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Iervasi E, Coronel Vargas G, Bachetti T, Tkachenko K, Spallarossa A, Brullo C, Rosano C, Carta S, Barboro P, Profumo A, Ponassi M. A Proteomics Approach Identifies RREB1 as a Crucial Molecular Target of Imidazo-Pyrazole Treatment in SKMEL-28 Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6760. [PMID: 38928466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the most dangerous and deadly form of human skin malignancy. Despite its rarity, it accounts for a staggering 80% of deaths attributed to cutaneous cancers overall. Moreover, its final stages often exhibit resistance to drug treatments, resulting in unfavorable outcomes. Hence, ensuring access to novel and improved chemotherapeutic agents is imperative for patients grappling with this severe ailment. Pyrazole and its fused systems derived thereof are heteroaromatic moieties widely employed in medicinal chemistry to develop effective drugs for various therapeutic areas, including inflammation, pain, oxidation, pathogens, depression, and fever. In a previous study, we described the biochemical properties of a newly synthesized group of imidazo-pyrazole compounds. In this paper, to improve our knowledge of the pharmacological properties of these molecules, we conduct a differential proteomic analysis on a human melanoma cell line treated with one of these imidazo-pyrazole derivatives. Our results detail the changes to the SKMEL-28 cell line proteome induced by 24, 48, and 72 h of 3e imidazo-pyrazole treatment. Notably, we highlight the down-regulation of the Ras-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1), a member of the zinc finger transcription factors family involved in the tumorigenesis of melanoma. RREB1 is a downstream element of the MAPK pathway, and its activation is mediated by ERK1/2 through phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iervasi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, L.go. R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriela Coronel Vargas
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, L.go. R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bachetti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, L.go. R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Kateryna Tkachenko
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, L.go. R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Spallarossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Camillo Rosano
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, L.go. R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sonia Carta
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Nuclear Medicine Unit, L.go. R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Barboro
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, L.go. R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Aldo Profumo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, L.go. R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Ponassi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, L.go. R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Amara SV, Grbic N, Melson G, Brem CE, Almier N, Bhawan J, Alani RM, Collard M. Assessment of lipid and pigment content in suspicious melanocytic lesions to improve melanoma detection. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:283-292. [PMID: 37276030 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer and the most frequent lethal malignancy diagnosed by dermatologists. Although there have been advances for predicting melanoma prognosis, there are few highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools for clinically evaluating suspicious melanocytic lesions prior to biopsy. We have recently determined that alterations in cellular lipid and pigment content are associated with tumor progression and melanoma metastasis. Here, we seek to determine if lipid droplet and pigment content assessments near the skin's surface are able to distinguish benign from malignant melanocytic lesions. We obtained 14 benign melanocytic lesions, classified as Melanocytic Pathology Assessment Tool and Hierarchy for Diagnosis (MPATH-Dx) class 1, and 22 malignant melanomas, classified as MPATH-Dx class 4 or 5, from Boston Medical Center. The malignant melanomas had an average greatest thickness of 1.8 ± 2.1 mm with 7/22 biopsies showing the presence of ulceration. Tissues were stained with the Fontana Masson stain to detect pigment or immunohistochemically stained for adipophilin, the main protein component of lipid droplets, to detect lipid droplets. Pigment and lipid droplets were quantified using ImageJ and CellProfiler, respectively. We found no significant difference in total pigment area between benign melanocytic lesions and malignant melanoma, and a 66% decrease in lipid content and 68% reduction in lipid/pigment content between benign melanocytic lesions and malignant melanoma ( P < 0.05). Our results suggest that lipid content and lipid/pigment content ratios may distinguish benign and malignant melanocytic lesions, which may be useful as a diagnostic tool for histopathologically challenging pigmented lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkar V Amara
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Nicole Grbic
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Gabriella Melson
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
- Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Candice E Brem
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
- Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nedaa Almier
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Jag Bhawan
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
- Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rhoda M Alani
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
- Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marianne Collard
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
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Crocco M, Verrico A, Milanaccio C, Piccolo G, De Marco P, Gaggero G, Iurilli V, Di Profio S, Malerba F, Panciroli M, Giordano P, Calevo MG, Casalini E, Di Iorgi N, Garrè ML. Dyslipidemia in Children Treated with a BRAF Inhibitor for Low-Grade Gliomas: A New Side Effect? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2693. [PMID: 35681673 PMCID: PMC9179293 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAF inhibitors, in recent years, have played a central role in the disease control of unresectable BRAF-mutated pediatric low-grade gliomas (LGGs). The aim of the study was to investigate the acute and long-term effects of vemurafenib on the lipid metabolism in children treated for an LGG. In our cohort, children treated with vemurafenib (n = 6) exhibited alterations in lipid metabolism a few weeks after starting, as was demonstrated after 1 month (n = 4) by the high plasma levels of the total cholesterol (TC = 221.5 ± 42.1 mg/dL), triglycerides (TG = 107.8 ± 44.4 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL = 139.5 ± 51.5 mg/dL). Despite dietary recommendations, the dyslipidemia persisted over time. The mean lipid levels of the TC (222.3 ± 34.7 mg/dL), TG (134.8 ± 83.6 mg/dL), and LDL (139.8 ± 46.9 mg/dL) were confirmed abnormal at the last follow-up (45 ± 27 months, n = 6). Vemurafenib could be associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia. An accurate screening strategy in new clinical trials, and a multidisciplinary team, are required for the optimal management of unexpected adverse events, including dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Crocco
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (A.V.); (C.M.); (G.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (N.D.I.)
| | - Antonio Verrico
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (A.V.); (C.M.); (G.P.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Claudia Milanaccio
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (A.V.); (C.M.); (G.P.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Gianluca Piccolo
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (A.V.); (C.M.); (G.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (N.D.I.)
| | - Patrizia De Marco
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Gaggero
- Department of Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Valentina Iurilli
- Pharmacy Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Sonia Di Profio
- Clinical Psychology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Federica Malerba
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (N.D.I.)
| | - Marta Panciroli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (N.D.I.)
| | - Paolo Giordano
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (N.D.I.)
| | - Maria Grazia Calevo
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Emilio Casalini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (N.D.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Natascia Di Iorgi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.); (P.G.); (E.C.); (N.D.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Garrè
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (A.V.); (C.M.); (G.P.); (M.L.G.)
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Müller CSL, Müller SG, Vogt T, Pföhler C. Current concepts of ectopic nodal inclusions with special emphasis on nodal nevi. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:1145-1157. [PMID: 34390159 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nodal inclusions of ectopic tissue within lymph nodes are seen comparatively often in dermatopathology and general pathology. Glandular and nonglandular epithelium, as well as melanocytic nevi can be observed within lymph nodes and represent mostly incidental findings without any relevance. The main challenge in reporting these morphologic features is to differentiate such benign inclusions from metastatic settlements of distinct organ tumors. As sentinel node biopsy and lymph node dissection have become standard procedure in clinical oncology and have an immense clinical impact, the correct evaluation of these nodal inclusions is indispensable to avoid undertreatment or overtreatment of patients. In addition, the genesis of these inclusions has not yet been satisfactorily clarified. Two concepts have been laid out: the theory of benign metastases and the migration arrest theory. However, neither theory has so far been able to answer the following questions: Why do we find more nodal nevi in patients with melanoma who had a sentinel node biopsy than in patients without melanoma, and why do we not find nodal nevi in deep visceral lymph nodes? We present a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on nodal inclusions, proposing a concept for the pathogenesis of nodal nevi, to answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Sigrid Lissi Müller
- Medical supply center for Histology, Cytology, and Molecular diagnostics Trier GmbH, Wissenschaftspark Trier, TRIER, Germany
| | - Stephan G Müller
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Vascular- and Pediatric Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Claudia Pföhler
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Müller CSL, Müller SG, Vogt T, Pföhler C. Aktuelle Konzepte zu ektopen Lymphknoten‐Einschlüssen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung nodaler Nävi. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:1145-1158. [PMID: 34390137 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14521_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan G Müller
- Klinik für allgemeine Chirurgie, Viszeral-, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar
| | - Claudia Pföhler
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar
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Stamatakos S, Beretta GL, Vergani E, Dugo M, Corno C, Corna E, Tinelli S, Frigerio S, Ciusani E, Rodolfo M, Perego P, Gatti L. Deregulated FASN Expression in BRAF Inhibitor-Resistant Melanoma Cells Unveils New Targets for Drug Combinations. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092284. [PMID: 34068792 PMCID: PMC8126202 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes promoting cell survival are involved in metastatic melanoma progression and in the development of drug resistance. In BRAF-inhibitor resistant melanoma cells, we explored the role of FASN, an enzyme involved in lipogenesis overexpressed in metastatic melanoma. Resistant melanoma cells displaying enhanced migratory and pro-invasive abilities increased sensitivity to the BRAF inhibitor PLX4032 upon the molecular targeting of FASN and upon treatment with the FASN inhibitor orlistat. This behavior was associated with a marked apoptosis and caspase 3/7 activation observed for the drug combination. The expression of FASN was found to be inversely associated with drug resistance in BRAF-mutant cell lines, both in a set of six resistant/sensitive matched lines and in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. A favorable drug interaction in resistant cells was also observed with U18666 A inhibiting DHCR24, which increased upon FASN targeting. The simultaneous combination of the two inhibitors showed a synergistic interaction with PLX4032 in resistant cells. In conclusion, FASN plays a role in BRAF-mutated melanoma progression, thereby creating novel therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Stamatakos
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (G.L.B.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Giovanni Luca Beretta
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (G.L.B.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Vergani
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (G.L.B.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Cristina Corno
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (G.L.B.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Corna
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (G.L.B.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Stella Tinelli
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (G.L.B.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Simona Frigerio
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Emilio Ciusani
- Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Perego
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (G.L.B.); (M.D.); (C.C.); (E.C.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Laura Gatti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Weber DD, Thapa M, Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Redtenbacher AS, Catalano L, Feichtinger RG, Koelblinger P, Dallmann G, Emberger M, Kofler B, Lang R. Targeted Metabolomics Identifies Plasma Biomarkers in Mice with Metabolically Heterogeneous Melanoma Xenografts. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:434. [PMID: 33498757 PMCID: PMC7865782 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas are genetically and metabolically heterogeneous, which influences therapeutic efficacy and contributes to the development of treatment resistance in patients with metastatic disease. Metabolite phenotyping helps to better understand complex metabolic diseases, such as melanoma, and facilitates the development of novel therapies. Our aim was to characterize the tumor and plasma metabolomes of mice bearing genetically different melanoma xenografts. We engrafted the human melanoma cell lines A375 (BRAF mutant), WM47 (BRAF mutant), WM3000 (NRAS mutant), and WM3311 (BRAF, NRAS, NF1 triple-wildtype) and performed a broad-spectrum targeted metabolomics analysis of tumor and plasma samples obtained from melanoma-bearing mice as well as plasma samples from healthy control mice. Differences in ceramide and phosphatidylcholine species were observed between melanoma subtypes irrespective of the genetic driver mutation. Furthermore, beta-alanine metabolism differed between melanoma subtypes and was significantly enriched in plasma from melanoma-bearing mice compared to healthy mice. Moreover, we identified beta-alanine, p-cresol sulfate, sarcosine, tiglylcarnitine, two dihexosylceramides, and one phosphatidylcholine as potential melanoma biomarkers in plasma. The present data reflect the metabolic heterogeneity of melanomas but also suggest a diagnostic biomarker signature for melanoma screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D. Weber
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.D.W.); (S.A.-G.); (A.-S.R.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - Maheshwor Thapa
- BIOCRATES Life Sciences AG, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Sepideh Aminzadeh-Gohari
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.D.W.); (S.A.-G.); (A.-S.R.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - Anna-Sophia Redtenbacher
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.D.W.); (S.A.-G.); (A.-S.R.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - Luca Catalano
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.D.W.); (S.A.-G.); (A.-S.R.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - René G. Feichtinger
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.D.W.); (S.A.-G.); (A.-S.R.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - Peter Koelblinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Guido Dallmann
- BIOCRATES Life Sciences AG, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | | | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.D.W.); (S.A.-G.); (A.-S.R.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
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Pan M, Qin C, Han X. Lipid Metabolism and Lipidomics Applications in Cancer Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:1-24. [PMID: 33740240 PMCID: PMC8287890 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are the critical components of cellular and plasma membrane, which constitute an impermeable barrier of cellular compartments, and play important roles on numerous cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and signaling. Alterations in lipid metabolism have been implicated in the development and progression of cancers. However, unlike other biomolecules, the diversity in the structures and characteristics of lipid species results in the limited understanding of their metabolic alterations in cancers. Lipidomics is an emerging discipline that studies lipids in a large scale based on analytical chemistry principles and technological tools. Multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) uses direct infusion to avoid difficulties from alterations in concentration, chromatographic anomalies, and ion-pairing alterations to improve resolution and achieve rapid and accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this chapter, lipids and lipid metabolism relevant to cancer research are introduced, followed by a brief description of MDMS-SL and other shotgun lipidomics techniques and some applications for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine - Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Lipid metabolic Reprogramming: Role in Melanoma Progression and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113147. [PMID: 33121001 PMCID: PMC7692067 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is a devastating skin cancer characterized by an impressive metabolic plasticity. Melanoma cells are able to adapt to the tumor microenvironment by using a variety of fuels that contribute to tumor growth and progression. In this review, the authors summarize the contribution of the lipid metabolic network in melanoma plasticity and aggressiveness, with a particular attention to specific lipid classes such as glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and eicosanoids. They also highlight the role of adipose tissue in tumor progression as well as the potential antitumor role of drugs targeting critical steps of lipid metabolic pathways in the context of melanoma. Abstract Metabolic reprogramming contributes to the pathogenesis and heterogeneity of melanoma. It is driven both by oncogenic events and the constraints imposed by a nutrient- and oxygen-scarce microenvironment. Among the most prominent metabolic reprogramming features is an increased rate of lipid synthesis. Lipids serve as a source of energy and form the structural foundation of all membranes, but have also emerged as mediators that not only impact classical oncogenic signaling pathways, but also contribute to melanoma progression. Various alterations in fatty acid metabolism have been reported and can contribute to melanoma cell aggressiveness. Elevated expression of the key lipogenic fatty acid synthase is associated with tumor cell invasion and poor prognosis. Fatty acid uptake from the surrounding microenvironment, fatty acid β-oxidation and storage also appear to play an essential role in tumor cell migration. The aim of this review is (i) to focus on the major alterations affecting lipid storage organelles and lipid metabolism. A particular attention has been paid to glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and eicosanoids, (ii) to discuss how these metabolic dysregulations contribute to the phenotype plasticity of melanoma cells and/or melanoma aggressiveness, and (iii) to highlight therapeutic approaches targeting lipid metabolism that could be applicable for melanoma treatment.
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Zheng S, Matskova L, Zhou X, Xiao X, Huang G, Zhang Z, Ernberg I. Downregulation of adipose triglyceride lipase by EB viral-encoded LMP2A links lipid accumulation to increased migration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3234-3252. [PMID: 33064888 PMCID: PMC7718958 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common human cancers in South‐East Asia exhibiting typical features of lipid accumulation. EBV‐encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is expressed in most NPCs enhancing migration and invasion. We recently showed an increased accumulation of lipid droplets in NPC, compared with normal nasopharyngeal epithelium. It is important to uncover the mechanism behind this lipid metabolic shift to better understand the pathogenesis of NPC and provide potential therapeutic targets. We show that LMP2A increased lipid accumulation in NPC cells. LMP2A could block lipid degradation by downregulating the lipolytic gene adipose triglycerol lipase (ATGL). This is in contrast to lipid accumulation due to enhanced lipid biosynthesis seen in many cancers. Suppression of ATGL resulted in enhanced migration in vitro, and ATGL was found downregulated in NPC biopsies. The reduced expression level of ATGL correlated with poor overall survival in NPC patients. Our findings reveal a new role of LMP2A in lipid metabolism, correlating with NPC patient survival depending on ATGL downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixing Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liudmila Matskova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The School of Life Sciences, Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Scientific Research Center, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Mu Q, Wang H, Tong L, Fang Q, Xiang M, Han L, Jin L, Yang J, Qian Z, Ning G, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Betulinic acid improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through YY1/FAS signaling pathway. FASEB J 2020; 34:13033-13048. [PMID: 32777136 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000546r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) worldwide indicates the urgent need to develop novel and effective treatment strategies. Betulinic acid (BA), a naturally occurring plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid, has an outstanding effect in improving metabolism. However, the pharmacological action and mechanism of BA in NAFLD remain unclear. Here, we show that BA-treated high-fat diet mice and methionine-choline deficient diet-fed mice are resistant to hepatic steatosis when compared with vehicle-treated mice. BA alleviates fatty acid synthesis, fibrosis, and inflammation and promotes fatty acid oxidation. Meanwhile, fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression and activity are markedly inhibited with BA treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, BA inhibits FAS expression through transcriptional suppression of Yin Yang 1 (YY1), leading to retard hepatocytes triglyceride accumulation. Collectively, BA protects hepatocytes from abnormal lipid deposition in NAFLD through YY1/FAS pathway. Our findings establish a novel role of BA in representing a possible therapeutic strategy to reverse NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Mu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minqi Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyu Han
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Jin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Fujimoto M, Matsuzaki I, Nishitsuji K, Yamamoto Y, Murakami D, Yoshikawa T, Fukui A, Mori Y, Nishino M, Takahashi Y, Iwahashi Y, Warigaya K, Kojima F, Jinnin M, Murata SI. Adipophilin expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma is associated with high proliferation and poor clinical prognosis. J Transl Med 2020; 100:727-737. [PMID: 31857696 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipophilin (ADP) is a primary protein component of lipid droplets (LDs). For more than half a century, certain types of cancer cells have been known to contain LDs in their cytoplasm. However, the pathological significance of ADP or LDs in cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the association between ADP and other pathological characteristics in cutaneous malignant melanomas to clarify the role of ADP in melanoma cells. We immunostained whole paraffin sections of primary cutaneous melanomas obtained from 90 cases for ADP, after which we analyzed the correlation between ADP immunohistochemistry (IHC) and patient survival data. We also studied the relationship between the ADP IHC score and in situ hybridization (ISH) score of ADP mRNA, and the Ki67-labeling index (Ki67-LI) by using tissue microarrays consisting of 74 primary cutaneous malignant melanomas, 19 metastasizing melanomas, and 29 melanocytic nevi. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between ADP expression and cell proliferation in cutaneous melanoma cell lines. We found that high ADP expression was associated with poor metastasis-free survival, disease-specific survival, and overall survival rates of patients with cutaneous melanomas (P < 0.05). By linear regression analysis, ADP IHC was correlated with increasing ADP mRNA ISH H-scores and Ki67-LI scores in melanocytic lesions (P < 0.01). ADP IHC and ADP ISH H-scores and Ki67-LI scores were greater in pT3-4 melanomas than in pT1-2 melanomas. In cell-based assays, cells with increased ADP expression showed higher proliferation rates compared with those of low-ADP cells. Thus, ADP expression in malignant melanoma was significantly associated with high cell proliferation and poor clinical prognosis. Our results thus indicate a significant association between ADP and melanoma progression, and we propose that ADP may be a novel marker of aggressive cutaneous melanoma with a lipogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Fujimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Ibu Matsuzaki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takanori Yoshikawa
- Clinical Study Support Center, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Fukui
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuuki Mori
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masaru Nishino
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Warigaya
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Kojima
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Jinnin
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Murata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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13
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de Almeida LY, Mariano FS, Bastos DC, Cavassani KA, Raphelson J, Mariano VS, Agostini M, Moreira FS, Coletta RD, Mattos-Graner RO, Graner E. The antimetastatic activity of orlistat is accompanied by an antitumoral immune response in mouse melanoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 85:321-330. [PMID: 31863126 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-04010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the multifunctional enzyme responsible for endogenous fatty acid synthesis, is highly expressed and associated with poor prognosis in several human cancers, including melanoma. Our group has previously shown that pharmacological inhibition of FASN with orlistat decreases proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and reduces the metastatic spread of B16-F10 cells in experimental models of melanoma. While most of the orlistat antitumor properties seem to be closely related to direct effects on malignant cells, its impact on the host immune system is still unknown. METHODS The effects of orlistat on the phenotype and activation status of infiltrating leukocytes in primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes were assessed using a model of spontaneous melanoma metastasis (B16-F10 cells/C57BL/6 mice). Cells from the primary tumors and lymph nodes were mechanically dissociated and immune cells phenotyped by flow cytometry. The expression of IL-12p35, IL-12p40, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was analyzed by qRT-PCR and production of nitrite (NO2-) evaluated in serum samples with the Griess method. RESULTS Orlistat-treated mice exhibited a 25% reduction in the number of mediastinal lymph node metastases (mean 3.96 ± 0.78, 95% CI 3.63-4.28) compared to the controls (mean 5.7 ± 1.72; 95% CI 5.01-6.43). The drug elicited an antitumor immune response against experimental melanomas by increasing maturation of intratumoral dendritic cells (DC), stimulating the expression of cytotoxicity markers in CD8 T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as reducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, the orlistat-treatment increased serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that orlistat supports an antitumor response against experimental melanomas by increasing CD80/CD81-positive and IL-12-positive DC populations, granzyme b/NKG2D-positive NK populations, and perforin/granzyme b-positive CD8 T lymphocytes as well as reducing Tregs counts within experimental melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Y de Almeida
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Mariano
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Débora C Bastos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Karen A Cavassani
- Urologic Oncology Program/Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Janna Raphelson
- Urologic Oncology Program/Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Vânia S Mariano
- Department of Basic and Applied Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Agostini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Moreira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Renata O Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Edgard Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Av. Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
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14
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Li K, Zhang C, Chen L, Wang P, Fang Y, Zhu J, Chen S, Du J, Shen B, Wu K, Liu Y. The role of acetyl-coA carboxylase2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7037. [PMID: 31218122 PMCID: PMC6568254 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) plays an important role in the metabolism of various cancer cells, but its role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is uncertain. Therefore, in the present study, we explored the role of ACC2 in HNSCC. Methods Western blot and immunohistochemistry assays were used to determine ACC2 protein expression levels in laryngocarcinoma and adjacent normal tissues derived from patients with laryngocarcinoma. ACC2 expression was knocked down in the hypopharyngeal cancer cell line FaDu to determine its effect on apoptosis. Lipid oil red staining was used to test the change of intracellular lipid. Results The results showed that the ACC2 protein was highly expressed in laryngocarcinoma and that the ACC2 expression level was positively associated with the clinical cancer stage and negatively associated with the degree of laryngocarcinoma cell differentiation. Kaplan-Meier analyses indicated that compared with patients having low levels of ACC2, those with high ACC2 levels had a decreased 5-year survival rate. The results of western blot and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assays showed that knockdown of ACC2 accelerated apoptosis in FaDu cells. Furthermore, knockdown of ACC2 significantly reduced the intracellular lipid levels in FaDu cells. Conclusion These findings suggest that ACC2 may be an important prognostic marker for patients with HNSCC and that ACC2 may be a potential target in the treatment of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junwei Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kaile Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yehai Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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15
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Henderson F, Johnston HR, Badrock AP, Jones EA, Forster D, Nagaraju RT, Evangelou C, Kamarashev J, Green M, Fairclough M, Ramirez IBR, He S, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Hollywood K, Dunn WB, Spaink HP, Smith MP, Lorigan P, Claude E, Williams KJ, McMahon AW, Hurlstone A. Enhanced Fatty Acid Scavenging and Glycerophospholipid Metabolism Accompany Melanocyte Neoplasia Progression in Zebrafish. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2136-2151. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Saab J, Santos-Zabala ML, Loda M, Stack EC, Hollmann TJ. Fatty Acid Synthase and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Are Expressed in Nodal Metastatic Melanoma But Not in Benign Intracapsular Nodal Nevi. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 40:259-264. [PMID: 28654463 PMCID: PMC6844149 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is a potentially lethal form of skin cancer for which the current standard therapy is complete surgical removal of the primary tumor followed by sentinel lymph node biopsy when indicated. Histologic identification of metastatic melanoma in a sentinel node has significant prognostic and therapeutic implications, routinely guiding further surgical management with regional lymphadenectomy. While melanocytes in a lymph node can be identified by routine histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination, the distinction between nodal nevus cells and melanoma can be morphologically problematic. Previous studies have shown that malignant melanoma can over-express metabolic genes such as fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). This immunohistochemical study aims to compare the utility of FASN and ACC in differentiating sentinel lymph nodes with metastatic melanomas from those with benign nodal nevi in patients with cutaneous melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using antibodies against FASN and ACC, 13 sentinel lymph nodes from 13 patients with metastatic melanoma and 14 lymph nodes harboring benign intracapsular nevi from 14 patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma were examined. A diagnosis of nodal melanoma was based on cytologic atypia and histologic comparison with the primary melanoma. All nodal nevi were intracapsular and not trabecular. Immunohistochemistry for Melan-A, S100, human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), FASN, and ACC were performed. The percentage of melanocytes staining with HMB45, FASN, and ACC was determined and graded in 25% increments; staining intensity was graded as weak, moderate, or strong. RESULTS All metastatic melanomas tested had at least 25% tumor cell staining for both FASN and ACC. Greater than 75% of the tumor cells stained with FAS in 7/13 cases and for ACC in 5/12 cases. Intensity of staining was variable; strong staining for FASN and ACC was observed in 69% and 50% of metastatic melanoma, respectively. HMB45 was negative in 40% of nodal melanoma cases all of which stained with FASN and ACC. Capsular nevi were uniformly negative for FASN, ACC, and HMB45 immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS All metastatic melanoma cases involving sentinel lymph nodes were positive for FASN and ACC while no staining was observed in intracapsular nevi. These findings suggest that FASN and ACC could be used as valuable ancillary stains in the distinction between nodal nevi and metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Saab
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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17
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Fujimoto M, Matsuzaki I, Yamamoto Y, Yoshizawa A, Warigaya K, Iwahashi Y, Kojima F, Furukawa F, Murata SI. Adipophilin expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2017; 44:228-236. [PMID: 27886404 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lipogenic pathway is upregulated in cancer cells, including melanomas. However, the pathological significance of cellular lipids in melanocytic lesions has yet to be determined. In this study, we evaluated intracytoplasmic lipid droplets in melanocytic nevi (MNs) and malignant melanomas via immunohistochemical analysis of adipophilin (ADP), which coats lipid droplets. METHODS One hundred primary cutaneous melanocytic lesions [33 MNs, 17 melanomas in situ (MIS), and 50 invasive melanomas (IMs)] were immunostained for ADP. The intensity score (IS) and proportion score (PS) of ADP staining in each case was recorded semiquantitatively on a scale of 0 to 3+. RESULTS High ADP expression (IS2/3+ and PS2/3+) was observed in 27 primary cutaneous melanocytic lesions that consisted of 23 IMs, three MISs, and one MN. Consequently, high ADP expression was associated with malignancy (38.8% vs. 3.0%; p < 0.0001). Among the IMs, high ADP expression was more prevalent in pT3/4 than pT1/2 (63.3% vs. 23.8%; p = 0.01) and Stage 3/4 than Stage 1/2 (76.9% vs. 36.8%; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The majority of the melanocytic lesions with high ADP expression were malignant melanomas in our cohort. Therefore, ADP expression may serve as a sensitive diagnostic marker for malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Fujimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ibu Matsuzaki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Warigaya
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Kojima
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fukumi Furukawa
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Murata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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18
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Vernieri C, Casola S, Foiani M, Pietrantonio F, de Braud F, Longo V. Targeting Cancer Metabolism: Dietary and Pharmacologic Interventions. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:1315-1333. [PMID: 27872127 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most tumors display oncogene-driven reprogramming of several metabolic pathways, which are crucial to sustain their growth and proliferation. In recent years, both dietary and pharmacologic approaches that target deregulated tumor metabolism are beginning to be considered for clinical applications. Dietary interventions exploit the ability of nutrient-restricted conditions to exert broad biological effects, protecting normal cells, organs, and systems, while sensitizing a wide variety of cancer cells to cytotoxic therapies. On the other hand, drugs targeting enzymes or metabolites of crucial metabolic pathways can be highly specific and effective, but must be matched with a responsive tumor, which might rapidly adapt. In this review, we illustrate how dietary and pharmacologic therapies differ in their effect on tumor growth, proliferation, and metabolism and discuss the available preclinical and clinical evidence in favor of or against each of them. We also indicate, when appropriate, how to optimize future investigations on metabolic therapies on the basis of tumor- and patient-related characteristics. SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, this is the first review article that comprehensively analyzes the preclinical and preliminary clinical experimental foundations of both dietary and pharmacologic metabolic interventions in cancer therapy. Among several promising therapies, we propose treatment personalization on the basis of tumor genetics, tumor metabolism, and patient systemic metabolism.Cancer Discov; 6(12); 1315-33. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vernieri
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy. .,Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Casola
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Foiani
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Milan, Italy.,Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valter Longo
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Milan, Italy. .,Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Casticin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of EBV-infected human retina pigmental epithelial cells through the modulation of intracellular lipogenesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 255:557. [PMID: 27838737 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Dowling P, Moran B, McAuley E, Meleady P, Henry M, Clynes M, McMenamin M, Leonard N, Monks M, Wynne B, Ormond P, Larkin A. Quantitative label-free mass spectrometry analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue representing the invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma proteome. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3296-3304. [PMID: 27899996 PMCID: PMC5103945 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the events at a protein level that govern the progression from melanoma in situ to invasive melanoma are important areas of current research to be developed. Recent advances in the analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by proteomics, particularly using the filter-aided sample preparation protocol, has opened up the possibility of studying vast archives of clinical material and associated medical records. In the present study, quantitative protein profiling was performed using tandem mass spectrometry, and the proteome differences between melanoma in situ and invasive melanoma were compared. Biological pathway analyses revealed several signalling pathways differing between melanoma in situ and invasive melanoma, including metabolic pathways and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signalling pathway. Selected proteins of interest (14–3-3ε and fatty acid synthase) were subsequently investigated using immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays. Identifying the key proteins that play significant roles in the establishment of a more invasive phenotype in melanoma may ultimately aid diagnosis and treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
| | - Benvon Moran
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland; Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Edel McAuley
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Mairin McMenamin
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Niamh Leonard
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Mary Monks
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Bairbre Wynne
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Patrick Ormond
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Annemarie Larkin
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
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Rosolen D, Kretzer IF, Winter E, Noldin VF, Rodrigues do Carmo ÍA, Filippin-Monteiro FB, Cechinel-Filho V, Creczynski-Pasa TB. N-phenylmaleimides affect adipogenesis and present antitumor activity through reduction of FASN expression. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 258:10-20. [PMID: 27507602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In light of the evidence that in contrast to most healthy tissues, several neoplasms overexpress fatty acid synthase (FASN) upon their dependence on increased lipogenesis; targeting of this protein is being considered as a valuable strategy in anticancer drug development. This can be particularly relevant for aggressive tumors such as melanoma in which FASN overexpression has been associated with increased depth of invasion and worse prognosis. We have previously shown that a sub-class of cyclic imides, the N-phenylmaleimides, presented antitumor activity against L1210 leukemia and B16F10 melanoma with evidences of interference in the energetic metabolism. Here, we aimed to investigate if some selected N-phenylmaleimides (M1 and M5) interfere with fatty acids metabolism and its relation with cancer. For that, a model of pre-adipocytes differentiation (3T3-L1 cells) and also human melanoma cells (SK-Mel-147) were used. As results, when 3T3-L1 cells were exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of M1 and M5 in the presence of an adipogenic cocktail, intracellular lipid content decreased by 26-36%, marking the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. High selectivity indexes were obtained for both compounds for tumoral cells. Cell cycle phases analysis revealed a remarkable proportion of cells with DNA fragmentation after their exposure to M1 and M5. This was correlated to both apoptosis and necrosis, showed by Annexin-V/PI assay. Furthermore, M1 and M5 reduced FASN expression by 19-39%, respectively. In conclusion, M1 and M5 presented antiadipogenic and antitumoral activities. The antitumoral activity that was associated to apoptosis and necrosis is a possible consequence of the FASN reduction, which in turn, might result in a fuel decrease to cell proliferation. As it happens with antiangiogenic activity, reduction of fatty acid synthesis might be a potential target for cancer treatment in a strategy of hunger-strike, which valorizes these N-phenylmaleimides as candidates for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Rosolen
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Iara Fabrícia Kretzer
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Winter
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Vânia Floriani Noldin
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Andrade Rodrigues do Carmo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Branco Filippin-Monteiro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Valdir Cechinel-Filho
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Li HE, Wang X, Tang Z, Liu F, Chen W, Fang Y, Wang C, Shen K, Qin J, Shen Z, Sun Y, Qin X. A concordant expression pattern of fatty acid synthase and membranous human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 exists in gastric cancer and is associated with a poor prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2107-2117. [PMID: 26622804 PMCID: PMC4579914 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC), and certain interactions have been found between FAS and HER2. A total of 94 patients were enrolled in the present study, each of whom underwent a D2 radical surgery in Zhongshan Hospital affiliated with Fudan University (Shanghai, China) between 2000 and 2005. The expression of FAS and HER2 was assessed by immunohistochemistry analysis of tissue microarrays generated from GC and non-tumor tissues. All data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 5.0 to investigate the association between FAS and HER2 and to detect the potential association with prognosis. FAS (P<0.0001) and membranous HER2 (mHER2; P=0.0021) were overexpressed in the GC tissues, and a bidirectional and strong correlation was demonstrated between FAS and mHER2 in the tumor tissues. The expression of cytoplasmic HER2 (cHER2) was significantly lower in the GC tissues compared with the non-tumor tissues (P=0.0005), and cHER2 was expressed at a higher level in tumors that had better differentiation compared with poorly-differentiated tissues (P=0.0503). Patients with a concordant expression pattern of FAS and mHER2 showed a significantly poorer prognosis than the non-concordant group (P=0.0096; hazards ratio, 3.2801; 95% confidence interval, 1.5781-6.8176). GC tissues significantly overexpress FAS and mHER2 and the expression of these two markers is associated. Patients with a concordant expression of FAS and mHER2 are more likely to suffer a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoqing Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kuntang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhenbin Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Oral Congenital Melanocytic Nevus: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2015; 9:481-7. [PMID: 26142565 PMCID: PMC4651921 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-015-0639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytic nevi are congenital or acquired benign proliferations of cells of melanocytic origin. Oral congenital melanocytic nevi are rare, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. The purpose of this study is to present the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features of an oral congenital melanocytic nevus in a 16-year-old female with an 11-year follow-up and to review the pertinent literature. The reported case is the fifth well-documented case report of oral congenital melanocytic nevus in the English literature and the first with a long period of follow-up, thereby making it an important contribution to the knowledge regarding this uncommon oral mucosa lesion.
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Wang C, Ma J, Zhang N, Yang Q, Jin Y, Wang Y. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme: a target for cancer therapy? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:667-76. [PMID: 25979092 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1038246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a rate-limiting enzyme, the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is essential for fatty acid synthesis. Traditionally, the ACC has been a target of metabolic syndrome and obesity. Recent research has demonstrated that malignant tumors have a high energy flow, thus having a great ability to synthesize fatty acids. ACCs are occasionally found to be overexpressed in cancer cells, and using chemical or RNA interference to inhibit ACC can lead to cancer cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This suggests that ACC and relative fatty acids may be critical for the survival of cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the role of ACC in tumor development. We also discuss the signaling pathways possibly affected by ACC, which may give insight into future research for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of OB&GYN, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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Cao HH, Cheng CY, Su T, Fu XQ, Guo H, Li T, Tse AKW, Kwan HY, Yu H, Yu ZL. Quercetin inhibits HGF/c-Met signaling and HGF-stimulated melanoma cell migration and invasion. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:103. [PMID: 25971889 PMCID: PMC4435529 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is notorious for its propensity to metastasize, which makes treatment extremely difficult. Receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is activated in human melanoma and is involved in melanoma progression and metastasis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated activation of c-Met signaling has been suggested as a therapeutic target for melanoma metastasis. Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid that exerts anti-metastatic effect in various types of cancer including melanoma. In a previous report, we demonstrated that quercetin inhibited melanoma cell migration and invasion in vitro, and prevented melanoma cell lung metastasis in vivo. In this study, we sought to determine the involvement of HGF/c-Met signaling in the anti-metastatic action of quercetin in melanoma. Methods Transwell chamber assay was conducted to determine the cell migratory and invasive abilities. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression levels and activities of c-Met and its downstream molecules. And immunoblotting was performed in BS3 cross-linked cells to examine the homo-dimerization of c-Met. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was carried out to evaluate the mRNA expression level of HGF. Transient transfection was used to overexpress PAK or FAK in cell models. Student’s t-test was used in analyzing differences between two groups. Results Quercetin dose-dependently suppressed HGF-stimulated melanoma cell migration and invasion. Further study indicated that quercetin inhibited c-Met phosphorylation, reduced c-Met homo-dimerization and decreased c-Met protein expression. The effect of quercetin on c-Met expression was associated with a reduced expression of fatty acid synthase. In addition, quercetin suppressed the phosphorylation of c-Met downstream molecules including Gab1 (GRB2-associated-binding protein 1), FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) and PAK (p21-activated kinases). More importantly, overexpression of FAK or PAK significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of quercetin on the migration of the melanoma cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that suppression of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway contributes to the anti-metastatic action of quercetin in melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0367-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Cao
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Chi-Yan Cheng
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Tao Su
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Ting Li
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Anfernee Kai-Wing Tse
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Hiu-Yee Kwan
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Hua Yu
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
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Rossato FA, Zecchin KG, La Guardia PG, Ortega RM, Alberici LC, Costa RAP, Catharino RR, Graner E, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. Fatty acid synthase inhibitors induce apoptosis in non-tumorigenic melan-a cells associated with inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101060. [PMID: 24964211 PMCID: PMC4071076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) is responsible for the endogenous synthesis of palmitate, a saturated long-chain fatty acid. In contrast to most normal tissues, a variety of human cancers overexpress FASN. One such cancer is cutaneous melanoma, in which the level of FASN expression is associated with tumor invasion and poor prognosis. We previously reported that two FASN inhibitors, cerulenin and orlistat, induce apoptosis in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Here, we investigated the effects of these inhibitors on non-tumorigenic melan-a cells. Cerulenin and orlistat treatments were found to induce apoptosis and decrease cell proliferation, in addition to inducing the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and activating caspases-9 and -3. Transfection with FASN siRNA did not result in apoptosis. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that treatment with the FASN inhibitors did not alter either the mitochondrial free fatty acid content or composition. This result suggests that cerulenin- and orlistat-induced apoptosis events are independent of FASN inhibition. Analysis of the energy-linked functions of melan-a mitochondria demonstrated the inhibition of respiration, followed by a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the stimulation of superoxide anion generation. The inhibition of NADH-linked substrate oxidation was approximately 40% and 61% for cerulenin and orlistat treatments, respectively, and the inhibition of succinate oxidation was approximately 46% and 52%, respectively. In contrast, no significant inhibition occurred when respiration was supported by the complex IV substrate N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD). The protection conferred by the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine indicates that the FASN inhibitors induced apoptosis through an oxidative stress-associated mechanism. In combination, the present results demonstrate that cerulenin and orlistat induce apoptosis in non-tumorigenic cells via mitochondrial dysfunction, independent of FASN inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco A. Rossato
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina G. Zecchin
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Paolo G. La Guardia
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rose M. Ortega
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane C. Alberici
- Departamento de Química e Física, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rute A. P. Costa
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R. Catharino
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Edgard Graner
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger F. Castilho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aníbal E. Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Li J, Dong L, Wei D, Wang X, Zhang S, Li H. Fatty acid synthase mediates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:171-80. [PMID: 24520215 PMCID: PMC3920172 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells and MCF-7 cells overexpressing mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (MCF-7-MEK5) were used in this study. MCF-7-MEK5 cells showed stable EMT characterized by increased vimentin and decreased E-cadherin expression. An In vivo animal model was established using the orthotopic injection of MCF-7 or MCF-7-MEK5 cells. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of FASN and its downstream proteins liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and VEGF/VEGFR-2 in both in vitro and in vivo models (nude mouse tumor tissues). In MCF-7-MEK5 cells, significantly increased expression of FASN was associated with increased levels of L-FABP and VEGF/VEGFR-2. Cerulenin inhibited MCF-7-MEK5 cell migration and EMT, and reduced FASN expression and down-stream proteins L-FABP, VEGF, and VEGFR-2. MCF-7-MEK5 cells showed higher sensitivity to Cerulenin than MCF-7 cells. Immunofluorescence revealed an increase of co-localization of FASN with VEGF on the cell membrane and with L-FABP within MCF-7-MEK5 cells. Immunohistochemistry further showed that increased percentage of FASN-positive cells in the tumor tissue was associated with increased percentages of L-FABP- and VEGF-positive cells and the Cerulenin treatment could reverse the effect. Altogether, our results suggest that FASN is essential to EMT possibly through regulating L-FABP, VEGF and VEGFR-2. This study provides a theoretical basis and potential strategy for effective suppression of malignant cells with EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqin Li
- 1. Department of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- 1. Department of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- 1. Department of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- 2. West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- 1. Department of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Hua Li
- 1. Department of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
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Abaffy T, Möller MG, Riemer DD, Milikowski C, DeFazio RA. Comparative analysis of volatile metabolomics signals from melanoma and benign skin: a pilot study. Metabolomics 2013; 9:998-1008. [PMID: 24039618 PMCID: PMC3769583 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-013-0523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) as biomarkers of cancer is both promising and challenging. In this pilot study, we used an untargeted approach to compare volatile metabolomic signatures of melanoma and matched control non-neoplastic skin from the same patient. VOC from fresh (non-fixed) biopsied tissue were collected using the headspace solid phase micro extraction method (HS SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS). We applied the XCMS analysis platform and MetaboAnalyst software to reveal many differentially expressed metabolic features. Our analysis revealed increased levels of lauric acid (C12:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) in melanoma. The identity of these compounds was confirmed by comparison with chemical standards. Increased levels of these fatty acids are likely to be a consequence of up-regulated de novo lipid synthesis, a known characteristic of cancer. Increased oxidative stress is likely to cause an additional increase in lauric acid. Implementation of this study design on larger number of cases will be necessary for the future metabolomics biomarker discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Abaffy
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - M. G. Möller
- Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - D. D. Riemer
- Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - C. Milikowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - R. A. DeFazio
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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29
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Seguin F, Carvalho MA, Bastos DC, Agostini M, Zecchin KG, Alvarez-Flores MP, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM, Coletta RD, Graner E. The fatty acid synthase inhibitor orlistat reduces experimental metastases and angiogenesis in B16-F10 melanomas. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:977-87. [PMID: 22892389 PMCID: PMC3464771 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in several human cancers. Here, we investigate the effect of FASN inhibitors on the metastatic spread and angiogenesis in experimental melanomas and cultured melanoma cells. METHODS The lung colonisation assay and cutaneous melanomas were performed by the inoculation of mouse melanoma B16-F10 cells in C57BL6 mice. Blood vessel endothelial cells (RAEC and HUVEC) were applied to determine cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the formation of capillary-like structures. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA in B16-F10, human melanoma (SK-MEL-25), and human oral squamous carcinoma (SCC-9) cells. Conditioned media from these cancer cell lines were used to study the effects of FASN inhibitors on endothelial cells. RESULTS B16-F10 melanoma-induced metastases and angiogenesis were significantly reduced in orlistat-treated mice. Fatty acid synthase inhibitors reduced the viability, proliferation, and the formation of capillary-like structures by RAEC cells, as well as the tumour cell-mediated formation of HUVEC capillary-like structures. Cerulenin and orlistat stimulated the production of total VEGFA in B16-F10, SK-MEL-25, and SCC-9 cells. Both drugs also enhanced VEGFA(121), (165), (189,) and (165b) in SK-MEL-25 and SCC-9 cells. CONCLUSION FASN inhibitors reduce metastasis and tumour-induced angiogenesis in experimental melanomas, and differentially modulate VEGFA expression in B16-F10 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Seguin
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, CEP 13414-018, SP, Brazil
| | - M A Carvalho
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, CEP 13414-018, SP, Brazil
| | - D C Bastos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, CEP 13414-018, SP, Brazil
| | - M Agostini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, CEP 13414-018, SP, Brazil
| | - K G Zecchin
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, CEP 13414-018, SP, Brazil
| | - M P Alvarez-Flores
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brasil 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brasil 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - R D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, CEP 13414-018, SP, Brazil
| | - E Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Limeira 901, CP 52, Areão, Piracicaba, CEP 13414-018, SP, Brazil
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Benevenuto de Andrade BA, Piña AR, León JE, Paes de Almeida O, Altemani A. Primary nasal mucosal melanoma in Brazil: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 patients. Ann Diagn Pathol 2012; 16:344-9. [PMID: 22425483 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary nasal melanoma is a rare tumor of unknown etiopathogenesis that occurs in adult and elderly patients usually diagnosed at advanced stages. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of 12 cases of primary nasal melanomas in Brazil. Twelve cases of primary nasal melanoma were analyzed histologically and by immunohistochemistry using the antibodies S-100 protein, HMB-45, Melan-A, CD63 (NKI/C3), CD68/KP1, fatty acid synthase (FASN), and Ki-67. The mean age of the patients was 60 years, and 7 of 12 patients were men. Microscopically, 10 cases presented level III of invasion; 4 were amelanotic; and in 7, cells were epithelioid. S-100 protein and FASN were positive in all cases, whereas 9, 8, 7, and 6 cases were positive for HMB-45, Melan-A, CD63 (NKI/C3), and CD68/KP1, respectively. Ki-67 labeling index ranged from 11.45% to 28.5% of positive cells. S-100 protein is more frequently expressed in nasal melanomas than in HMB-45, Melan-A, CD63 (NKI/C3), and CD68/KP1. FASN seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of nasal melanomas, and also, it can be helpful to confirm the diagnosis.
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de Andrade BAB, León JE, Carlos R, Delgado-Azañero W, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Graner E, de Almeida OP. Expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in oral nevi and melanoma. Oral Dis 2011; 17:808-12. [PMID: 21819495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in oral nevi and melanomas, comparing the results with correspondent cutaneous lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of FASN was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 51 oral melanocytic lesions, including 38 intramucosal nevi and 13 primary oral melanomas, in 10 cutaneous nevi and in 14 melanomas. RESULTS Fatty acid synthase was strongly expressed only in melanomas, either of the oral mucosa or cutaneous. On the other hand, most oral and cutaneous nevi were negative, with a few oral cases showing focal and weak expression. CONCLUSION Fatty acid synthase is expressed in malignant melanocytes, and it can be a helpful marker to distinguish oral melanomas from oral melanocytic nevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A B de Andrade
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sabel MS, Lee J, Cai S, Englesbe MJ, Holcombe S, Wang S. Sarcopenia as a prognostic factor among patients with stage III melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:3579-85. [PMID: 21822551 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several hypotheses proposed to explain the worse prognosis for older melanoma patients include different tumor biology and diminished host response. If the latter were true, then biologic frailty, and not age, should be an independent prognostic factor in melanoma. METHODS Our prospective institutional review board (IRB)-approved database was queried for stage III patients with computed tomography (CT) scans at time of lymph node dissection (LND). Psoas area (PA) and density (PD) were determined in semi-automated fashion. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival estimates and Cox proportional-hazard models were used to determine PA and PD impact on survival and surgical complications. RESULTS Among 101 stage III patients, PD was significantly associated with both disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.04) and distant disease-free survival (DDFS) (P = 0.0002). Cox multivariate modeling incorporating thickness, age, ulceration, and N stage showed highly significant association with PD and both DFS and DDFS. DDFS was significantly associated with Breslow thickness (P = 0.04), number of positive nodes (P = 0.001), ulceration (P = 0.04), and decreasing muscle density (P = 0.01), with hazard ratio of 0.55 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35-0.87]. PD also correlated with surgical complications, with odds ratio (OR) of 1.081 [95% CI 1.016-1.150, P = 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS Decreased psoas muscle density on CT, an objective measure of frailty, was as important a predictor of outcome as tumor factors in a cohort of stage III melanoma patients. On multivariate analysis, frailty, not age, was associated with decreased disease-free survival and distant disease-free survival, and higher rate of surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Sabel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Zecchin KG, Alberici LC, Riccio MF, Eberlin MN, Vercesi AE, Graner E, Catharino RR. Visualizing inhibition of fatty acid synthase through mass spectrometric analysis of mitochondria from melanoma cells. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:449-452. [PMID: 21213365 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the metabolic enzyme responsible for the endogenous synthesis of the saturated long-chain fatty acid palmitate. In contrast to most normal cells, FASN is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers including cutaneous melanoma, in which its levels of expression are associated with a poor prognosis and depth of invasion. Recently, we have demonstrated the mitochondrial involvement in FASN inhibition-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. Herein we compare, via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), free fatty acids (FFA) composition of mitochondria isolated from control (EtOH-treated cells) and Orlistat-treated B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the ESI-MS data and found to separate the two groups of samples. Mitochondria from control cells showed predominance of six ions, that is, those of m/z 157 (Pelargonic, 9:0), 255 (Palmitic, 16:0), 281 (Oleic, 18:1), 311 (Arachidic, 20:0), 327 (Docosahexaenoic, 22:6) and 339 (Behenic, 22:0). In contrast, FASN inhibition with Orlistat changes significantly mitochondrial FFA composition by reducing synthesis of palmitic acid, and its elongation and unsaturation products, such as arachidic and behenic acids, and oleic acid, respectively. ESI-MS of mitochondria isolated from Orlistat-treated cells presented therefore three major ions of m/z 157 (Pelargonic, 9:0), 193 (unknown) and 199 (Lauric, 12:0). These findings demonstrate therefore that FASN inhibition by Orlistat induces significant changes in the FFA composition of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina G Zecchin
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, 13414-018, Brazil.
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Zecchin KG, Rossato FA, Raposo HF, Melo DR, Alberici LC, Oliveira HCF, Castilho RF, Coletta RD, Vercesi AE, Graner E. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase in melanoma cells activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. J Transl Med 2011; 91:232-40. [PMID: 20805790 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the metabolic enzyme responsible for the endogenous synthesis of the saturated long-chain fatty acid, palmitate. In contrast to most normal cells, FASN is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, including cutaneous melanoma, in which its levels of expression are associated with tumor invasion and poor prognosis. We have previously shown that FASN inhibition with orlistat significantly reduces the number of spontaneous mediastinal lymph node metastases following the implantation of B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells in the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice. In this study, we investigate the biological mechanisms responsible for the FASN inhibition-induced apoptosis in B16-F10 cells. Both FASN inhibitors, cerulenin and orlistat, significantly reduced melanoma cell proliferation and activated the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, as demonstrated by the cytochrome c release and caspase-9 and -3 activation. Further, apoptosis was preceded by an increase in both reactive oxygen species production and cytosolic calcium concentrations and independent of p53 activation and mitochondrial permeability transition. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the mitochondrial involvement in FASN inhibition-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina G Zecchin
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vandhana S, Deepa P, Jayanthi U, Biswas J, Krishnakumar S. Clinico-pathological correlations of fatty acid synthase expression in retinoblastoma: An Indian cohort study. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 90:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abaffy T, Möller M, Riemer DD, Milikowski C, DeFazio RA. A case report - Volatile metabolomic signature of malignant melanoma using matching skin as a control. JOURNAL OF CANCER SCIENCE & THERAPY 2011; 3:140-144. [PMID: 22229073 PMCID: PMC3251165 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer. The quest for melanoma diagnostic biomarkers is paramount since early detection of melanoma and surgical excision represent the only effective treatment of this capricious disease. Our recent study tested the hypothesis that melanoma forms a unique volatile signature that is different than control, healthy tissue. Here, we are reporting a case study, the analysis of the volatile metabolic signature of a malignant melanoma using matched, non-neoplastic skin tissue from the same patient as a control. This is a significant improvement in the methodology, since it is well known that diet, skin type, genetic background, age, sex and environment all contribute to individual variation in the skin volatile signature. In the present study, we have identified 32 volatile compounds; 9 volatile compounds were increased in melanoma when compared to normal skin and 23 volatile compounds were detected only in melanoma and not in normal skin. Out of these 32 compounds, 10 have been reported previously by our group, thus confirming our results and adding additional confidence in our untargeted metabolomics approach for detection of melanoma biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Abaffy
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, Fl, USA
| | - Mecker Möller
- Dewitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Fl, USA
| | - Daniel D. Riemer
- Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Fl, USA
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Puig T, Porta R, Colomer R. [Fatty acid synthase: a new anti-tumor target]. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 132:359-63. [PMID: 19268984 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN), an enzyme capable of de novo fatty acid synthesis, is highly expressed and activated in most human carcinomas. FASN is associated with poor prognosis in prostate and breast cancer and its inhibition is selectively cytotoxic to human cancer cells. Thus, FASN and fatty acid metabolism have become an important focus for the diagnostic and treatment of cancer. In this sense, there is an increasing interest in identifying and developing new antitumor compounds that inhibit FASN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Puig
- Oncología Médica, Instituto Catalán de Oncología (ICO-Girona) Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Girona (IdIBGi), Hospital Universitari Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, España.
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Carvalho MA, Zecchin KG, Seguin F, Bastos DC, Agostini M, Rangel ALCA, Veiga SS, Raposo HF, Oliveira HCF, Loda M, Coletta RD, Graner E. Fatty acid synthase inhibition with Orlistat promotes apoptosis and reduces cell growth and lymph node metastasis in a mouse melanoma model. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2557-65. [PMID: 18770866 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the enzyme responsible for the endogenous synthesis of the saturated fatty acid palmitate. In contrast to most normal cells, malignant cells depend on FASN activity for growth and survival. In fact, FASN is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers including cutaneous melanoma, in which its levels of expression are associated with a poor prognosis and depth of invasion. Here, we show that the specific inhibition of FASN activity by the antiobesity drug Orlistat or siRNA is able to significantly reduce proliferation and promote apoptosis in the mouse metastatic melanoma cell line B16-F10. These results prompted us to verify the effect of FASN inhibition on the metastatic process in a model of spontaneous melanoma metastasis, in which B16-F10 cells injected in the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice metastasize to the mediastinal lymph nodes. We observed that mice treated with Orlistat 48 hr after the inoculation of B16-F10 cells exhibited a 52% reduction in the number of mediastinal lymph node metastases, in comparison with the control animals. These results suggest that FASN activity is essential for B16-F10 melanoma cell proliferation and survival while its inactivation by Orlistat significantly reduces their metastatic spread. The chemical inhibition of FASN activity could have a potential benefit in association with the current chemotherapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Carvalho
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
While normal tissues are tightly regulated by nutrition and a carefully balanced system of glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis, tumor cells are under significant evolutionary pressure to bypass many of the checks and balances afforded normally. Cancer cells have high energy expenditure from heightened proliferation and metabolism and often show increased lipogenesis. Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the ultimate steps of fatty acid synthesis in cells, is expressed at high levels in tumor cells and is mostly absent in corresponding normal cells. Because of the unique expression profile of FASN, there is considerable interest not only in understanding its contribution to tumor cell growth and proliferation, but also in developing inhibitors that target FASN specifically as an anti-tumor modality. Pharmacological blockade of FASN activity has identified a pleiotropic role for FASN in mediating aspects of proliferation, growth and survival. As a result, a clearer understanding of the role of FASN in tumor cells has been developed.
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Kridel SJ, Lowther WT, Pemble CW. Fatty acid synthase inhibitors: new directions for oncology. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:1817-29. [PMID: 17970640 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.11.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the enzyme that catalyzes the de novo synthesis of fatty acids in cells. Because of the strong expression in many cancers, FASN is an attractive and tractable target for therapeutic intervention. The discovery and development of pharmacologic agents that block FASN activity highlight the promise of these anticancer compounds. FASN inhibitors have also proven to be invaluable in developing a better understanding of the contribution of FASN and fatty acid synthesis to tumor cells. Recent advances in the development of crystal structures of FASN have provided promise towards the development of novel FASN inhibitors. This review outlines the preclinical development of FASN inhibitors, their antitumor effects and the strategies underway to develop novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Kridel
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Kapur P, Rakheja D, Balani JP, Roy LC, Amirkhan RH, Hoang MP. Phosphorylated histone H3, Ki-67, p21, fatty acid synthase, and cleaved caspase-3 expression in benign and atypical granular cell tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131:57-64. [PMID: 17227124 DOI: 10.5858/2007-131-57-phhkpf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are classified as benign when none of the following features is present: spindling of the tumor cells, necrosis, diffuse pleomorphism, prominent nucleoli, high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, and mitotic rate >2 per 10 high-power fields. It has been suggested that a GCT be classified as atypical when 1 or 2 of these features are seen and as malignant when 3 or more of these are present. In our practice, we do not classify GCTs as malignant in the absence of metastasis. OBJECTIVE To compare immunohistochemical staining for phosphorylated histone H3 (PHH3), Ki-67 (MIB-1), p21, fatty acid synthase, and cleaved caspase-3 in histologically classified benign and atypical GCTs. DESIGN We reviewed 25 cases of GCT from our archives and classified 14 as atypical based on histologic features. Immunohistochemical staining for PHH3, Ki-67, p21, fatty acid synthase, and cleaved caspase-3 was performed using standard methods. The number of positive cells for Ki-67, p21, and PHH3 was calculated in 10 consecutive high-power fields in a hot spot. Fatty acid synthase and cleaved caspase-3 cytoplasmic expression was graded from 1 to 3. RESULTS Ki-67 and PHH3 scores were significantly higher in atypical GCTs. The expression of p21, fatty acid synthase, and cleaved caspase-3 was not significantly different between atypical and benign GCTs. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that histologic features are reliable in identifying GCTs that have a higher proliferative potential as shown by higher immunoreactivity for Ki-67 and PHH3. These immunostains may help in classifying GCTs in cases where a thorough histologic evaluation is precluded by the small size of a biopsy specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9073, USA
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Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS), the sole mammalian enzyme capable of de novo fatty acid synthesis, is highly expressed in most human carcinomas. FAS is associated with poor prognosis in breast and prostate cancer, is elaborated into the blood of cancer patients, and its inhibition is selectively cytotoxic to human cancer cells. Thus, FAS and fatty acid metabolism in cancer has become a focus for the potential diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis P Kuhajda
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review evaluates recent findings on the mechanisms by which lipogenic enzymes are upregulated or activated in cancer cells, the implications of increased lipogenesis for cancer cell biology and the feasibility of exploiting this pathway and its regulators as targets for antineoplastic intervention. RECENT FINDINGS The list of cancer types showing increased lipogenic enzyme expression keeps growing and further evidence is accumulating that growth factor signaling and particularly activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/protein kinase B pathway plays a role in this process. This signaling pathway stimulates lipogenic gene transcription through activation of the lipogenic transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and directly activates lipogenic enzymes such as ATP-citrate lyase, linking the upregulation of lipogenesis in cancer cells to the well known tumor-associated increase in glycolysis. Steroid hormones, overexpression of the ubiquitin-specific protease-2a and mutations in breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 may further enhance lipid synthesis. While fatty acid synthase is further established as a target for antineoplastic intervention, recent findings show that interference with acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha, ATP citrate lyase or the AMP-activated protein kinase limits cancer cell proliferation and survival. SUMMARY The same disturbances in signaling pathways responsible for oncogenic transformation may also contribute to the increased lipogenesis observed in tumor cells. Increased lipogenesis involves modulation of multiple lipogenic enzymes at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional level and is linked to other cancer-associated metabolic changes. Not only fatty acid synthase, but in fact all key enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis as well as key metabolic regulators are potential targets for antineoplastic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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