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Lee AV, Nestler KA, Chiappinelli KB. Therapeutic targeting of DNA methylation alterations in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108640. [PMID: 38570075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a critical component of gene regulation and plays an important role in the development of cancer. Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes and silencing of DNA repair pathways facilitate uncontrolled cell growth and synergize with oncogenic mutations to perpetuate cancer phenotypes. Additionally, aberrant DNA methylation hinders immune responses crucial for antitumor immunity. Thus, inhibiting dysregulated DNA methylation is a promising cancer therapy. Pharmacologic inhibition of DNA methylation reactivates silenced tumor suppressors and bolster immune responses through induction of viral mimicry. Now, with the advent of immunotherapies and discovery of the immune-modulatory effects of DNA methylation inhibitors, there is great interest in understanding how targeting DNA methylation in combination with other therapies can enhance antitumor immunity. Here, we describe the role of aberrant DNA methylation in cancer and mechanisms by which it promotes tumorigenesis and modulates immune responses. Finally, we review the initial discoveries and ongoing efforts to target DNA methylation as a cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail V Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kevin A Nestler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine B Chiappinelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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2
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Li J, Zeng Q, Lin J, Huang H, Chen L. Loss of SATB2 and CDX2 expression is associated with DNA mismatch repair protein deficiency and BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Med Mol Morphol 2024; 57:1-10. [PMID: 37583001 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-023-00366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the expression of the SATB2 and CDX2 proteins and common molecular changes and clinical prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) still needs further clarification. We collected 1180 cases of CRC and explored the association between the expression of SATB2 and CDX2 and clinicopathological characteristics, molecular alterations, and overall survival of CRC using whole-slide immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that negative expression of SATB2 and CDX2 was more common in MMR-protein-deficient CRC than in MMR-protein-proficient CRC (15.8% vs. 6.0%, P = 0.001; 14.5% vs. 4.0%, P = 0.000, respectively). Negative expression of SATB2 and CDX2 was more common in BRAF-mutant CRC than in BRAF wild-type CRC (17.2% vs. 6.1%, P = 0.003; 13.8% vs. 4. 2%; P = 0.004, respectively). There was no relationship between SATB2 and/or CDX2 negative expression and KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations. The lack of expression of SATB2 and CDX2 was associated with poor histopathological features of CRC. In multivariate analysis, negative expression of SATB2 (P = 0.030), negative expression of CDX2 (P = 0.043) and late clinical stage (P = 0.000) were associated with decreased overall survival of CRC. In conclusion, the lack of SATB2 and CDX2 expression in CRC was associated with MMR protein deficiency and BRAF mutation, but not with KRAS, NRAS and PIK3CA mutation. SATB2 and CDX2 are prognostic biomarkers in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhen Li
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Haijian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
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3
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Lim SB, Joe S, Kim HJ, Lee JL, Park IJ, Yoon YS, Kim CW, Kim JH, Kim S, Lee JY, Shim H, Chu HBK, Cho S, Kang J, Kim SC, Lee HS, Kim YJ, Kim SY, Yu CS. Deciphering the DNA methylation landscape of colorectal cancer in a Korean cohort. BMB Rep 2023; 56:569-574. [PMID: 37605616 PMCID: PMC10618072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), a disease with high incidence and mortality rates in Korea. Several CRC-associated diagnostic and prognostic methylation markers have been identified; however, due to a lack of comprehensive clinical and methylome data, these markers have not been validated in the Korean population. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to obtain the CRC methylation profile using 172 tumors and 128 adjacent normal colon tissues of Korean patients with CRC. Based on the comparative methylome analysis, we found that hypermethylated positions in the tumor were predominantly concentrated in CpG islands and promoter regions, whereas hypomethylated positions were largely found in the open-sea region, notably distant from the CpG islands. In addition, we stratified patients by applying the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) to the tumor methylome data. This stratification validated previous clinicopathological implications, as tumors with high CIMP signatures were significantly correlated with the proximal colon, higher prevalence of microsatellite instability status, and MLH1 promoter methylation. In conclusion, our extensive methylome analysis and the accompanying dataset offers valuable insights into the utilization of CRC-associated methylation markers in Korean patients, potentially improving CRC diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, this study serves as a solid foundation for further investigations into personalized and ethnicity-specific CRC treatments. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(10): 569-574].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Byung Lim
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Soobok Joe
- Korea Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyo-Ju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jong Lyul Lee
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - In Ja Park
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Yong Sik Yoon
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Chan Wook Kim
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Kim
- Korea Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sangok Kim
- Korea Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeran Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hoang Bao Khanh Chu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sheehyun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jisun Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Si-Cho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- LepiDyne Co., Ltd., Seoul 04779, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Korea Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Chang Sik Yu
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul 05505, Korea
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4
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Joe S, Kim J, Lee JY, Jeon J, Byeon I, Han SW, Ryoo SB, Park KJ, Song SH, Cho S, Shim H, Chu HBK, Kang J, Lee HS, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kim TY, Kim SY. Epigenetic insights into colorectal cancer: comprehensive genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of 294 patients in Korea. BMB Rep 2023; 56:563-568. [PMID: 37574809 PMCID: PMC10618077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation regulates gene expression and contributes to tumorigenesis in the early stages of cancer. In colorectal cancer (CRC), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is recognized as a distinct subset that is associated with specific molecular and clinical features. In this study, we investigated the genomewide DNA methylation patterns among patients with CRC. The methylation data of 1 unmatched normal, 142 adjacent normal, and 294 tumor samples were analyzed. We identified 40,003 differentially methylated positions with 6,933 (79.8%) hypermethylated and 16,145 (51.6%) hypomethylated probes in the genic region. Hypermethylated probes were predominantly found in promoter-like regions, CpG islands, and N shore sites; hypomethylated probes were enriched in open-sea regions. CRC tumors were categorized into three CIMP subgroups, with 90 (30.6%) in the CIMP-high (CIMP-H), 115 (39.1%) in the CIMP-low (CIMP-L), and 89 (30.3%) in the non-CIMP group. The CIMP-H group was associated with microsatellite instabilityhigh tumors, hypermethylation of MLH1, older age, and rightsided tumors. Our results showed that genome-wide methylation analyses classified patients with CRC into three subgroups according to CIMP levels, with clinical and molecular features consistent with previous data. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(10): 563-568].
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Affiliation(s)
- Soobok Joe
- Korea Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinyong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jongbum Jeon
- Korea Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Iksu Byeon
- Korea Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seung-Bum Ryoo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyu Joo Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Song
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sheehyun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeran Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hoang Bao Khanh Chu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jisun Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | | | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- LepiDyne Co., Ltd., Seoul 04779, Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- IMBdx, Inc., Seoul 08506, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Korea Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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5
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Luo B, Zhou J, Li Z, Song J, An P, Zhang H, Chen Y, Lan F, Ying B, Wu Y. Ultrasensitive DNA Methylation Ratio Detection Based on the Target-Induced Nanoparticle-Coupling and Site-Specific Base Oxidation Damage for Colorectal Cancer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6261-6270. [PMID: 35404585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation analysis holds great promise in the whole process management of cancer early screening, diagnosis, and prognosis monitoring. Nevertheless, accurate detection of target methylated DNA, especially its methylation ratio in the genome, remains challenging. Herein, we report for the first time an integrated strategy of target-induced nanoparticle-coupling and site-specific base oxidation damage for DNA methylation analysis with the assistance of well-designed nanosensors. The ultrahigh sensitivity for detecting target methylated DNA as low as 32 × 10-17 M and high specificity for distinguishing 0.001% methylation ratio are achieved by this proposed strategy without amplification operations. Notably, the precise quantification of target DNA methylation ratio has been achieved for the first time. Through quantitative detection of target methylated DNA and methylation ratio, this proposed strategy could reliably diagnose and monitor cancer progression and treatment responses for colorectal cancer, which is superior to the clinical Septin 9 kit. It is anticipated that the proposed strategy has attractive application prospects in early diagnosis and monitoring for colorectal cancer and other various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng An
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Huinan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
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Bellone S, Roque DM, Siegel ER, Buza N, Hui P, Bonazzoli E, Guglielmi A, Zammataro L, Nagarkatti N, Zaidi S, Lee J, Silasi DA, Huang GS, Andikyan V, Damast S, Clark M, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Tymon-Rosario JR, Harold JA, Mauricio D, Zeybek B, Menderes G, Altwerger G, Ratner E, Alexandrov LB, Iwasaki A, Kong Y, Song E, Dong W, Elvin JA, Choi J, Santin AD. A phase 2 evaluation of pembrolizumab for recurrent Lynch-like versus sporadic endometrial cancers with microsatellite instability. Cancer 2022; 128:1206-1218. [PMID: 34875107 PMCID: PMC9465822 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H)/mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) is a biomarker for responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Whether mechanisms underlying microsatellite instability alter responses to ICIs is unclear. This article reports data from a prospective phase 2 pilot study of pembrolizumab in patients with recurrent MSI-H endometrial cancer (EC) analyzed by whole exome sequencing (WES) and potential mechanisms of primary/secondary ICI resistance (NCT02899793). METHODS Patients with measurable MSI-H/dMMR EC confirmed by polymerase chain reaction/immunohistochemistry were evaluated by WES and received 200 mg of pembrolizumab every 3 weeks for ≤2 years. The primary end point was the objective response rate (ORR). Secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Twenty-five patients (24 evaluable) were treated. Six patients (25%) harbored Lynch/Lynch-like tumors, whereas 18 (75%) had sporadic EC. The tumor mutation burden was higher in Lynch-like tumors (median, 2939 mutations/megabase [Mut/Mb]; interquartile range [IQR], 867-5108 Mut/Mb) than sporadic tumors (median, 604 Mut/Mb; IQR, 411-798 Mut/Mb; P = .0076). The ORR was 100% in Lynch/Lynch-like patients but only 44% in sporadic patients (P = .024). The 3-year PFS and OS proportions were 100% versus 30% (P = .017) and 100% versus 43% (P = .043), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests prognostic significance of Lynch-like cancers versus sporadic MSI-H/dMMR ECs for ORR, PFS, and OS when patients are treated with pembrolizumab. Larger confirmatory studies in ECs and other MSI-H/dMMR tumors are necessary. Defective antigen processing/presentation and deranged induction in interferon responses serve as mechanisms of resistance in sporadic MSI-H ECs. Oligoprogression in MSI-H/dMMR patients appears salvageable with surgical resection and/or local treatment and the continuation of pembrolizumab off study. Clinical studies evaluating separate MSI-H/dMMR EC subtypes treated with ICIs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bellone
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dana M Roque
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric R Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Natalia Buza
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pei Hui
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adele Guglielmi
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nupur Nagarkatti
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Samir Zaidi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jungsoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mercy Clinic, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gloria S Huang
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vaagn Andikyan
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shari Damast
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mitchell Clark
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joan R Tymon-Rosario
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Justin A Harold
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dennis Mauricio
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Burak Zeybek
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gulden Menderes
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary Altwerger
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elena Ratner
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yong Kong
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eric Song
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Weilai Dong
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Julia A Elvin
- Cancer Genomics Research, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Smilow Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Golas MM, Gunawan B, Cakir M, Cameron S, Enders C, Liersch T, Füzesi L, Sander B. Evolutionary patterns of chromosomal instability and mismatch repair deficiency in proximal and distal colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2022; 24:157-176. [PMID: 34623739 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) progress through heterogeneous pathways. The aim of this study was to analyse whether or not the cytogenetic evolution of CRC is linked to tumour site, level of chromosomal imbalance and metastasis. METHOD A set of therapy-naïve pT3 CRCs comprising 26 proximal and 49 distal pT3 CRCs was studied by combining immunohistochemistry of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, microsatellite analyses and molecular karyotyping as well as clinical parameters. RESULTS A MMR deficient/microsatellite-unstable (dMMR/MSI-H) status was associated with location of the primary tumour proximal to the splenic flexure, and dMMR/MSI-H tumours presented with significantly lower levels of chromosomal imbalances compared with MMR proficient/microsatellite-stable (pMMR/MSS) tumours. Oncogenetic tree modelling suggested two evolutionary clusters characterized by dMMR/MSI-H and chromosomal instability (CIN), respectively, for both proximal and distal CRCs. In CIN cases, +13q, -18q and +20q were predicted as preferentially early events, and -1p, -4 -and -5q as late events. Separate oncogenetic tree models of proximal and distal cases indicated similar early events independent of tumour site. However, in cases with high CIN defined by more than 10 copy number aberrations, loss of 17p occurred earlier in cytogenetic evolution than in cases showing low to moderate CIN. Differences in the oncogenetic trees were observed for CRCs with lymph node and distant metastasis. Loss of 8p was modelled as an early event in node-positive CRC, while +7p and +8q comprised early events in CRC with distant metastasis. CONCLUSION CRCs characterized by CIN follow multiple, interconnected genetic pathways in line with the basic 'Vogelgram' concept proposed for the progression of CRC that places the accumulation of genetic changes at centre of tumour evolution. However, the timing of specific genetic events may favour metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Monika Golas
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Augsburg, University Medical Center Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Gunawan
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Meliha Cakir
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Cameron
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Enders
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Liersch
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laszlo Füzesi
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Medical Center Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Bjoern Sander
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Sun J, Xu J, Sun C, Zheng M, Li Y, Zhu S, Zhang S. Screening and Prognostic Value of Methylated Septin9 and its Association With Clinicopathological and Molecular Characteristics in Colorectal Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:568818. [PMID: 34095214 PMCID: PMC8173126 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.568818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of CRC continues to show poor compliance of endoscopy examination. The detection of mSEPT9 in peripheral blood is among the safe and simple early screening methods for CRC. The issue of how to elucidate whether detection of mSEPT9 in peripheral blood can effectively improve compliance of endoscopy and increase the early diagnosis rate of CRC and the relationship between levels of mSEPT9 in the peripheral blood and clinical stage, pathological classification, and expression of characteristic molecules in CRC remains unsolved. A total of 7759 individuals participated in the study that was performed using a questionnaire for screening of high-risk CRC. The endoscopic detection compliance of individuals with high-risk CRC who underwent the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or mSEPT9 test was compared based on the results of the questionnaire. Additionally, correlation of mSEPT9 levels in the peripheral blood with clinicopathological features, mutation status of TP53, mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR), and KRAS/NRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA genotype was analyzed, and association of biomarkers with cancer-specific survival (CSS) and time to recurrence (TTR) was compared. We also detected levels of mSEPT9 in the peripheral blood of patients with CRC 7 days after surgery and compared the prognostic value of mSEPT9 with CEA. Results of our study showed that the mSEPT9 test could improve compliance of endoscopy and indicated a higher percentage of patients with positive mSEPT9 willing to undergo endoscopy detection than in those with positive FOBT. The specificity and sensitivity of mSEPT9 were better than that of FOBT for the detection of CRC. mSEPT9 was associated with the TNM stage, dMMR, and mutations in TP53, BRAF, and PIK3CA. A Ct value of mSEPT9 ≤ 37.5 was significantly related to poor CSS. mSEPT9 could affect association of dMMR and BRAF and PIK3CA mutations with CSS in a specific stage of CRC. The positive rate of mSEPT9 after surgery was found to correlate with poor TTR, and sensitivity was higher than CEA. The combination of mSEPT9 with CEA had a better prognostic value than that of mSEPT9 alone. The level of mSEPT9 was related to dMMR, mutations in TP53, BRAF, and PIK3CA, and was an effective biomarker for the prognosis of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinling Xu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Siwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
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9
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Li X, Liu H, Liang M, Chen H, Liang L. [Clinicopathological features and types of microsatellite instability in 1394 patients with colorectal cancer]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1645-1650. [PMID: 33243738 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinicopathological features and types of genic mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of MMR proteins in 1394 patients with CRC, and PCR-capillary electrophoresis (PCR-CE) was used to detect microsatellite instability (MSI) in 106 cases of defective MMR (dMMR), 46 cases of proficient MMR (pMMR) with heterogeneous expression and 147 randomly selected cases of pMMR. The relationship between the expressions of MMR proteins and the clinicopathological features of the patients was evaluated. The consistency between the results of immunohistochemistry and PCR-CE was assessed. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining showed an incidence of dMMR of 7.6% in the patients. The main type of dMMR was co-deletion of MLH1 and PMS2, accounting for 55.7% of the total dMMR cases. The deletion of MMR proteins was significantly correlated with the patients' age, tumor location, tumor size, gross type, histological type, degree of differentiation, lymph node status and TNM stage (P < 0.05), but not with gender (P > 0.05). The total accordance rate of immunohistochemistry and PCR-CE was 98.7% in these patients. CONCLUSIONS The main type of dMMR is co-deletion of MLH1 and PMS2 in patients with colorectal cancer. dMMR colorectal cancer has typical clinicopathological features and a lower incidence in China than in Western countries. The results of immunohistochemistry and PCR-CE are highly consistent for detecting dMMR in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhao Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huanjiao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Minyi Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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10
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Chang SC, Li AFY, Lin PC, Lin CC, Lin HH, Huang SC, Lin CH, Liang WY, Chen WS, Jiang JK, Lin JK, Yang SH, Lan YT. Clinicopathological and Molecular Profiles of Sporadic Microsatellite Unstable Colorectal Cancer with or without the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113487. [PMID: 33238621 PMCID: PMC7700556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is a specific phenotype of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-high) tumors. METHODS In this study, we determined the CIMP status using eight methylation markers in 92 MSI-high CRC patients after excluding five germline mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The mutation spectra of 22 common CRC-associated genes were analyzed by NGS. RESULTS Of the 92 sporadic MSI-high tumors, 23 (25%) were considered CIMP-high (expressed more than 5 of 8 markers). CIMP-high tumors showed proximal colon preponderance and female predominance. The mutation profiles of CIMP-high tumors were significantly different from those of CIMP-low or CIMP-0 tumors (i.e., higher frequencies of BRAF, POLD1, MSH3, and SMAD4 mutations but lower frequencies of APC, TP53, and KRAS mutations). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage was the independent prognostic factor affecting overall survival (OS). Among the MSI-high cases, the CIMP status did not impact the outcome of patients with MSI-high tumors. CONCLUSIONS Only TNM stage was a statistically significant predictor of outcomes independent of CIMP profiles in MSI-high CRC patients. Sporadic MSI-high CRCs with different mechanisms of carcinogenesis have specific mutation profiles and clinicopathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ching Chang
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-C.H.); (W.-S.C.); (J.-K.J.); (J.-K.L.); (S.-H.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11121, Taiwan
| | - Anna Fen-Yau Li
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (A.F.-Y.L.); (W.-Y.L.)
| | - Pei-Ching Lin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Yang-Ming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 11146, Taiwan;
- Department of Health and Welfare, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-C.H.); (W.-S.C.); (J.-K.J.); (J.-K.L.); (S.-H.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11121, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsin Lin
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-C.H.); (W.-S.C.); (J.-K.J.); (J.-K.L.); (S.-H.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11121, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Chieh Huang
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-C.H.); (W.-S.C.); (J.-K.J.); (J.-K.L.); (S.-H.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11121, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lin
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yi Liang
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (A.F.-Y.L.); (W.-Y.L.)
| | - Wei-Shone Chen
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-C.H.); (W.-S.C.); (J.-K.J.); (J.-K.L.); (S.-H.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11121, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kai Jiang
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-C.H.); (W.-S.C.); (J.-K.J.); (J.-K.L.); (S.-H.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11121, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kou Lin
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-C.H.); (W.-S.C.); (J.-K.J.); (J.-K.L.); (S.-H.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11121, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Haur Yang
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-C.H.); (W.-S.C.); (J.-K.J.); (J.-K.L.); (S.-H.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11121, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tzu Lan
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (C.-C.L.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-C.H.); (W.-S.C.); (J.-K.J.); (J.-K.L.); (S.-H.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11121, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-28757544-110
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11
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Kim JH, Bae JM, Cho NY, Kang GH. Distinct features between MLH1-methylated and unmethylated colorectal carcinomas with the CpG island methylator phenotype: implications in the serrated neoplasia pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 7:14095-111. [PMID: 26883113 PMCID: PMC4924700 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence or absence of MLH1 methylation may critically affect the heterogeneity of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Here, we investigated the differential characteristics of CIMP-high (CIMP-H) CRCs according to MLH1 methylation status. To further confirm the MLH1-dependent features in CIMP-H CRC, an independent analysis was performed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). In our CIMP-H CRC samples, MLH1-methylated tumors were characterized by older patient age, proximal colonic location, mucinous histology, intense lymphoid reactions, RUNX3/SOCS1 promoter methylation, BRAF mutations, and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) status. By contrast, MLH1-unmethylated tumors were associated with earlier age of onset, increased distal colorectal localization, adverse pathologic features, and KRAS mutations. In the TCGA dataset, the MLH1-silenced CIMP-H CRC demonstrated proximal location, MSI-H status, hypermutated phenotype, and frequent BRAF mutations, but the MLH1-non-silenced CIMP-H CRC was significantly associated with high frequencies of KRAS and APC mutations. In conclusion, the differential nature of CIMP-H CRCs depends primarily on the MLH1 methylation status. Based on the current knowledge, the sessile serrated adenoma/polyp may be the major precursor of MLH1-methylated CIMP-H CRCs, whereas MLH1-unmethylated CIMP-H CRCs may develop predominantly from KRAS-mutated traditional serrated adenomas and less commonly from BRAF-mutated traditional serrated adenomas and/or sessile serrated adenomas/polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Yun Cho
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Choi J, Kim SG, Kim BG, Koh SJ, Kim JW, Lee KL. Helicobacter pylori Eradication Modulates Aberrant CpG Island Hypermethylation in Gastric Carcinogenesis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2017; 68:253-259. [PMID: 27871161 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2016.68.5.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims Helicobacter pylori infection induces aberrant DNA methylation in gastric mucosa. We evaluated the long-term effect of H. pylori eradication on promotor CpG island hypermethylation in gastric carcinogenesis. Methods H. pylori-positive patients with gastric adenoma or early gastric cancer who underwent endoscopic resection were enrolled. According to H. pylori eradication after endoscopic resection, the participants were randomly assigned to H. pylori eradication or non-eradication group. H. pylori-negative gastric mucosa from normal participants provided the normal control. CpG island hypermethylation of tumor-related genes (p16, CDH1, and RUNX-3) was evaluated by quantitative MethyLight assay in non-tumorous gastric mucosa. The gene methylation rate and median values of hypermethylation were compared after one year by H. pylori status. Results In H. pylori-positive patients, hypermethylation of p16 was found in 80.6%, of CDH1 in 80.6%, and of RUNX-3 in 48.4%. This is significantly higher than normal control (p16, 10%; CDH1, 44%; RUNX-3, 16%) (p<0.05). In the H. pylori eradication group, methylation rates of p16 and CDH1 decreased in 58.1% and 61.3% of the patients, and the median values of hypermethylation were significantly lower at one year compared with the non-eradication group. However, RUNX-3 hypermethylation did not differ significantly at one year after H. pylori eradication. The non-eradication group hypermethylation did not change after one year. Conclusions H. pylori infection was associated with promotor hypermethylation of genes in gastric carcinogenesis, and H. pylori eradication might reverse p16 and CDH1 hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong Gwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Joon Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook Lae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Pakish JB, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Liang H, Chisholm GB, Yuan Y, Mok SC, Broaddus RR, Lu KH, Yates MS. Immune Microenvironment in Microsatellite-Instable Endometrial Cancers: Hereditary or Sporadic Origin Matters. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4473-4481. [PMID: 28264871 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Recent studies show that colorectal tumors with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) have increased immunogenicity and response to immunotherapy compared with microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. It is not yet clear whether MSI-H endometrial cancer may also benefit from these therapies. It is also unknown whether immune response is equivalent in MSI-H endometrial cancer with sporadic or inherited Lynch syndrome origins.Experimental Design: Multiplexed fluorescent IHC was used to compare matched MSI-H (n = 60) and MSS (n = 96) endometrial cancer specimens by evaluating immune cell populations in tumor and stroma compartments. Sporadic MSI-H and Lynch syndrome-associated (LS) MSI-H endometrial cancers were also directly compared.Results: Increased immune cells were present in stroma of MSI-H endometrial cancer compared with MSS, including granzyme B+ cells, activated CTLs (CD8+granzyme B+), and PD-L1+ cells. Granzyme B+ cells and activated CTLs were also increased in the tumor compartment of MSI-H endometrial cancers. Comparing sporadic and LS MSI-H endometrial cancer showed distinct differences in immune cell populations, indicating that mechanisms underlying microsatellite instability alter immune response. Specifically, LS MSI-H endometrial cancer showed increased CD8+ cells and activated CTLs in stroma, with reduced macrophages in stroma and tumor compared with sporadic MSI-H. Sporadic MSI-H had increased PD-L1+ macrophages in stroma and tumor compared with LS MSI-H endometrial cancer.Conclusions: MSI-H endometrial cancer has increased immune cell infiltration compared with MSS endometrial cancer and the hereditary or sporadic origin of microsatellite instability impacts immune response. Clinical trials to determine the role of immunotherapy in patients with MSI-H endometrial cancer must evaluate Lynch syndrome-related and sporadic MSI-H tumors separately. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4473-81. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle B Pakish
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhongyuan Chen
- Department of Statistics, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gary B Chisholm
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Samuel C Mok
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Russell R Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen H Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Melinda S Yates
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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14
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Downregulation of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 is a metabolic hallmark of tumor progression and aggressiveness in colorectal carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:267-277. [PMID: 27713423 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA synthetase-2 is an emerging key enzyme for cancer metabolism, which supplies acetyl-CoA for tumor cells by capturing acetate as a carbon source under stressed conditions. However, implications of acetyl-CoA synthetase-2 in colorectal carcinoma may differ from other malignancies, because normal colonocytes use short-chain fatty acids as an energy source, which are supplied by fermentation of the intestinal flora. Here we analyzed acetyl-CoA synthetase-2 mRNA expression by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR in paired normal mucosa and tumor tissues of 12 colorectal carcinomas, and subsequently evaluated acetyl-CoA synthetase-2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in 157 premalignant colorectal lesions, including 60 conventional adenomas and 97 serrated polyps, 1,106 surgically resected primary colorectal carcinomas, and 23 metastatic colorectal carcinomas in the liver. In reverse-transcription quantitative PCR analysis, acetyl-CoA synthetase-2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in tumor tissues compared with corresponding normal mucosa tissues. In acetyl-CoA synthetase-2 immunohistochemistry analysis, all 157 colorectal polyps showed moderate-to-strong expression of acetyl-CoA synthetase-2. However, cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase-2 expression was downregulated (acetyl-CoA synthetase-2 low expression) in 771 (69.7%) of 1,106 colorectal carcinomas and 21 (91.3%) of 23 metastatic lesions. The colorectal carcinomas with acetyl-CoA synthetase-2-low expression were significantly associated with advanced TNM stage, poor differentiation, and frequent tumor budding. Regarding the molecular aspect, acetyl-CoA synthetase-2-low expression exhibited a tendency of frequent KRT7 expression and decreased KRT20 and CDX2 expression. In survival analysis, acetyl-CoA synthetase-2-low expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor 5-year progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.79; P=0.01). In conclusion, these findings suggest that downregulation of acetyl-CoA synthetase-2 expression is a metabolic hallmark of tumor progression and aggressive behavior in colorectal carcinoma.
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15
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den Uil SH, Coupé VMH, Linnekamp JF, van den Broek E, Goos JACM, Delis-van Diemen PM, Belt EJT, van Grieken NCT, Scott PM, Vermeulen L, Medema JP, Bril H, Stockmann HBAC, Cormier RT, Meijer GA, Fijneman RJA. Loss of KCNQ1 expression in stage II and stage III colon cancer is a strong prognostic factor for disease recurrence. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1565-1574. [PMID: 27855440 PMCID: PMC5155368 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Accurately identifying stage II CRC patients at risk for recurrence is an unmet clinical need. KCNQ1 was previously identified as a tumour suppressor gene and loss of expression was associated with poor survival in patients with CRC liver metastases. In this study the prognostic value of KCNQ1 in stage II and stage III colon cancer patients was examined. Methods: KCNQ1 mRNA expression was assessed in 90 stage II colon cancer patients (AMC-AJCCII-90) using microarray gene expression data. Subsequently, KCNQ1 protein expression was evaluated in an independent cohort of 386 stage II and stage III colon cancer patients by immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays. Results: Low KCNQ1 mRNA expression in stage II microsatellite stable (MSS) colon cancers was associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.025). Loss of KCNQ1 protein expression from epithelial cells was strongly associated with poor DFS in stage II MSS (P<0.0001), stage III MSS (P=0.0001) and stage III microsatellite instable colon cancers (P=0.041). KCNQ1 seemed an independent prognostic value in addition to other high-risk parameters like angio-invasion, nodal stage and microsatellite instability-status. Conclusions: We conclude that KCNQ1 is a promising biomarker for prediction of disease recurrence and may aid stratification of patients with stage II MSS colon cancer for adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd H den Uil
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem 2035RC, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle M H Coupé
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke F Linnekamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1100DD, The Netherlands
| | - Evert van den Broek
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A C M Goos
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Pien M Delis-van Diemen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Th Belt
- Department of Surgery, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht 3300AK, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole C T van Grieken
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia M Scott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, MN 55812, USA
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1100DD, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1100DD, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Bril
- Department of Pathology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem 2035RC, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert T Cormier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, MN 55812, USA
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
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16
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Park JL, Kim HJ, Seo EH, Kwon OH, Lim B, Kim M, Kim SY, Song KS, Kang GH, Kim HJ, Choi BY, Kim YS. Decrease of 5hmC in gastric cancers is associated with TET1 silencing due to with DNA methylation and bivalent histone marks at TET1 CpG island 3'-shore. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37647-62. [PMID: 26462176 PMCID: PMC4741955 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that the level of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in chromosomal DNA is aberrantly decreased in a variety of cancers, but whether this decrease is a cause or a consequence of tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we show that, in gastric cancers, the 5hmC decrease correlates with a decrease in ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) expression, which is strongly associated with metastasis and poor survival in patients with gastric cancer. In gastric cancer cells, TET1-targeted siRNA induced a decrease in 5hmC, whereas TET1 overexpression induced an increase in 5hmC and reduced cell proliferation, thus correlating decreased 5hmC with gastric carcinogenesis. We also report the epigenetic signatures responsible for regulating TET1 transcription. Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Sequencing and Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing identified unique CpG methylation signatures at the CpG island 3′-shore region located 1.3 kb from the transcription start site of TET1 in gastric tumor cells but not in normal mucosa. The luciferase activity of constructs with a methylated 3′-shore sequence was greatly decreased compared with that of an unmethylated sequence in transformed gastric cancer cells. In gastric cancer cells, dense CpG methylation in the 3′-shore was strongly associated with TET1 silencing and bivalent histone marks. Thus, a decrease in 5hmC may be a cause of gastric tumorigenesis owing to a decrease in TET1 expression through DNA methylation coupled with bivalent marks in the 3′-shore of TET1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Lyul Park
- Epigenome Research Center, Genome Institute, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Epigenome Research Center, Genome Institute, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Seo
- Epigenome Research Center, Genome Institute, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Hyung Kwon
- Epigenome Research Center, Genome Institute, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungho Lim
- Epigenome Research Center, Genome Institute, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirang Kim
- Epigenome Research Center, Genome Institute, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Epigenome Research Center, Genome Institute, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Song
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ja Kim
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Youl Choi
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Epigenome Research Center, Genome Institute, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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17
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Jia M, Gao X, Zhang Y, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H. Different definitions of CpG island methylator phenotype and outcomes of colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:25. [PMID: 26941852 PMCID: PMC4776403 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contradictory results were reported for the prognostic role of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Differences in the definitions of CIMP were the most common explanation for these discrepancies. The aim of this systematic review was to give an overview of the published studies on CRC prognosis according to the different definitions of CIMP. A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science for articles published until 3 April 2015. Data extraction included information about the study population, the definition of CIMP, and investigated outcomes. Thirty-six studies were included in this systematic review. Among them, 30 studies reported the association of CIMP and CRC prognosis and 11 studies reported the association of CIMP with survival after CRC therapy. Overall, 16 different definitions of CIMP were identified. The majority of studies reported a poorer prognosis for patients with CIMP-positive (CIMP+)/CIMP-high (CIMP-H) CRC than with CIMP-negative (CIMP-)/CIMP-low (CIMP-L) CRC. Inconsistent results or varying effect strengths could not be explained by different CIMP definitions used. No consistent variation in response to specific therapies according to CIMP status was found. Comparative analyses of different CIMP panels in the same large study populations are needed to further clarify the role of CIMP definitions and to find out how methylation information can best be used to predict CRC prognosis and response to specific CRC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xu Gao
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Levine AJ, Phipps AI, Baron JA, Buchanan DD, Ahnen DJ, Cohen SA, Lindor NM, Newcomb PA, Rosty C, Haile RW, Laird PW, Weisenberger DJ. Clinicopathologic Risk Factor Distributions for MLH1 Promoter Region Methylation in CIMP-Positive Tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 25:68-75. [PMID: 26512054 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is a major molecular pathway in colorectal cancer. Approximately 25% to 60% of CIMP tumors are microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) due to DNA hypermethylation of the MLH1 gene promoter. Our aim was to determine if the distributions of clinicopathologic factors in CIMP-positive tumors with MLH1 DNA methylation differed from those in CIMP-positive tumors without DNA methylation of MLH1. METHODS We assessed the associations between age, sex, tumor-site, MSI status BRAF and KRAS mutations, and family colorectal cancer history with MLH1 methylation status in a large population-based sample of CIMP-positive colorectal cancers defined by a 5-marker panel using unconditional logistic regression to assess the odds of MLH1 methylation by study variables. RESULTS Subjects with CIMP-positive tumors without MLH1 methylation were significantly younger, more likely to be male, and more likely to have distal colon or rectal primaries and the MSI-L phenotype. CIMP-positive MLH1-unmethylated tumors were significantly less likely than CIMP-positive MLH1-methylated tumors to harbor a BRAF V600E mutation and significantly more likely to harbor a KRAS mutation. MLH1 methylation was associated with significantly better overall survival (HR, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.82). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that MLH1 methylation in CIMP-positive tumors is not a completely random event and implies that there are environmental or genetic determinants that modify the probability that MLH1 will become methylated during CIMP pathogenesis. IMPACT MLH1 DNA methylation status should be taken into account in etiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joan Levine
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
| | - Amanda I Phipps
- Epidemiology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis J Ahnen
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Stacey A Cohen
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Epidemiology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Envoi Pathology, Brisbane, QLD, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert W Haile
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Peter W Laird
- Center for Epigenomics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Daniel J Weisenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Weisenberger DJ, Levine AJ, Long TI, Buchanan DD, Walters R, Clendenning M, Rosty C, Joshi AD, Stern MC, LeMarchand L, Lindor NM, Daftary D, Gallinger S, Selander T, Bapat B, Newcomb PA, Campbell PT, Casey G, Ahnen DJ, Baron JA, Haile RW, Hopper JL, Young JP, Laird PW, Siegmund KD. Association of the colorectal CpG island methylator phenotype with molecular features, risk factors, and family history. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:512-519. [PMID: 25587051 PMCID: PMC4355081 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) represents a subset of colorectal cancers characterized by widespread aberrant DNA hypermethylation at select CpG islands. The risk factors and environmental exposures contributing to etiologic heterogeneity between CIMP and non-CIMP tumors are not known. METHODS We measured the CIMP status of 3,119 primary population-based colorectal cancer tumors from the multinational Colon Cancer Family Registry. Etiologic heterogeneity was assessed by a case-case study comparing risk factor frequency of colorectal cancer cases with CIMP and non-CIMP tumors using logistic regression to estimate the case-case odds ratio (ccOR). RESULTS We found associations between tumor CIMP status and MSI-H (ccOR = 7.6), BRAF V600E mutation (ccOR = 59.8), proximal tumor site (ccOR = 9; all P < 0.0001), female sex [ccOR = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-2.1], older age (ccOR = 4.0 comparing over 70 years vs. under 50; 95% CI, 3.0-5.5), and family history of CRC (ccOR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.7). While use of NSAIDs varied by tumor CIMP status for both males and females (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.02, respectively), use of multivitamin or calcium supplements did not. Only for female colorectal cancer was CIMP status associated with increased pack-years of smoking (Ptrend < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI; Ptrend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of several colorectal cancer risk factors varied by CIMP status, and the associations of smoking and obesity with tumor subtype were evident only for females. IMPACT Differences in the associations of a unique DNA methylation-based subgroup of colorectal cancer with important lifestyle and environmental exposures increase understanding of the molecular pathologic epidemiology of this heavily methylated subset of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 512-9. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Weisenberger
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A. Joan Levine
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany I. Long
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel D. Buchanan
- Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon Walters
- Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Amit D. Joshi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C. Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loic LeMarchand
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | | | - Darshana Daftary
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Lunenfield Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Lunenfield Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teresa Selander
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Lunenfield Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bharati Bapat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Lunenfield Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Polly A. Newcomb
- Epidemiology Department, University of Washington and Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dennis J. Ahnen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - John A. Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert W. Haile
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne P. Young
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Peter W. Laird
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly D. Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Veganzones S, Maestro ML, Rafael S, de la Orden V, Vidaurreta M, Mediero B, Espantaleón M, Cerdán J, Díaz-Rubio E. Combined methylation of p16 and hMLH1 (CMETH2) discriminates a subpopulation with better prognosis in colorectal cancer patients with microsatellite instability tumors. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3853-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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21
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Kim JH, Bae JM, Kim KJ, Rhee YY, Kim Y, Cho NY, Lee HS, Chang MS, Kang GH. Differential Features of Microsatellite-Unstable Colorectal Carcinomas Depending on EPCAM Expression Status. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 48:276-82. [PMID: 25214859 PMCID: PMC4160590 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2014.48.4.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent studies have revealed that a small subset of Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) is caused by a germline EPCAM deletion-induced MSH2 epimutation. Based on the finding of this genetic alteration, we investigated the implications of EPCAM expression changes in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) CRCs. Methods Expression of EPCAM and DNA mismatch repair proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 168 MSI-H CRCs. Using DNA samples of these tumors, MLH1 promoter methylation status was also determined by methylation-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction method (MethyLight). Results Among 168 MSI-H CRCs, complete loss (CL) and focal loss (FL) of EPCAM expression was observed in two (1.2%) and 22 (13.1%) cases, respectively. Both of the EPCAM-CL cases were found in MSH2-negative tumors without MLH1 promoter methylation. However, only nine of the 22 EPCAM-FL tumors had MSH2 deficiency. Of the 22 EPCAM-FL tumors, 13 showed MLH1 loss, and among them, nine cases were determined to have MLH1 methylation. EPCAM-FL was significantly associated with advanced stage (p=.043), distant metastasis (p=.003), poor differentiation (p=.001), and signet ring cell component (p=.004). Conclusions Loss of EPCAM expression is differentially associated with clinicopathological and molecular features, depending on the completeness of the loss, in MSI-H CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Young Rhee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Yun Cho
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Mee Soo Chang
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Kim JH, Kang GH. Molecular and prognostic heterogeneity of microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4230-4243. [PMID: 24764661 PMCID: PMC3989959 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i15.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) with a high level of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) are clinicopathologically distinct tumors characterized by predominance in females, proximal colonic localization, poor differentiation, mucinous histology, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, a Crohn’s-like lymphoid reaction and a favorable prognosis. In terms of their molecular features, MSI-H CRCs are heterogeneous tumors associated with various genetic and epigenetic alterations, including DNA mismatch repair deficiency, target microsatellite mutations, BRAF mutations, a CpG island methylator phenotype-high (CIMP-H) status, and a low level of genomic hypomethylation. The molecular heterogeneity of MSI-H CRCs also depends on ethnic differences; for example, in Eastern Asian countries, relatively low frequencies of CIMP-H and BRAF mutations have been observed in MSI-H CRCs compared to Western countries. Although the prognostic features of MSI-H CRCs include a favorable survival of patients and low benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy, there may be prognostic differences based on the molecular heterogeneity of MSI-H CRCs. Here, we have reviewed and discussed the molecular and prognostic features of MSI-H CRCs, as well as several putative prognostic or predictive molecular markers, including HSP110 expression, beta2-microglobulin mutations, myosin 1a expression, CDX2/CK20 expression, SMAD4 expression, CIMP status and LINE-1 methylation levels.
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23
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Chai XK, Ju HY, Bai WY. Relationship between methylation of tumor suppressor genes and colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1087-1092. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i8.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is ranked third both in incidence and mortality rate among malignant tumor diseases worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health. The improvement of people's living standards and changes in dietary habits and structure have led to a rapid increase in the incidence and mortality rate of colorectal cancer. The methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) participates in the genesis and progression of colorectal cancer and has become a hotspot in colorectal cancer research in recent years. Elucidation of the clinical significance of methylation of TSG can be helpful in the early screening and diagnosis, recurrence and metastasis monitoring, effective treatment, and evaluation of prognosis of this malignancy. This article reviews the recent progress in understanding the relationship between TSG methylation and colorectal cancer.
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24
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Yang T, Owen JL, Lightfoot YL, Kladde MP, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbiota impact on the epigenetic regulation of colorectal cancer. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:714-25. [PMID: 24051204 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) development can be generally divided into three categories: genetic, epigenetic, and aberrant immunologic signaling pathways, all of which may be triggered by an imbalanced intestinal microbiota. Aberrant gut microbial composition, termed 'dysbiosis', has been reported in inflammatory bowel disease patients who are at increased risk for CRC development. Recent studies indicate that it is feasible to rescue experimental models of colonic cancer by oral treatment with genetically engineered beneficial bacteria and/or their immune-regulating gene products. Here, we review the mechanisms of epigenetic modulation implicated in the development and progression of CRC, which may be the result of dysbiosis, and therefore may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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