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De R, Calvet NA, Dietzek-Ivanšić B. Charge Transfer Dynamics in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Heterostructures-Insights by Vibrational-Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313574. [PMID: 38471070 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic heterostructures play a pivotal role in modern electronic and optoelectronic applications including photodetectors and field effect transistors, as well as in solar energy conversion such as photoelectrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, photoelectrochemical cells, and in organic photovoltaics. To a large extent, performance of such devices is controlled by charge transfer dynamics at and across (inner) interfaces, e.g., between a wide band gap semiconductor and molecular sensitizers and/or catalysts. Hence, a detailed understanding of the structure-dynamics-function relationship of such functional interfaces is necessary to rationalize possible performance limitations of these materials and devices on a molecular level. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, as an interface-sensitive spectroscopic technique, allows to obtain chemically specific information from interfaces and combines such chemical insights with ultrafast time resolution, when integrated as a spectroscopic probe into a pump-probe scheme. Thus, this minireview discusses the advantages and potential of VSFG spectroscopy for investigating interfacial charge transfer dynamics and structural changes at inner interfaces. A critical perspective of the unique spectroscopic view of otherwise inaccessible interfaces is presented, which we hope opens new opportunities for an improved understanding of function-determining processes in complex materials, and brings together communities who are devoted to designing materials and devices with spectroscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnadip De
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Neus A Calvet
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Holland KM, Alejandro A, Ludlow DJH, Petersen PK, Wright MA, Chartrand CC, Michaelis DJ, Johnson JA, Patterson JE. Characterization of organic crystals for second-harmonic generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5855-5858. [PMID: 37966736 DOI: 10.1364/ol.506508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a common technique with many applications. Common inorganic single-crystalline materials used to produce SHG light are effective using short IR/visible wavelengths but generally do not perform well at longer, technologically relevant IR wavelengths such as 1300, 1550, and 2000 nm. Efficient SHG materials possess many of the same key material properties as terahertz (THz) generators, and certain single-crystalline organic THz generation materials have been reported to perform at longer IR wavelengths. Consequently, this work focuses on characterizing three efficient organic THz generators for SHG, namely, DAST (trans-4-[4-(dimethylamino)-N-methylstilbazolium] p-tosylate), DSTMS (4-N,N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methylstilbazolium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate), and the recently discovered generator PNPA ((E)-4-((4-nitrobenzylidene)amino)-N-phenylaniline). All three of these crystals outperform the beta-barium borate (BBO), an inorganic material commonly used for SHG, using IR pump wavelengths (1200-2000 nm).
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Murray G, Field J, Xiu M, Farah Y, Wang L, Pinaud O, Bartels R. Aberration free synthetic aperture second harmonic generation holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32434-32457. [PMID: 37859047 DOI: 10.1364/oe.496083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is a valuable tool for optical microscopy. SHG microscopy is normally performed as a point scanning imaging method, which lacks phase information and is limited in spatial resolution by the spatial frequency support of the illumination optics. In addition, aberrations in the illumination are difficult to remove. We propose and demonstrate SHG holographic synthetic aperture holographic imaging in both the forward (transmission) and backward (epi) imaging geometries. By taking a set of holograms with varying incident angle plane wave illumination, the spatial frequency support is increased and the input and output pupil phase aberrations are estimated and corrected - producing diffraction limited SHG imaging that combines the spatial frequency support of the input and output optics. The phase correction algorithm is computationally efficient and robust and can be applied to any set of measured field imaging data.
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Nandi SK, Roy S, Pal B, Haldar D. Polarization-dependent second harmonic generation in peptide crystals: effects of molecular packing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5849-5856. [PMID: 36745502 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05462k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of chiral peptide luminophores containing the coumarin moiety was synthesized via a simple and efficient solution-based procedure. The peptides, containing either L-Phe, or L-Ala, or L-Leu (designated, respectively, as p1, p2, and p3), self-aggregate to form anti-parallel sheet-like structures. The self-assembly of the peptide luminophores leads to non-centrosymmetric crystals which display significant second harmonic generation (SHG). The dependence of the SHG intensity on the input laser polarization revealed a strong correlation between the SHG and the crystal packing. In the polar plots, the SHG intensity as a function of the linear polarization orientation of the input laser beam gave a four-petal pattern for p1, a predominantly two-petal pattern for p2, and a dumbbell-shaped pattern for p3. This reflects the dependence of the second order optical susceptibility tensor on the crystal symmetry. The polar plots can be fitted very well with the theoretical expressions derived from the second order polarization equation after incorporating crystal symmetry in the second order optical susceptibility tensor. The strong polarization-dependent SHG from organic crystals may be interesting for polarization controlled nonlinear optical switches, sensors, and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Kumar Nandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Samrat Roy
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Bipul Pal
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Debasish Haldar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India.
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Arthur JN, Pandey AK, Nunzi JM, Yambem SD. Insight into OTFT Sensors Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5709-5720. [PMID: 35061349 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Confocal fluorescence microscopy provides a means to map charge carrier density within the semiconductor layer in an active organic thin film transistor (OTFT). This method exploits the inverse relationship between charge carrier density and photoluminescence (PL) intensity in OTFTs, originating from exciton quenching following exciton-charge energy transfer. This work demonstrates that confocal microscopy can be a simple yet effective approach to gain insight into doping and de-doping processes in OTFT sensors. Specifically, the mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide sensitivity are studied in low-voltage hygroscopic insulator field effect transistors (HIFETs). While the sensitivity of HIFETs to hydrogen peroxide is well known, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using confocal microscopy, new light is shed on these mechanisms. Two distinct doping processes are discerned: one that occurs throughout the semiconductor film, independent of applied voltages; and a stronger doping effect occurring near the source electrode, when acting as an anode with respect to a negatively polarized drain electrode. These insights offer important guidance to future studies and the optimization of HIFET-based sensors. More importantly, the methods reported here are broadly applicable to the study of a range of OTFT-based sensors. This work demonstrates that confocal microscopy can be an effective research tool in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Arthur
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Jean-Michel Nunzi
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Soniya D Yambem
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Gleeson M, O'Dwyer K, Guerin S, Rice D, Thompson D, Tofail SAM, Silien C, Liu N. Quantitative Polarization-Resolved Second-Harmonic-Generation Microscopy of Glycine Microneedles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002873. [PMID: 33058247 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that can provide disease diagnosis through characterization of biological building blocks such as amino acids, peptides, and proteins. The second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor χ(2) of a material characterizes its tendency to cause SHG. Here, a method for finding the χ(2) elements from polarization-resolved SHG microscopy in transmission mode is presented. The quantitative framework and analytical approach that corrects for micrometer-scale morphology and birefringence enable the determination and comparison of the SHG susceptibility tensors of β- and γ-phase glycine microneedles. The maximum nonlinear susceptibility coefficients are d33 = 15 pm V-1 for the β and d33 = 5.9 pm V-1 for the γ phase. The results demonstrate glycine as a useful biocompatible nonlinear material. This combination of the analytical model and polarization-resolved SHG transmission microscopy is broadly applicable for quantitative SHG material characterization and diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gleeson
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kevin O'Dwyer
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sarah Guerin
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Daragh Rice
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Syed A M Tofail
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Christophe Silien
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
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Verma MS, Kumar M, Chandra M. Controlling second harmonic generation of gold nanorods: Surface area matters more than aspect ratio. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen S, Li KF, Li G, Cheah KW, Zhang S. Gigantic electric-field-induced second harmonic generation from an organic conjugated polymer enhanced by a band-edge effect. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:17. [PMID: 30728956 PMCID: PMC6351641 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electric-field-induced second harmonic generation (EFISH), a third-order nonlinear process, arises from the interaction between the electric field of an external bias and that of two incident photons. EFISH can be used to dynamically control the nonlinear optical response of materials and is therefore promising for active nonlinear devices. However, it has been challenging to achieve a strong modulation with EFISH in conventional nonlinear materials. Here, we report a large tunability of an EFISH signal from a subwavelength-thick polymer film sandwiched between a transparent electrode and a metallic mirror. By exploiting the band-edge-enhanced third-order nonlinear susceptibility of the organic conjugated polymer, we successfully demonstrate a gigantic EFISH effect with a modulation ratio up to 422% V- 1 at a pumping wavelength of 840 nm. The band-edge-enhanced EFISH opens new avenues for modulating the intensity of SHG signals and for controlling nonlinear electro-optic interactions in nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - King Fai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Guixin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Kok Wai Cheah
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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Wada Y, Enokida I, Yamamoto J, Furukawa Y. Raman imaging of carrier distribution in the channel of an ionic liquid-gated transistor fabricated with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:166-169. [PMID: 29398591 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Raman images of carriers (positive polarons) at the channel of an ionic liquid-gated transistor (ILGT) fabricated with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) have been measured with excitation at 785 nm. The observed spectra indicate that carriers generated are positive polarons. The intensities of the 1415 cm-1 band attributed to polarons in the P3HT channel were plotted as Raman images; they showed the carrier density distribution. When the source-drain voltage VD is lower than the source-gate voltage VG (linear region), the carrier density was uniform. When VD is nearly equal to VG (saturation region), a negative carrier density gradient from the source electrode towards the drain electrode was observed. This carrier density distribution is associated with the observed current-voltage characteristics, which is not consistent with the "pinch-off" theory of inorganic semiconductor transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wada
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - I Enokida
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - J Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Y Furukawa
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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Controlling Morphology and Aggregation in Semiconducting Polymers: The Role of Solvents on Lasing Emission in Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene]. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10070706. [PMID: 28773082 PMCID: PMC5551749 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systematic experiments were performed to investigate solvent-dependent morphology and aggregation of the semiconducting polymer film poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] (MEH-PPV), which was span-cast from nonaromatic strong polarity solvents tetrahydrofuran (THF), trichloromethane (TCM) and aromatic weak polarity solvents chlorobenzene (CB), toluene, and p-xylene. The results indicated that the conformation of the spin-cast MEH-PPV films with weak aggregation such as THF and TCM demonstrated excellent lasing emission performances because of inhibiting the fluorescence quenching induced by bi-molecule process. The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) images confirmed the distinct morphologies of the spin-cast MEH-PPV films. The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) was investigated in a simple asymmetric slab planar waveguide structure by methods of variable stripe length (VSL) and shifting excitation stripe (SES). The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) experiments confirmed the distinct polymer chain conformation. The conformation, which preserved from the spin-cast process, indicated the distinct interactions between solvents and MEH-PPV polymer chains. The pure film spectra were performed to confirm the effect of distinct conformation on the material energy level. This work provides insights into the morphology and aggregation effect of the spin-cast polymer films on the performances of lasers.
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