stabilization via the IRE1α-EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling cascade. The characterization of this pathway will help to reveal potential targets to enhance plasma LDL clearance and novel cholesterol-lowering therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhen Mnasri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maya Mamarbachi
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gaétan Mayer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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BCR-ABL1-induced downregulation of WASP in chronic myeloid leukemia involves epigenetic modification and contributes to malignancy. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3114. [PMID: 29022901 PMCID: PMC5680580 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease caused by the BCR–ABL1 tyrosine kinase (TK). The development of TK inhibitors (TKIs) revolutionized the treatment of CML patients. However, TKIs are not effective to those at advanced phases when amplified BCR–ABL1 levels and increased genomic instability lead to secondary oncogenic modifications. Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is an important regulator of signaling transduction in hematopoietic cells and was shown to be an endogenous inhibitor of the c-ABL TK. Here, we show that the expression of WASP decreases with the progression of CML, inversely correlates with the expression of BCR–ABL1 and is particularly low in blast crisis. Enforced expression of BCR–ABL1 negatively regulates the expression of WASP. Decreased expression of WASP is partially due to DNA methylation of the proximal WASP promoter. Importantly, lower levels of WASP in CML advanced phase patients correlate with poorer overall survival (OS) and is associated with TKI response. Interestingly, enforced expression of WASP in BCR–ABL1-positive K562 cells increases the susceptibility to apoptosis induced by TRAIL or chemotherapeutic drugs and negatively modulates BCR–ABL1-induced tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data reveal a novel molecular mechanism that operates in BCR–ABL1-induced tumorigenesis that can be used to develop new strategies to help TKI-resistant, CML patients in blast crisis (BC).
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42
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Hay JF, Lappin K, Liberante F, Kettyle LM, Matchett KB, Thompson A, Mills KI. Integrated analysis of the molecular action of Vorinostat identifies epi-sensitised targets for combination therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67891-67903. [PMID: 28978082 PMCID: PMC5620222 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several histone deacetylase inhibitors including Vorinostat have received FDA approval for the treatment of haematological malignancies. However, data from these trials indicate that Vorinostat has limited efficacy as a monotherapy, prompting the need for rational design of combination therapies. A number of epi-sensitised pathways, including sonic hedgehog (SHH), were identified in AML cells by integration of global patterns of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) acetylation with transcriptomic analysis following Vorinostat-treatment. Direct targeting of the SHH pathway with SANT-1, following Vorinostat induced epi-sensitisation, resulted in synergistic cell death of AML cells. In addition, xenograft studies demonstrated that combination therapy induced a marked reduction in leukemic burden compared to control or single agents. Together, the data supports epi-sensitisation as a potential component of the strategy for the rational development of combination therapies in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie F Hay
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katrina Lappin
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Fabio Liberante
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura M Kettyle
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kyle B Matchett
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Alexander Thompson
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ken I Mills
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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43
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Biktasova A, Hajek M, Sewell A, Gary C, Bellinger G, Deshpande HA, Bhatia A, Burtness B, Judson B, Mehra S, Yarbrough WG, Issaeva N. Demethylation Therapy as a Targeted Treatment for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7276-7287. [PMID: 28916527 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: DNA methylation in human papillomavirus-associated (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) may have importance for continuous expression of HPV oncogenes, tumor cell proliferation, and survival. Here, we determined activity of a global DNA-demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine (5-aza), against HPV+ HNSCC in preclinical models and explored it as a targeted therapy in a window trial enrolling patients with HPV+ HNSCC.Experimental Design: Sensitivity of HNSCC cells to 5-aza treatment was determined, and then 5-aza activity was tested in vivo using xenografted tumors in a mouse model. Finally, tumor samples from patients enrolled in a window clinical trial were analyzed to identify activity of 5-aza therapy in patients with HPV+ HNSCC.Results: Clinical trial and experimental data show that 5-aza induced growth inhibition and cell death in HPV+ HNSCC. 5-aza reduced expression of HPV genes, stabilized p53, and induced p53-dependent apoptosis in HNSCC cells and tumors. 5-aza repressed expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in HPV+ HNSCC, activated IFN response in some HPV+ head and neck cancer cells, and inhibited the ability of HPV+ xenografted tumors to invade mouse blood vessels.Conclusions: 5-aza may provide effective therapy for HPV-associated HNSCC as an alternative or complement to standard cytotoxic therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(23); 7276-87. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asel Biktasova
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Hajek
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andrew Sewell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cyril Gary
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary Bellinger
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hari A Deshpande
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Aarti Bhatia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Barbara Burtness
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin Judson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Saral Mehra
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wendell G Yarbrough
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. .,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Natalia Issaeva
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. .,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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44
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Lau KW, Seng C, Lim TKH, Tan DSW. Expanded molecular interrogation for potential actionable targets in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:372. [PMID: 29057232 PMCID: PMC5635263 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.08.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The advent of targeted therapies has established new standards of care for defined molecular subsets of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Not only has this led to significant changes in the routine clinical management of lung cancer e.g., multiplexed genomic testing, but it has provided important principles and benchmarks for determining "actionability". At present, the clinical paradigms are most evolved for EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements, where multiple randomized phase III trials have determined optimal treatment strategies in both treatment naïve and resistant settings. However, this may not always be feasible with low prevalence alterations e.g., ROS1 and BRAF mutations. Another emerging observation is that not all targets are equally "actionable", necessitating a rigorous preclinical, clinical and translational framework to prosecute new targets and drug candidates. In this review, we will cover the role of targeted therapies for NSCLC harbouring BRAF, MET, HER2 and RET alterations, all of which have shown promise in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (ns-NSCLC). We further review some early epigenetic targets in NSCLC, an area of emerging interest. With increased molecular segmentation of lung cancer, we discuss the upcoming challenges in drug development and implementation of precision oncology approaches, especially in light of the complex and rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Weng Lau
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR, Singapore
| | - Claudia Seng
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tony K H Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore
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45
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Garziera M, Scarabel L, Toffoli G. Hypoxic Modulation of HLA-G Expression through the Metabolic Sensor HIF-1 in Human Cancer Cells. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4587520. [PMID: 28781970 PMCID: PMC5525073 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4587520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is considered an immune checkpoint molecule involved in tumor immune evasion. Hypoxia and the metabolic sensor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) are hallmarks of metastasization, angiogenesis, and intense tumor metabolic activity. The purpose of this review was to examine original in vitro studies carried out in human cancer cell lines, which reported data about HLA-G expression and HIF-1 mediated-HLA-G expression in response to hypoxia. The impact of HLA-G genomic variability on the hypoxia responsive elements (HREs) specific for HIF-1 binding was also discussed. Under hypoxia, HLA-G-negative cell lines might transcribe HLA-G without translation of the protein while in contrast, HLA-G-positive cell lines, showed a reduced HLA-G transcriptional activity and protein level. HIF-1 modulation of HLA-G expression induced by hypoxia was demonstrated in different cell lines. HLA-G SNPs rs1632947 and rs41551813 located in distinct HREs demonstrated a prominent role of HIF-1 binding by DNA looping. Our research revealed a fine regulation of HLA-G in hypoxic conditions through HIF-1, depending on the cellular type and HLA-G genomic variability. Specifically, SNPs found in HREs should be considered in future investigations as markers with potential clinical value especially in metastatic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Garziera
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Lucia Scarabel
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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46
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Schuh AC, Döhner H, Pleyer L, Seymour JF, Fenaux P, Dombret H. Azacitidine in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 116:159-177. [PMID: 28693797 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Azacitidine is recommended front-line treatment for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are not candidates for intensive treatment regimens, and was recently granted approval in the European Union for treatment of adult AML. Reviewed here is azacitidine experience in AML, including: mechanistic and pharmacokinetic data; safety and efficacy in controlled trials; treatment effects in AML subpopulations defined by disease characteristics; experience in unselected patients treated in the community setting; clinical outcomes relative to other approved AML therapies; and experience with azacitidine-based combination treatment regimens. Collectively, these data suggest that (a) azacitidine may prolong overall survival to a similar or greater extent than do other approved AML treatments, but with less toxicity, (b) azacitidine may be the preferred treatment option for older patients with unfavorable cytogenetics, and (c) experience and outcomes with azacitidine in the clinic are similar to those seen in clinical trials. Continued investigation of combination regimens on an azacitidine backbone is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre C Schuh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria; Salzburg Cancer Research Institute - Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria; Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Austria
| | - John F Seymour
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pierre Fenaux
- Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
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47
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miR-137 downregulates c-kit expression in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2017; 57:72-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Halpern AB, Othus M, Huebner EM, Buckley SA, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Orlowski KF, Scott BL, Becker PS, Hendrie PC, Chen TL, Percival MEM, Estey EH, Stirewalt DL, Walter RB. Mitoxantrone, etoposide and cytarabine following epigenetic priming with decitabine in adults with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia or other high-grade myeloid neoplasms: a phase 1/2 study. Leukemia 2017; 31:2560-2567. [PMID: 28555084 PMCID: PMC5709258 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase inhibitors sensitize leukemia cells to chemotherapeutics. We therefore conducted a phase 1/2 study of mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine following “priming” with 5-10 days of decitabine (dec/MEC) in 52 adults (median age 55 [range: 19-72] years) with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or other high-grade myeloid neoplasms. During dose escalation in cohorts of 6-12 patients, all dose levels were well-tolerated. As response rates appeared similar with 7 and 10-days of decitabine, a 7-day course was defined as the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). Among 46 patients treated at/above the RP2D, 10 (22%) achieved a complete remission (CR), 8 without measurable residual disease; five additional patients achieved CR with incomplete platelet recovery, for an overall response rate of 33%. Seven patients (15%) died within 28 days of treatment initiation. Infection/neutropenic fever, nausea, and mucositis were the most common adverse events. While the CR rate compared favorably to a matched historic control population (observed/expected CR ratio=1.77), CR rate and survival were similar to two contemporary salvage regimens used at our institution (G-CLAC and G-CLAM). Thus, while meeting the pre-specified efficacy goal, we found no evidence that dec/MEC is substantially better than other cytarabine-based regimens currently used for relapsed/refractory AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Halpern
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Othus
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E M Huebner
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S A Buckley
- Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Program, University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - K F Orlowski
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B L Scott
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P S Becker
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P C Hendrie
- Division of Hematology/Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T L Chen
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M-E M Percival
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E H Estey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D L Stirewalt
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R B Walter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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49
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Kamstra JH, Sales LB, Aleström P, Legler J. Differential DNA methylation at conserved non-genic elements and evidence for transgenerational inheritance following developmental exposure to mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and 5-azacytidine in zebrafish. Epigenetics Chromatin 2017; 10:20. [PMID: 28413451 PMCID: PMC5389146 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-017-0126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental stressors during development may lead to latent and transgenerational adverse health effects. To understand the role of DNA methylation in these effects, we used zebrafish as a vertebrate model to investigate heritable changes in DNA methylation following chemical-induced stress during early development. We exposed zebrafish embryos to non-embryotoxic concentrations of the biologically active phthalate metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP, 30 µM) and the DNA methyltransferase 1 inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5AC, 10 µM). Direct, latent and transgenerational effects on DNA methylation were assessed using global, genome-wide and locus-specific DNA methylation analyses. RESULTS Following direct exposure in zebrafish embryos from 0 to 6 days post-fertilization, genome-wide analysis revealed a multitude of differentially methylated regions, strongly enriched at conserved non-genic elements for both compounds. Pathways involved in adipogenesis were enriched with the putative obesogenic compound MEHP. Exposure to 5AC resulted in enrichment of pathways involved in embryonic development and transgenerational effects on larval body length. Locus-specific methylation analysis of 10 differentially methylated sites revealed six of these loci differentially methylated in sperm sampled from adult zebrafish exposed during development to 5AC, and in first and second generation larvae. With MEHP, consistent changes were found at 2 specific loci in first and second generation larvae. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a functional role for DNA methylation on cis-regulatory conserved elements following developmental exposure to compounds. Effects on these regions are potentially transferred to subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorke H. Kamstra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, CoE CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liana Bastos Sales
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Aleström
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, CoE CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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50
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Ding H, Hashem H, Cabral L, Rangarajan H, Abusin G, Lazarus HM, Abu-Arja R. Azacitidine as a bridge to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in a pediatric patient with Fanconi anemia and acute myeloid leukemia. Pediatr Transplant 2017; 21. [PMID: 27976488 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HCT is the definitive therapy for patients with FA and AML. Conventional cytotoxic agents cause potential DNA damage, and currently, there is no established regimen for these patients prior to HCT. A 13-year-old male with FA and refractory AML was given azacitidine, achieved morphologic remission and underwent HCT. At 95 days after HCT, he relapsed. Azacitidine along with DLI was used as first salvage therapy. Azacitidine was overall well tolerated with minimal side effects. In patients with AML and FA, azacitidine can be considered an alternative to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ding
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital/Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hasan Hashem
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital/Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Linda Cabral
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital/Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hemalatha Rangarajan
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ghada Abusin
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hillard M Lazarus
- Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rolla Abu-Arja
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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