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Wang C, Paiva TO, Speziale P, Dufrêne YF. Nanomechanics of CCN1-Mediated Staphylococcus aureus Phagocytosis. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8567-8574. [PMID: 38959438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism of the human immune system where pathogens are eliminated by immune cells. The CCN1 protein plays an important role in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by favoring the bridging of the αVβ3 integrin to the bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), through mechanical forces that remain unknown. Here, we employ single-molecule experiments to unravel the nanomechanics of the PG-CCN1-αVβ3 ternary complex. While CCN1 binds αVβ3 integrins with moderate force (∼60 pN), much higher binding strengths (up to ∼800 pN) are observed between CCN1 and PG. Notably, the strength of both CCN1-αVβ3 and CCN1-PG bonds is dramatically enhanced by tensile loading, favoring a model in which mechanical stress induces the exposure of cryptic integrin binding sites in CCN1 and multivalent binding between CCN1 lectin sites and monosaccharides along the PG glycan chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Telmo O Paiva
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Zeng X, Tang J, Zhang Q, Wang C, Qi J, Wei Y, Xu J, Yang K, Zhou Z, Wu H, Luo J, Jiang Y, Song Z, Wu J, Wu J. CircHIPK2 Contributes Cell Growth in Intestinal Epithelial of Colitis and Colorectal Cancer through Promoting TAZ Translation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401588. [PMID: 38981023 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are escalating global health concerns. Despite their distinct clinical presentations, both disorders share intricate genetic and molecular interactions. The Hippo signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating cell processes and is implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD and CRC. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have gained attention for their roles in various diseases, including IBD and CRC. However, a comprehensive understanding of specific circRNAs involved in both IBD and CRC, and their functional roles is lacking. Here, it is found that circHIPK2 (hsa_circRNA_104507) is a bona fide circRNA consistently upregulated in both IBD and CRC suggesting its potential as a biomarker. Furthermore, silencing of circHIPK2 suppressed the growth of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, decreased circHipk2 potentiated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis but alleviated colitis-associated tumorigenesis. Most significantly, mechanistic investigations further unveil that circHIPK2, mediated by FUS, interacting with EIF4A3 to promote the translation of TAZ, ultimately increasing the transcription of downstream target genes CCN1 and CCN2. Taken together, circHIPK2 emerges as a key player in the shared mechanisms of IBD and CRC, modulating the Hippo signaling pathway. CircHIPK2-EIF4A3 axis contributes to cell growth in intestinal epithelial of colitis and CRC by enhancing TAZ translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- The Joint Innovation Center for Health and Medicine, Quzhou People's Hospital, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 324000, China
| | - Jielin Tang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Chenxing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Ji Qi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yusi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Kaiyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zuolin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jiarong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Zengqiang Song
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genomic Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 315302, China
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3
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Cai W, Pierzynowska K, Stiernborg M, Xu J, Nilsson IA, Svensson U, Melas PA, Lavebratt C. Multispecies synbiotics alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis: Effects on clinical scores, intestinal pathology, and plasma biomarkers in male and female mice. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 63:74-83. [PMID: 38923468 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and has been linked to an imbalance in gut bacteria. Synbiotics, which combine probiotics and prebiotics, are emerging as potential IBD treatments. AIM To examine the effects of four synbiotic formulations on intestinal inflammation and peripheral biomarkers in a rodent IBD model of both sexes. METHODS Colitis was induced in male and female C57BL/6 mice using 1% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Concurrently, a non-exposed control group was maintained. Starting on day 4 post-induction, DSS-exposed mice received one of four synbiotic preparations (Synbio1-4 composed of lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium and dietary fibres), an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat IBD (mesalazine), or placebo (water) until day 14. Clinical symptoms and body weight were monitored daily. Blood samples (taken on days -3, 4, and 14, relative to DSS introduction), were used to analyze plasma biomarkers. At the end of the study, intestinal tissues underwent histological and morphological evaluation. RESULTS Compared to placebo, the Synbio1-, 2- and 3-treated groups had improved clinical scores by day 14. Synbio1 was the only preparation that led to clinical improvements to scores comparable to those of controls. The Synbio1-and 3-treated groups also demonstrated histological improvements in the colon. Plasma biomarker analyses revealed significant Synbio1-induced changes in plasma IL17A, VEGFD, and TNFRSF11B levels that correlated with improved clinical or histological scores. Sex-stratified analyses revealed that most therapeutic-like effects were more pronounced in females. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the potential therapeutic benefits of specific synbiotics for IBD management. However, further research is needed to validate these outcomes in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Cai
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Miranda Stiernborg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Ak Nilsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Philippe A Melas
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Guo Y, Liu X, Tao Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Yu X, Guo P, Liu S, Wei Z, Dai Y, Xia Y. Arctigenin promotes mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis through facilitating focal adhesion assembly and colonic epithelial cell migration via targeting focal adhesion kinase. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111552. [PMID: 38280335 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Colonic mucosal defect constitutes the major reason of recurrence and deterioration of ulcerative colitis (UC), and mucosal healing has become the therapeutic endpoint of UC. Unfortunately, specific promoter of mucosal healing is still absent. Our previous researches demonstrated that arctigenin could alleviate colitis symptoms in mice, but whether it has a positive impact on colonic mucosal healing remains unclear. This study explores whether and how arctigenin promotes mucosal healing. Orally administered arctigenin was shown to alleviate colitis in mice primarily by enhancing mucosal healing. In vitro, arctigenin was shown to promote the wound healing by accelerating colonic epithelial cell migration but not proliferation. Acceleration of the focal adhesion turnover, especially assembly, is crucial for arctigenin promoting the cell migration. Arctigenin was able to activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in colonic epithelial cells through directly binding with Tyr251 site of FAK, as evidenced by surface plasmon resonance assay and site-directed mutagenesis experiment. In the colonic epithelial cells of UC patients and colitis mice, FAK activation was significantly down-regulated compared with the controls. Arctigenin promoted colonic epithelial cell migration and mucosal healing in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice dependent on activating FAK, as confirmed by combined use with FAK inhibitor. In summary, arctigenin can directly promote mucosal healing in colitis mice through facilitating focal adhesion turnover, especially assembly, and consequent migration of epithelial cells via targeting FAK. Arctigenin may be developed as a mucosal healing promoter, and FAK is a potential therapeutic target for UC and other mucosal defect-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yanrong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Pengxiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yufeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China.
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5
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Alhendi A, Naser SA. The dual role of interleukin-6 in Crohn's disease pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1295230. [PMID: 38106420 PMCID: PMC10722226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key mediator cytokine of the immune response as well as a regulator of many physiological and pathological processes. In Crohn's disease (CD), cytokine imbalance rules the intestinal microenvironment and leads to chronic inflammation of the gut. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are generally upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including TNFα and IL-6. Consequently, drugs that target these cytokines have been long sought and approved. Despite the short-term success in treating CD patients with anti-TNFα, many patients stopped responding to treatment, which made IL-6 an alternative target to alleviate inflammation in these patients. IL-6 has long been approached as part of the therapeutic strategies to treat CD and other inflammatory disorders. Clinical trials of CD patients have targeted IL-6 signaling in different mechanisms: blocking IL-6, neutralizing IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), or trapping the soluble IL-6/IL-6R complex. These trials have faced challenges and side effects in patients with gastrointestinal perforations and ulcers, for example, all of which highlight the dual role of IL-6 during intestinal inflammation and the need for this cytokine for intestinal tissue integrity. IL-6 is involved in a complex of upstream regulators and downstream signaling cascades and maintaining a physiological level of IL-6 in the blood and in the intestine is key for achieving health and homeostasis. In this review, we describe IL-6 biology and signaling and its involvement in intestinal health and inflammation. We also discuss the current strategies for targeting IL-6 pathways in CD patients, as well as molecular regulators representing potential therapeutic targets for IL-6 attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala' Alhendi
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Saleh A Naser
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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6
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Chen Y, Zhou J, Xu S, Nie J. Role of Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines in Organ Fibrosis. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 9:239-253. [PMID: 37900004 PMCID: PMC10601952 DOI: 10.1159/000530288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Organ fibrosis remains an important cause of high incidence rate and mortality worldwide. The prominent role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) family members represented by IL-6 in inflammation has been extensively studied, and drugs targeting IL-6 have been used clinically. Because of the close relationship between inflammation and fibrosis, researches on the role of IL-6 family members in organ fibrosis are also gradually emerging. Summary In this review, we systematically reviewed the role of IL-6 family members in fibrosis and their possible mechanisms. We listed the role of IL-6 family members in organ fibrosis and drew two diagrams to illustrate the downstream signal transductions of IL-6 family members. We also summarized the effect of some IL-6 family members' antagonists in a table. Key Messages Fibrosis contributes to organ structure damage, organ dysfunction, and eventually organ failure. Although IL-6 family cytokines have similar downstream signal pathways, different members play various roles in an organ-specific manner which might be partly due to their different target cell populations. The pathogenic role of individual member in various diseases needs to be deciphered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihui Xu
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Shahini A, Shahini A. Role of interleukin-6-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: focus on the available therapeutic approaches and gut microbiome. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:55-74. [PMID: 36112307 PMCID: PMC10030733 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is considered a chronic inflammatory and multifactorial disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two types of chronic IBD. Although there is no accurate information about IBD pathophysiology, evidence suggests that various factors, including the gut microbiome, environment, genetics, lifestyle, and a dysregulated immune system, may increase susceptibility to IBD. Moreover, inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) are involved in the immunopathogenesis of IBDs. IL-6 contributes to T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation, mediating further destructive inflammatory responses in CD and UC. Moreover, Th1-mediated responses participate in IBD, and the antiapoptotic IL-6/IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signals are responsible for preserving Th1 cells in the site of inflammation. It has been revealed that fecal bacteria isolated from UC-active and UC-remission patients stimulate the hyperproduction of several cytokines, such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-12. Given the importance of the IL-6/IL-6R axis, various therapeutic options exist for controlling or treating IBD. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches such as modulating the gut microbiome could be beneficial due to the failure of the target therapies so far. This review article summarizes IBD immunopathogenesis focusing on the IL-6/IL-6R axis and discusses available therapeutic approaches based on the gut microbiome alteration and IL-6/IL-6R axis targeting and treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshia Shahini
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Shahini
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Cheng N, Kim KH, Lau LF. Analysis of CCN Functions in Liver Regeneration After Partial Hepatectomy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:209-221. [PMID: 36370352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable regenerative capability of the liver has long been appreciated. Upon significant loss of liver tissue, the remnant liver can grow rapidly to restore the original liver mass through a combination of hepatocyte proliferation and hypertrophy to maintain homeostasis. Experimentally, 2/3 partial hepatectomy in mice has been used extensively as a model to dissect the molecular mechanism of liver regeneration and the genetic networks involved. Herein, we describe the protocols for partial hepatectomy and analyses of pertinent CCN protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyuan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Flannigan KL, Nieves KM, Szczepanski HE, Serra A, Lee JW, Alston LA, Ramay H, Mani S, Hirota SA. The Pregnane X Receptor and Indole-3-Propionic Acid Shape the Intestinal Mesenchyme to Restrain Inflammation and Fibrosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:765-795. [PMID: 36309199 PMCID: PMC9883297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The pregnane X receptor (PXR) (encoded by NR1I2) suppresses intestinal inflammation and has been shown to influence liver fibrosis. In the intestine, PXR signaling is influenced by microbiota-derived indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). Here, we sought to assess the role of the PXR in regulating intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS Intestinal inflammation was induced using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Fibrosis was assessed in wild-type (WT), Nr1i2-/-, epithelial-specific Nr1i2-/-, and fibroblast-specific Nr1i2-/- mice. Immune cell influx was quantified by flow cytometry and cytokines by Luminex. Myofibroblasts isolated from WT and Nr1i2-/- mice were stimulated with cytomix or lipopolysaccharide, and mediator production was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Luminex. RESULTS After recovery from DSS-induced colitis, WT mice exhibited fibrosis, a response that was exacerbated in Nr1i2-/- mice. This was correlated with greater neutrophil infiltration and innate cytokine production. Deletion of the PXR in fibroblasts, but not the epithelium, recapitulated this phenotype. Inflammation and fibrosis were reduced by IPA administration, whereas depletion of the microbiota exaggerated intestinal fibrosis. Nr1i2-deficient myofibroblasts were hyperresponsive to stimulation, producing increased levels of inflammatory mediators compared with WT cells. In biopsies from patients with active Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), expression of NR1I2 was reduced, correlating with increased expression of fibrotic and innate immune genes. Finally, both CD and UC patients exhibited reduced levels of fecal IPA. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight a role for IPA and its interactions with the PXR in regulating the mesenchyme and the development of inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting microbiota metabolites may be a vital determinant in the progression of fibrotic complications in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Flannigan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kristoff M Nieves
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Holly E Szczepanski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alex Serra
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua W Lee
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Laurie A Alston
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hena Ramay
- International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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10
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Kim KH, Cheng N, Lau LF. Cellular communication network factor 1-stimulated liver macrophage efferocytosis drives hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2798-2811. [PMID: 35929736 PMCID: PMC9512468 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Following inflammatory injury in the liver, neutrophils quickly infiltrate the injured tissue to defend against microbes and initiate the repair process; these neutrophils are short lived and rapidly undergo apoptosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the principal precursor cells that transdifferentiate into myofibroblast-like cells, which produce a large amount of extracellular matrix that promotes repair but can also lead to fibrosis if the injury becomes chronic. The matricellular protein cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1) acts as a bridging molecule by binding phosphatidylserine in apoptotic cells and integrin αv β3 in phagocytes, thereby triggering efferocytosis or phagocytic clearance of the apoptotic cells. Here, we show that CCN1 induces liver macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced liver injury, leading to the production of activated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which in turn induces HSC transdifferentiation into myofibroblast-like cells that promote fibrosis development. Consequently, knock-in mice expressing a single amino acid substitution in CCN1 rendering it unable to bind αv β3 or induce efferocytosis are impaired in neutrophil clearance, production of activated TGF-β1, and HSC transdifferentiation, resulting in greatly diminished liver fibrosis following exposure to CCl4 . Conclusion: These results reveal the crucial role of CCN1 in stimulating liver macrophage clearance of apoptotic neutrophils, a process that drives HSC transdifferentiation into myofibroblastic cells and underlies fibrogenesis in chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Naiyuan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Won JH, Choi JS, Jun JI. CCN1 interacts with integrins to regulate intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3117. [PMID: 35660741 PMCID: PMC9166801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) at the crypt base contribute to intestinal homeostasis through a balance between self-renewal and differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating this homeostatic balance remain elusive. Here we show that the matricellular protein CCN1/CYR61 coordinately regulates ISC proliferation and differentiation through distinct pathways emanating from CCN1 interaction with integrins αvβ3/αvβ5. Mice that delete Ccn1 in Lgr5 + ISCs or express mutant CCN1 unable to bind integrins αvβ3/αvβ5 exhibited exuberant ISC expansion and enhanced differentiation into secretory cells at the expense of absorptive enterocytes in the small intestine, leading to nutrient malabsorption. Analysis of crypt organoids revealed that through integrins αvβ3/αvβ5, CCN1 induces NF-κB-dependent Jag1 expression to regulate Notch activation for differentiation and promotes Src-mediated YAP activation and Dkk1 expression to control Wnt signaling for proliferation. Moreover, CCN1 and YAP amplify the activities of each other in a regulatory loop. These findings establish CCN1 as a niche factor in the intestinal crypts, providing insights into how matrix signaling exerts overarching control of ISC homeostasis. Intestinal stem cells contribute to homeostasis through a balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Here the authors show that CCN1 is an intestinal stem cell niche factor that activates integrin αvβ3/αvβ5 signaling to regulate proliferation and differentiation through distinct downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hoon Won
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jacob S Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair street Arkes Suite 2330, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joon-Il Jun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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12
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Jiang R, Tang J, Zhang X, He Y, Yu Z, Chen S, Xia J, Lin J, Ou Q. CCN1 Promotes Inflammation by Inducing IL-6 Production via α6β1/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Pathway in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:810671. [PMID: 35547732 PMCID: PMC9084230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease with unknown etiology. CCN1, an extracellular matrix-associated protein, is associated with carcinoma, inflammation, liver fibrosis, and even autoimmune diseases. However, the role that CCN1 plays in AIH has remained undetermined. In this study, expression of CCN1 in liver was detected by real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). CCN1 level in serum was detected by ELISA. Diagnostic value of CCN1 was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. CCN1 conditional knockout (CCN1fl/flCre+) mice were generated by mating CCN1fl/fl C57BL/6J and CAG-Cre-ERT C57BL/6J mice. Autoimmune hepatitis mice model was induced by concanavalin A (ConA). IKKα/β, IκBα, NF-κB p65 and Akt phosphorylation were determined by western blot. NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation was examined by immunofluorescence. Here, we found that CCN1 was over-expressed in hepatocytes of AIH patients. CCN1 level also increased in serum of AIH patients compared to healthy controls (HC). ROC curve analysis results showed that serum CCN1 was able to distinguish AIH patients from HD. In ConA induced hepatitis mice model, CCN1 conditional knockout (CCN1fl/flCre+) attenuated inflammation by reducing ALT/AST level and IL-6 expression. In vitro, CCN1 treatment dramatically induced IL-6 production in LO2 cells. Moreover, the production of IL-6 was attenuated by CCN1 knockdown. Furthermore, we showed that CCN1 could activate IL-6 production via the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway by binding to α6β1 receptor. In summary, our results reveal a novel role of CCN1 in promoting inflammation by upregulation of IL-6 production in AIH. Our study also suggests that targeting of CCN1 may represent a novel strategy in AIH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renquan Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jifeng Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuehao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yujue He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinfang Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinpiao Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qishui Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Zhou C, Zou Y, Zhang Y, Teng S, Ye K. Involvement of CCN1 Protein and TLR2/4 Signaling Pathways in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Response to Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052739. [PMID: 35269881 PMCID: PMC8911323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN1 is well studied in terms of its functions in injury repair, cell adhesion survival and apoptosis, bacterial clearance and mediation of inflammation-related pathways, such as the TLR2/4 pathways. However, the role of CCN1 protein and its interaction with TLR2/4 pathways in intestinal epithelial cells was not elucidated after Listeria monocytogenes infection. The results of this study confirm that L. monocytogenes infection induced intestinal inflammation and increased the protein expression of CCN1, TLR2, TLR4 and p38, which followed a similar tendency in the expression of genes related to the TLR2/4 pathways. In addition, organoids infected by L. monocytogenes showed a significant increase in the expression of CCN1 and the activation of TLR2/4 pathways. Furthermore, pre-treatment with CCN1 protein to organoids infected by L. monocytogenes could increase the related genes of TLR2/4 pathways and up-regulate the expression of TNF, and increase the count of pathogens in organoids, which indicates that the interaction between the CCN1 protein and TLR2/4 signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells occurred after L. monocytogenes infection. This study will provide a novel insight of the role of CCN1 protein after L. monocytogenes infection in the intestine.
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14
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Shiraishi M, Yamaguchi A, Suzuki K. Nrg1/ErbB signaling-mediated regulation of fibrosis after myocardial infarction. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22150. [PMID: 34997943 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101428rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate fibrotic tissue formation after myocardial infarction (MI) is crucial to the maintenance of the heart's structure. M2-like macrophages play a vital role in post-MI fibrosis by activating cardiac fibroblasts. Because the mechanism by which post-MI cardiac fibrosis is regulated is not fully understood, we investigated, in vitro and in vivo, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of post-MI fibrotic tissue formation, especially those related to the regulation of cellular senescence and apoptosis. CD206+ F4/80+ CD11b+ M2-like macrophages collected from mouse hearts on post-MI day 7 showed increased expression of neuregulin 1 (Nrg1). Nrg1 receptor epidermal growth factor receptors ErbB2 and ErbB4 were expressed on cardiac fibroblasts in the infarct area. M2-like macrophage-derived Nrg1 suppressed both hydrogen peroxide-induced senescence and apoptosis of fibroblasts, whereas blockade of ErbB function significantly accelerated both processes. M2-like macrophage-derived Nrg1/ErbB/PI3K/Akt signaling, shown to be related to anti-senescence, was activated in damaged cardiac fibroblasts. Interestingly, systemic blockade of ErbB function in MI model mice enhanced senescence and apoptosis of cardiac fibroblasts and exacerbated inflammation. Further, increased accumulation of M2-like macrophages resulted in excessive post-MI progression of fibrosis in mice hearts. The molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of fibrotic tissue formation in the infarcted myocardium was shown in part to be attenuation of apoptosis and senescence of cardiac fibroblasts by the activation of Nrg1/ErbB/PI3K/Akt signaling. M2-like macrophage-mediated regulation of Nrg1/ErbB signaling has a substantial effect on fibrotic tissue formation in the infarcted adult mouse heart and is critical for suppressing the progression of senescence and apoptosis of cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Atsushi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken Suzuki
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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15
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Febbraio MA, Karin M. "Sweet death": Fructose as a metabolic toxin that targets the gut-liver axis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2316-2328. [PMID: 34619076 PMCID: PMC8665123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fructose are closely related simple sugars, but fructose has been associated more closely with metabolic disease. Until the 1960s, the major dietary source of fructose was fruit, but subsequently, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) became a dominant component of the Western diet. The exponential increase in HFCS consumption correlates with the increased incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the mechanistic link between these metabolic diseases and fructose remains tenuous. Although dietary fructose was thought to be metabolized exclusively in the liver, evidence has emerged that it is also metabolized in the small intestine and leads to intestinal epithelial barrier deterioration. Along with the clinical manifestations of hereditary fructose intolerance, these findings suggest that, along with the direct effect of fructose on liver metabolism, the gut-liver axis plays a key role in fructose metabolism and pathology. Here, we summarize recent studies on fructose biology and pathology and discuss new opportunities for prevention and treatment of diseases associated with high-fructose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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16
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Cyr61 Alleviates Cholangitis by Inhibiting Cytotoxic Effects of CD8 + T Cells on Biliary Epithelial Cells. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:1205-1213. [PMID: 34787784 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic progressive cholestatic liver disease. In recent years, researchers have found that cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61, also known as CCN1) has a potential role in reducing portal inflammation in patients with PBC. This study aimed to explore the relationship between Cyr61 and PBC to provide new ideas and an experimental basis for the clinical treatment of PBC. METHODS After induction of the overexpression of Cyr61 in a mouse model of PBC using recombinant adenovirus, hematoxylin and eosin staining and pathological scores were used to indicate intrahepatic inflammation and bile duct damage. Real-time PCR was used to detect changes in inflammation-related cytokines in the liver. To further study the mechanism, we assessed whether Cyr61 protects bile duct epithelial cells from cytotoxic effects. RESULTS Serum and hepatic Cyr61 levels were increased in the murine model of PBC. Overexpression of Cyr61 alleviated hepatic inflammation and bile duct injury in vivo. Cyr61 inhibited the cytotoxic effects of CD8+ T cells by acting on biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of PBC and suggest that Cyr61 plays a dominant role in the cytotoxic effects on BECs in PBC. Consequently, therapeutic strategies targeting Cyr61 could be a potent therapy for PBC.
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17
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Fermented Rice Bran Supplementation Prevents the Development of Intestinal Fibrosis Due to DSS-Induced Inflammation in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061869. [PMID: 34070845 PMCID: PMC8229226 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented rice bran (FRB) is known to protect mice intestines against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammation; however, the restoration of post-colitis intestinal homeostasis using FRB supplementation is currently undocumented. In this study, we observed the effects of dietary FRB supplementation on intestinal restoration and the development of fibrosis after DSS-induced colitis. DSS (1.5%) was introduced in the drinking water of mice for 5 days. Eight mice were sacrificed immediately after the DSS treatment ended. The remaining mice were divided into three groups, comprising the following diets: control, 10% rice bran (RB), and 10% FRB-supplemented. Diet treatment was continued for 2 weeks, after which half the population of mice from each group was sacrificed. The experiment was continued for another 3 weeks before the remaining mice were sacrificed. FRB supplementation could reduce the general observation of colitis and production of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines. FRB also increased intestinal mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, tight junction, and anti-microbial proteins. Furthermore, FRB supplementation suppressed markers of intestinal fibrosis. This effect might have been achieved via the canonical Smad2/3 activation and the non-canonical pathway of Tgf-β activity. These results suggest that FRB may be an alternative therapeutic agent against inflammation-induced intestinal fibrosis.
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18
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Yoon T, Ahn SS, Pyo JY, Lee LE, Song JJ, Park YB, Lee SW. Correlation between serum cysteine-rich protein 61 and disease activity of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:3703-3710. [PMID: 33755835 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cysteine-rich protein 61 (CYR61) stimulates protein kinase B (Akt)-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signalling leading to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, which play important roles in the pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Hence, we investigated whether serum CYR61 was correlated with disease activity of AAV in a single-centre prospective cohort. METHODS Seventy-two patients with AAV were randomly selected and included. Serum CYR61, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels were quantified with the patients' stored sera, and clinical and laboratory data at the time of blood sampling were collected. Spearman's correlation and linear regression analysis was conducted to analyse the correlation between continuous variables. The optimal cut-off of serum CYR61 for predicting high disease activity was identified using the receiver operator characteristic curve. Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS) was used as a measure to assess disease activity, and high disease activity was defined as BVAS ≥ 12. RESULTS Serum CYR61 significantly correlated with BVAS (r = 0.249), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.283), C-reactive protein (r = 0.298) and serum IL-6 (r = 0.319). However, a linear association was not found between CYR61 and BVAS (β = 0.102, P = 0.304). The relative risk (RR) for high disease activity in AAV patients with serum CYR61 ≥ 236.2 pg/mL was higher than those with serum CYR61 < 236.2 pg/mL (RR 3.316, P = 0.018). CONCLUSION Even though serum CYR61 was not directly proportional to the increase of BVAS, it could be predictive of high disease activity in AAV. Key Points • Serum CYR61 was significantly correlated with BVAS along with ESR, CRP and serum IL-6. • The cut-off of serum CYR61 for high disease activity of AAV was obtained as 236.2 pg/mL. • AAV patients with serum CYR61 ≥ 236.2 pg/mL had increased risk of having higher disease activity than those with serum CYR61 < 236.2 pg/mL (RR 3.316, P = 0.018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Yoon
- Department of Medical Science, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Pyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucy Eunju Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason Jungsik Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Lee SM, Lee KH, Park SY, Kim DH, Chung JO, Ju JK, Lee JH, Kim HS. Expression of Cyr61 is associated with clinical course in patients with Crohn's disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:129. [PMID: 33743589 PMCID: PMC7981874 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) is emerging as an important regulator of tissue homeostasis and wound repair. We aim to explore the colonic mucosal expression of Cyr61 and analyze the association between Cyr61 expression and clinical course in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods Endoscopic samples were identified from 83 CD patients with and 372 controls by searching pathological reports. Among them, age- and sex- matched 43 of each group by a propensity score were selected to compare Cyr61 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC scores for Cyr61 expression of CD patients were divided into tertiles to evaluate the association with clinical course. We also measured the level of mRNA for Cyr 61 and proinflammatory genes in inflamed and noninflamed colonic mucosal lesions from CD patients. Results The mean IHC scores for Cyr61 expression was higher in CD patients (86.5) than in controls (46.1, P < 0.001). In CD patients, the mean IHC scores for Cyr61 expression (68.3) was lower in patients with clinical recurrence than in patients without recurrence (92.2, P = 0.01). Cyr61 mRNA levels in inflamed mucosa were twofold higher than those in non-inflamed lesion (P > 0.05) and the mRNA levels of IL-6 and TLR-4 in inflamed mucosa were significantly higher than those in non-inflamed mucosa in CD patients (all P < 0.05). When CD patients were stratified into tertile groups according to IHC scores for Cyr61 expression, clinical recurrence rates tended to be lower in patients with high Cyr61 expression (P for trend = 0.02). Compared with tertile 1 of Cyr61 expression, tertile 3 of Cyr 61 expression was associated with reduced risk of clinical recurrence (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20–0.92) after adjustment for age, sex and CD activity index at the time of colonoscopy in CD patients (P = 0.03). Conclusions Cyr61 mucosal expression in CD patients was inversely associated with clinical course. Future study need to be considered to evaluate whether Cyr 61 may play a role in activating inflammatory responses and contributing to wound healing and tissue repair in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42, Jaebongro, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seon-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42, Jaebongro, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42, Jaebongro, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea
| | - Jin Ook Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42, Jaebongro, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Ju
- Department of General Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42, Jaebongro, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
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20
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Luo Y, Wang B, Liu J, Ma F, Luo D, Zheng Z, Lu Q, Zhou W, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Wang Q, Sha W, Chen H. Ginsenoside RG1 enhances the paracrine effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on radiation induced intestinal injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:1132-1152. [PMID: 33293477 PMCID: PMC7835034 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Content and aims: Ginsenoside RG1 (RG1) is thought to enhance proliferation and differentiation of stem cell, however, its role on paracrine efficacy of stem cell remains unclear. Here we examined if and how RG1 enhances the paracrine effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on radiation induced intestinal injury (RIII). METHOD Irradiated rats randomly received intraperitoneal injection of conditioned medium (CM) derived from non-activated BM-MSCs (MSC-CM) or BM-MSCs pre-activated by RG-1 (RG1-MSC-CM). Intestinal samples were collected, followed by the evaluation of histological and functional change, apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis and stem cell regeneration. The effects of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were investigated using HO-1 inhibitor or siRNA. RESULT RG1 enhanced the paracrine efficacy of BM-MSCs partially through upregulation of HO-1. RG1-MSC-CM rather than MSC-CM significantly improved the survival and intestinal damage of irradiated rats via improvement of intestinal proliferation/apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and stem cell regeneration in a HO-1 dependent mechanism. The mechanism for the superior paracrine efficacy of RG1-MSC-CM is related to a higher release of two pivotal cytokines VEGF and IL-6. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that RG1 enhances paracrine effects of BM-MSCs on RIII, providing a novel method for maximizing the paracrine potential of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Luo
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Faxin Ma
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Dongling Luo
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwen Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Quan Lu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qiyi Wang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Sha
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
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21
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Feng B, Xu G, Sun K, Duan K, Shi B, Zhang N. Association of serum Cyr61 levels with peripheral arterial disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:194. [PMID: 33222686 PMCID: PMC7680586 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is obviously increased in patients with diabetes. Existing evidence shows that cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61), a 40-kD secreted protein, plays important roles in regulating cellular physiological processes. Recent studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between serum Cyr61 and atherosclerosis. However, the relationship between Cyr61 levels and PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) remains obscure. Methods Data from a total of 306 subjects with T2DM were cross-sectionally analysed. The extent of PAD was determined by using the Fontaine classification, which defines four stages. We measured serum Cyr61 concentrations by ELISA in subjects with and without PAD at Fontaine’s stage II, III, or IV. Logistic regression models were used to examine the independent association of Cyr61 with PAD. Results Out of the 306 subjects enrolled, 150 were free from PAD, while 156 had clinically significant PAD. In subjects with PAD, the prevalences of Fontaine classification stages II, III and IV were 48.7%, 32.1%, and 19.2%, respectively. Patients with more advanced PAD had significantly higher Cyr61 (P for trend < 0.001). The prevalence of PAD on the basis of severity increased with increasing Cyr61 quartiles (all P values for trends < 0.001), and the severity of PAD was positively correlated with Cyr61 quartiles (r = 0.227, P = 0.006). The association of Cyr61 levels with PAD remained after adjusting for major risk factors in a logistic regression analysis. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that Cyr61 was significantly increased in PAD patients with T2DM and that Cyr61 levels were positively associated with disease severity. Cyr61 could be a promising biomarker and further studies are needed to assess its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Guidong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, 242 Guangji Road, Suzhou, 215008, PR China
| | - Kangyun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, 242 Guangji Road, Suzhou, 215008, PR China
| | - Kaipeng Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Bimin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, 242 Guangji Road, Suzhou, 215008, PR China.
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22
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Todoric J, Di Caro G, Reibe S, Henstridge DC, Green CR, Vrbanac A, Ceteci F, Conche C, McNulty R, Shalapour S, Taniguchi K, Meikle PJ, Watrous JD, Moranchel R, Najhawan M, Jain M, Liu X, Kisseleva T, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J, Knight R, Greten FR, Lau LF, Metallo CM, Febbraio MA, Karin M. Fructose stimulated de novo lipogenesis is promoted by inflammation. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1034-1045. [PMID: 32839596 PMCID: PMC8018782 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Benign hepatosteatosis, affected by lipid uptake, de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid (FA) oxidation, progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) on stress and inflammation. A key macronutrient proposed to increase hepatosteatosis and NASH risk is fructose. Excessive intake of fructose causes intestinal-barrier deterioration and endotoxaemia. However, how fructose triggers these alterations and their roles in hepatosteatosis and NASH pathogenesis remain unknown. Here we show, using mice, that microbiota-derived Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists promote hepatosteatosis without affecting fructose-1-phosphate (F1P) and cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Activation of mucosal-regenerative gp130 signalling, administration of the YAP-induced matricellular protein CCN1 or expression of the antimicrobial peptide Reg3b (beta) peptide counteract fructose-induced barrier deterioration, which depends on endoplasmic-reticulum stress and subsequent endotoxaemia. Endotoxin engages TLR4 to trigger TNF production by liver macrophages, thereby inducing lipogenic enzymes that convert F1P and acetyl-CoA to FA in both mouse and human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Todoric
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Di Caro
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Saskia Reibe
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Courtney R Green
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alison Vrbanac
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fatih Ceteci
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claire Conche
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reginald McNulty
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Koji Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeramie D Watrous
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Moranchel
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mahan Najhawan
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria T Diaz-Meco
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Moscat
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, and The Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Florian R Greten
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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23
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Sun H, Wang J, Xing Y, Pan YH, Mao X. Gut transcriptomic changes during hibernation in the greater horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Front Zool 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 32690984 PMCID: PMC7366455 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut is the major organ for nutrient absorption and immune response in the body of animals. Although effects of fasting on the gut functions have been extensively studied in model animals (e.g. mice), little is known about the response of the gut to fasting in a natural condition (e.g. hibernation). During hibernation, animals endure the long term of fasting and hypothermia. Results Here we generated the first gut transcriptome in a wild hibernating bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We identified 1614 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during four physiological states (Torpor, Arousal, Winter Active and Summer Active). Gene co-expression network analysis assigns 926 DEGs into six modules associated with Torpor and Arousal. Our results reveal that in response to the stress of luminal nutrient deficiency during hibernation, the gut helps to reduce food intake by overexpressing genes (e.g. CCK and GPR17) that regulate the sensitivity to insulin and leptin. At the same time, the gut contributes energy supply by overexpressing genes that increase capacity for ketogenesis (HMGCS2) and selective autophagy (TEX264). Furthermore, we identified separate sets of multiple DEGs upregulated in Torpor and Arousal whose functions are involved in innate immunity. Conclusion This is the first gut transcriptome of a hibernating mammal. Our study identified candidate genes associated with regulation of food intake and enhance of innate immunity in the gut during hibernation. By comparing with previous studies, we found that two DEGs (CPE and HSPA8) were also significantly elevated during torpor in liver and brain of R. ferrumequinum and several DEGs (e.g. TXNIP and PDK1/4) were commonly upregulated during torpor in multiple tissues of different mammals. Our results support that shared expression changes may underlie the hibernation phenotype by most mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Sun
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Yutong Xing
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Xiuguang Mao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
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24
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Zhang H, Zheng Y, Pan Y, Lin C, Wang S, Yan Z, Lu L, Ge G, Li J, Zeng YA, Chen J. A mutation that blocks integrin α 4β 7 activation prevents adaptive immune-mediated colitis without increasing susceptibility to innate colitis. BMC Biol 2020; 18:64. [PMID: 32522281 PMCID: PMC7288534 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background β7 integrins are responsible for the efficient recruitment of lymphocytes from the blood and their retention in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Integrin α4β7 binds MAdCAM-1, mediating rolling adhesion of lymphocytes on blood vessel walls when inactive and firm adhesion when activated, thereby controlling two critical steps of lymphocyte homing to the gut. By contrast, integrin αEβ7 mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes to gut epithelial cells by interacting with E-cadherin. Integrin β7 blocking antibodies have shown efficacy in clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, fully blocking β7 function leads to the depletion of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells and exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis by evoking aberrant innate immunity, implying its potential adverse effect for IBD management. Thus, a better therapeutic strategy targeting integrin β7 is required to avoid this adverse effect. Results Herein, we inhibited integrin α4β7 activation in vivo by creating mice that carry in their integrin β7 gene a mutation (F185A) which from structural studies is known to lock α4β7 in its resting state. Lymphocytes from β7-F185A knock-in (KI) mice expressed α4β7 integrins that could not be activated by chemokines and showed significantly impaired homing to the gut. The β7-F185A mutation did not inhibit αEβ7 activation, but led to the depletion of αEβ7+ lymphocytes in the spleen and a significantly reduced population of αEβ7+ lymphocytes in the gut of KI mice. β7-F185A KI mice were resistant to T cell transfer-induced chronic colitis, but did not show an increased susceptibility to DSS-induced innate colitis, the adverse effect of fully blocking β7 function. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that specific inhibition of integrin α4β7 activation is a potentially better strategy than fully blocking α4β7 function for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Youdong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Changdong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhanjun Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, the First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, 169 GongYuan Road, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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25
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Cao X, Wang C, Liu J, Zhao B. Regulation and functions of the Hippo pathway in stemness and differentiation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:736-748. [DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays important roles in organ development, tissue regeneration, and human diseases, such as cancer. In the canonical Hippo pathway, the MST1/2-LATS1/2 kinase cascade phosphorylates and inhibits transcription coactivators Yes-associated protein and transcription coactivator with PDZ-binding motif and thus regulates transcription of genes important for cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, recent studies have depicted a much more complicate picture of the Hippo pathway with many new components and regulatory stimuli involving both chemical and mechanical signals. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that the Hippo pathway also plays important roles in the determination of cell fates, such as self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we review regulations of the Hippo pathway and its functions in stemness and differentiation emphasizing recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Cao
- MOE key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China, and
| | - Chenliang Wang
- MOE key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China, and
| | - Jiyang Liu
- MOE key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China, and
| | - Bin Zhao
- MOE key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China, and
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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26
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Jun JI, Lau LF. CCN1 is an opsonin for bacterial clearance and a direct activator of Toll-like receptor signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1242. [PMID: 32144270 PMCID: PMC7060279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the matricellular protein CCN1 (CYR61) is associated with inflammation and is required for successful wound repair. Here, we show that CCN1 binds bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns including peptidoglycans of Gram-positive bacteria and lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria. CCN1 opsonizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and accelerates their removal by phagocytosis and increased production of bactericidal reactive oxygen species in macrophages through the engagement of integrin αvβ3. Mice with myeloid-specific Ccn1 deletion and knock-in mice expressing CCN1 unable to bind αvβ3 are more susceptible to infection by S. aureus or P. aeruginosa, resulting in increased mortality and organ colonization. Furthermore, CCN1 binds directly to TLR2 and TLR4 to activate MyD88-dependent signaling, cytokine expression and neutrophil mobilization. CCN1 is therefore a pattern recognition receptor that opsonizes bacteria for clearance and functions as a damage-associated molecular pattern to activate inflammatory responses, activities that contribute to wound healing and tissue repair. CCN1 is a matricellular protein with a variety of functions, including an effect on wound healing and an association with inflammation. Here, the authors identify a possible mechanism by showing that CCN1 mediates the clearance of bacterial infections in mice and activates TLR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Il Jun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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27
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway and its downstream effectors, the transcriptional co-activators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), regulate organ growth and cell plasticity during animal development and regeneration. Remarkably, experimental activation of YAP/TAZ in the mouse can promote regeneration in organs with poor or compromised regenerative capacity, such as the adult heart and the liver and intestine of old or diseased mice. However, therapeutic YAP/TAZ activation may cause serious side effects. Most notably, YAP/TAZ are hyperactivated in human cancers, and prolonged activation of YAP/TAZ triggers cancer development in mice. Thus, can the power of YAP/TAZ to promote regeneration be harnessed in a safe way? Here, we review the role of Hippo signalling in animal regeneration, examine the promises and risks of YAP/TAZ activation for regenerative medicine and discuss strategies to activate YAP/TAZ for regenerative therapy while minimizing adverse side effects.
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28
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Shi J, Huo R, Li N, Li H, Zhai T, Li H, Shen B, Ye J, Fu R, Di W. CYR61, a potential biomarker of tumor inflammatory response in epithelial ovarian cancer microenvironment of tumor progress. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1140. [PMID: 31766991 PMCID: PMC6878653 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have found that inflammatory response is involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Advanced ovarian cancer is often presented with ascites that is rich in cytokines, inflammatory factors or cancer cells. Therefore, it is important to study the microenvironment of ascites in order to further clarify the occurrence and progression of ovarian cancer. As a pro-inflammatory factor, the Cyr61 expression patterns are inconsistent in human tumors. Although it has been reported that Cyr61 is related to the progression of ovarian cancer, its specific mechanism is not yet clear. This study sought to evaluate the Cyr61 levels of ascites, serum and different tissues of ovarian cancer to explore the potential association of Cyr61with the tumor-associated inflammatory microenvironment of EOC. Methods Tumor specimens were procured from patients with ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma and ovarian serous cystadenoma. Cyr61 and IL-6 levels of serum or ascites were determined by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay), while Cyr61 expressions of different ovarian tumor tissues were evaluated by IHC (Immunohistochemistry). Then the correlation of Cyr61 level in ascites with clinicopathologic features was analyzed. And other laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Results Both in ascites and serum, significantly higher Cyr61 levels were found in ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. In malignant ascites, higher Cyr61 level of ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma was more closely associated with FIGO stage, initial tumor size > 10 cm and the residual tumor size. And the increased IL-6 level was linearly related to Cyr61 level. Moreover, the serum levels of Cyr61, IL-6 and CRP in advanced stage of ovarian cancer were much higher than those in early stage. Lastly, the IHC data demonstrate that Cyr61 expression of ovarian serous adenocarcinoma was higher than that of ovarian serous cystadenoma, but it was lower than the paired metastatic lesions. Conclusions As a pro-inflammatory factor, increased ascites Cyr61 level is associated with FIGO stage, initial tumor size > 10 cm and the residual tumor size. Moreover, serum Cyr61 may be used as a potential marker for EOC inflammatory response. Finally, Cyr61 may be involved in the process of tumor metastasis and progression by producing IL-6 and CRP in the EOC inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongfen Huo
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ningli Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Haichuan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tianhang Zhai
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huidan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Baihua Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruojin Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Su Y, Wang Z, Ye J, Feng T, Wang F, Chi H, Zhou Z, Hu Q, Liu H, Cheng X, Shi H, Teng J, Yang C, Sun Y. Cysteine-Rich Angiogenic Inducer 61 Serves as a Potential Serum Biomarker for the Remission of Adult-Onset Still's Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:266. [PMID: 31824953 PMCID: PMC6879423 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare, polygenic, systemic autoinflammatory disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum levels of cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61), a secreted, extracellular protein in AOSD patients. Methods: A total of 60 AOSD patients (39 of active phase and 21 of inactive phase), 16 rheumatoid arthritis patients as a disease control, and 34 sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects (HC) were enrolled in the study. The data of the clinical manifestations and laboratory examinations were collected. The serum levels of Cyr61, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-37 were detected by ELISA assay, and the serum levels of IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were examined by electrochemiluminescence assay. Results: The serum levels of Cyr61 were significantly increased in inactive AOSD than those in active patients and HCs, and the levels of Cyr61 were dramatically increased after treatment. The levels of Cyr61 were inversely correlated with systemic score, the counts of leukocyte and neutrophil, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17). Moreover, the levels of Cyr61 were higher in patients without the clinical symptoms of fever, skin rash, sore throat, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy compared with those in patients with these symptoms. Conclusion: The serum levels of Cyr61 were inversely correlated with disease activity in AOSD patients; thus, we proposed that Cyr61 was a biomarker for the remission of AOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junna Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tienan Feng
- Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Chi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuochao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongyi Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Teng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengde Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chaqour B. Caught between a "Rho" and a hard place: are CCN1/CYR61 and CCN2/CTGF the arbiters of microvascular stiffness? J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 14:21-29. [PMID: 31376071 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a deformable dynamic structure that dictates the behavior, function and integrity of blood vessels. The composition, density, chemistry and architecture of major globular and fibrillar proteins of the matrisome regulate the mechanical properties of the vasculature (i.e., stiffness/compliance). ECM proteins are linked via integrins to a protein adhesome directly connected to the actin cytoskeleton and various downstream signaling pathways that enable the cells to respond to external stimuli in a coordinated manner and maintain optimal tissue stiffness. However, cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, ischemia and aging compromise the mechanical balance of the vascular wall. Stiffening of large blood vessels is associated with well-known qualitative and quantitative changes of fibrillar and fibrous macromolecules of the vascular matrisome. However, the mechanical properties of the thin-walled microvasculature are essentially defined by components of the subendothelial matrix. Cellular communication network (CCN) 1 and 2 proteins (aka Cyr61 and CTGF, respectively) of the CCN protein family localize in and act on the pericellular matrix of microvessels and constitute primary candidate markers and regulators of microvascular compliance. CCN1 and CCN2 bind various integrin and non-integrin receptors and initiate signaling pathways that regulate connective tissue remodeling and response to injury, the associated mechanoresponse of vascular cells, and the subsequent inflammatory response. The CCN1 and CCN2 genes are themselves responsive to mechanical stimuli in vascular cells, wherein mechanotransduction signaling converges into the common Rho GTPase pathway, which promotes actomyosin-based contractility and cellular stiffening. However, CCN1 and CCN2 each exhibit unique functional attributes in these processes. A better understanding of their synergistic or antagonistic effects on the maintenance (or loss) of microvascular compliance in physiological and pathological situations will assist more broadly based studies of their functional properties and translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York - SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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Li Z, Yan G, Diao Q, Yu F, Li X, Sheng X, Liu Y, Dai Y, Zhou H, Zhen X, Hu Y, Péault B, Ding L, Sun H, Li H. Transplantation of human endometrial perivascular cells with elevated CYR61 expression induces angiogenesis and promotes repair of a full-thickness uterine injury in rat. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:179. [PMID: 31215503 PMCID: PMC6582612 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Disruptions of angiogenesis can have a significant effect on the healing of uterine scars. Human endometrial perivascular cells (CD146+PDGFRβ+) function as stem cells in the endometrium. Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) plays an important role in vascular development. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of the transplantation of human endometrial perivascular cells (En-PSCs) overexpressing CYR61 on structural and functional regeneration in rat models of partial full-thickness uterine excision. Methods We first sorted human En-PSCs from endometrial single-cell suspensions by flow cytometry. Human En-PSCs expressing low or high levels of CYR61 were then generated via transfection with a CYR61-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (si-CYR61) construct or overexpression plasmid. To establish a rat model of uterine injury, a subset of uterine wall was then resected from each uterine horn in experimental animals. Female rats were randomly assigned to five groups, including a sham-operated group and four repair groups that received either PBS loaded on a collagen scaffold (collagen/PBS), En-PSCs loaded on a collagen scaffold (collagen/En-PSCs), En-PSCs with low CYR61 expression loaded on a collagen scaffold (collagen/si-CYR61 En-PSCs), and En-PSCs overexpressing CYR61 loaded on a collagen scaffold (collagen/ov-CYR61 En-PSCs). These indicated constructs were sutured in the injured uterine area to replace the excised segment. On days 30 and 90 after transplantation, a subset of rats in each group was sacrificed, and uterine tissue was recovered and serially sectioned. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining were then performed. Finally, the remaining rats of each group were mated with fertile male rats on day 90 for a 2-week period. Results Sorted En-PSCs expressed all recognized markers of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), including CD10, CD13, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, and exhibited differentiation potential toward adipocytes, osteoblasts, and neuron-like cells. Compared with En-PSCs and En-PSCs with low CYR61 expression, En-PSCs with elevated CYR61 expression enhanced angiogenesis by in vitro co-culture assays. At day 90 after transplantation, blood vessel density in the collagen/ov-CYR61 En-PSCs group (11.667 ± 1.287) was greater than that in the collagen/En-PSCs group (7.167 ± 0.672) (P < 0.05) and the collagen/si-CYR61 En-PSCs group (3.750 ± 0.906) (P < 0.0001). Pregnancy rates differed among groups, from 40% in the collagen/PBS group to 80% in the collagen/En-PSCs group, 12.5% in the collagen/si-CYR61 En-PSCs group, and 80% in the collagen/ov-CYR61 En-PSCs group. In addition, four embryos were evident in the injured uterine horns of the collagen/ov-CYR61 En-PSCs group, while no embryos were identified in the injured uterine horns of the collagen/PBS group. Conclusions The results showed that CYR61 plays an important role in angiogenesis. Collagen/ov-CYR61 En-PSCs promoted endometrial and myometrial regeneration and induced neovascular regeneration in injured rat uteri. The pregnancy rate of rats treated with transplantation of collagen/En-PSCs or collagen/ov-CYR61 En-PSCs was improved. Moreover, the number of embryos implantation on the injured area in uterus was increased after transplantation of collagen/ov-CYR61 En-PSCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1272-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxun Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Guijun Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qiang Diao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Center for Experimental Animal, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xin'an Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Sheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yimin Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xin Zhen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yali Hu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Bruno Péault
- UKMRC Center for Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Lijun Ding
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,UKMRC Center for Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. .,Clinical Center for Stem Cell Research, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hairong Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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Fan Y, Yang X, Zhao J, Sun X, Xie W, Huang Y, Li G, Hao Y, Zhang Z. Cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61): a biomarker reflecting disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:123. [PMID: 31113467 PMCID: PMC6528265 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous preclinical studies have revealed a critical role of cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61) in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). But there is little literature discussing the clinical value of circulation Cyr61 in RA patients. The aim of our study is to investigate the serum Cyr61 level and its association with disease activity in RA patients. Methods A training cohort was derived from consecutive RA patients who visited our clinic from Jun 2014 to Nov 2018. Serum samples were obtained at the enrollment time. To further confirm discovery, an independent validation cohort was set up based on a registered clinical trial. Paired serum samples of active RA patients were respectively collected at baseline and 12 weeks after uniformed treatment. Serum Cyr61 concentration was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The comparison of Cyr61 between RA patients and controls, the correlation between Cyr61 levels with disease activity, and the change of Cyr61 after treatment were analyzed by appropriate statistical analyses. Results A total of 177 definite RA patients and 50 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the training cohort. Significantly elevated serum Cyr61 concentration was found in RA patients, demonstrating excellent diagnostic ability to discriminate RA from healthy controls (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.98, P < 0.001). In addition, the Cyr61 level in active RA patients was significantly lower than that in patients in remission/low disease activity, and it was inversely correlated with composite disease activity scores and almost all of the components in statistic. Further study in the validation cohort (n = 77) showed a significant increase of the Cyr61 level at 12 weeks in ACR responders (ACR20/50/70), while no significant change of the Cyr61 level from baseline was observed in non-responders. Conclusions Serum Cyr61 levels were remarkably increased in RA patients compared with those in healthy controls. The Cyr61 concentration was inversely correlated with RA disease activity and upregulated in those therapeutic responders. Trial registration Combination Therapy Prevents the Relapse of RA, NCT02320630. Registered 19 December 2014, Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-019-1906-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking University First Hospital, No.8, Xishiku Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xinlei Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking University First Hospital, No.8, Xishiku Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking University First Hospital, No.8, Xishiku Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking University First Hospital, No.8, Xishiku Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Wenhui Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking University First Hospital, No.8, Xishiku Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yanrong Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking University First Hospital, No.8, Xishiku Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Guangtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking University First Hospital, No.8, Xishiku Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yanjie Hao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking University First Hospital, No.8, Xishiku Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking University First Hospital, No.8, Xishiku Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China.
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The matricellular protein CCN1 in tissue injury repair. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:273-279. [PMID: 29357009 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of Ccn1 (Cyr61) is essential for cardiovascular development during embryogenesis, whereas in adulthood it is associated with inflammation, wound healing, injury repair, and related pathologies including fibrosis and cancer. Recent studies have found that CCN1 plays a critical role in promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Mechanistically, CCN1 functions through direct interaction with specific integrin receptors expressed in various cell types in the wound tissue microenvironment to coordinate diverse cellular functions for repair. Here we briefly summarize the current knowledge on the functions of CCN1 in tissue injury repair and discuss pertinent unanswered questions.
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Deng J, Qian X, Li J, Li Y, Li Y, Luo Y. Evaluation of serum cysteine-rich protein 61 levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Biomark Med 2018; 12:329-339. [PMID: 29345157 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim is to evaluate serum cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61) levels in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). PATIENTS & METHODS Serum Cyr61 levels were measured in 180 patients with CAD and 74 participants without CAD. RESULTS Serum Cyr61 levels were significantly higher in CAD patients. Patients with acute coronary syndrome showed significantly higher Cyr61 than those with stable angina pectoris. Serum Cyr61 levels in complex lesion group were significantly higher. Serum Cyr61 was positively correlated with Gensini score and C-reactive protein. Multivariable logistic regression analyses demonstrated that serum Cyr61 levels were independently correlated with the existence of CAD (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our study suggested Cyr61 as a potential biomarker in characterizing CAD and therapeutic target for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Deng
- Division of Cardiology, Shenzhen Tenth People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Division of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Shenzhen Tenth People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanghua Li
- Division of Cardiology, Shenzhen Tenth People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Li
- Division of Cardiology, Shenzhen Tenth People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yijun Luo
- Division of Cardiology, Shenzhen Tenth People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Kang E, Zhou G, Yousefi M, Cayrol R, Xia J, Gruenheid S. Loss of disease tolerance during Citrobacter rodentium infection is associated with impaired epithelial differentiation and hyperactivation of T cell responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:847. [PMID: 29339782 PMCID: PMC5770458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an intestinal mouse pathogen widely used as a model to study the mucosal response to infection. Inbred mouse strains suffer one of two fates following infection: self-limiting colitis or fatal diarrheal disease. We previously reported that Rspo2 is a major genetic determinant of the outcome of C. rodentium infection; Rspo2 induction during infection of susceptible mice leads to loss of intestinal function and mortality. Rspo2 induction does not impact bacterial colonization, but rather, impedes the ability of the host to tolerate C. rodentium infection. Here, we performed deep RNA sequencing and systematically analyzed the global gene expression profiles of C. rodentium-infected colon tissues from susceptible and resistant congenic mice strains to determine the common responses to infection and the Rspo2-mediated dysfunction pathway signatures associated with loss of disease tolerance. Our results highlight changes in metabolism, tissue remodeling, and host defence as common responses to infection. Conversely, increased Wnt and stem cell signatures, loss of epithelial differentiation, and exaggerated CD4+ T cell activation through increased antigen processing and presentation were specifically associated with the response to infection in susceptible mice. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal dysfunction and disease tolerance during C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guangyan Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Labrousse-Arias D, Martínez-Ruiz A, Calzada MJ. Hypoxia and Redox Signaling on Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: From Mechanisms to Pathological Implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:802-822. [PMID: 28715969 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential modulator of cell behavior that influences tissue organization. It has a strong relevance in homeostasis and translational implications for human disease. In addition to ECM structural proteins, matricellular proteins are important regulators of the ECM that are involved in a myriad of different pathologies. Recent Advances: Biochemical studies, animal models, and study of human diseases have contributed to the knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in remodeling of the ECM, both in homeostasis and disease. Some of them might help in the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to review what is known about some of the most studied matricellular proteins and their regulation by hypoxia and redox signaling, as well as the pathological implications of such regulation. CRITICAL ISSUES Matricellular proteins have complex regulatory functions and are modulated by hypoxia and redox signaling through diverse mechanisms, in some cases with controversial effects that can be cell or tissue specific and context dependent. Therefore, a better understanding of these regulatory processes would be of great benefit and will open new avenues of considerable therapeutic potential. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Characterizing the specific molecular mechanisms that modulate matricellular proteins in pathological processes that involve hypoxia and redox signaling warrants additional consideration to harness the potential therapeutic value of these regulatory proteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 802-822.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Labrousse-Arias
- 1 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- 1 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) , Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Calzada
- 1 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain .,3 Departmento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
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Lee Y, Choo J, Kim SJ, Heo G, Pothoulakis C, Kim YH, Im E. Analysis of endogenous lipids during intestinal wound healing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183028. [PMID: 28800645 PMCID: PMC5553895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal wound healing is a new therapeutic goal for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as complete healing of the mucosa is the key element of clinical remission in IBD. Previous studies showed that termination of inflammation can be achieved by adding pro-resolving lipids like DHA and EPA exogenously. However, the roles of these lipids in mucosal healing have not been investigated. To recapitulate intestinal healing process, mice were received dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days in the drinking water followed by regular tap water for 5 additional days. DSS-induced intestinal inflammation featuring body weight loss, histological tissue damage, increased cytokine production and infiltration of inflammatory cells was gradually reduced upon switching to water. To investigate whether endogenous lipids play a role in mucosal healing, the lipidomics analysis of mouse serum was performed. Reduced levels of arachidonic acid, the biosynthetic precursor of prostaglandin F (PGF)2α, 19H-PGF1α, the metabolite of prostacyclin, and 20H-PGF2α, the metabolite of PGF2α, suggest subsiding inflammation. In contrast, increased levels of an active metabolite of resolvin D1 along with decreased levels of its precursor DHA as well as decreased levels of the precursor of resolvin E, 18-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid, suggest inauguration of mucosal healing by endogenous lipids. Furthermore, exogenously supplied fish oil enhanced the process even further. These results suggest the presence of mucosal healing regulated by endogenous pro-healing lipids and also indicate that the remission state of IBD could be prolonged by enhancing the levels of these lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Section of Inflammatory Bowel Disease & Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yong-Hak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Shi L, Dong N, Ji D, Huang X, Ying Z, Wang X, Chen C. Lipopolysaccharide-induced CCN1 production enhances interleukin-6 secretion in bronchial epithelial cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017. [PMID: 28638955 PMCID: PMC5775366 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a clinical complication caused by primary or secondary lung injury, as well as by systemic inflammation. Researches regarding molecular pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS are immerging with an ultimate aim towards developing prognostic molecular biomarkers and molecule-based therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms concerning ALI/ARDS are still not completely understood. The purpose of the present study was to identify a crucial role of CCN1 in inflammatory microenvironment during ALI/ARDS and focus on a potential communication between CCN1 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the airway epithelial cells. Our data illustrated that the expression levels of CCN1 and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model were significantly elevated and the pulmonary expression of CCN1 was restricted to bronchial epithelial cells. Interestingly, both endogenous and exogenous CCN1 stimulated IL-6 production in vitro. Furthermore, LPS-induced IL-6 production in a bronchial epithelial cell line was blocked by CCN siRNA whereas CCN1 induced by LPS was sensitive to PI3K inhibition. Together, our data indicate a linear signal pathway, LPS-CCN1-IL-6, existing in bronchial epithelial cells after LPS exposure. This finding may represent an additional mechanism and a novel target for development of therapy and biomarker on ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.,Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nian Dong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Dongxiang Ji
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhaojian Ying
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China. .,Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Konya V, Czarnewski P, Forkel M, Rao A, Kokkinou E, Villablanca EJ, Almer S, Lindforss U, Friberg D, Höög C, Bergman P, Mjösberg J. Vitamin D downregulates the IL-23 receptor pathway in human mucosal group 3 innate lymphoid cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:279-292. [PMID: 28433688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The IL-23-driven tissue-resident group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) play essential roles in intestinal immunity, and targeting IL-23/12 is a promising approach in IBD therapy. OBJECTIVE We set out to define the role of 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D) in regulating functional responses of human mucosal ILC3s to IL-23 plus IL-1β stimulation. METHODS Transcriptomes of sorted tonsillar ILC3s were assessed by using microarray analysis. ILC3 cytokine production, proliferation, and differentiation were determined by means of flow cytometry, ELISA, and multiplex immunoassay. Intestinal cell suspensions and ILC3s sorted from gut biopsy specimens of patients with IBD were also analyzed along with plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25D) detection. RESULTS ILC3s stimulated with IL-23 plus IL-1β upregulated the vitamin D receptor and responded to 1,25D with downregulation of the IL-23 receptor pathway. Consequently, 1,25D suppressed IL-22, IL-17F, and GM-CSF production from tonsillar and gut ILC3s. In parallel, 1,25D upregulated genes linked to the IL-1β signaling pathway, as well as the IL-1β-inducible cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α/β. The 1,25D-triggered skewing in ILC3 function was not accompanied or caused by changes in viability, proliferation, or phenotype. Finally, we confirmed low 25D plasma levels in patients with IBD with active inflammation. CONCLUSION In light of the beneficial targeting of IL-23/12 in patients with IBD, 1,25D appears as an interesting therapeutic agent that inhibits the IL-23 receptor pathway, providing a novel mechanism for how ILC3s could be manipulated to regulate intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Konya
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paulo Czarnewski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Forkel
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sven Almer
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Lindforss
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Höög
- Unit for Inflammation, Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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40
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Enhancement of CCL2 expression and monocyte migration by CCN1 in osteoblasts through inhibiting miR-518a-5p: implication of rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:421. [PMID: 28341837 PMCID: PMC5428676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61 or CCN1), a secreted protein from the CCN family, is an important proinflammatory cytokine. Migration and infiltration of mononuclear cells to inflammatory sites play a critical role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is the key chemokine that regulates migration and infiltration of monocytes. Here, we examined the role of CCN1 in monocyte migration, and CCL2 expression in osteoblasts. We found higher levels of CCN1 and CCL2 in synovial fluid from RA patients compared with levels from non-RA controls. We also found that the CCN1-induced increase in CCL2 expression is mediated by the MAPK signaling pathway and that miR-518a-5p expression was negatively regulated by CCN1 via the MAPK cascade. In contrast, inhibition of CCN1 expression with lentiviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNA ameliorated articular swelling, cartilage erosion, and infiltration of monocytes in the ankle joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Our study describes how CCN1 promotes monocyte migration by upregulating CCL2 expression in osteoblasts in RA disease. CCN1 could serve as a potential target for RA treatment.
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41
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Bouchlaka MN, Moffitt AB, Kim J, Kink JA, Bloom DD, Love C, Dave S, Hematti P, Capitini CM. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Educated Macrophages Are a Distinct High IL-6-Producing Subset that Confer Protection in Graft-versus-Host-Disease and Radiation Injury Models. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:897-905. [PMID: 28257800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunosuppressive and tissue repair properties, but clinical trials using MSCs to prevent or treat graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have shown mixed results. Macrophages (MØs) are important regulators of immunity and can promote tissue regeneration and remodeling. We have previously shown that MSCs can educate MØs toward a unique anti-inflammatory immunophenotype (MSC-educated MØs [MEMs]); however, their implications for in vivo models of inflammation have not been studied yet. We now show that in comparison with MØs, MEMs have increased expression of the inhibitory molecules PD-L1, PD-L2, in addition to markers of alternatively activated MØs: CD206 and CD163. RNA-Seq analysis of MEMs, as compared with MØs, show a distinct gene expression profile that positively correlates with multiple pathways important in tissue repair. MEMs also show increased expression of IL-6, transforming growth factor-β, arginase-1, CD73, and decreased expression of IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α. We show that IL-6 secretion is controlled in part by the cyclo-oxygenase-2, arginase, and JAK1/STAT1 pathway. When tested in vivo, we show that human MEMs significantly enhance survival from lethal GVHD and improve survival of mice from radiation injury. We show these effects could be mediated in part through suppression of human T cell proliferation and may have attenuated host tissue injury in part by enhancing murine fibroblast proliferation. MEMs are a unique MØ subset with therapeutic potential for the management of GVHD and/or protection from radiation-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam N Bouchlaka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrea B Moffitt
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Center of Genomic and Computational Biology, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jaehyup Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John A Kink
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Debra D Bloom
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Cassandra Love
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Center of Genomic and Computational Biology, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sandeep Dave
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Center of Genomic and Computational Biology, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.
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42
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Kurashima Y, Kiyono H. Mucosal Ecological Network of Epithelium and Immune Cells for Gut Homeostasis and Tissue Healing. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:119-147. [PMID: 28125357 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier includes columnar epithelial, Paneth, goblet, enteroendocrine, and tuft cells as well as other cell populations, all of which contribute properties essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis. The intestinal mucosa is covered by mucin, which contains antimicrobial peptides and secretory IgA and prevents luminal bacteria, fungi, and viruses from stimulating intestinal immune responses. Conversely, the transport of luminal microorganisms-mediated by M, dendritic, and goblet cells-into intestinal tissues facilitates the harmonization of active and quiescent mucosal immune responses. The bacterial population within gut-associated lymphoid tissues creates the intratissue cohabitations for harmonized mucosal immunity. Intermolecular and intercellular communication among epithelial, immune, and mesenchymal cells creates an environment conducive for epithelial regeneration and mucosal healing. This review summarizes the so-called intestinal mucosal ecological network-the complex but vital molecular and cellular interactions of epithelial mesenchymal cells, immune cells, and commensal microbiota that achieve intestinal homeostasis, regeneration, and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kurashima
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Ratsimandresy RA, Indramohan M, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. The AIM2 inflammasome is a central regulator of intestinal homeostasis through the IL-18/IL-22/STAT3 pathway. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:127-142. [PMID: 27524110 PMCID: PMC5214942 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are important for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and dysbiosis contributes to the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and increases the risk for colorectal cancer. Inflammasome defects contribute to chronic intestinal inflammation and increase the susceptibility to colitis in mice. However, the inflammasome sensor absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) protects against colorectal cancer in an inflammasome-independent manner through DNA-dependent protein kinase and Akt pathways. Yet, the roles of the AIM2 inflammasome in IBD and the early phases of colorectal cancer remain ill-defined. Here we show that the AIM2 inflammasome has a protective role in the intestine. During steady state, Aim2 deletion results in the loss of IL-18 secretion, suppression of the IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) in intestinal epithelial cells and consequent loss of the STAT3-dependent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Reg3β and Reg3γ, which promotes dysbiosis-linked colitis. During dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, a dysfunctional IL-18/IL-22BP pathway in Aim2-/- mice promotes excessive IL-22 production and elevated STAT3 activation. Aim2-/- mice further exhibit sustained STAT3 and Akt activation during the resolution of colitis fueled by enhanced Reg3b and Reg3g expression. This self-perpetuating mechanism promotes proliferation of intestinal crypt cells and likely contributes to the recently described increase in susceptibility of Aim2-/- mice to colorectal cancer. Collectively, our results demonstrate a central role for the AIM2 inflammasome in preventing dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation through regulation of the IL-18/IL-22BP/IL-22 and STAT3 pathway and expression of select AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojo A Ratsimandresy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mohanalaxmi Indramohan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center and Skin Disease Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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44
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CCN1/CYR61-mediated meticulous patrolling by Ly6Clow monocytes fuels vascular inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4847-56. [PMID: 27482114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607710113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is characterized by the recruitment of leukocytes from the bloodstream. The rapid arrival of neutrophils is followed by a wave of inflammatory lymphocyte antigen 6 complex (Ly6C)-positive monocytes. In contrast Ly6C(low) monocytes survey the endothelium in the steady state, but their role in inflammation is still unclear. Here, using confocal intravital microscopy, we show that upon Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8)-mediated inflammation of mesenteric veins, platelet activation drives the rapid mobilization of Ly6C(low) monocytes to the luminal side of the endothelium. After repeatedly interacting with platelets, Ly6C(low) monocytes commit to a meticulous patrolling of the endothelial wall and orchestrate the subsequent arrival and extravasation of neutrophils through the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. At a molecular level, we show that cysteine-rich protein 61 (CYR61)/CYR61 connective tissue growth factor nephroblastoma overexpressed 1 (CCN1) protein is released by activated platelets and enables the recruitment of Ly6C(low) monocytes upon vascular inflammation. In addition endothelium-bound CCN1 sustains the adequate patrolling of Ly6C(low) monocytes both in the steady state and under inflammatory conditions. Blocking CCN1 or platelets with specific antibodies impaired the early arrival of Ly6C(low) monocytes and abolished the recruitment of neutrophils. These results refine the leukocyte recruitment cascade model by introducing endothelium-bound CCN1 as an inflammation mediator and by demonstrating a role for platelets and patrolling Ly6C(low) monocytes in acute vascular inflammation.
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45
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Wu LY, Weng ZJ, Wu HG, Lu Y, Ji G. Differential expression of Th17 cytokines in the colon of rats in different inflammatory periods of Crohn's disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2161-2169. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i14.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the intestinal inflammatory status and the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, IL-21, and retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) secreted by Th17 cells in colon tissues of rats with trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced Crohn's disease.
METHODS: Thirty male rats were randomly divided into a normal control group and 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-wk model groups. Morphological observation and HE staining were used to assess the degree of damage to the colonic mucosa. Fluorescence quantitative PCR, immunohistochemical method and other techniques were used to observe the expression of RORγt and IL-17A in rat colonic mucosa, and ELISA method was used to detect the contents of IL-6 and IL-21 in serum.
RESULTS: The level of IL-17A mRNA in rat colon decreased at the first induction with TNBS, but the levels of IL-17A mRNA and protein obviously increased (P < 0.05) at 3 wk and reached the highest after the fourth induction. The expression of RORγt protein gradually increased after induction (P < 0.05), and reached the highest at the fourth induction (P < 0.05). The contents of IL-6 and IL-21 in serum obviously increased from the first week (P < 0.01), reaching the highest at the fourth week. The colon general morphological score and tissue damage score of model rats obviously increased (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: During the process of Crohn's disease induced with TNBS, the contents of IL-6, IL-17A, IL-21, and RORγt secreted by Th17 cells gradually increased and the degree of colonic inflammation gradually exacerbated.
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46
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Krupska I, Bruford EA, Chaqour B. Eyeing the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) group of genes in development and diseases: highlights of their structural likenesses and functional dissimilarities. Hum Genomics 2015; 9:24. [PMID: 26395334 PMCID: PMC4579636 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-015-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
“CCN” is an acronym referring to the first letter of each of the first three members of this original group of mammalian functionally and phylogenetically distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins [i.e., cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and nephroblastoma-overexpressed (NOV)]. Although “CCN” genes are unlikely to have arisen from a common ancestral gene, their encoded proteins share multimodular structures in which most cysteine residues are strictly conserved in their positions within several structural motifs. The CCN genes can be subdivided into members developmentally indispensable for embryonic viability (e.g., CCN1, 2 and 5), each assuming unique tissue-specific functions, and members not essential for embryonic development (e.g., CCN3, 4 and 6), probably due to a balance of functional redundancy and specialization during evolution. The temporo-spatial regulation of the CCN genes and the structural information contained within the sequences of their encoded proteins reflect diversity in their context and tissue-specific functions. Genetic association studies and experimental anomalies, replicated in various animal models, have shown that altered CCN gene structure or expression is associated with “injury” stimuli—whether mechanical (e.g., trauma, shear stress) or chemical (e.g., ischemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation). Consequently, increased organ-specific susceptibility to structural damages ensues. These data underscore the critical functions of CCN proteins in the dynamics of tissue repair and regeneration and in the compensatory responses preceding organ failure. A better understanding of the regulation and mode of action of each CCN member will be useful in developing specific gain- or loss-of-function strategies for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Krupska
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. .,State University of New York (SUNY) Eye Institute Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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47
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Jun JI, Kim KH, Lau LF. The matricellular protein CCN1 mediates neutrophil efferocytosis in cutaneous wound healing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7386. [PMID: 26077348 PMCID: PMC4480344 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration constitutes the first step in wound healing, although their timely clearance by macrophage engulfment, or efferocytosis, is critical for efficient tissue repair. However, the specific mechanism for neutrophil clearance in wound healing remains undefined. Here we uncover a key role for CCN1 in neutrophil efferocytosis by acting as a bridging molecule that binds phosphatidylserine, the “eat-me” signal on apoptotic cells, and integrins αvβ3/αvβ5 in macrophages to trigger efferocytosis. Both knockin mice expressing a mutant CCN1 that is unable to bind αvβ3/αvβ5 and mice with Ccn1 knockdown are defective in neutrophil efferocytosis, resulting in exuberant neutrophil accumulation and delayed healing. Treatment of wounds with CCN1 accelerates neutrophil clearance in both Ccn1 knockin mice and diabetic Leprdb/db mice, which suffer from neutrophil persistence and impaired healing. These findings establish CCN1 as a critical opsonin in skin injury and suggest a therapeutic potential for CCN1 in certain types of non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Il Jun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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48
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Chen CC, Kim KH, Lau LF. The matricellular protein CCN1 suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibiting compensatory proliferation. Oncogene 2015; 35:1314-23. [PMID: 26028023 PMCID: PMC4666840 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and is on the rise in the United States. Previous studies showed that the matricellular protein CCN1 (CYR61) is induced during hepatic injuries and functions to restrict and resolve liver fibrosis. Here we show that CCN1 suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibiting carcinogen-induced compensatory hepatocyte proliferation, thus limiting the expansion of damaged and potentially oncogenic hepatocytes. Consistent with tumor suppression, CCN1 expression is down-regulated in human HCC. Ccn1ΔHep mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Ccn1 suffer increased HCC tumor multiplicity induced by the hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosoamine (DEN). Knockin mice (Ccn1dm/dm) that express an integrin α6β1-binding defective CCN1 phenocopied Ccn1ΔHep mice, indicating that CCN1 acts through its α6β1 binding sites in this context. CCN1 effectively inhibits EGFR-dependent hepatocyte proliferation through integrin α6-mediated accumulation of reaction oxygen species (ROS), thereby triggering p53 activation and cell cycle block. Consequently, Ccn1dm/dm mice exhibit diminished p53 activation and elevated compensatory hepatocyte proliferation, resulting in increased HCC. Furthermore, we show that a single dose of the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib delivered prior to DEN-induced injury was sufficient to block compensatory proliferation and annihilate development of HCC nodules observed 8 months later, suggesting potential chemoprevention by targeting CCN1-inhibitable EGFR-dependent hepatocyte proliferation. Together, these results show that CCN1 is an injury response protein that functions not only to restrict fibrosis in the liver, but also to suppress hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibiting EGFR-dependent hepatocyte compensatory proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K-H Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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