Can MDM2 analytical tests performed on core needle biopsy be relied upon to diagnose well-differentiated liposarcoma?

[Translated article] Comparative study of deep lipomas and atypical lipomatous tumours: Malignancy risk factors

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The diagnostic suspicion of an atypical lipomatous tumour (ALT) is difficult. The aim of this study is to delve into the most controversial diagnostic aspects of the subject.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Observational, longitudinal and retrospective study of a series of 96 deep adipose tumours (75 lipomas and 21 TLA) from 2006 to 2016: demographic, clinical, imaging and pathological variables were analysed and compared, as well as other variables related to treatment and oncological outcomes of the patients. A descriptive analysis of the collected variables was performed for the statistical study. To evaluate the potential predictor variables of malignancy, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, including those that were statistically significant in the univariate analysis.

RESULTS

Older age at diagnosis, lower limb location and larger size were significantly more frequent in ALTs. MRI findings showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, the same clinical variables were confirmed as predictors of malignancy. In the ROC curve, an optimal cut-off point of 134.0mm was used as a predictor of malignancy.

CONCLUSIONS

Advanced age, location in the lower limbs and larger size are risk factors for malignancy in the differential diagnosis of deep lipomas and atypical lipomatous tumours. No radiological variable on MRI reached significance as a predictor of malignancy in our series.

Comparative study of deep lipomas and atypical lipomatous tumours: Malignancy risk factors

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The diagnostic suspicion of an atypical lipomatous tumour (ALT) is difficult. The aim of this study is to delve into the most controversial diagnostic aspects of the subject.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Observational, longitudinal, and retrospective study of a series of 96 deep adipose tumours (75 lipomas and 21 TLA) from 2006 to 2016: demographic, clinical, imaging and pathological variables were analysed and compared, as well as other variables related to treatment and oncological outcomes of the patients. A descriptive analysis of the collected variables was performed for the statistical study. To evaluate the potential predictor variables of malignancy, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, including those that were statistically significant in the univariate analysis.

RESULTS

Older age at diagnosis, lower limb location and larger size were significantly more frequent in ALTs. MRI findings showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, the same clinical variables were confirmed as predictors of malignancy. In the ROC curve, an optimal cut-off point of 134.0 mm was used as a predictor of malignancy.

CONCLUSIONS

Advanced age, location in the lower limbs and larger size are risk factors for malignancy in the differential diagnosis of deep lipomas and atypical lipomatous tumours. No radiological variable on MRI reached significance as a predictor of malignancy in our series.

Detection of GRM1 gene rearrangements in chondromyxoid fibroma: a comparison of fluorescence in-situ hybridisation, RNA sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis

AIMS

Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a rare, benign bone tumour which arises primarily in young adults and is occasionally diagnostically challenging. Glutamate metabotropic receptor 1 (GRM1) gene encodes a metabotropic glutamate receptor and was recently shown to be up-regulated in chondromyxoid fibroma through gene fusion and promoter swapping. The aim of this study was to interrogate cases of CMF for the presence of GRM1 gene rearrangements, gene fusions and GRM1 protein overexpression.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Selected cases were subjected to testing by fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH) with a GRM1 break-apart probe, a targeted RNA sequencing method and immunohistochemical study with an antibody to GRM1 protein. Two cases were subjected to whole transcriptomic sequencing. In 13 of 13 cases, GRM1 protein overexpression was detected by immunohistochemistry using the GRM1 antibody. Of the 12 cases successfully tested by FISH, nine of 12 showed GRM1 rearrangements by break-apart probe assay. Targeted RNA sequencing analysis did not detect gene fusions in any of the eight cases tested, but there was an increase in GRM1 mRNA expression in all eight cases. Two cases subjected to whole transcriptomic sequencing (WTS) showed elevated GRM1 expression and no gene fusions.

CONCLUSION

GRM1 gene rearrangements can be detected using FISH break-apart probes in approximately 75% of cases, and immunohistochemical detection of GRM1 protein over-expression is a sensitive diagnostic method. The gene fusion was not detected by targeted RNA sequencing, due most probably to the complexity of fusion mechanism, and is not yet a reliable method for confirming a diagnosis of CMF in the clinical setting.

Primary orbital sarcoma in adults: a case series with emphasis on post-irradiation sarcoma

PURPOSE

To describe a series of eight adult patients with primary orbital sarcoma and to review the existing literature on orbital sarcoma and post-irradiation sarcoma.

METHODS

Report of eight cases and literature review.

RESULTS

We report eight cases of primary orbital sarcoma, three of which were radiation-induced. Only one patient had a history of retinoblastoma. The most common presentations were painful proptosis and reduced vision. Most tumours arose in the extraconal compartment. The overall median age at diagnosis was 50 years. The pathology comprised a diverse group of tumours. Treatment and outcome varied between patients and their clinical circumstances.

CONCLUSIONS

Adult primary orbital sarcomas are rare. They can comprise a variety of tumour types and are difficult to treat. Irradiation is a significant risk factor, and the incidence of post-irradiation sarcoma of the orbit may be increasing due to the widespread use of radiotherapy and improved survival of patients with cancer. Post-irradiation sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an orbital space-occupying lesion in a patient with a history of radiotherapy.

Atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma and related mimics with updates. When is molecular testing most cost-effective, necessary, and indicated?

The classification and work-up of adipocytic neoplasms remains challenging and sometimes controversial. Since its initial description by Dr. Enterline, the variety of subtypes and morphological appearances considered to represent the spectrum of atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDL) has expanded, resulting in significant morphologic overlap with other entities, including the recently described atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumor (ASPLT), conventional spindle cell/pleomorphic lipoma (SPL), and so-called "low-grade" forms of dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DL). Nevertheless, the distinction of most examples of ALT/WDL from lipomas/lipoma-like lesions is easily performed on routine histologic examination but can be problematic if the characteristic atypical cells are poorly represented, particularly in small biopsy specimens, obscured by other cellular elements (inflammation), or simply not recognized. The discovery that lipomatous tumors harbor specific and unique karyotypes and molecular events has resulted in ancillary tests that can help provide more accurate diagnoses, especially in less-than-optimal scenarios. Confirmation of MDM2 immunohistochemical over-expression and detection of the MDM2 gene rearrangement via fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) have proven particularly reliable and useful. While FISH analysis for MDM2 gene amplification may be helpful for confirming (or excluding) ALT/WDL, it also can lead to overutilization and overdependence. Furthermore, a small subset of otherwise typical ALT/WDL lack MDM2 gene amplification, employing alternative molecular pathways. The recent recognition of ASPLT has introduced a tumor easily mistaken morphologically for ALT/WDL, often exhibiting bizarre and pleomorphic lipoblasts, but lacking the underlying molecular abnormalities and subsequent risk of dedifferentiation. ASPLT also have overlapping features with the better-established SPL but with a greater tendency to locally recur and more frequent involvement of the distal extremities. The precise criteria separating cellular forms of ALT from what some consider "low grade" forms of DL remains controversial and inconsistently applied, even among individual pathologists within institutions. Given their underlying shared cytogenetic abnormality, molecular testing has no utility in this distinction. Herein is a comprehensive historical overview of ALT/WDL, with updates on its distinction from other similar lipomatous tumors and DL, including practical evidence-based criteria for the appropriate cost-effective use of MDM2 testing.

Low local recurrence rates following marginal surgical resection of non-coelomic Atypical Lipomatous Tumours/Well-differentiated Liposarcomas

INTRODUCTION

High rates of local recurrence (LR) have been reported following resection of extremity Atypical lipomatous tumours/Well-differentiated liposarcomas (ALTs). This retrospective study of patients who underwent resection of primary deep extremity and trunk ALTs at a specialist sarcoma centre aims to assess morbidity and factors associated with low local recurrence rates (LRR).

METHODS

To review a homogeneous cohort of patients with low-grade disease, tumours with known high-risk histological features were excluded. Prognostic variables potentially influencing local recurrence (LR) (age, size, site, margin status, and histological findings) were analysed. Endpoints were LR, distant recurrence (DR) and local disease-free survival (LDFS).

RESULTS

127 patients were identified, with median follow-up of 54 months (0-235). Median tumour size was 17.5 cm (5-36). 85 % occurred in the lower limb. 93.7 % underwent marginal resection. No patients received radiotherapy. Median hospital stay was 3 days (0-16). 7.9 % returned to theatre for evacuation of haematoma or infected seroma and 18.1 % had outpatient seroma aspiration. Surgical margins were R0/R1 in 93.7 % of patients and R2 in 6.3 % with a LR rate of 8.4 % and 75 % respectively at median time of 54 months. One- and 5-year LDFS was 100 % and 88.4 %, respectively. DR rate was 0.8 % (1/127) this patient had pleomorphic liposarcomatous transformation on recurrence and subsequently developed distant metastases. No patients died of disease.

CONCLUSION

Function-preserving marginal resection of non-coelomic ALTs has low morbidity, low LR and extremely low rates of distant relapse. Patients with lower limb ALT were found to have significantly lower LR, which may impact follow-up protocols.

Practical approach to ultrasound of soft tissue tumors and the added value of MRI: how I do it

This review outlines a practical approach to the everyday assessment of both non-neoplastic and neoplastic soft tissue tumors, focusing on ultrasound examination, though emphasizing the added benefit of magnetic resonance imaging in certain instances. Ultrasound approach and assessment, practical scenarios, reporting, biopsy, and follow-up are covered, as well as the criteria used to distinguish benign from malignant tumors. The potential benefits and current limitations of elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in assessment are also addressed. Examples of commonly encountered soft tissue tumors are shown. Ultrasound can characterize most soft tissue masses based on their ultrasound appearance alone. Following ultrasound examination, three potential scenarios usually exist in clinical practice: (a) confident regarding diagnosis, (b) indeterminate mass with no evidence of malignancy, and (c) indeterminate mass with possibility of malignancy. A diagnostic pathway for each of these scenarios is provided. Magnetic resonance imaging is generally not helpful in further characterizing masses which are indeterminate on ultrasound assessment, though it is helpful in addressing other issues such as exact tumor location and neurovascular bundle involvement that may not be fully resolved on ultrasound examination. In these situations, magnetic resonance imaging examination can be tailored to address those specific questions that have not been adequately addressed on ultrasound examination. In this sense, both examinations are highly complementary. Tips for undertaking magnetic resonance imaging examinations are provided.

Primary dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the pancreas: A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is a high-grade invasive tumor that more commonly occurs in the retroperitoneum, followed by the thighs and groin. DDLPS in the pancreas is very rare.

CASE SUMMARY

A patient underwent CT examination due to hidden pain in the upper abdomen, which revealed a pancreatic space occupying lesion of unknown nature. Based on the patient's preoperative medical history, physical examination, and auxiliary examination, it was considered that there was a huge space occupying lesion in the head and neck of the pancreas, with clear boundaries and surgical indications. The patient underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy at our hospital, and the postoperative pathology revealed a DDLPS of the pancreas. Three months after the surgery, tumor recurrence occurred. Dacarbazine combined with epirubicin chemotherapy had a poor effect, and the patient passed away 18 mo later.

CONCLUSION

Due to the fact that DDLPS of the pancreas is usually not significantly responsive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the currently most effective treatment method for DDLPS of the pancreas is resection with negative margin under a microscope. However, due to the deep location of liposarcoma in the pancreas and its proximity to many surrounding organs, it is difficult to completely remove the tumor, and many patients may develop regional recurrence.

Whole exome sequencing of well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma in older woman: a case report

Background

Common kinds of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) include well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS) and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS). In this case, we present a comprehensive clinical profile of a patient who underwent multiple recurrences during the progression from WDLPS to DDLPS.

Case presentation

A 62-year-old Asian female underwent retroperitoneal resection of a large tumor 11 years ago, the initial pathology revealed a fibrolipoma-like lesion. Over the next six years, the patient underwent three resections for recurrence of abdominal tumors. Postoperative histology shows mature adipose tissue with scattered "adipoblast"-like cells with moderate-to-severe heterogeneous spindle cells, pleomorphic cells, or tumor giant cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated positive staining for MDM2 and CDK4, confirming that the abdominal tumor was WDLPS and gradually progressing to DDLPS. Post-operative targeted sequencing and IHC confirmed the POC1B::ROS1 fusion gene in DDLPS. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed that WDLPS and DDLPS shared similar somatic mutations and copy number variations (CNVs), whereas DDLPS had more mutated genes and a higher and more concentrated amplification of the chromosome 12q region. Furthermore, somatic mutations in DDLPS were significantly reduced after treatment with CDK4 inhibitors, while CNVs remained elevated.

Conclusion

Due to the high likelihood of recurrence of liposarcoma, various effective treatments should be taken into consideration even if surgery is the primary treatment for recurrent liposarcoma. To effectively control the course of the disease following surgery, combination targeted therapy may be a viable alternative to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of liposarcoma.

MDM2 Implications for Potential Molecular Pathogenic Therapies of Soft-Tissue Tumors

Murine double minute 2 (MDM2, gene name MDM2) is an oncogene that mainly codes for a protein that acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which targets the tumor suppressor protein p53 for degradation. Overexpression of MDM2 regulates the p53 protein levels by binding to it and promoting its degradation by the 26S proteasome. This leads to the inhibition of p53's ability to regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis, allowing for uncontrolled cell growth, and can contribute to the development of soft-tissue tumors. The application of cellular stress leads to changes in the binding of MDM2 to p53, which prevents MDM2 from degrading p53. This results in an increase in p53 levels, which triggers either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Inhibiting the function of MDM2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating these types of tumors. By blocking the activity of MDM2, p53 function can be restored, potentially leading to tumor cell death and inhibiting the growth of tumors. However, further research is needed to fully understand the implications of MDM2 inhibition for the treatment of soft-tissue tumors and to determine the safety and efficacy of these therapies in clinical trials. An overview of key milestones and potential uses of MDM2 research is presented in this review.

MDM2 for the practicing pathologist: a primer

The mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 12 and is the primary negative regulator of p53. The MDM2 gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates the ubiquitination of p53, leading to its degradation. MDM2 enhances tumour formation by inactivating the p53 tumour suppressor protein. The MDM2 gene also has many p53-independent functions. Alterations of MDM2 may occur through various mechanisms and contribute to the pathogenesis of many human tumours and some non-neoplastic diseases. Detection of MDM2 amplification is used in the clinical practice setting to help diagnose multiple tumour types, including lipomatous neoplasms, low-grade osteosarcomas and intimal sarcoma, among others. It is generally a marker of adverse prognosis, and MDM2-targeted therapies are currently in clinical trials. This article provides a concise overview of the MDM2 gene and discusses practical diagnostic applications pertaining to human tumour biology.

Targeted therapies for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignant tumors derived from mesenchymal cells that have a high morbidity and mortality related to frequent occurrence of advanced and metastatic disease. Over the past two decades there have been significant advances in the use of targeted therapies for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma. The ability to study various cellular markers and pathways related to sarcomagenesis has led to the creation and approval of multiple novel therapies. Herein, we describe the current landscape of targeted medications used in the management of advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcomas, excluding GIST. We distinguish three categories: targeted therapies that have current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treatment of soft tissue sarcoma, non-FDA approved targeted therapies, and medications in development for treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcoma.

MDM4 amplification in atypical lipomatous tumors/well-differentiated liposarcoma: Private event or alternative oncogenic mechanism?

Adipocytic tumors are the most common mesenchymal tumors in soft tissues. Among them, a diagnostic challenge relies in the distinction between lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT)/well differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS), as both entities are often undistinguishable not only from a radiological point of view, but also at the microscopic level and particularly when dealing with small tumor specimen. Thus, detection of recurrent MDM2 amplifications may be the only criteria to discriminate malignant tumors from lipomas. In this study, we report the case of a patient diagnosed with a well differentiated, adipocytic tumor located in the inferior limb and lacking MDM2 amplification, whose diagnosis was reclassified for ALT/WDLPS after identification of an alternative MDM4 amplification by comparative genomic hybridization profiling, whole exome sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Screening of a cohort of 37 large, deep-seated, well-differentiated adipocytic tumors previously classified as lipomas using RT-qPCR and FISH failed to detect other cases of MDM4-amplified ALT/WDLPS. This report shows that MDM4 amplification is an exceptional molecular event alternative to MDM2 amplification in ALT/WDLPS. This alteration should be considered and looked for in suspicious adipocytic tumors to optimize their surgical management.

Silver In Situ Hybridization for the Rapid Assessment of MDM2 Amplification in Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors. Validation Based on an Audit of 192 Consecutive Cases Evaluated by Silver In Situ Hybridization and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

The discovery of almost invariable mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) amplification among atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT)/well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma is incorporated into the contemporary diagnostic workup of fatty lesions. MDM2 amplifications are also found frequently in intimal sarcomas and in low-grade osteogenic sarcoma. At present, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the reference test for MDM2 assessment. We are interested in evaluating silver in situ hybridization (SISH) for this purpose. Between October 2016 and May 2020, in 192 consecutive cases requiring MDM2 FISH, SISH was also performed concurrently, including 77 (40.1%) core biopsies and 115 (58.9%) surgical specimens. The mean patient age was 61.0 years. SISH results were available overnight or within 48 hours if repeat testing was required. FISH results were available within 2 to 5 weeks. The cost of SISH was one third of FISH. FISH demonstrated MDM2 amplification in 44 cases (23.6%), was negative in 144 cases (74.4%) and nondiagnostic in 4 decalcified cases (2.0%). SISH showed MDM2 amplification in 33 cases (17.2%), no amplification in 119 cases (62.0%), and indeterminate results because of poor signal in 40 (20.8%) cases. All 33 (100%) SISH-amplified tumors and 113 of 119 (95.0%) nonamplified results were confirmed by FISH. There were no clear differences in the performance of SISH on NCB versus surgical specimens. The overall performance indices of SISH are sensitivity 75%, specificity 78.5%, positive predictive value 100%, and negative predictive value 95.8%. FISH is not required when SISH is clearly amplified. This is clinically useful and improves efficiency. Nonamplified SISH results provide early indications of the likely FISH findings, but there is a 4.2% chance of FISH being positive. At present, the main drawback of SISH is the high rate of nondiagnostic tests. Optimization of SISH signal detection to reduce the proportion of indeterminate results is our current focus.

FISH Diagnostic Assessment of MDM2 Amplification in Liposarcoma: Potential Pitfalls and Troubleshooting Recommendations

MDM2 amplification represents the leading oncogenic pathway and diagnostic hallmark of liposarcoma, whose assessment is based on Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) analysis. Despite its diagnostic relevance, no univocal interpretation criteria regarding FISH assessments of MDM2 amplification have been established so far, leading to several different approaches and potential diagnostic misinterpretations. This study aims to address the most common issues and proposes troubleshooting guidelines for MDM2 amplification assessments by FISH. We retrospectively retrieved 51 liposarcomas, 25 Lipomas, 5 Spindle Cell Lipoma/Pleomorphic Lipomas, and 2 Atypical Spindle Cell Lipomatous Tumors and the corresponding MDM2 FISH analysis. We observed MDM2 amplification in liposarcomas cases only (43 out of 51 cases) and identified three MDM2-amplified patterns (scattered (50% of cases), clustered (14% of cases), and mixed (36% of cases)) and two nonamplified patterns (low number of signals (82% of cases) and polysomic (18% of cases)). Based on these data and published evidence in the literature, we propose a set of criteria to guide MDM2 amplification analysis in liposarcoma. Kindled by the compelling importance of MDM2 assessments to improve diagnostic and therapeutic liposarcoma management, these suggestions could represent the first step to develop a univocal interpretation model and consensus guidelines.

Molecular testing of soft tissue tumors

BACKGROUND

The diagnosis of soft tissue tumors is challenging, especially when the evaluable material procured is limited. As a result, diagnostic ancillary testing is frequently needed. Moreover, there is a trend in soft tissue pathology toward increasing use of molecular results for tumor classification and prognostication. Hence, diagnosing newer tumor entities such as CIC-rearranged sarcoma explicitly requires molecular testing. Molecular testing can be accomplished by in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, as well as next generation sequencing, and more recently such testing can even be accomplished leveraging an immunohistochemical proxy.

CONCLUSION

This review evaluates the role of different molecular tests in characterizing soft tissue tumors belonging to various cytomorphologic categories that have been sampled by small biopsy and cytologic techniques.

Molecular classification of soft tissue sarcomas for adequate diagnosis: A study on the northeast population of Morocco

Background

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of tumors. For adequate therapeutic management, an accurate diagnosis is necessary. In Morocco, the diagnosis is essentially based on the morphological and immunohistochemical study. Compared to other techniques, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is easier to develop and less expensive. This study aims to assess the feasibility and utility of implementing FISH technique to improve diagnostic accuracy and establish a good classification.

Material and methods

This is a retrospective cohort study. 211 cases of mesenchymal tumors were included. Hematoxylin Eosin Safran (HES) staining was performed in all cases followed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). FISH was performed in all cases with suspected STS. The probes used were EWSR1, MDM2 and SS18. The performance of FISH and histopathological test were evaluated by the ROC curve method (receiver operating characteristic). We evaluated the concordance between FISH and real time PCR by Cohen test.

Results

The real-time PCR technique showed good agreement with the FISH test by a Kappa coefficient of 60% (p = 0.035). FISH was able to confirm that it is more accurate (Youden's Index = 91%) than histological/immunohistochemical analysis (Youden's Index = 51%), as well as the positive predictive value was higher (100%) with an ROC curve finding a larger area under the curve of 0.953 (95% CI: 0.918-0.988), p = 0.000 which supports that FISH shows high performance to present an accurate final diagnosis.

Conclusion

This is the first and the largest Moroccan series for the molecular diagnosis of STS by FISH. Our study shows that paraffin FISH is a sensitive and specific ancillary tool in the diagnosis of STS when used in the appropriate clinicopathological context.

A scoring system combining clinical, radiological, and histopathological examinations for differential diagnosis between lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma

This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of clinical, radiological, and histopathological examinations for differential diagnosis between atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT)/well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLS) and lipoma, and aimed to develop a new combined scoring system for the preoperative diagnosis of ALT/WDLS. Eighty-nine lipomas and 56 ALT/WDLS were included and their clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, histological findings by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were investigated. Then, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed for the findings, and a combined scoring system consisted of predictive factors of ALT/WDLS was developed. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that tumor location (lower extremity), deep site, size (> 11 cm), thick septa (> 2 mm), enhancement of septa or nodular lesions, and lipoblasts were significantly different for the diagnosis of ALT/WDLS. We developed a combined scoring system based on the six predictive factors (total 0-16 points, the cutoff was 9 points). The area under the curve was 0.945, and sensitivity was 87.6% and specificity was 91.1% by the receiver operating characteristics curve. This combined scoring system does not require special equipment and reagents such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and anyone can use it easily in many medical institutions with high diagnostic accuracy.

Undifferentiated and dedifferentiated soft tissue neoplasms: Immunohistochemical surrogates for differential diagnosis

Undifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas (USTS) are described in the current World Health Organization Classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours as those showing no identifiable line of differentiation when analyzed by presently available technologies. This is a markedly heterogeneous group, and the diagnosis of USTS remains one of exclusion. USTS can be divided into four morphologic subgroups: pleomorphic, spindle cell, round cell and epithelioid undifferentiated sarcomas, with this combined group accounting for up to 20% of all soft tissue sarcomas. As molecular advances enable the stratification of emerging genetic subsets within USTS, particularly within undifferentiated round cell sarcomas, other groups, particularly the category of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS), still remain difficult to substratify and represent heterogeneous collections of neoplasms often representing the common morphologic endpoints of a variety of malignant tumors of various (mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal) lineages. However, recent molecular developments have also enabled the identification and correct classification of many tumors from various lines of differentiation that would previously have been bracketed under 'UPS'. This includes pleomorphic neoplasms and dedifferentiated neoplasms (the latter typically manifesting with an undifferentiated pleomorphic morphology) of mesenchymal (e.g. solitary fibrous tumor and gastrointestinal stromal tumor) and non-mesenchymal (e.g. melanoma and carcinoma) origin. The precise categorization of 'pleomorphic' or 'undifferentiated' neoplasms is critical for prognostication, as, for example, dedifferentiated liposarcoma typically behaves less aggressively than other pleomorphic sarcomas, and for management, including the potential for targeted therapies based on underlying recurrent molecular features. In this review we focus on undifferentiated and dedifferentiated pleomorphic and spindle cell neoplasms, summarizing their key genetic, morphologic and immunophenotypic features in the routine diagnostic setting, and the use of immunohistochemistry in their principal differential diagnosis, and highlight new developments and entities in the group of undifferentiated and dedifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas.

Clinical Application of Chromosome Microarray Analysis in the Diagnosis of Lipomatous Tumors

Well-differentiated liposarcoma/atypical lipomatous tumor (WDLS/ALT) and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLS) have characteristic supernumerary ring and giant marker chromosomes involving the chromosomal region 12q13-15 which contains MDM2 (12q15), CDK4 (12q14.1), HMGA2 (12q14.3), YEATS4 (12q15), CPM (12q15), and FRS2 (12q15). Detecting MDM2 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is considered to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of WDLS/ALT and DDLS. In this study, formalin fixed paraffin embedded clinical specimens (16 liposarcomas and 19 benign lipomatous tumors) were used to detect MDM2 amplification and other chromosomal alterations in WDLS/ALT and DDLS by single nucleotide polymorphism-based chromosome microarray (CMA). All 16 liposarcomas showed MDM2 amplification with a MDM2/cep12 ratio from 2.4 to 8.4 by CMA. Ten (62.5%) of these cases had CDK4/cep12 ratio ≥2.0. All the cases without CDK4 amplification were from the thigh. The MDM2/cep12 ratio of all the benign lipomatous tumors (19/19) was within the normal limits. Twenty-one of the 35 benign lipomatous tumors and liposarcomas were also tested for MDM2 amplification by FISH. All the FISH results were consistent with the CMA results (100%). Along with MDM2 amplification, all 16 liposarcomas (100%) also showed amplification of YEATS4, CPM and FRS2. Only 11 of 16 (69%) cases showed HMGA2 amplification. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CMA on routine formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue is a sensitive and specific clinical test for detection of MDM2 gene amplification. Moreover, CMA allows simultaneous detection of genomic changes of interest including CDK4 and others, which provides enriched information for diagnosing lipomatous tumors.

Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma of the Orbit: Three Cases and Review of the Literature

The authors present 3 patients from this retrospective case series to review the clinical findings, imaging, pathology, and treatment of orbital atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma. Pathology of biopsy specimens ranged from spindle cell proliferations mimicking neurofibroma to proliferations of well-differentiated adipocytes. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for murine double minute 2 in 1 case, and fluorescent in situ hybridization showed amplification of murine double minute 2 in 2 cases. Treatments ranged from serial debulking, proton beam irradiation, and exenteration. None of the patients developed metastases. A literature review supported the low-grade nature of this lesion. Orbital atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma is a low-grade, indolent liposarcoma that may be locally invasive. The histologic diagnosis is enhanced with immunohistochemical staining for murine double minute 2 and fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis for amplification of murine double minute 2. Although treatment may vary according to the individual, conservative therapies may be attempted prior to radical surgery.

MDM2 Amplified Sarcomas: A Literature Review

Murine Double Minute Clone 2, located at 12q15, is an oncogene that codes for an oncoprotein of which the association with p53 was discovered 30 years ago. The most important function of MDM2 is to control p53 activity; it is in fact the best documented negative regulator of p53. Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene p53 represent the most frequent genetic change in human cancers. By overexpressing MDM2, cancer cells have another means to block p53. The sarcomas in which MDM2 amplification is a hallmark are well-differentiated liposarcoma/atypical lipomatous tumor, dedifferentiated liposarcoma, intimal sarcoma, and low-grade osteosarcoma. The purpose of this review is to summarize the typical clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of these tumors.

Image-Guided Core Needle Biopsy of Adipocytic Tumors: Diagnostic Accuracy and Concordance With Final Surgical Pathology

OBJECTIVE. Diagnostic accuracy of core needle biopsy (CNB) for adipocytic tumors can be low because of sampling error from these often large, heterogeneous lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of image-guided CNB for various adipocytic tumors in comparison with excisional pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Adipocytic tumors (n = 77) of all adult patients undergoing image-guided CNB and subsequent surgical excision of an adipocytic tumor at a tertiary referral center between 2005 and 2019 were studied. To determine concordance, we compared pathologic diagnoses based on CNB to the reference standard of pathologic diagnoses after surgical excision. Tumors were divided into three categories (benign lipomatous tumors [lipoma, lipoma variants, hibernomas], atypical lipomatous tumors [ALTs] or well-differentiated liposarcomas [WDLs], and higher grade liposarcomas [myxoid, dedifferentiated, pleomorphic]), and diagnostic accuracy was calculated for each category. RESULTS. In 73 of 77 adipocytic tumors (95%), diagnosis at CNB and diagnosis after excision were concordant. Accuracy of diagnosis was poorer for ALTs and WDLs than for the other two categories, and the difference was statistically significant (p < .002). For the 29 benign lipomatous tumors and the 27 higher-grade liposarcomas, diagnoses at CNB and after excision were concordant in all cases (100%). Seventeen of the 21 tumors (81%) diagnosed as ALTs or WDLs at CNB had a concordant diagnosis after excision; four of the 21 were upgraded (dedifferentiated liposarcoma, n = 3; myxoid liposarcoma, n = 1). CONCLUSION. CNB provides high diagnostic accuracy for adipocytic tumors, particularly for benign lipomatous tumors and higher grade liposarcomas. However, though still high at 81%, diagnostic accuracy of CNB is not as high for tumors diagnosed as ALTs or WDLs. Awareness of this limitation is important when determining management, particularly of cases of ALT or WDL for which surgery is not planned.

Pilot study to differentiate lipoma from atypical lipomatous tumour/well-differentiated liposarcoma using MR radiomics-based texture analysis

AIMS

This pilot study aims to determine if tumour heterogeneity assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics-based texture analysis (TA) can differentiate between lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumour (ALT)/well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty consecutive ALT/WDLs and 30 lipomas were included in the study, cases diagnosed both histologically and with murine double minute 2 (MDM2) gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in excision specimens. Multiple patient, MRI and MRTA factors were assessed. Heterogeneity was evaluated using a filtration-histogram technique-based textural analysis on single axial proton density (PD) and coronal T1-W images of the most homogenously fatty component of the lesion.

RESULTS

Thirty-three percent of the diagnoses of ALT/WDL vs lipoma were confirmed using FISH MDM2 analysis. ALT/WDLs were statistically different from lipomas in location (site in the body and depth from skin surface) and fat content, with p values of 0.021, 0.001, and 0.021 respectively. Nine of 36 (25%) texture parameters had significant differences between ALT/WDLs and lipomas on axial PD MRTA, with the most significant results at medium and coarse texture scales particularly mean intensity (p = 0.003) at SSF = 6, and kurtosis (p = 0.012) at SSF = 5. A cut-off value of < 304 for coarse-filtered texture on axial PD MRI identified ALT from lipoma with a sensitivity and specificity of 70% (AUC = 0.73, p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

Texture heterogeneity quantified at fine, medium, and coarse texture scales are significant differentiators of lipoma and ALT/WDL with the difference particularly marked in medium and coarse texture scales for two MR TA parameters: mean and kurtosis.

Diagnostic Differences in Expert Second-Opinion Consultation Cases at a Tertiary Sarcoma Center

Soft tissue tumors are diagnostically challenging, and it is recommended that these are reported or reviewed by specialist soft tissue pathologists. We present our experience with second-opinion (consultation) cases in a specialist tertiary sarcoma center. The aim of this study was to determine areas of diagnostic difficulty in soft tissue pathology. We assessed 581 second-opinion cases which were reviewed by two experienced pathologists in a period of one year. There was 62% concordance between the original and the second-opinion diagnosis, with diagnostic discrepancy in 38%. The largest group of soft tissue neoplasms received for second opinion was fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumors, and most major diagnostic problems were encountered in adipocytic and so-called “fibrohistiocytic” tumors. Major diagnostic errors impacting management were found in 148 cases (25%). Morphologic assessment of tumors, judicious use of molecular techniques, newer immunostains and their interpretation, along with importance of knowledge of rarer entities were found to be most useful in avoiding errors.

Nuclear expression of MDM2 in hibernoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall

Hibernoma is a rare benign adipocytic tumor composed of a proliferation of brown and white fat cells varying in their proportions. The tumor may also contain fat cells resembling lipoblasts, which makes it difficult to distinguish it from atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDLS). Although nuclear expressions of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) are widely used as immunohistochemical surrogate markers for ALT/WDLS, the utility of these proteins in distinguishing between hibernoma and ALT/WDLS still remains to be elucidated. We evaluated immunohistochemical expressions of MDM2 and CDK4 in 10 hibernomas expressing uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), a mitochondrial protein transporter consistently expressed in brown fat cells, and lacking MDM2 gene amplification, which was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In contrast to the data previously obtained, nuclear expression of MDM2 was observed in 100% (10/10 cases) of the hibernomas irrespective of the proportion of brown fat cells, whereas no cases were positive for CDK4. The tumors also showed almost concurrent expression of p53 (in 9/10 cases) and ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7) (in 10/10 cases), which deubiquitinates and stabilizes MDM2, potentially resulting in its nuclear expression without MDM2 gene amplification. MDM2 expression may thus be a diagnostic pitfall for hibernoma particularly in differentiating it from ALT/WDLS.

Accuracy of histological grades from intraoperative frozen-section diagnoses of soft-tissue tumors

BACKGROUND

For excised tumor specimens, histological grades can differ between the biopsy diagnosis and the final diagnosis.

METHODS

We retrospectively investigated the diagnostic accuracies of histological grades for frozen-section and permanent-section diagnoses from patients with soft-tissue tumors. Frozen-section, permanent-section, and final diagnoses were classified as benign tumors/tumor-like lesions, intermediate malignancies, or malignant tumors. Diagnostic accuracies of the histological grades from the frozen and permanent sections were evaluated by comparing the final diagnoses for the resected specimens.

RESULTS

The diagnostic accuracies of the histological grades for the frozen- and permanent-section diagnoses were 95% (387/408 lesions) and 97% (395/408 lesions), respectively. Among the tumor types, the diagnostic accuracies of the histological grades for the frozen-section and permanent-section diagnoses were 84% and 87% for adipocytic tumors, 87% and 91% for fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumors, 99% and 100% for nerve-sheath tumors, 98% and 98% for fibrohistiocytic tumors, 90% and 98% for tumors of uncertain differentiation, 100% and 100% for vascular tumors, and 97% and 98% for other tumors, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Histological grades from frozen-section diagnoses yielded low diagnostic accuracies in adipocytic and fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumors. Treatment should be planned based on permanent-section diagnosis and radiological findings for these tumors.

Diagnoses and Difficulties in Mesenteric Pathology

Mesenteric diseases are broadly separated into 2 groups: non-neoplastic and neoplastic. Common non-neoplastic mesenteric diseases include those involving the mesenteric vasculature and those of inflammatory processes. Mesenteric inflammatory processes can mimic a neoplastic process. Neoplastic diseases of the mesentery are rare. Generally, the morphology, behavior and diagnostic criteria for mesenteric tumors are similar to their soft tissue or organ-specific counterparts. Their recognition can be challenging because they sometimes are overlooked in differential diagnoses.

Dysplastic lipoma: potential diagnostic pitfall of using MDM2 RNA in situ hybridization to distinguish between lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumor

The distinction between lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumor can be challenging in some cases. While detection of MDM2 gene amplification via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been well established as a diagnostic tool to distinguish atypical lipomatous tumor and well-differentiated liposarcoma from benign mimics, MDM2 RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) has recently been proposed as an alternative diagnostic assay. During clinical workup for lipomatous tumors using MDM2 RNA-ISH, we noticed several dysplastic lipomas that were positive for MDM2 RNA-ISH but negative for MDM2 amplification by FISH. In this study, we examined a series of 11 dysplastic lipomas, all confirmed to be negative for MDM2 amplification by FISH. Positive MDM2 RNA-ISH was noted in 10 (91%) dysplastic lipomas. Single-nucleotide polymorphism array on one dysplastic lipoma identified the presence of homozygous deletion of 13q, including the RB1 gene locus with no evidence of MDM2 copy number gain. Our findings on the discordance between MDM2 FISH and MDM2 RNA-ISH highlight the potential utility and pitfalls of using MDM2 RNA-ISH in the distinction of atypical lipomatous tumor and related liposarcomas from dysplastic lipoma.

An evidence-based guideline on the application of molecular testing in the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis, and selection of therapy in non-GIST soft tissue sarcomas

AIMS

To make recommendations on the indications for molecular testing regarding the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis, and treatment selection in adult patients with s oft tissue sarcomas (STS) excluding gastrointestinal stromal tumour.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This guideline was developed by the Cancer Care Ontario's Program in Evidence-Based Care (PEBC) and the Sarcoma Disease Site Group (DSG). The medline, embase, and Cochrane Library databases, main guideline websites, abstracts of relevant annual meetings, and PROSPERO databases were searched (January 2005 to October 2016). Internal and external reviews were conducted, with final approval by the PEBC and the Sarcoma DSG.

RESULTS

Based on the available evidence, we made three S trong Recommendations, 14 Recommendations, 9 Qualified Statements, and seven No Recommendations. The three Strong Recommendations include: i) MDM2 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is recommended as a sensitive and specific test to differentiate patients with atypical lipomatous tumour/well-differentiated liposarcoma, or dedifferentiated liposarcoma from lipoma or other STS in the differential diagnosis; ii) SS18 (SYT) break-apart by FISH or SS18-SSX (SYT-SSX) fusion by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is recommended as a sensitive and specific test to differentiate patients with synovial sarcoma from other sarcomas; iii) CTNNB1 S45F mutation by polymerase chain reaction is recommended as a prognostic factor for poor recurrence-free survival in patients with desmoid tumours.

CONCLUSION

This guideline may serve as a framework for the thoughtful implementation of molecular studies at cancer centres and other jurisdictions. Some of the recommendations may need to be updated when new evidence appears in the future.

Surgical management of truncal and extremities atypical lipomatous tumors/well-differentiated liposarcoma: A systematic review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

Atypical lipomatous tumors or well-differentiated liposarcomas (ALT/WDLS) are low-grade soft tissue tumors that are commonly located on the trunk and extremities. There is no consensus on the best surgical approach for ALT/WDLS.

METHODS

A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, and google scholar was performed. All published studies on trunk or extremities ALT/WDLS with reported outcome data were considered and independently screened for inclusion by at least two of the authors.

RESULTS

A total of eighteen studies comprising 793 patients with ALT/WDLS were included. 580 patients underwent marginal excision, with local recurrence observed in 69 (11.9%). 213 patients underwent wide excision with local recurrence in 7(3.3%). Recurrent tumors were successfully re-resected with marginal or wide excision. Dedifferentiation was confirmed in 9 patients (1.1%), and a distant pulmonary metastasis in 1 patient (0.1%).

DISCUSSION

Marginal excision of truncal or extremities ALT/WDLS results in a slightly higher local recurrence rate. However, recurrences are almost always amenable to re-resection. The findings support the use of marginal excision for truncal or extremities ALT/WDLS.

MDM2 RNA In Situ Hybridization for the Diagnosis of Atypical Lipomatous Tumor: A Study Evaluating DNA, RNA, and Protein Expression

The distinction of atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDL) from its benign counterpart, lipoma, may represent a challenge. MDM2 DNA amplification is used as the gold standard as MDM2 immunohistochemistry lacks specificity and sensitivity. Herein, we investigate the diagnostic utility of MDM2 RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) and compare the test with MDM2 immunohistochemistry and MDM2 DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in benign and malignant lipomatous neoplasms. We evaluated 109 neoplasms including 27 lipomas, 25 spindle cell lipomas, 32 ALTs/WDLs, and 25 dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDL). The validation cohort included 14 lipoma-like neoplasms that lacked unequivocal features of ALT/WDL and in which MDM2 immunohistochemistry was either equivocal, negative or falsely positive. Immunohistochemistry, automated RNA-ISH and DNA-FISH for MDM2 were performed. Tumors with diffuse nuclear staining or >50 dots per cell on RNA-ISH were considered positive. All lipomas and lipoma variants were negative for RNA-ISH while all ALTs/WDLs and DDLs were positive. Eighty percent (24/30) and 92% (22/24) of ALTs/WDLs and DDLs were positive for MDM2 immunohistochemistry. Lipomas and its variants were negative for MDM2 amplification; 92% and 100% of ALTs/WDLs and DDLs showed MDM2 DNA amplification. The mean percentage of ALT/WDL tumor cells showing MDM2 RNA-ISH positivity was 73% compared with 24% on MDM2 immunohistochemistry. RNA-ISH correctly classified all 10 ALTs/WDLs and all 4 lipomas in the validation cohort. The performance of MDM2 RNA-ISH and MDM2 DNA-FISH are equivalent. MDM2 RNA-ISH can be of diagnostic value in histologically challenging lipomatous neoplasms. The automated MDM2 RNA-ISH assay should allow for more widespread use of MDM2 testing and for a more sensitive and specific diagnosis of ALT/WDL.

Soft tissue tumor diagnosis: A three prong approach utilizing pattern analysis, immunocytochemistry, and molecular diagnostics

Tissue diagnosis of a soft tissue neoplasm is of paramount importance for the development of an appropriate treatment plan. Biopsy technique including approach and biopsy method is important to the success of diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Histologic and cytologic diagnoses are difficult and complicated by the large number of soft tissue lesions described, distinctly different biopotential for morphologically similar lesions, often small biopsy specimen size, and the generally limited experience many pathologists have in the diagnosis of soft tissue neoplasms. While utilized less frequently than core-needle biopsies, fine-needle aspiration is a valuable initial approach for the classification of soft tissue neoplasms. The combination of pattern based morphologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and molecular diagnostics represents a utilitarian and generally successful approach for the diagnosis of soft tissue lesions.

Risk Factors for Diagnostic Failure of Ultrasound-Guided Core Needle Biopsy of Soft-Tissue Tumors Based on World Health Organization Classification Category and Biologic Potential

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic outcome of ultrasound (US)-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) of soft-tissue tumors and to assess the factors associated with significant diagnostic failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We performed a retrospective analysis of biopsy specimens obtained from patients with soft-tissue tumors of the extremities and superficial trunk who underwent both US-guided CNB and surgical resection. In accordance with the World Health Organization classification, biopsy results and findings from final histologic analysis of the surgically resected specimen (hereafter known as final histologic findings) were categorized in terms of biologic potential as benign, intermediate (locally aggressive), intermediate (rarely metastasizing), or malignant. Biopsy results were considered to show a significant diagnostic failure if they resulted in incorrect classification of biologic potential compared with final histologic findings, if results were indeterminate, or if nondiagnostic specimens were obtained. World Health Organization classification categories and the biologic potential of the tumors according to final histologic findings were assessed to identify any relationship with diagnostic failure of CNB, as were other tumor- and patient-related factors. RESULTS. Significant diagnostic failure was seen for 40 of 303 biopsies (13.20%). Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between diagnostic failure and adipocytic tumors (odds ratio [OR], 9.686; p = 0.037) or vascular tumors (OR, 40.115; p = 0.005); intermediate (rarely metastasizing) biologic potential (OR, 12.279; p = 0.001), or malignant biologic potential (OR, 5.668; p < 0.001); and discordance between radiologic and final histologic findings or indeterminacy of biologic potential (OR, 2.500; p = 0.034). CONCLUSION. The World Health Organization classification categories (adipocytic or vascular), biologic potential (intermediate [rarely metastasizing] or malignant), and discordance between radiologic and final histologic findings or indeterminacy of biologic potential were found to be independent risk factors for significant diagnostic failure of CNB of soft-tissue tumors.

Immunohistochemistry as a Genetic Surrogate in Dermatopathology: Pearls and Pitfalls

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is routinely performed in most laboratories, and other than purchase of commercially available antibodies, requires no additional equipment or reagents. As such, IHC is an accessible and relatively inexpensive test and one that can be performed quite quickly. This is in sharp contrast to genomic or mutational testing methodologies that are routinely "send out" tests as they require specialized equipment and reagents as well as individuals with expertise in the performance of the tests and analysis of the results, resulting in a prolonged turn-round-time and enhanced associated costs. However, many open questions remain in a rapidly changing therapeutic and scientific landscape with most obvious one being what exactly is the utility of "good old fashioned" IHC in the age of targeted therapy? For molecular applications, is a negative immunohistochemical result enough as a stand-alone diagnostic or predictive product? Is a positive immunohistochemical result perhaps more suitable for a role in screening for molecular alterations rather than a definitive testing modality? This review is an attempt to answer those very questions. We elucidate the broad range of entities in which IHC is currently used as a molecular surrogate and underscore pearls and pitfalls associated with each. Special attention is given to entities for which targeted therapies are currently available and to entities in which molecular data is of clinical utility as a prognosticator.

Giant atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma affects lower limb activity: A case report

RATIONALE

Liposarcomas are locally invasive mesenchymal soft tissue tumors; most deep liposarcomas are large. Liposarcomas have heterogeneous histomorphology, molecular and genetic characteristics, and clinical prognosis, making the diagnosis and treatment of giant liposarcomas difficult for bone tumor surgeons.

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 70-year-old man presented with a mass in the posterior part of his left lower extremity that was first noticed 3 years prior. The mass was initially fist sized but continued to grow and had been affecting lower limb mobility on presentation.

DIAGNOSES

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large space-occupying lesion in the left thigh muscles, which was identified as a low-grade malignant tumor. Postoperative pathology results confirmed the diagnosis of atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDLPS).

INTERVENTIONS

The patient underwent open surgery to completely remove the tumor tissue and relieve pain.

OUTCOMES

At the 10-month follow-up appointment, the patient had recovered well, function of the lower extremities had returned to normal, and no signs of recurrence or metastasis were noted.

LESSONS

Although ALT/WDLPS is a locally invasive tumor with good prognosis, delayed treatment is associated with increased tumor size, which can affect lower limb mobility. Therefore, we believe that extensive surgical resection of tumor tissue is a suitable treatment for all ALT/WDLPS cases in order to avoid possible local recurrence. In addition, for ALT/WDLPS tumors that are difficult to extensively excise, long-term follow-ups are necessary due to the possibility of recurrence.

Well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma: An updated review

Well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDL)/atypical lipomatous tumor and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDL) together comprise the largest subgroup of liposarcomas, and constitute a histologic and behavioral spectrum of one disease. WDL and DDL typically occur in middle-aged to older adults, particularly within the retroperitoneum or extremities. WDL closely resembles mature adipose tissue, but typically shows fibrous septation with variable nuclear atypia and enlargement. WDL does not metastasize, but can dedifferentiate to DDL, which is associated with more aggressive clinical behavior, with a greater propensity for local recurrence and the capacity for metastasis. Although distant metastasis is rarer in DDL compared with other pleomorphic sarcomas, behavior is related to location, with a significantly worse outcome in retroperitoneal tumors. DDL typically has the appearance of undifferentiated pleomorphic or spindle cell sarcoma, and is usually a non-lipogenic sarcoma that is adjacent to WDL, occurs as a recurrence of WDL or which can arise de novo. WDL and DDL share similar background genetic aberrations; both are associated with high-level amplifications in the chromosomal 12q13-15 region, which includes the CDK4 and MDM2 cell cycle oncogenes. In addition, DDL harbor further genetic changes, particularly 6q23 and 1p32 coamplifications. While surgical excision remains the treatment mainstay with limited medical options for patients with aggressive recurrent disease or metastases, novel targeted therapies towards the gene products of chromosome 12 are being evaluated. This review summarizes the pathology of WDL and DDL, discussing morphology, immunohistochemistry, genetics and the differential diagnosis.

Mesenchymal Neoplasms of the Genitourinary System: A Selected Review with Recent Advances in Clinical, Diagnostic, and Molecular Findings

Mesenchymal neoplasms of the genitourinary (GU) tract often pose considerable diagnostic challenges due to their wide morphologic spectrum, relative rarity, and unexpected incidence at GU sites. Soft tissue tumors arise throughout the GU tract, whether from adventitia surrounding or connective tissues within the kidneys, urinary bladder, and male and female genital organs. This selected article focuses on a subset of these lesions, ranging from benign to malignant and encompassing a range of patterns of mesenchymal differentiation, where recent scholarship has lent greater insight into their clinical, molecular, or diagnostic features.

Imaging appearance of well-differentiated liposarcomas with myxoid stroma

OBJECTIVE

Describe the imaging appearance of well-differentiated liposarcoma with myxoid stroma (WDLMS) and correlate with histopathology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A keyword search of the institution medical records was performed from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2017. The histopathology slides of cases identified in this fashion were then reviewed by a pathologist. Additional cases were prospectively collected from extramural referrals and tumor boards. Diagnostic imaging studies of pathologically proven cases of WDLMS were then reviewed in consensus and correlated with pathology.

RESULTS

Ten cases of pathologically proven WDLMS were identified (7 men, 3 women, ages 26-81). Tumor location included the retroperitoneum (n = 5), thigh (n = 4), and the shin (n = 1). Nine patients had macroscopic fat on imaging. The nonlipomatous components had a variable appearance, including septal, nodular, and lacelike patterns. Two cases included two distinct areas that were predominantly myxoid or lipomatous ("bi-morphic"). One tumor had no macroscopic fat on imaging. On CT, the nonlipomatous nodular components were hypodense/had hypodense areas. On MRI, the nodular components had intermediate/bright T2W signal. Interval nonlipomatous nodular growth was identified in 3 cases.

CONCLUSION

WDLMS may present on imaging as a mass with variable morphology and amounts of nonlipomatous components. Histopathological diagnosis of WDLMS is challenging and imaging correlation may be helpful, as this tumor may have ≥50% fatty volume, may have a myxoid nodular component or bi-morphic appearance, or may be located in the retroperitoneum, features that are unusual for myxoid liposarcoma. WDLMS with a nodular component cannot be distinguished from dedifferentiated liposarcoma based on imaging alone.

Applications of Ancillary Testing in the Cytologic Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Neoplasms

Soft tissue neoplasms are diagnostically challenging, although many advances in ancillary testing now enable accurate classification of fine-needle aspiration biopsies by detection of characteristic immunophenotypes (including protein correlates of molecular alterations) and molecular features. Although there are many useful diagnostic immunohistochemical markers and molecular assays, their diagnostic utility relies on correlation with clinical and morphologic features, judicious application, and appropriate interpretation because no single test is perfectly sensitive or specific. This review discusses applications of ancillary testing for commonly encountered soft tissue neoplasms in cytopathologic practice in the context of a pattern-based approach.

The role of surgical margins in atypical Lipomatous Tumours of the extremities

Background

Atypical lipomatous tumours (ALT) are common adipocytic tumours. Due to their large size and deep-seated location, wide resection might result in severe functional deficits. The question which margins should be aimed is hence discussed controversially.

Methods

Forty consecutive patients underwent limb-sparing resections. Margins were defined as R0 (wide resection), R1 (marginal resection) or R2 if tumour was left. All patients were followed for evidence of local recurrence or remote metastases. Overall and recurrence-free survival was calculated.

Results

The mean age at the time of surgery was 61.9 years. The mean tumour diameter was 17 cm with no patient having metastatic disease. In 8 cases a wide (R0) resection, in 31 cases a marginal (R1) and in one patient a R2-resection was performed. The median follow-up time was 40 months. Four patients died due to causes that were not tumour-related. 3 (7.5%) patients (all R1) developed local recurrences. Two of our 3 recurrences in this series occurred in 6 already recurring cases. We observed no dedifferentiation of tumours and no metastatic disease.

Conclusions

ALT represents a comparatively common diagnosis in large deep-seated lesions of the extremities, especially in patients over 60 years. Marginal resection shows an acceptable rate of local recurrence. The risk of dedifferentiation as proven also in a metaanalysis of the English literature of the last 30 years is close to 1%, metastatic disease is exceedingly rare.

Sensitive and simultaneous surface plasmon resonance detection of free and p53-bound MDM2 proteins from human sarcomas

Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is an oncoprotein mediating the degradation of the tumor suppressor p53 protein. The physiological levels of MDM2 protein are closely related to malignant transformation and tumor growth. In this work, the simultaneous and label-free determination of free and p53-bound MDM2 proteins from sarcoma tissue extracts was conducted using a dual-channel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) instrument. Free MDM2 protein was measured in one fluidic channel covered with the consensus double-stranded (ds)-DNA/p53 conjugate, while MDM2 bound to p53 was captured by the consensus ds-DNA immobilized onto the other channel. To achieve higher sensitivity and to confirm specificity, an MDM2-specific monoclonal antibody (2A10) was used to recognize both the free and p53-bound MDM2 proteins. The resultant method afforded a detection limit of 0.55 pM of MDM2. The amenability of the method to the analysis of free and p53-bound MDM2 proteins was demonstrated for normal and sarcoma tissue extracts from three patients. Our data reveal that both free and total MDM2 (free and bound forms combined) proteins from sarcoma tissue extracts are of much higher concentrations than those from normal tissue extracts and the p53-bound MDM2 protein only constitutes a small fraction of the total MDM2 concentration. In comparison with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the proposed method possesses higher sensitivity, is more cost-effective, and is capable of determining free and p53-bound MDM2 proteins in clinical samples.