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Wu C, Chin CSM, Huang Q, Chan HY, Yu X, Roy VAL, Li WJ. Rapid nanomolding of nanotopography on flexible substrates to control muscle cell growth with enhanced maturation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:89. [PMID: 34754504 PMCID: PMC8571286 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In vivo, multiple biophysical cues provided by highly ordered connective tissues of the extracellular matrix regulate skeletal muscle cells to align in parallel with one another. However, in routine in vitro cell culture environments, these key factors are often missing, which leads to changes in cell behavior. Here, we present a simple strategy for using optical media discs with nanogrooves and other polymer-based substrates nanomolded from the discs to directly culture muscle cells to study their response to the effect of biophysical cues such as nanotopography and substrate stiffness. We extend the range of study of biophysical cues for myoblasts by showing that they can sense ripple sizes as small as a 100 nm width and a 20 nm depth for myotube alignment, which has not been reported previously. The results revealed that nanotopography and substrate stiffness regulated myoblast proliferation and morphology independently, with nanotopographical cues showing a higher effect. These biophysical cues also worked synergistically, and their individual effects on cells were additive; i.e., by comparing cells grown on different polymer-based substrates (with and without nanogrooves), the cell proliferation rate could be reduced by as much as ~29%, and the elongation rate could be increased as much as ~116%. Moreover, during myogenesis, muscle cells actively responded to nanotopography and consistently showed increases in fusion and maturation indices of ~28% and ~21%, respectively. Finally, under electrical stimulation, the contraction amplitude of well-aligned myotubes was found to be almost 3 times greater than that for the cells on a smooth surface, regardless of the substrate stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chriss S. M. Chin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingyun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho-Yin Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Wen J. Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Kim J, Lee JS, Kim JW, De Wolf P, Moon S, Kim DH, Song JH, Kim J, Kim T, Nam SH, Suh YD, Kim KH, Kim H, Shin C. Fabrication of plasmonic arrays of nanodisks and nanotriangles by nanotip indentation lithography and their optical properties. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4475-4484. [PMID: 33595003 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08398d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures in a precise and reliable manner is a topic of huge interest because their structural details significantly affect their plasmonic properties. Herein, we present nanotip indentation lithography (NTIL) based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation for the patterning of plasmonic nanostructures with precisely controlled size and shape. The size of the nanostructures is controlled by varying the indentation force of AFM tips into the mask polymer; while their shapes are determined to be nanodisks (NDs) or nanotriangles (NTs) depending on the shapes of the AFM tip apex. The localized surface plasmon resonance of the NDs is tailored to cover most of the visible-wavelength regime by controlling their size. The NTs show distinct polarization-dependent plasmon modes consistent with full-wave optical simulations. For the demonstration of the light-matter interaction control capability of NTIL nanostructures, we show that photoluminescence enhancement from MoS2 layers can be deliberately controlled by tuning the size of the nanostructures. Our results pave the way for the AFM-indentation-based fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures with a highly precise size and shape controllability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoo Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Jeong Seop Lee
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Woong Kim
- Bruker Nano Surfaces and Metrology, 112, Robin Hill Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Peter De Wolf
- Bruker Nano Surfaces and Metrology, 112, Robin Hill Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Seunghyun Moon
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Joo-Hyun Song
- SME Partnership Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Jungwoo Kim
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea.
| | - Taewan Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Smart Grid Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Nam
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea and Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea.
| | - Yung Doug Suh
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea. and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea.
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea.
| | - ChaeHo Shin
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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Nazari M, Davoodabadi A, Huang D, Luo T, Ghasemi H. Transport Phenomena in Nano/Molecular Confinements. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16348-16391. [PMID: 33253531 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The transport of fluid and ions in nano/molecular confinements is the governing physics of a myriad of embodiments in nature and technology including human physiology, plants, energy modules, water collection and treatment systems, chemical processes, materials synthesis, and medicine. At nano/molecular scales, the confinement dimension approaches the molecular size and the transport characteristics deviates significantly from that at macro/micro scales. A thorough understanding of physics of transport at these scales and associated fluid properties is undoubtedly critical for future technologies. This compressive review provides an elaborate picture on the promising future applications of nano/molecular transport, highlights experimental and simulation metrologies to probe and comprehend this transport phenomenon, discusses the physics of fluid transport, tunable flow by orders of magnitude, and gating mechanisms at these scales, and lists the advancement in the fabrication methodologies to turn these transport concepts into reality. Properties such as chain-like liquid transport, confined gas transport, surface charge-driven ion transport, physical/chemical ion gates, and ion diodes will provide avenues to devise technologies with enhanced performance inaccessible through macro/micro systems. This review aims to provide a consolidated body of knowledge to accelerate innovation and breakthrough in the above fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Nazari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Ali Davoodabadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Dezhao Huang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Tengfei Luo
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Hadi Ghasemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Choi EY, Kim JH, Kim BJ, Jang JH, Kim J, Park N. Development of moisture-proof polydimethylsiloxane/aluminum oxide film and stability improvement of perovskite solar cells using the film. RSC Adv 2019; 9:11737-11744. [PMID: 35517001 PMCID: PMC9063401 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for enhancing the moisture barrier property of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer films is proposed. This is achieved by filling the PDMS free volume with aluminum oxide (AlO x ). To deposit AlO x inside PDMS, thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) is employed. The PDMS/AlO x film thus produced has a 30 nm AlO x layer on the surface. Its water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) is 5.1 × 10-3 g m-2 d-1 at 45 °C and 65% relative humidity (RH). The activation energy of permeability with the PDMS/AlO x film for moisture permeation is determined to be 35.5 kJ mol-1. To investigate the moisture barrier capability of the PDMS/AlO x layer, (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15/spiro-OMeTAD/Au perovskite solar cells are fabricated, and encapsulated by the PDMS/AlO x film. To minimize the thermal damage to solar cells during ALD, AlO x deposition is performed at 95 °C. The solar cells exposed to 45 °C-65% RH for 300 h demonstrate less than a 5% drop in the power-conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Choi
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
| | - Ju-Hee Kim
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
| | - Bu-Jong Kim
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
| | - Ji Hun Jang
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
| | - Jincheol Kim
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Nochang Park
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
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Karna NK, Rojano Crisson A, Wagemann E, Walther JH, Zambrano HA. Effect of an external electric field on capillary filling of water in hydrophilic silica nanochannels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18262-18270. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03186j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of functional nanofluidic devices requires understanding the fundamentals of capillary driven flow in nanochannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Kumar Karna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Concepcion
- Concepcion
- Chile
- Technology Development Unit
- Coronel
| | | | - Enrique Wagemann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Concepcion
- Concepcion
- Chile
| | - Jens H. Walther
- Technical University of Denmark
- Copenhagen
- Denmark
- Chair of Computational Science
- ETH Zurich
| | - Harvey A. Zambrano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria
- Valparaiso
- Chile
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Gerspach MA, Mojarad N, Sharma D, Pfohl T, Ekinci Y. Soft electrostatic trapping in nanofluidics. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2017; 3:17051. [PMID: 31057877 PMCID: PMC6444982 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trapping and manipulation of nano-objects in solution are of great interest and have emerged in a plethora of fields spanning from soft condensed matter to biophysics and medical diagnostics. We report on establishing a nanofluidic system for reliable and contact-free trapping as well as manipulation of charged nano-objects using elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based materials. This trapping principle is based on electrostatic repulsion between charged nanofluidic walls and confined charged objects, called geometry-induced electrostatic (GIE) trapping. With gold nanoparticles as probes, we study the performance of the devices by measuring the stiffness and potential depths of the implemented traps, and compare the results with numerical simulations. When trapping 100 nm particles, we observe potential depths of up to Q≅24 k B T that provide stable trapping for many days. Taking advantage of the soft material properties of PDMS, we actively tune the trapping strength and potential depth by elastically reducing the device channel height, which boosts the potential depth up to Q~200 k B T, providing practically permanent contact-free trapping. Due to a high-throughput and low-cost fabrication process, ease of use, and excellent trapping performance, our method provides a reliable platform for research and applications in study and manipulation of single nano-objects in fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Gerspach
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Micro and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Nassir Mojarad
- Nanotechnology Group, ETH Zürich, Rüschlikon 8803, Switzerland
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Micro and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pfohl
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Biomaterials Science Center, University of Basel, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Micro and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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Yildirim T, Cho K, Wu X, Lu Y. Probing the chaotic boundary of a membrane resonator with nanowire arrays. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:17524-17532. [PMID: 29110001 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically induced nonlinearities in nano-electromechanical systems (NEMSs) are typically avoided in design due to their unpredictable nature; however, by incorporating these normally unwanted nonlinear and chaotic phenomena, the performance of NEMS devices displays substantially different characteristics opening a broad new range of potential applications for their use. In this work, experiments have been conducted for probing the chaotic boundary of a circular membrane mechanical resonator with and without a silicone nanowire array (Si NWA). The NWA resonator can transition from linear to nonlinear quasi-periodic behaviour, and further transition into a chaotic state at resonance. Moreover, the NWA resonator demonstrated a high level of complex nonlinear behaviours, as the device expands the power spectral response from a single frequency at a linear regime to a wideband continuous frequency spectrum when chaotic behaviour was initiated; the threshold power of this transition decreased with a smaller NWA diameter. It was also observed that the NWA resonator had higher damping compared to the resonator without a NWA; however, as the vibration velocity of the NWA resonator increased, complex air damping and thin squeeze film damping lowered the threshold for probing the chaotic boundary condition of the NWA resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanju Yildirim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nan-hai Ave 3688, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China.
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