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Hermosilla VE, Gyenis L, Rabalski AJ, Armijo ME, Sepúlveda P, Duprat F, Benítez-Riquelme D, Fuentes-Villalobos F, Quiroz A, Hepp MI, Farkas C, Mastel M, González-Chavarría I, Jackstadt R, Litchfield DW, Castro AF, Pincheira R. Casein kinase 2 phosphorylates and induces the SALL2 tumor suppressor degradation in colon cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:223. [PMID: 38493149 PMCID: PMC10944491 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Spalt-like proteins are Zinc finger transcription factors from Caenorhabditis elegans to vertebrates, with critical roles in development. In vertebrates, four paralogues have been identified (SALL1-4), and SALL2 is the family's most dissimilar member. SALL2 is required during brain and eye development. It is downregulated in cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor, promoting cell cycle arrest and cell death. Despite its critical functions, information about SALL2 regulation is scarce. Public data indicate that SALL2 is ubiquitinated and phosphorylated in several residues along the protein, but the mechanisms, biological consequences, and enzymes responsible for these modifications remain unknown. Bioinformatic analyses identified several putative phosphorylation sites for Casein Kinase II (CK2) located within a highly conserved C-terminal PEST degradation motif of SALL2. CK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that promotes cell proliferation and survival and is often hyperactivated in cancer. We demonstrated that CK2 phosphorylates SALL2 residues S763, T778, S802, and S806 and promotes SALL2 degradation by the proteasome. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of CK2 with Silmitasertib (CX-4945) restored endogenous SALL2 protein levels in SALL2-deficient breast MDA-MB-231, lung H1299, and colon SW480 cancer cells. Silmitasertib induced a methuosis-like phenotype and cell death in SW480 cells. However, the phenotype was significantly attenuated in CRISPr/Cas9-mediated SALL2 knockout SW480 cells. Similarly, Sall2-deficient tumor organoids were more resistant to Silmitasertib-induced cell death, confirming that SALL2 sensitizes cancer cells to CK2 inhibition. We identified a novel CK2-dependent mechanism for SALL2 regulation and provided new insights into the interplay between these two proteins and their role in cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Hermosilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Gyenis
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - A J Rabalski
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Odyssey Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M E Armijo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - P Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - F Duprat
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - D Benítez-Riquelme
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - F Fuentes-Villalobos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología. Departamento de Microbiologia. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - A Quiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M I Hepp
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Farkas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M Mastel
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg. Cancer Progression and Metastasis Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I González-Chavarría
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - R Jackstadt
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg. Cancer Progression and Metastasis Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D W Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - A F Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - R Pincheira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Whole genome analysis identifies the association of TP53 genomic deletions with lower survival in Stage III colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5009. [PMID: 32193467 PMCID: PMC7081316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA copy number aberrations (CNA) are frequently observed in colorectal cancers (CRC). There is an urgent need for CNA-based biomarkers in clinics,. n For Stage III CRC, if combined with imaging or pathologic evidence, these markers promise more precise care. We conducted this Stage III specific biomarker discovery with a cohort of 134 CRCs, and with a newly developed high-efficiency CNA profiling protocol. Specifically, we developed the profiling protocol for tumor-normal matched tissue samples based on low-coverage clinical whole-genome sequencing (WGS). We demonstrated the protocol’s accuracy and robustness by a systematic benchmark with microarray, high-coverage whole-exome and -genome approaches, where the low-coverage WGS-derived CNA segments were highly accordant (PCC >0.95) with those derived from microarray, and they were substantially less variable if compared to exome-derived segments. A lasso-based model and multivariate cox regression analysis identified a chromosome 17p loss, containing the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, that was significantly associated with reduced survival (P = 0.0139, HR = 1.688, 95% CI = [1.112–2.562]), which was validated by an independent cohort of 187 Stage III CRCs. In summary, this low-coverage WGS protocol has high sensitivity, high resolution and low cost and the identified 17p-loss is an effective poor prognosis marker for Stage III patients.
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Kim C, Kim WR, Kim KY, Chon HJ, Beom SH, Kim H, Jung M, Shin SJ, Kim NK, Ahn JB. Predictive Nomogram for Recurrence of Stage I Colorectal Cancer After Curative Resection. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:e513-e518. [PMID: 29661621 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with stage I colorectal cancer (CRC) have excellent prognosis after curative surgery. However, approximately 5% to 10% of patients experience recurrence and have a poor prognosis. Because the incidence of stage I CRC is increasing with active screening programs worldwide, a more accurate and easy-to-use predictive tool for recurrence is becoming more important. This study aimed to develop a predictive nomogram for recurrence in stage I CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 1538 patients who underwent curative surgery for stage I CRC were enrolled. Predictive factors for recurrence were determined by multivariate Cox regression model and were used to develop a predictive nomogram. This model was internally validated, and performance was evaluated through calibration plots. RESULTS The cumulative recurrence rate at 5 years after surgery for stage I CRC was 5.3%. In multivariate Cox analysis, independent predictors of recurrence were tumor location at rectum, pT2 stage, and presence of lymphovascular invasion. The 5-year recurrence rate was significantly different depending on the number of risk factors (0.7% for 0, 5.8% for 1, and 9.7% for ≥ 2 risk factors). On this basis, a nomogram for recurrence-free survival was developed and internally validated. The concordance index of the nomogram was 0.71, and the performance was acceptable. CONCLUSION We developed and internally validated a nomogram that can predict postoperative recurrence in stage I CRC patients. This nomogram may be used to more accurately stratify the risk of recurrence and to perform personalized postoperative surveillance in stage I CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Woo Ram Kim
- Department of Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ki-Yeol Kim
- Dental Education Research Center, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Beom
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyojoong Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Minkyu Jung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Shin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Bae Ahn
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Ali H, Bitar MS, Al Madhoun A, Marafie M, Al-Mulla F. Functionally-focused algorithmic analysis of high resolution microarray-CGH genomic landscapes demonstrates comparable genomic copy number aberrations in MSI and MSS sporadic colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171690. [PMID: 28231327 PMCID: PMC5322957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) emerged as a powerful technology for studying copy number variations at higher resolution in many cancers including colorectal cancer. However, the lack of standardized systematic protocols including bioinformatic algorithms to obtain and analyze genomic data resulted in significant variation in the reported copy number aberration (CNA) data. Here, we present genomic aCGH data obtained using highly stringent and functionally relevant statistical algorithms from 116 well-defined microsatellites instable (MSI) and microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancers. We utilized aCGH to characterize genomic CNAs in 116 well-defined sets of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. We further applied the significance testing for aberrant copy number (STAC) and Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer (GISTIC) algorithms to identify functionally relevant (nonrandom) chromosomal aberrations in the analyzed colorectal cancer samples. Our results produced high resolution genomic landscapes of both, MSI and MSS sporadic CRC. We found that CNAs in MSI and MSS CRCs are heterogeneous in nature but may be divided into 3 distinct genomic patterns. Moreover, we show that although CNAs in MSI and MSS CRCs differ with respect to their size, number and chromosomal distribution, the functional copy number aberrations obtained from MSI and MSS CRCs were in fact comparable but not identical. These unifying CNAs were verified by MLPA tumor-loss gene panel, which spans 15 different chromosomal locations and contains 50 probes for at least 20 tumor suppressor genes. Consistently, deletion/amplification in these frequently cancer altered genes were identical in MSS and MSI CRCs. Our results suggest that MSI and MSS copy number aberrations driving CRC may be functionally comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
- Research Division, Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
- * E-mail: (HA); (FA)
| | - Milad S. Bitar
- Research Division, Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Ashraf Al Madhoun
- Research Division, Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | | | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
- Research Division, Genomics Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
- * E-mail: (HA); (FA)
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Barresi V, Castorina S, Musso N, Capizzi C, Luca T, Privitera G, Condorelli DF. Chromosomal instability analysis and regional tumor heterogeneity in colon cancer. Cancer Genet 2016; 210:9-21. [PMID: 28212810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is classically defined as an increase in the rate at which numerical or structural chromosomal aberrations are acquired in a cancer cell. The number of somatic copy number abnormalities (CNAs) revealed by high resolution genomic array can be considered as a surrogate marker for CIN, but several points, related to sample processing and data analysis, need to be standardized. In this work we analyzed 51 CRC samples and matched normal mucosae by whole genome SNP arrays and compared different bioinformatics tools in order to identify broad (>25% of a chromosomal arm) and focal somatic copy number abnormalities (BCNAs and FCNAs respectively). In 15 tumors, two samples, separated by at least 1 cm, were taken from the same tumor mass (double-sampling pairs) in order to evaluate differences in detection of chromosomal abnormalities between distant regions of the same tumor and their influence on CIN quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our data show a high degree of correlation of the quantitative CIN index (somatic BCNA number) between distant tumor regions. On the contrary, a lower correlation is observed in terms of chromosomal distribution of BCNAs, as summarized by a simplified cytogenetic table. Quantitative or qualitative analysis of FCNAs, including homozygous deletions and high level amplifications, did not add further information on the CIN status. The use of the index "somatic BCNA number" can be proposed for a robust classification of tumors as CIN positive or negative even in the presence of a significant tumor regional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy; Laboratory of Complex Systems, Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, University of Catania, Italy; Fondazione Mediterranea G.B. Morgagni, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Laboratory of Complex Systems, Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Carmela Capizzi
- Laboratory of Complex Systems, Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Tonia Luca
- Fondazione Mediterranea G.B. Morgagni, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy; Laboratory of Complex Systems, Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, Italy.
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Copy number alterations and allelic ratio in relation to recurrence of rectal cancer. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:438. [PMID: 26048403 PMCID: PMC4458034 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In rectal cancer, total mesorectal excision surgery combined with preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy reduces local recurrence rates but does not improve overall patient survival, a result that may be due to the harmful side effects and/or co-morbidity of preoperative treatment. New biomarkers are needed to facilitate identification of rectal cancer patients at high risk for local recurrent disease. This would allow for preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy to be restricted to high-risk patients, thereby reducing overtreatment and allowing personalized treatment protocols. We analyzed genome-wide DNA copy number (CN) and allelic alterations in 112 tumors from preoperatively untreated rectal cancer patients. Sixty-six patients with local and/or distant recurrent disease were compared to matched controls without recurrence. Results were validated in a second cohort of tumors from 95 matched rectal cancer patients. Additionally, we performed a meta-analysis that included 42 studies reporting on CN alterations in colorectal cancer and compared results to our own data. Results The genomic profiles in our study were comparable to other rectal cancer studies. Results of the meta-analysis supported the hypothesis that colon cancer and rectal cancer may be distinct disease entities. In our discovery patient study cohort, allelic retention of chromosome 7 was significantly associated with local recurrent disease. Data from the validation cohort were supportive, albeit not statistically significant, of this finding. Conclusions We showed that retention of heterozygosity on chromosome 7 may be associated with local recurrence in rectal cancer. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and effect of retention of chromosome 7 on the development of local recurrent disease in rectal cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1550-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gender-associated genomic differences in colorectal cancer: clinical insight from feminization of male cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17344-65. [PMID: 25268611 PMCID: PMC4227166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender-related differences in colorectal cancer (CRC) are not fully understood. Recent studies have shown that CRC arising in females are significantly associated with CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP-high). Using array comparative genomic hybridization, we analyzed a cohort of 116 CRCs (57 males, 59 females) for chromosomal copy number aberrations (CNA) and found that CRC in females had significantly higher numbers of gains involving chromosome arms 1q21.2–q21.3, 4q13.2, 6p21.1 and 16p11.2 and copy number losses of chromosome arm 11q25 compared to males. Interestingly, a subset of male CRCs (46%) exhibited a “feminization” phenomenon in the form of gains of X chromosomes (or an arm of X) and/or losses of the Y chromosome. Feminization of cancer cells was significantly associated with microsatellite-stable CRCs (p-value 0.003) and wild-type BRAF gene status (p-value 0.009). No significant association with other clinicopathological parameters was identified including disease-free survival. In summary, our data show that some CNAs in CRC may be gender specific and that male cancers characterized by feminization may constitute a specific subset of CRCs that warrants further investigation.
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The relationship between genetic profiling, clinicopathological factors and survival in patients undergoing surgery for node-negative colorectal cancer: 10-year follow-up. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:2013-20. [PMID: 24072233 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The introduction of the bowel cancer screening programme has resulted in increasing numbers of patients being diagnosed with node-negative disease. Unfortunately, approximately 30 % will develop recurrence following surgery. Given the toxicity associated with adjuvant chemotherapy, it is important to identify high-risk patients who may benefit from adjuvant therapy. This study aims to identify which clinicopathological factors and genetic profiling markers predict outcome in node-negative disease. METHODS Forty-nine microsatellite stable (MSS) patients undergoing curative resection between 1991 and 1993 were included. Local immune response was assessed by Klintrup criteria and vascular invasion status assessed through Miller's elastin staining. Comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) on a range of loci provided data on allelic imbalance. Analysis of survival included clinicopathological and CGH data in a multivariate (Cox) model. RESULTS On binary logistical regression analysis, 4p deletion was independently associated with low Klintrup score (HR 0.16; 95 % CI (0.03-0.96); P = 0.045), venous invasion (HR 4.19; 95 % CI (1.08-16.29); P = 0.039) and higher Dukes' stage (HR 6.43; 95 % CI (1.22-33.97); P = 0.028). Minimum follow-up was 109 months and there were 24 cancer deaths. On multivariate analysis, high Klintrup score (HR 0.33; 95 % CI (0.12-0.93); P = 0.036), 4p- (HR 4.01; 95 % CI (1.58-10.21); P = 0.004) and 5q- (HR 3.81; 95 % CI (1.54-9.47); P = 0.004) were significantly associated with survival. CONCLUSION 4p-, 5q- and low Klintrup score were independently associated with poor cancer-specific survival in node-negative MSS colorectal cancer. Confirmatory work in a larger cohort is needed to determine whether these markers may be used to identify patients who may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Al-Humood S, Alqallaf A, Al-Shemmari S, Al-Faris L, Al-Ayadhy B. Genetic and immunohistochemical characterization of Epstein-Barr virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Acta Haematol 2013; 131:1-10. [PMID: 24008861 DOI: 10.1159/000350493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has a pathogenic role in several lymphomas, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). EBV-associated genetic aberrations in DLBCL have not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of EBV infection in sporadic DLBCL cases in Kuwait and to evaluate their EBV status in relation to demographic data, the anatomical disease site, immunophenotypic features, particularly pertaining to the Choi's DLBCL prognostic classification, and chromosomal aberrations. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and comparative genomic hybridization techniques, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of archived DLBCL cases were included and evaluated in the study. EBV was detected in 6.9, 18.2 and 25% of the studied cases using IHC, ISH and nPCR, respectively, indicating that nPCR is more sensitive in detecting EBV than IHC and ISH. EBV- DLBCL cases showed BCL6 protein expression more frequently than EBV+ DLBCL cases. The reported prevalence of EBV+ DLBCL cases in this study is similar to that reported in the literature using ISH results and higher using nPCR results. There was a significant inverse correlation between BCL6 protein expression and the presence of EBV (p = 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Al-Humood
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Al-Mulla F, Bitar MS, Taqi Z, Yeung KC. RKIP: much more than Raf kinase inhibitory protein. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1688-702. [PMID: 23359513 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From its discovery as a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein in bovine brain to its designation as a physiological inhibitor of Raf kinase protein, RKIP has emerged as a critical molecule for maintaining subdued, well-orchestrated cellular responses to stimuli. The disruption of RKIP in a wide range of pathologies, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and pancreatitis, makes it an exciting target for individualized therapy and disease-specific interventions. This review attempts to highlight recent advances in the RKIP field underscoring its potential role as a master modulator of many pivotal intracellular signaling cascades that control cellular growth, motility, apoptosis, genomic integrity, and therapeutic resistance. Specific biological and functional niches are highlighted to focus future research towards an enhanced understanding of the multiple roles of RKIP in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Al-Mulla
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University Health Sciences Centre, Safat, Kuwait.
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Santos C, Vilar E, Capella G, Salazar R. Molecular markers in colorectal cancer: clinical relevance in stage II colon cancer. COLORECTAL CANCER 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/crc.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in developed countries. Adjuvant chemotherapy is standard for stage III colorectal cancer but its use in stage II is controversial. Several clinicopathological factors have been described to define a high-risk group among stage II colon cancers, which can aid the selection of patients who may benefit from chemotherapy. Local tumor invasion (T4), high histological grade, obstruction and perforation at diagnosis, and number of lymph nodes removed are the most widely accepted factors. Several molecular factors have been also investigated as prognostic candidate biomarkers. DNA ploidy, KRAS and TP53 mutations, thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thymidine phosphorylase, loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 18q and microsatellite instability have been widely investigated. The aim of this review is to analyze the current evidence and clinical applications of the classical molecular biomarkers as well as new ones such as BRAF, circulating tumor cells, genome expression signatures and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Santos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gabriel Capella
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - Ramon Salazar
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
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Doyle B, Hagan S, Al-Mulla F, Scott L, Harden S, Paul J, Mulcahy H, Murray GI, Sheahan K, O'Sullivan J, Kolch W. Raf kinase inhibitor protein expression combined with peritoneal involvement and lymphovascular invasion predicts prognosis in Dukes' B colorectal cancer patients. Histopathology 2013; 62:505-10. [PMID: 23460950 DOI: 10.1111/his.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There is controversy regarding the use of adjuvant therapy in patients with Dukes' B colorectal cancer (CRC). New markers, identifying high-risk Dukes' B patients, are needed. Here, we examine the utility of Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) as such a marker and promoter methylation as a mechanism of RKIP down-regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a tissue microarray of 220 patients with Dukes' B CRC to examine the effect of RKIP expression on survival. Pyrosequencing was used to assess RKIP promoter methylation status.RKIP expression correlated inversely with disease-specific survival in this cohort. In multivariate analysis, RKIP was found to be an independent prognostic indicator, along with peritoneal invasion and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). RKIP promoter hypermethylation was seen in only one of 29 tumours analysed by pyrosequencing. CONCLUSIONS Raf kinase inhibitor protein, peritoneal invasion and LVI provide independent prognostic information in this cohort of Dukes' B CRC patients.This demonstrates the potential utility of RKIP in identifying 'high-risk' Dukes' B patients. It is this high-risk group which is most likely to benefit from close postoperative monitoring and may derive the most benefit from adjuvant therapy.
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The evaluation of diagnostic value of the tumor markers: CCSA-2 and CEA in colorectal cancer. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2012; 84:86-92. [PMID: 22487741 DOI: 10.2478/v10035-012-0014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Finding the biomarker or biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity in colorectal cancer, and thus a high diagnostic value will determine their clinical usefulness in clinical practice. An effective noninvasive blood test would be an ideal method to detect colorectal cancer. Discovered in 2007 a novel tumor marker CCSA-2 showes a promising results in patients with colorectal cancer. THE AIM OF THE STUDY was the evaluation of diagnostic and clinical value of a novel marker - colon cancer specific antigen-2 (CCSA-2) in colorectal adenocarcinoma in comparison to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients operated during the years 2008 to 2010 at Wrocław Medical University 1st Department and Clinic of General, Gastroenterological and Endocrinologic Surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed on 40 patients with colorectal cancer and 40 patients in control group consisted of healthy subjects who had colonoscopy examinations with negative results (no pathology in the colon was found). The obtained results were statistically analyzed using nonparametric tests - Mann Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. To determine the clinical value of CCSA-2 and CEA in those groups, their sensitivity and specifity was evaluated using ROC analysis. This analysis determines the accuracy and diagnostic value of both tests. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between markers in patients with colorectal cancer and a statistically significant relationship according to which respondents with higher concentrations of CCSA-2 also have higher concentrations of CEA (R=0.754, p<0,001). Concentrations of tumor markers increase and correlate with the clinical progression of the disease. Accuracy of CCSA-2 test using ROC analysis showed a slightly lower measurement of antigen CCSA-2 as diagnostic value in colorectal cancer in comparison to measurement of antigen CEA (accuracy of tests: CCSA-2 - 52%, CEA - 60%). CONCLUSIONS CCSA-2 as a single tumor marker has a low diagnostic value in colorectal cancer because of low sensitivity and specifity. The diagnostic value of novel marker is slightly lower than previously understood and accepted in clinical practice - CEA.
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Al-Humood SA, Al-Qallaf AS, Alshemmari SH, Francis IM, Junaid TA, Marouf RA, Al-Mulla F. Genotypic and phenotypic differences between nodal and extranodal diffuse large B-Cell lymphomas. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:918-31. [PMID: 21832150 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411417309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that have diverse clinical, pathological, and biological features. Here, it is shown that primary nodal and extranodal DLBCLs differ genomically and phenotypically. Using conventional comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), the authors assessed the chromosomal aberrations in 18 nodal, 13 extranodal, and 5 mixed DLBCLs. The results demonstrate significantly distinct chromosomal aberrations exemplified by gains of chromosomal arms 1p, 7p, 12q24.21-12q24.31, and 22q and chromosome X and loss of chromosome 4, 6q, and 18q22.3-23 in extranodal compared with nodal DLBCLs. Nodal DLBCLs showed an increased tendency for 18q amplification and BCL2 protein overexpression compared with extranodal and mixed tumors. Using a panel of five antibodies against GCET1, MUM1, CD10, BCL6, and FOXP1 proteins to subclassify DLBCLs according to the recent Choi algorithm, the authors showed that the genomic profiles observed between the nodal and extranodal DLBCLs were not due to the different proportions of GCB vs ABC in the two groups. Further delineation of these genomic differences was illuminated by the use of high-resolution 21K BAC array CGH performed on 12 independent new cases of extranodal DLBCL. The authors demonstrated for the first time a novel genome and proteome-based signatures that may differentiate the two lymphoma types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A Al-Humood
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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15
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Brosens RPM, Belt EJTH, Haan JC, Buffart TE, Carvalho B, Grabsch H, Quirke P, Cuesta MA, Engel AF, Ylstra B, Meijer GA. Deletion of chromosome 4q predicts outcome in stage II colon cancer patients. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:215-23. [PMID: 21717218 PMCID: PMC3149118 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 30% of all stage II colon cancer patients will relapse and die of their disease. At present no objective parameters to identify high-risk stage II colon cancer patients, who will benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, have been established. With traditional histopathological features definition of high-risk stage II colon cancer patients is inaccurate. Therefore more objective and robust markers for prediction of relapse are needed. DNA copy number aberrations have proven to be robust prognostic markers, but have not yet been investigated for this specific group of patients. The aim of the present study was to identify chromosomal aberrations that can predict relapse of tumor in patients with stage II colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was isolated from 40 formaldehyde fixed paraffin embedded stage II colon cancer samples with extensive clinicopathological data. Samples were hybridized using Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) arrays to determine DNA copy number changes and microsatellite stability was determined by PCR. To analyze differences between stage II colon cancer patients with and without relapse of tumor a Wilcoxon rank-sum test was implemented with multiple testing correction. RESULTS Stage II colon cancers of patients who had relapse of disease showed significantly more losses on chromosomes 4, 5, 15q, 17q and 18q. In the microsatellite stable (MSS) subgroup (n = 28), only loss of chromosome 4q22.1-4q35.2 was significantly associated with disease relapse (P < 0.05, FDR < 0.15). No differences in clinicopathological characteristics between patients with and without relapse were observed. CONCLUSION In the present series of MSS stage II colon cancer patients losses on 4q22.1-4q35.2 were associated with worse outcome and these genomic alterations may aid in selecting patients for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. P. M. Brosens
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E. J. T. H. Belt
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. C. Haan
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T. E. Buffart
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. Grabsch
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - P. Quirke
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M. A. Cuesta
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A. F. Engel
- Department of Surgery, Zaans Medical Centre, Zaandam, the Netherlands
| | - B. Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. A. Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Daphu I, Pedersen PH, Miletic H, Hovland R, Mørk S, Bjerkvig R, Tiron C, McCormack E, Micklem D, Lorens JB, Immervoll H, Thorsen F. A novel brain metastases model developed in immunodeficient rats closely mimics the growth of metastatic brain tumours in patients. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 37:189-205. [PMID: 20819169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS brain metastasis is a common cause of mortality in cancer patients, and associated with poor prognosis. Our objective was to develop a clinically relevant animal model by transplanting human biopsy spheroids derived from metastatic lesions into brains of immunodeficient rats. METHODS nine different patient brain metastases from four different primary cancers were implanted into brains of immunodeficient rats. The xenografts were compared with patient tumours by magnetic resonance imaging, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and DNA copy number analysis. RESULTS after transplantation, tumour growth was achieved in seven out of nine human brain metastases. Spheroids derived from four of the metastases initiated in the rat brains were further serially transplanted into new animals and a 100% tumour take was observed during second passage. Three of the biopsies were implanted subcutaneously, where no tumour take was observed. The animal brain metastases exhibited similar radiological features as observed clinically. Histological comparisons between the primary tumours from the patients, the patient brain metastases and the derived xenografts showed striking similarities in histology and growth patterns. Also, immunohistochemistry showed a strong marker expression similarity between the patient tumours and the corresponding xenografts. DNA copy number analysis between the brain metastases, and the corresponding xenografts revealed strong similarities in gains and losses of chromosomal content. CONCLUSION we have developed a representative in vivo model for studying the growth of human metastatic brain cancers. The model described represents an important tool to assess responses to new treatment modalities and for studying mechanisms behind metastatic growth in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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17
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Lee TK, Murthy SRK, Cawley NX, Dhanvantari S, Hewitt SM, Lou H, Lau T, Ma S, Huynh T, Wesley RA, Ng IO, Pacak K, Poon RT, Loh YP. An N-terminal truncated carboxypeptidase E splice isoform induces tumor growth and is a biomarker for predicting future metastasis in human cancers. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:880-92. [PMID: 21285511 DOI: 10.1172/jci40433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of mortality in cancer patients. However, the mechanisms governing the metastatic process remain elusive, and few accurate biomarkers exist for predicting whether metastasis will occur, something that would be invaluable for guiding therapy. We report here that the carboxypeptidase E gene (CPE) is alternatively spliced in human tumors to yield an N-terminal truncated protein (CPE-ΔN) that drives metastasis. mRNA encoding CPE-ΔN was found to be elevated in human metastatic colon, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. In HCC cells, cytosolic CPE-ΔN was translocated to the nucleus and interacted with histone deacetylase 1/2 to upregulate expression of the gene encoding neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated gene 9 (Nedd9)--which has been shown to promote melanoma metastasis. Nedd9 upregulation resulted in enhanced in vitro proliferation and invasion. Quantification of mRNA encoding CPE-ΔN in HCC patient samples predicted intrahepatic metastasis with high sensitivity and specificity, independent of cancer stage. Similarly, high CPE-ΔN mRNA copy numbers in resected pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (PHEOs/PGLs), rare neuroendocrine tumors, accurately predicted future metastasis or recurrence. Thus, CPE-ΔN induces tumor metastasis and should be investigated as a potentially powerful biomarker for predicting future metastasis and recurrence in HCC and PHEO/PGL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence K Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Bacolod MD, Barany F. Molecular profiling of colon tumors: the search for clinically relevant biomarkers of progression, prognosis, therapeutics, and predisposition. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:3694-700. [PMID: 21347779 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
If properly translated to clinical use, our knowledge about biomarkers may lead to a more effective way of combating colorectal cancer (CRC). Biomarkers are biomolecular, genetic, or cytogenetic attributes indicative of the disease's progression, predisposition, prognosis, or therapeutic options. For CRC, these include chromosomal instability, mutations in KRAS and TP53, loss of 18q, and elevated level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which are all associated with poor prognosis. The prognostic significance of 18q loss can be attributed to reduced expression of SMAD4, or DCC, although the chromosomal arm is actually heavily populated by genes whose downregulation correlate to worse survival. Potentially, identification of prognostic biomarkers can help the oncologist decide whether adjuvant chemotherapy is necessary after surgery. Testing for therapeutic biomarkers can be necessary if targeted therapeutics are being considered. The identification of highly penetrant predisposition markers (such as mutations in APC and MLH1) can be a lifesaver for carrier individuals, who would then have to undergo colonoscopy at an earlier age. Even sporadic CRCs may have some hereditary components, according to recent studies. Genome-wide association studies (using SNP arrays) showed that polymorphisms of certain genes can have subtle influence on CRC predisposition. Our own SNP array-based analysis suggested that long stretches of germline homozygosity (autozygosity), indicative of consanguinity, may also factor in CRC predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manny D Bacolod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Over the past decade, utilization of microarray technology has flourished in biomedical research. It has evolved rapidly into a revolutionary tool that offers deeper insight into the molecular basis associated with complex diseases, especially in the field of cancer. Specifically, array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) permits the detection of genome-wide copy number alterations with high resolution. Microarray application to DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE), in particular, poses a challenge due to the partially degraded nature and compromised quality of the DNA. This chapter gives a description of the several CGH-microarray platforms currently available and offers practical steps that guide you through optimal handling and superior aCGH data acquisition of DNA extracted from FFPE tissues.
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Bacolod MD, Barany F. Gene dysregulations driven by somatic copy number aberrations-biological and clinical implications in colon tumors: a paper from the 2009 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on Molecular Pathology. J Mol Diagn 2010; 12:552-61. [PMID: 20709793 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases have chromosomal instability, in which the tumor genome is characterized by gross chromosomal aberrations such as gains in 20q, 13q, 8q, and 7, and losses in 4, 8p, 18q, and 17p. These somatic copy number changes (gains, losses, and somatic uniparental disomies) are crucial to CRC progression as they drive genes toward cancer-promoting (oncogenic or tumor suppressive) states. Numerous studies have shown that the loss of 18q or 8p is associated with poorer clinical outcome in CRCs. Either chromosomal arm may contain a tumor suppressor gene (or genes), whose deactivation by copy loss (loss of wild-type allele, decreased expression) can be crucial to the later stages of cancer progression. Our own integrated genomic analysis (single nucleotide polymorphism array, expression array) of more than 200 CRC tumor and normal samples indicates that the overall down-regulation of genes within the 8p or 18q arm is associated with lower survival rate. Among the often down-regulated, poor prognosis-associated 8p genes is MTUS1, whose gene product (a mitotic spindle-associated protein) was recently demonstrated to have a tumor suppressive property. Within 18q is ATP5A1, which codes for the catalytic a component of mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase. Like SMAD4 (also in 18q), the decreased expression of ATP5A1 appears to be a marker of unfavorable clinical outcome in CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manny D Bacolod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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21
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Lu ATT, Salpeter SR, Reeve AE, Eschrich S, Johnston PG, Barrier AJ, Bertucci F, Buckley NS, Salpeter EE, Lin AY. Gene Expression Profiles as Predictors of Poor Outcomes in Stage II Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2009; 8:207-14. [DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2009.n.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nakao M, Kawauchi S, Furuya T, Uchiyama T, Adachi J, Okada T, Ikemoto K, Oga A, Sasaki K. Identification of DNA copy number aberrations associated with metastases of colorectal cancer using array CGH profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 188:70-6. [PMID: 19100508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is important to estimate the biological characteristics of tumors, including the nodal status at the time of diagnosis for optimal treatment of individual cancer patients. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed on 77 sporadic colorectal adenocarcinomas using a chip spotted with 4030 BAC clones. The nodal status was compared with an aCGH profiles depicted using a combination of decision-tree classifier and a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) analysis. Node metastasis was not detected in any of the 6 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas with a 3q loss. A SOM analysis following the decision-tree classification of the aCGH data allowed for the differentiation in chromosomal regions between high- and low-level decreases in the DNA copy number. Node metastasis was detected in all 5 tumors with the high-level decrease in DNA copy number at Xp, irrespective of the histological type. Node metastasis was also found exclusively in 6 tumors with increase in DNA copy number at the chromosomal region between 11q13.3 and 11q22.3. Copy number aberrations linked to nodal metastasis were identified more collectively by the combination of the decision-tree classifier and a SOM analysis than by the conventional analysis method in aCGH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Nakao
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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23
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Klatte T, Rao PN, de Martino M, LaRochelle J, Shuch B, Zomorodian N, Said J, Kabbinavar FF, Belldegrun AS, Pantuck AJ. Cytogenetic profile predicts prognosis of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:746-53. [PMID: 19124809 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.8345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of cytogenetic studies in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been impaired by small sample size, retrospective character, and lack of a survival end point. We prospectively studied the prognostic impact of cytogenetic abnormalities on a larger cohort of patients having up to 108 months of follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumors of 282 patients who underwent nephrectomy for clear cell RCC were cytogenetically analyzed. Results were correlated with pathological factors and disease-specific survival. RESULTS The most frequently observed cytogenetic abnormalities were loss of 3p (60%), gain of 5q (33%), loss of 14q (28%), trisomy 7 (26%), loss of 8p (20%), loss of 6q (17%), loss of 9p (16%), loss of 4p (13%), and loss of chromosome Y in men (55%). Tumors with loss of 3p presented at lower TNM stages. Loss of 4p, 9p, and 14q were all associated with higher TNM stages, higher grade, and greater tumor size. A deletion of 3p was associated with better prognosis (P = .03), while loss of 4p (P < .001), loss of 9p (P < .01), and loss of 14q (P < .01) were each associated with worse prognosis. Loss of the Y chromosome led to improved progression-free survival in metastatic patients (P = .02). In multivariate analysis, loss of 9p was retained as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION This cytogenetic study serves as a proof of principal that genetic information, such as loss of chromosome 9, can be obtained from widely available technology, and can provide additional prognostic information to standard clinicopathologic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1738, USA
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Chatterjee D, Sabo E, Tavares R, Resnick MB. Inverse association between Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma patients: implications for clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2994-3001. [PMID: 18483365 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP) plays a pivotal role in cancer by regulating apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents, or immune-mediated stimuli and is a metastasis suppressor protein. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that is frequently activated in gastric adenocarcinomas, thereby promoting tumor growth. We examined the expression patterns of RKIP and STAT3 with regard to human gastric cancer, predicting that elevated RKIP status may favor clinical outcome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tissue microarrays were created from samples from 143 patients with gastric adenocarcinomas. The microarrays were immunohistochemically stained for RKIP and STAT3, and the intensity and extent of the staining was semiquantitatively scored. RESULTS In intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinomas, RKIP and STAT3, expression were inversely associated. Cytoplasmic RKIP expression directly correlated with patient survival. Nuclear STAT3 expression inversely correlated with survival. In the diffuse tumor type, no significant correlation was found between RKIP and patient outcome. In the intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma, multivariate analysis adjusted for treatment types revealed RKIP and tumor stage to be significant independent predictors of survival. In the diffuse tumor type, stage was the only significant predictor of survival. CONCLUSION These results indicate the predictive and protective role of cytoplasmic RKIP expression in gastric adenocarcinoma of the intestinal subtype. In contrast, nuclear STAT3 expression is associated with poor patient prognosis in the intestinal subtype. Significantly, we show an inverse association between RKIP and STAT3 and a positive correlation between RKIP and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasis Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
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Bustin SA. Molecular medicine, gene-expression profiling and molecular diagnostics: putting the cart before the horse. Biomark Med 2008; 2:201-7. [DOI: 10.2217/17520363.2.3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; 3rd Floor, Alexandra Wing Royal London Hospital, London, E1 1BB, UK
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Sasaki H, Miura K, Horii A, Kaneko N, Fujibuchi W, Kiseleva L, Gu Z, Murata Y, Karasawa H, Mizoi T, Kobayashi T, Kinouchi M, Ohnuma S, Yazaki N, Unno M, Sasaki I. Orthotopic implantation mouse model and cDNA microarray analysis indicates several genes potentially involved in lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:711-9. [PMID: 18307535 PMCID: PMC11158708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, metastasis to the regional lymph node (LN) is an important first step in the dissemination of cancers. To identify the genes possibly involved in LN metastasis of CRC, we analyzed LN metastases in an orthotopic implantation mouse model with 22 CRC cell lines using Matrigel, an extracellular matrix protein derived from mice sarcoma, and combined the data with gene expression profiles of cDNA microarray of those cell lines. With this implantation analysis, the incidence of LN metastasis was 60% in 228 orthotopically implanted mice and varied from 100% to 0% among the cell lines. KM12c and Clone A showed LN metastasis in all orthotopically implanted mice, but DLD-1, HCT-8, and SW948 did not show LN metastases at all. In contrast, the incidence of liver and lung metastasis in 22 CRC cell lines was 13% and 1%, respectively. Combining those data with cDNA microarray in vitro, we isolated 636 genes that were differentially expressed depending on the incidence of LN metastasis. Among those genes, the expression level of ring finger protein 125 (RNF125), previously known as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in T cell activation, was significantly different between primary tumors in Stage III CRC patients with LN metastasis and Stage II patients without LN metastasis. In conclusion, the orthotopic implantation mice model with Matrigel was useful, and we isolated candidate genes such as RNF125 that possibly play an important role in LN metastasis of CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Biological-Regulation and Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
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Al-Mulla F, Hagan S, Al-Ali W, Jacob SP, Behbehani AI, Bitar MS, Dallol A, Kolch W. Raf kinase inhibitor protein: mechanism of loss of expression and association with genomic instability. J Clin Pathol 2008; 61:524-9. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2007.046987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aims:Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP; also known as PEBP, for phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein) is an endogenous inhibitor of the Raf– MAPK kinase (MEK)–MAP kinase pathway. It has emerged as a significant metastasis suppressor in a variety of human cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and was recently shown to regulate the spindle checkpoint in cultured cells. This study aims at correlating RKIP expression with chromosomal instability in colorectal cancer samples and identifies possible mechanisms of RKIP loss.Methods:Chromosomal instability was assessed using metaphase-based comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 65 cases with microsatellite stable CRC and correlated with RKIP expression. Methyl-specific PCR was used on DNA extracted from 82 cases with CRC to determine CpG methylation status at the RKIP promoter and the results correlated with RKIP protein expression.Results:We demonstrate for the first time that in microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC, the number of chromosomal losses is inversely proportional to RKIP expression levels. We also show that methylation of the RKIP promoter is a major mechanism by which RKIP expression is silenced in CRC.Conclusions:RKIP loss by hypermethylation of its promoter could have a significant influence on colorectal cancer aneuploidy, which might explain its association with metastatic progression.
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Mourra N, Zeitoun G, Buecher B, Finetti P, Lagarde A, Adelaide J, Birnbaum D, Thomas G, Olschwang S. High frequency of chromosome 14 deletion in early-onset colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:1881-6. [PMID: 17726634 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-007-9040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several genes have been recognized, when mutated in the germline, to highly predispose to colorectal cancer, impairing the DNA mismatch repair system in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome, or APC/MYH in adenomatous polyposis. However, 10 percent of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer is reported to develop in an unexplained context of genetic predisposition. This study was designed to depict the genetic mechanisms underlying early-onset microsatellite stable colon cancers. METHODS Patients younger than aged 50 years undergoing primary surgical resection for colon carcinoma were collected prospectively between 1993 and 2003. A first series of 8 samples has been allelotyped using 361 poly-CA polymorphisms distributed on the 39 autosomal arms within a larger set of 166 sporadic tumors. Genotyping of 24 poly-CA polymorphisms distributed on the 8 chromosomes exhibiting allelic losses in more than 30 percent of the previous cases was then applied to an independent series of 40 tumors. A third series of 70 tumors has been genotyped on chromosome 14 only. RESULTS Comparison of genomic profile from patients younger and older than aged 50 years at the 8 most frequently lost chromosomes allowed, identify chromosome 14 as showing a significant difference between the two groups. Dense chromosome 14 genotyping detected two partial deletions in a general background of 57 percent allelic loss, pointing at a region located between D14S63 and D14S292. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that a tumor-suppressor gene located on chromosome 14 might have an important role in microsatellite stable colon carcinogenesis. Because it seems to be more frequently involved in early-onset cases, it could be a good candidate in inherited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat Mourra
- Department of Pathology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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Murphy B J, Dorudi S, Bustin SA. Molecular staging of colorectal cancer: new paradigm or waste of time? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:31-45. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Al-Mulla F, Hagan S, Behbehani AI, Bitar MS, George SS, Going JJ, García JJC, Scott L, Fyfe N, Murray GI, Kolch W. Raf kinase inhibitor protein expression in a survival analysis of colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2007; 24:5672-9. [PMID: 17179102 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.07.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) inhibits the Raf and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways, and suppresses metastasis in animal models. We examined whether RKIP expression in primary colorectal cancers (CRCs) correlates with the risk of metastasis and overall survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS RKIP expression was examined immunohistochemically in three separate cohorts: a tissue microarray containing 276 samples from human tumors and normal tissues, and retrospective studies of 268 CRC patients and 65 early-stage CRCs. Overall and metastasis-free survival rates were measured. RESULTS RKIP was expressed in normal epithelia but was reduced in metastatic tumors. RKIP expression in primary CRC was an independent prognostic marker for survival using multivariate Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 2.808; 95% CI, 1.58 to 4.96; P = .0002), independent of Dukes' stage. Patients with Dukes' C RKIP-positive tumors had similar 5-year survival rates as early-stage patients if tumors had equivalent RKIP expression levels. An independent study of early-stage CRCs confirmed that reduced RKIP expression predicted metastatic recurrence and reduced disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7 to 12.3; P = .003). RKIP expression was independent of sex, age, mitotic index, lymphatic and vascular invasion, depth of invasion, and tumor site, but correlated positively with apoptotic index (P = .024). Weak or loss of RKIP expression was the most significant and independent prognostic marker using a multivariate regression equation (hazard ratio, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7 to 12.3; P = .003). CONCLUSION RKIP expression in primary CRCs correlates with overall and disease-free survival, and can be useful for identifying early-stage CRC patients at risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Al-Mulla
- Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Safat, Kuwait
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Mazhar D, Stebbing J, Heller W. Recent advances in the systemic management of colorectal cancer. Future Oncol 2006; 2:643-50. [PMID: 17026455 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.2.5.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer represents one of the most prevalent malignancies. There have been considerable improvements in the management of the disease in the last decade, including advances in surgery. In terms of systemic management, 5-fluorouracil, usually with leucovorin, has remained the mainstay of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer in both the adjuvant and metastatic settings. In the late 1990s, irinotecan and oxaliplatin reached the clinical arena, and the introduction of these agents has led to significant improvements in outcomes. More recently, several biopharmaceuticals, including the monoclonal antibodies bevacuzimab and cetuximab, have shown promise in clinical studies. These novel agents are now being incorporated into treatment schedules for colorectal cancer. This review assesses recent improvements in the systemic management of large bowel cancer and highlights future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Mazhar
- Charing Cross Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, London, W6 8RF, UK.
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Al-Mulla F, AlFadhli S, Al-Hakim AH, Going JJ, Bitar MS. Metastatic recurrence of early-stage colorectal cancer is linked to loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 4 and 14q. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:624-30. [PMID: 16731603 PMCID: PMC1860407 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.033167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prognostic value for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosomes 4 and 14q in early-stage colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS A total of 70, largely microsatellite stable, tumours and their corresponding normal mucosa were subjected to microdissection and analysed for LOH at chromosomes 4 and 14q by using 13 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. LOH was correlated with the survival of the patients, using univariate, multivariate and Kaplan-Meier's survival curves. RESULT LOH at D4S2935, D4S1579 and D4S1595 on chromosome 4 was significantly associated with metastatic recurrence of early-stage CRC. For chromosome arm 14q, two minimal regions of deletion were associated with metastatic recurrence and mapped to neighbouring markers D14S275/D14S49 at 14q12-13 and D14S65/D14S250 at 14q32. High-level loss (loss of five to eight of the informative microsatellite markers) on both chromosomes 4 and 14q, to be an independent prognostic indicator in early-stage CRC was shown by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Determining the LOH of chromosomes 4 and 14q and their extent in primary tumours of patients with early-stage CRC may constitute a molecular signature of metastatic recurrence. This may be achieved if new finding sheds light on the treatment of this subgroup of patients that have been largely ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Pathology Unit, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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D'Orazio A. Clinical utility of gene microarray for the management of colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2006; 6:25-8. [PMID: 16796787 DOI: 10.1016/s1533-0028(11)70238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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