1
|
Thomas D, Palczewski M, Kuschman H, Hoffman B, Yang H, Glynn S, Wilson D, Kool E, Montfort W, Chang J, Petenkaya A, Chronis C, Cundari T, Sappa S, Islam K, McVicar D, Fan Y, Chen Q, Meerzaman D, Sierk M. Nitric oxide inhibits ten-eleven translocation DNA demethylases to regulate 5mC and 5hmC across the genome. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4131804. [PMID: 38645113 PMCID: PMC11030528 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4131804/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
DNA methylation at cytosine bases of eukaryotic DNA (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) is a heritable epigenetic mark that can regulate gene expression in health and disease. Enzymes that metabolize 5mC have been well-characterized, yet the discovery of endogenously produced signaling molecules that regulate DNA methyl-modifying machinery have not been described. Herein, we report that the free radical signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) can directly inhibit the Fe(II)/2-OG-dependent DNA demethylases ten-eleven translocation (TET) and human AlkB homolog 2 (ALKBH2). Physiologic NO concentrations reversibly inhibited TET and ALKBH2 demethylase activity by binding to the mononuclear non-heme iron atom which formed a dinitrosyliron complex (DNIC) preventing cosubstrates (2-OG and O2) from binding. In cancer cells treated with exogenous NO, or cells endogenously synthesizing NO, there was a global increase in 5mC and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in DNA, the substrates for TET, that could not be attributed to increased DNA methyltransferase activity. 5mC was also elevated in NO-producing cell-line-derived mouse xenograft and patient-derived xenograft tumors. Genome-wide DNA methylome analysis of cells chronically treated with NO (10 days) demonstrated enrichment of 5mC and 5hmC at gene-regulatory loci which correlated to changes in the expression of NO-regulated tumor-associated genes. Regulation of DNA methylation is distinctly different from canonical NO signaling and represents a novel epigenetic role for NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Palczewski
- University of Illinois Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hannah Kuschman
- University of Illinois Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | - Hao Yang
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry
| | - Sharon Glynn
- University of Galway, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, D. of Pathology
| | | | - Eric Kool
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry, School of Humanities and Sciences
| | | | - Jenny Chang
- Houston Methodist, Department of Medicine and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Aydolun Petenkaya
- University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Constantinos Chronis
- University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | | | - Sushma Sappa
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Daniel McVicar
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research
| | - Yu Fan
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology
| | - Qingrong Chen
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology
| | - Daoud Meerzaman
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology
| | - Michael Sierk
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuschman HP, Palczewski MB, Hoffman B, Menhart M, Wang X, Glynn S, Islam ABMMK, Benevolenskaya EV, Thomas DD. Nitric oxide inhibits FTO demethylase activity to regulate N 6-methyladenosine mRNA methylation. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102928. [PMID: 37866163 PMCID: PMC10623363 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification on eukaryotic mRNAs. Demethylation of m6A on mRNA is catalyzed by the enzyme fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), a member of the nonheme Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent family of dioxygenases. FTO activity and m6A-mRNA are dysregulated in multiple diseases including cancers, yet endogenous signaling molecules that modulate FTO activity have not been identified. Here we show that nitric oxide (NO) is a potent inhibitor of FTO demethylase activity by directly binding to the catalytic iron center, which causes global m6A hypermethylation of mRNA in cells and results in gene-specific enrichment of m6A on mRNA of NO-regulated transcripts. Both cell culture and tumor xenograft models demonstrated that endogenous NO synthesis can regulate m6A-mRNA levels and transcriptional changes of m6A-associated genes. These results build a direct link between NO and m6A-mRNA regulation and reveal a novel signaling mechanism of NO as an endogenous regulator of the epitranscriptome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne B Palczewski
- University of Illinois Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Brian Hoffman
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, USA
| | - Mary Menhart
- College of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Bioengineering, USA
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- College of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Bioengineering, USA
| | - Sharon Glynn
- University of Galway, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, D. of Pathology, USA
| | | | | | - Douglas D Thomas
- University of Illinois Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mondal P, Ishigami I, Yeh SR, Wijeratne GB. The Role of Heme Peroxo Oxidants in the Rational Mechanistic Modeling of Nitric Oxide Synthase: Characterization of Key Intermediates and Elucidation of the Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211521. [PMID: 36169890 PMCID: PMC9675724 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mediates the two-step O2 -dependent oxidative degradation of arginine, and has been linked to a medley of disease situations in humans. Nonetheless, its exact mechanism of action still remains unclear. This work presents the first NOS model system where biologically proposed heme superoxo and peroxo intermediates are assessed as active oxidants against oxime substrates. Markedly, heme peroxo intermediates engaged in a bioinspired oxime oxidation reaction pathway, converting oximes to ketones and nitroxyl anions (NO- ). Detailed thermodynamic, kinetic, and mechanistic interrogations all evince a rate-limiting step primarily driven by the nucleophilicity of the heme peroxo moiety. Coherent with other findings, 18 O and 15 N isotope substitution experiments herein suffice compelling evidence toward a detailed mechanism, which draw close parallels to one of the enzymatic proposals. Intriguingly, recent enzymatic studies also lend credence to these findings, and several relevant reaction intermediates have been observed during NOS turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gayan B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moeinabadi-Bidgoli K, Babajani A, Yazdanpanah G, Farhadihosseinabadi B, Jamshidi E, Bahrami S, Niknejad H. Translational insights into stem cell preconditioning: From molecular mechanisms to preclinical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112026. [PMID: 34411911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy (CBT) is a revolutionary approach for curing a variety of degenerative diseases. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine is a novel strategy for treating tissue damages regarding stem cells unique properties such as differentiation potential, paracrine impacts, and self-renewal ability. However, the current cell-based treatments encounter considerable challenges to be translated into clinical practice, including low cell survival, migration, and differentiation rate of transplanted stem cells. The poor stem cell therapy outcomes mainly originate from the unfavorable condition of damaged tissues for transplanted stem cells. The promising method of preconditioning improves cell resistance against the host environment's stress by imposing certain conditions similar to the harsh microenvironment of the damaged tissues on the transplanted stem cells. Various pharmacological, biological, and physical inducers are able to establish preconditioning. In addition to their known pharmacological effects on tissues and cells, these preconditioning agents improve cell biological aspects such as cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, immunomodulation, paracrine impacts, and angiogenesis. This review focuses on different protocols and inducers of preconditioning along with underlying molecular mechanisms of their effects on stem cell behavior. Moreover, preclinical applications of preconditioned stem cells in various damaged organs such as heart, lung, brain, bone, cartilage, liver, and kidney are discussed with prospects of their translation into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Moeinabadi-Bidgoli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhesam Babajani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Elham Jamshidi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheyl Bahrami
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Scheau C, Draghici C, Ilie MA, Lupu M, Solomon I, Tampa M, Georgescu SR, Caruntu A, Constantin C, Neagu M, Caruntu C. Neuroendocrine Factors in Melanoma Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092277. [PMID: 34068618 PMCID: PMC8126040 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is a very aggressive and fatal malignant tumor. While curable if diagnosed in its early stages, advanced melanoma, despite the complex therapeutic approaches, is associated with one of the highest mortality rates. Hence, more and more studies have focused on mechanisms that may contribute to melanoma development and progression. Various studies suggest a role played by neuroendocrine factors which can act directly on tumor cells, modulating their proliferation and metastasis capability, or indirectly through immune or inflammatory processes that impact disease progression. However, there are still multiple areas to explore and numerous unknown features to uncover. A detailed exploration of the mechanisms by which neuroendocrine factors can influence the clinical course of the disease could open up new areas of biomedical research and may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches in melanoma. Abstract Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers with a sharp rise in incidence in the last decades, especially in young people. Recognized as a significant public health issue, melanoma is studied with increasing interest as new discoveries in molecular signaling and receptor modulation unlock innovative treatment options. Stress exposure is recognized as an important component in the immune-inflammatory interplay that can alter the progression of melanoma by regulating the release of neuroendocrine factors. Various neurotransmitters, such as catecholamines, glutamate, serotonin, or cannabinoids have also been assessed in experimental studies for their involvement in the biology of melanoma. Alpha-MSH and other neurohormones, as well as neuropeptides including substance P, CGRP, enkephalin, beta-endorphin, and even cellular and molecular agents (mast cells and nitric oxide, respectively), have all been implicated as potential factors in the development, growth, invasion, and dissemination of melanoma in a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies. In this review, we provide an overview of current evidence regarding the intricate effects of neuroendocrine factors in melanoma, including data reported in recent clinical trials, exploring the mechanisms involved, signaling pathways, and the recorded range of effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Carmen Draghici
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.); (M.A.I.); (M.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Mihaela Adriana Ilie
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.); (M.A.I.); (M.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Mihai Lupu
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.); (M.A.I.); (M.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Iulia Solomon
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.); (M.A.I.); (M.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Mircea Tampa
- Department of Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.T.); (S.R.G.)
| | - Simona Roxana Georgescu
- Department of Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.T.); (S.R.G.)
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (M.N.)
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (M.N.)
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 076201 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nitric oxide and interactions with reactive oxygen species in the development of melanoma, breast, and colon cancer: A redox signaling perspective. Nitric Oxide 2019; 89:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
Bordry N, Broggi MAS, de Jonge K, Schaeuble K, Gannon PO, Foukas PG, Danenberg E, Romano E, Baumgaertner P, Fankhauser M, Wald N, Cagnon L, Abed-Maillard S, Maby-El Hajjami H, Murray T, Ioannidou K, Letovanec I, Yan P, Michielin O, Matter M, Swartz MA, Speiser DE. Lymphatic vessel density is associated with CD8 + T cell infiltration and immunosuppressive factors in human melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1462878. [PMID: 30221058 PMCID: PMC6136869 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1462878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased density of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels correlates with poor patient survival in melanoma and other cancers, yet lymphatic drainage is essential for initiating an immune response. Here we asked whether and how lymphatic vessel density (LVD) correlates with immune cell infiltration in primary tumors and lymph nodes (LNs) from patients with cutaneous melanoma. Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis, we found significant positive correlations between LVD and CD8+ T cell infiltration as well as expression of the immunosuppressive molecules inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO). Interestingly, similar associations were seen in tumor-free LNs adjacent to metastatic ones, indicating loco-regional effects of tumors. Our data suggest that lymphatic vessels play multiple roles at tumor sites and LNs, promoting both T cell infiltration and adaptive immunosuppressive mechanisms. Lymph vessel associated T cell infiltration may increase immunotherapy success rates provided that the treatment overcomes adaptive immune resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bordry
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria A. S. Broggi
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaat de Jonge
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karin Schaeuble
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O. Gannon
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Periklis G. Foukas
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Danenberg
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, FRANCE
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Fankhauser
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Wald
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed-Maillard
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Maby-El Hajjami
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Murray
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pu Yan
- Department of Pathology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Matter
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yarlagadda K, Hassani J, Foote IP, Markowitz J. The role of nitric oxide in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:500-509. [PMID: 28963068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous signaling molecule that mediates its effects in melanoma through free radical formation and enzymatic processes. Investigations have demonstrated multiple roles for NO in melanoma pathology via immune surveillance, apoptosis, angiogenesis, melanogenesis, and on the melanoma cell itself. In general, elevated levels of NO prognosticate a poor outcome for melanoma patients. However, there are processes where the relative concentration of NO in different environments may also serve to limit melanoma proliferation. This review serves to outline the roles of NO in melanoma development and proliferation. As demonstrated by multiple in vivo murine models and observations from human tissue, NO may promote melanoma formation and proliferation through its interaction via inhibitory immune cells, inhibition of apoptosis, stimulation of pro-tumorigenic cytokines, activation of tumor associated macrophages, alteration of angiogenic processes, and stimulation of melanoma formation itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Yarlagadda
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - John Hassani
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Isaac P Foote
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Predonzani A, Calì B, Agnellini AHR, Molon B. Spotlights on immunological effects of reactive nitrogen species: When inflammation says nitric oxide. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:64-76. [PMID: 25992321 PMCID: PMC4436941 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, nitric oxide (NO) has been definitively recognised as one of the key players involved in immunity and inflammation. NO generation was originally described in activated macrophages, which still represent the prototype of NO-producing cells. Notwithstanding, additional cell subsets belonging to both innate and adaptive immunity have been documented to sustain NO propagation by means of the enzymatic activity of different nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Furthermore, due to its chemical characteristics, NO could rapidly react with other free radicals to generate different reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which have been intriguingly associated with many pathological conditions. Nonetheless, the plethora of NO/RNS-mediated effects still remains extremely puzzling. The aim of this manuscript is to dig into the broad literature on the topic to provide intriguing insights on NO-mediated circuits within immune system. We analysed NO and RNS immunological clues arising from their biochemical properties, immunomodulatory activities and finally dealing with their impact on different pathological scenarios with far prompting intriguing perspectives for their pharmacological targeting.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lymphangiogenesis and its correlation with the VEGF expression and the sentinel lymph node in cutaneous melanomas. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:372979. [PMID: 25089267 PMCID: PMC4096056 DOI: 10.1155/2014/372979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to evaluate the density of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vessels in primary cutaneous melanomas and to assess their correlation with the status of sentinel lymph nodes and the VEGF expression in tumor cells and stromal cells. A total of 40 patients were enrolled in the study: the melanomas were radically excised with the extirpation of the sentinel lymph node. The study subjects were divided into two groups: 20 cases with positive and 20 cases with negative sentinel lymph node results. The density of lymphatic vessels was evaluated by the antibody D2-40 and the VEGF expression was investigated in the semiquantitative way. The VEGF expression in melanoma cells and the stromal cells was negative to variable positive at both SLN negative and SLN positive patients in all pT stages. In the group of SLN positive patients, the density of intratumoral lymphatic vessels was low up to moderate, while it was observed to be absent, somewhere on the low level in the group of SLN negative patients. On the other side, the density of peritumoral lymphatic vessels was equally numerous at both SLN negative and SLN positive patients. The lymphatic invasion was found out at 4 SLN positive patients only. The ulceration was chiefly in the group of LN positive patients. The results show that the density of lymphangiogenesis and the intensity of the VEGF expression are considered to be an unreliable predictor of melanoma metastasis to the sentinel lymph node, but the ulceration and the lymphatic invasion can predict the potential for metastasis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Karadayı N, Kandemır NO, Yavuzer D, Korkmaz T, Gecmen G, Kokturk F. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in gastric adenocarcinoma: impact on lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:151. [PMID: 24044375 PMCID: PMC3856621 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic metastasis is the most important parameter in the spread of gastric carcinomas. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this study, the possible link between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression with lymphangiogenesis and the clinicopathological parameters of gastric carcinomas was investigated. Methods In this study, iNOS expression and D2-40 (lymphatic endothelium-specific marker monoclonal antibody) reactivity were examined immunohistochemically in 41 gastric adenocarcinoma and 20 non-neoplastic gastric tissues. iNOS expression was scored semiquantitatively in the tumor parenchyma and stroma. D2-40-positive lymphatic vessels were used in the determination of lymphatic invasion and intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vascular density. Results iNOS expression was higher in gastric carcinoma tissue compared with non-neoplastic tissue. Particularly, iNOS expression in tumor cells was found to be closely related to lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. The density of lymphatic invasion as well as intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vascular density were positively correlated with lymph node metastasis. Conclusions Our results suggest that iNOS-mediated NO formation plays an important role in gastric carcinogenesis, tumor lymphangiogenesis, and the development of lymphatic metastases. Inhibition of the NO pathway may be an alternative treatment of gastric carcinomas. Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1713572940104388.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimet Karadayı
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang Z, Misner B, Ji H, Poulos TL, Silverman RB, Meyskens FL, Yang S. Targeting nitric oxide signaling with nNOS inhibitors as a novel strategy for the therapy and prevention of human melanoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013. [PMID: 23199242 PMCID: PMC3704054 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our previous studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in increasing the invasion and proliferation of human melanoma cells, suggesting that targeting NO signaling may facilitate therapy and prevention. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is present in melanocytes, a cell type that originates from the neural crest. The aims of this study were to determine the role of nNOS in melanoma progression and the potential antitumor effects of novel synthesized nNOS inhibitors. RESULTS In vitro studies demonstrated abundant expression of nNOS in melanoma compared to melanocytes, which was inducible by ultraviolet radiation and was associated with increased NO generation. nNOS was also detected in melanoma biopsies that increased with disease stage. Knockdown of nNOS in melanoma cells diminished L-arginine-induced NO production; the metastatic capacity was also reduced as well as the levels of MMP-1, Bcl-2, JunD, and APE/Ref-1. Similar inhibition of NO and invasion potential was observed utilizing novel, highly selective nNOS inhibitors. In three-dimensional human skin reconstructs, the nNOS inhibitor cpd8 effectively reversed the melanoma overgrowth stimulated by NO stress. INNOVATION Our work lays the foundation for development of clinical "drug-like" nNOS inhibitors as a new and promising strategy for the chemoprevention of early melanoma progression and the inhibition of secondary melanoma in high-risk individuals. CONCLUSION Based on our observations, we propose that nNOS in melanoma results in constitutive overproduction of NO, which stimulates proliferation and increases invasion potential, leading to subsequent development of metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pasquali S, van der Ploeg APT, Mocellin S, Stretch JR, Thompson JF, Scolyer RA. Lymphatic biomarkers in primary melanomas as predictors of regional lymph node metastasis and patient outcomes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:326-37. [PMID: 23298266 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently developed lymphatic-specific immunohistochemical markers can now be utilized to assess intratumoral and/or peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD), to detect lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) by melanoma cells and to identify lymphatic marker expression in melanoma cells themselves. We systematically reviewed the available evidence for the expression of lymphatic markers as predictors of regional node metastasis and survival in melanoma patients. The currently available evidence suggests that LVD (particularly in a peritumoral location) and LVI are predictors of sentinel node metastasis and poorer survival. Nevertheless, adherence to international guidelines in the conduct and reporting of the studies was generally poor, with wide methodologic variations and heterogeneous findings. Larger, carefully conducted and well-reported studies that confirm these preliminary findings are required before it would be appropriate to recommend the routine application of costly and time-consuming immunohistochemistry for lymphatic markers in the routine clinical assessment of primary cutaneous melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Pasquali
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
This chapter describes how skin immune system (SIS) is specifically involved in the development of cutaneous melanoma. Local immune surveillance is presented as a complex process that comprises markers to be monitored in disease's evolution and in therapy. The ranking of tissue or soluble immune markers in a future panel of diagnostic/prognostic panel are evaluated. Taking into account the difficulties of cutaneous melanoma patients' management, this chapter shows the immune surveillance at the skin level, the conditions that favor the tumor escape from the immunological arm, the immune pattern of skin melanoma with diagnostic/prognostic relevance, the circulatory immune markers, and, last but not least, how immune markers are used in immune-therapy monitoring. The chapter cannot be exhaustive but will give the reader a glimpse of the complex immune network that lies within tumor escape and where to search for immune-therapeutical targets in skin melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Objective assessment of blood and lymphatic vessel invasion and association with macrophage infiltration in cutaneous melanoma. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:493-504. [PMID: 22080065 PMCID: PMC3318158 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the role of vascular invasion (blood and lymphatic), vessel density and the presence of tumour-associated macrophages as prognostic markers in 202 cutaneous melanoma patients. Sections of primary melanoma were stained with lymphatic-specific antibody D2-40 to assess lymphatic vessel invasion and density in intratumoural and peritumoural areas; an antibody against endothelial marker CD34 was used to determine blood vessel invasion and density, and an antibody against CD68 was used to determine macrophage counts. Immunohistochemically determined vascular invasion (combined blood and lymphatic) was compared with that determined using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The use of immunohistochemistry increased detection of vascular invasion from 8-30% of patients, and histological exam of H&E-stained tissue was associated with a false positive rate of 64%. Lymphatic vessel invasion occurred at a much higher frequency than blood vessel invasion (27 and 4% of patients, respectively). Although immunohistochemically detected vessel invasion was significantly associated with histological markers of adverse prognosis, such as increased Breslow thickness, ulceration and mitotic rate (all P<0.001), no associations with relapse-free or overall survival were observed. High macrophage counts were significantly associated with markers of aggressive disease, such as Breslow thickness, ulceration and mitotic rate (P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.005, respectively), and lymphatic vessel invasion and high microvessel density (P=0.002 and P=0.003, respectively). These results suggest that vascular invasion is more accurately detected using immunohistochemistry and occurs predominantly via lymphatic vessels. The association of vessel characteristics with histological characteristics of the primary melanoma provides evidence for their biological importance in melanoma, but that they were not associated with clinical outcome attests to the value of existing histological prognostic biomarkers. We note that a high macrophage count may be associated with neovascularisation and primary tumour growth, and may also promote invasion through lymphatic vessels.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chin LC, Kumar P, Palmer JA, Rophael JA, Dolderer JH, Thomas GPL, Morrison WA, Penington AJ, Stewart AG, Mitchell GM. The influence of nitric oxide synthase 2 on cutaneous wound angiogenesis. Br J Dermatol 2012; 165:1223-35. [PMID: 21895624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inducible nitric oxide synthase (nitric oxide synthase 2, NOS 2) inhibition significantly suppresses chronically ischaemic skin flap survival, possibly because of reduced angiogenesis. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of genetic NOS 2 inhibition on cutaneous wound angiogenesis in two in vivo murine models. The impact of NOS 2 manipulation on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A stimulated and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 stimulated angiogenesis was also investigated in the Matrigel(®) plug assay. METHODS (i) Matrigel plugs/incisional wounds: two groups of NOS 2-/- mice and two groups of wild-type (WT) mice had bilateral Matrigel plugs containing 500 ng mL(-1) VEGF-A or 1000 ng mL(-1) FGF-2 injected subcutaneously in the abdomen. A 2·5 cm long dorsal incisional skin wound was created and sutured closed in the same animals. Wounds and plugs were explored at 7 or 12 days. (ii) Excisional wounds: dorsal 0·5 × 1·0 cm excisional skin wounds were created in four groups (two NOS 2-/- and two WT) and explored at 7 or 14 days. Wounds and Matrigel plugs were examined histologically and morphometrically for determination of percentage vascular volume (PVV). RESULTS The PVV in NOS 2-/- incisional wounds and excisional wounds was significantly less than in WT wounds (P = 0·05 and P < 0·001, respectively). The PVV was significantly less in VEGF-A stimulated Matrigel plugs compared with FGF-2 stimulated plugs in NOS 2-/- mice (P < 0·01), but not in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS NOS 2 is significantly involved in angiogenic signalling in healing skin wounds, particularly within the first 7 days. However, Matrigel plug vascularization suggests that the role of NOS 2 in angiogenesis is related to VEGF-A but not FGF-2 stimulated angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Chin
- The O'Brien Institute and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery at St Vincent's Hospital, 42 Fitzroy Street, Fitzroy, Vic. 3065, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
McConathy J, Yu W, Jarkas N, Seo W, Schuster DM, Goodman MM. Radiohalogenated nonnatural amino acids as PET and SPECT tumor imaging agents. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:868-905. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan McConathy
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Weiping Yu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Nachwa Jarkas
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Wonewoo Seo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| | - David M. Schuster
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Mark M. Goodman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sangoi AR, Karamchandani J, Lane B, Higgins JP, Rouse RV, Brooks JD, McKenney JK. Specificity of brachyury in the distinction of chordoma from clear cell renal cell carcinoma and germ cell tumors: a study of 305 cases. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:425-9. [PMID: 21102418 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brachyury is recognized as a specific marker for notochord-derived tissues and neoplasms, and has become a defining immunohistochemical feature of chordoma. The main differential diagnostic consideration for chordoma is chondrosarcoma, which is known to lack brachyury expression. However, within the spectrum of genitourinary neoplasia, metastatic germ cell tumors and clear cell renal cell carcinoma may also be close morphological mimics of chordoma, particularly given the increasing prevalence of small tissue samples from image-guided biopsies. Although immunoreactivity for brachyury has been reported in a few germ cell tumors, a thorough characterization of staining by specific subtype has not been performed in a large series. Additionally, brachyury expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma has not been well studied. In this study, immunohistochemical expression with the brachyury antibody was evaluated in 111 germ cell tumors, 30 non-neoplastic and neoplastic (non-germ cell) testicular tissues, and 184 metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinomas using tissue microarray technology. In addition, immunoreactivity for PAX-8 and SALL-4 was evaluated in 12 chordomas on whole section. No nuclear brachyury expression was identified in any of the 101 germ cell tumors within the tissue microarray (including choriocarcinoma (1), embryonal carcinoma (20), intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified (2), seminoma (64), spermatocytic seminoma (1), teratoma (5) and yolk sac tumor (8)), in any of the 30 non-neoplastic and neoplastic (non-germ cell) testicular tissues, or in any of the 10 whole-section seminomas. All 184 metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinomas were also non-reactive for brachyury. All 12 chordomas showed strong nuclear immunoreactivity for brachyury, but no expression of SALL-4. In all, 1 of 12 chordoma cases showed patchy, 1+ nuclear immunoreactivity for PAX-8. This study confirms the specificity of brachyury for chordoma in the differential diagnostic distinction from the potential genitourinary mimics, germ cell tumors and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur R Sangoi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang W, He XJ, Ma YY, Wang HJ, Xia YJ, Zhao ZS, Ye ZY, Tao HQ. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression correlates with angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1275-82. [PMID: 21333324 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increased nitric oxide synthase expression plays a key role in tumor progression. To examine inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and its correlation with clinical variables, such as tumor progression, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and prognosis in gastric cancer, we studied inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in gastric cancer samples from 211 patients with 5-year follow-up. CD105 and D2-40 were adopted as biomarkers for tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, respectively. Inducible nitric oxide synthase staining was mainly found in the cytoplasm of gastric cancer tumor cells. Positive inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was seen in 54.03% of gastric cancer specimens, which was correlated with lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, distant metastasis, and TNM stage. Compared with inducible nitric oxide synthase negative patients, inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive patients had significantly shorter survival times and higher microvessel density and lymphatic vessel density. Intratumor and peritumor blood microvessel density and lymphatic vessel density correlated with inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (Spearman ρ test, P < .05). We conclude that inducible nitric oxide synthase expression correlates with lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, distant metastasis, TNM stage, and poor survival rate in gastric cancer. We propose that synthesized inducible nitric oxide synthase increases angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis thus promotes tumor progression. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression may be a good biomarker for poor prognosis in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chin MP, Deen WM. Prediction of nitric oxide concentrations in melanomas. Nitric Oxide 2010; 23:319-26. [PMID: 20854923 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of iNOS and nitrotyrosine in cutaneous melanomas has been correlated with poor survival rates of patients, suggesting that NO plays a role in the tumor pathophysiology. However, the concentrations of NO that melanoma cells are exposed to in vivo have been unknown. To provide cell kinetic data for use in predicting those concentrations, synthesis and consumption of NO was examined in A375 melanoma cells. Nitric oxide synthesis was undetectable. The rate of intracellular NO consumption was determined by continuous monitoring of NO concentrations following injection of NO solutions in a closed chamber. After correcting for autoxidation and consumption from media-generated O(2)(-), the rate constant obtained for cellular consumption was 7.1±1.1 s(-1). This information was combined with previous data on macrophage NO kinetics to develop a mathematical model to predict NO levels in cutaneous melanomas. Synthesis of NO by macrophages in the stroma was found to give a maximum concentration at the tumor periphery of 0.2 μM. Because of the high rates of cellular consumption, the elevation in NO concentration is predicted to be very localized, approximately 90% of the concentration decay occurring within 30 μm of the tumor edge. High NO concentrations at the periphery of a melanoma may contribute to metastasis by stimulating cell proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, or acting as a lymphangiogenic factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li Y, Qi J, Liu K, Li B, Wang H, Jia J. Peroxynitrite-induced nitration of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase promotes their binding in diabetic angiopathy. Mol Med 2010; 16:335-42. [PMID: 20607198 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) play crucial roles in diabetic angiopathy. In vivo, however, the following facts remain unknown: whether COX-2 and iNOS bind, how peroxynitrite-induced nitration of COX-2 and iNOS affects their binding if they do bind and what effects of this mechanism contribute to diabetic angiopathy. This study focused on the issues above. Diabetes was induced in Wistar male rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. As a specific scavenger of peroxynitrite, urate was used. After 13 wks of diabetes, the morphological and biochemical changes of the rats showed obvious diabetic angiopathy. There exists in vivo colocalization and binding of COX-2 and iNOS in diabetic angiopathy. The nitration level of total and co-immunoprecipitated COX-2 and iNOS increased significantly, and, simultaneously, their binding and activity increased in the diabetes group. In the diabetes + urate group, the nitration level of COX-2 and iNOS decreased and their binding reduced, consistent with their decreased activity and the attenuated pathological changes in the rat aorta and glomerulus. The results provide in vivo evidence that COX-2 and iNOS can bind in diabetic angiopathy and that peroxynitrite-induced nitration of COX-2 and iNOS promotes their binding, contributing to diabetic angiopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal. Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical in melanoma progression and metastasis and relies on the synthesis and release of proangiogenic molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). S100A13 is a small calcium-binding protein that facilitates the release of FGF-1, the prototype of the FGF family. S100A13 is upregulated in astrocytic gliomas, in which it correlates with VEGF-A expression, microvessel density and tumor grading, and promotes a more aggressive, invasive phenotype in lung cancer-derived cell lines. To investigate the involvement of S100A13 in human cutaneous melanoma, we analyzed a series of 87 cutaneous melanocytic lesions: 14 common acquired melanocytic nevi, 14 atypical, so-called 'dysplastic' nevi, 45 melanomas (17 radial growth phase and 28 vertical growth phase) and 14 melanoma metastases. Main clinical and pathological features, including histotype, Breslow thickness, Clark's level and outcome were recorded. Microvessel density was determined with CD105/endoglin staining. Semiquantitative determination of S100A13, FGF-1 and VEGF-A protein expression was obtained by immunostaining. Quantification of S100A13 mRNA was achieved by real-time PCR. We found that S100A13 was expressed in melanocytic lesions; compared with benign nevi, S100A13 protein expression was significantly upregulated in melanomas (P=0.024), in which it correlated positively with the intensity of VEGF-A staining (P=0.041) and microvessel density (P=0.007). The level of expression of S100A13 mRNA also significantly increased with progression of disease, from radial growth phase (0.7+/-0.7) to vertical growth phase (3.6+/-3.1) to metastases (7.0+/-7.0) (P<0.001). Furthermore, S100A13 mRNA correlated positively with VEGF-A (P=0.023), TNM stage (P=0.05), risk of relapse (P=0.014) and status at follow-up (P=0.024). In conclusion, S100A13 is expressed in melanocytic lesions when the angiogenic switch occurs and it may cooperate with VEGF-A in supporting the formation of new blood vessels, favoring the shift from radial to vertical tumor growth. Therefore, S100A13 may represent a new angiogenic and prognostic marker in melanoma.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lahdenranta J, Hagendoorn J, Padera TP, Hoshida T, Nelson G, Kashiwagi S, Jain RK, Fukumura D. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediates lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2801-8. [PMID: 19318557 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis is a critical determinant of cancer prognosis. Recently, several lymphangiogenic molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D were identified. However, the mechanistic understanding of lymphatic metastasis is still in infancy. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in regulating blood vessel growth and function as well as lymphatic vessel function. NO synthase (NOS) expression correlates with lymphatic metastasis. However, causal relationship between NOS and lymphatic metastasis has not been documented. To this end, we first show that both VEGF receptor-2 and VEGF receptor-3 stimulation activate eNOS in lymphatic endothelial cells and that NO donors induce proliferation and/or survival of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. We find that an NOS inhibitor, L-NMMA, blocked regeneration of lymphatic vessels. Using intravital microscopy that allows us to visualize the steps of lymphatic metastasis, we show that genetic deletion of eNOS as well as NOS blockade attenuates peritumor lymphatic hyperplasia of VEGF-C-overexpressing T241 fibrosarcomas and decreases the delivery of metastatic tumor cells to the draining lymph nodes. Genetic deletion of eNOS in the host also leads to a decrease in T241 tumor cell dissemination to the lymph nodes and macroscopic lymph node metastasis of B16F10 melanoma. These findings indicate that eNOS mediates VEGF-C-induced lymphangiogenesis and, consequently, plays a critical role in lymphatic metastasis. Our findings explain the correlation between NOS and lymphatic metastasis seen in a number of human tumors and open the door for potential therapies exploiting NO signaling to treat diseases of the lymphatic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lahdenranta
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hammer T, Tritsaris K, Hübschmann MV, Gibson J, Nisato RE, Pepper MS, Dissing S. IL-20 activates human lymphatic endothelial cells causing cell signalling and tube formation. Microvasc Res 2009; 78:25-32. [PMID: 19281830 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-20 is an arteriogenic cytokine that remodels collateral networks in vivo, and plays a role in cellular organization. Here, we investigate its role in lymphangiogenesis using a lymphatic endothelial cell line, hTERT-HDLEC, which expresses the lymphatic markers LYVE-1 and podoplanin. Upon stimulation of hTERT-HDLEC with IL-20, we found an increase in the intracellular free calcium concentration, in Akt and eNOS phosphorylations as well as in perinuclear NO production. We found that eNOS phosphorylation and NO synthesis are highly dependent on the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. We also found an IL-20 induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and mTOR, and using the MEK inhibitor PD98059 and mTOR complex inhibitor rapamycin we demonstrated the importance of these signalling pathways in IL-20-mediated proliferation. IL-20 triggered actin polymerization and morphological changes resulting in elongated cell structures, and in matrigels, IL-20 caused tube formations of hTERT-HDLEC in a PI3K- and mTOR dependent way. In a sprouting assay we found that IL-20 caused cell migration within 24 h at a rate comparable to VEGF-C, and this migration could be inhibited by wortmannin and rapamycin. These data show that IL-20 activates cell signalling resulting in lymphangiogenic processes including migration, proliferation and tube formation. Thus, IL-20 is a cytokine that has the potential of activating or modulating the formation of lymphatic vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Troels Hammer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|