1
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Park JH, Shin JI, Lim BJ. Prognostic significance of tumour budding in noncolorectal gastrointestinal tract and pancreatobiliary tract: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Histopathology 2024; 84:1079-1091. [PMID: 38362762 DOI: 10.1111/his.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Tumour budding shows promise as a prognostic factor in various cancers, but its widespread application is hindered by the lack of large, validated studies and standardized criteria. This meta-analysis aims to review and examine the prognostic role of tumour budding specifically in noncolorectal gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary tract cancers, broadening our perspective on its clinical relevance. The literature review was conducted through PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception till 20 February 2023. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the relation between tumour budding and clinicopathologic features, as well as overall survival. Each study was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and both heterogeneity and publication bias were analysed. In this meta-analysis of 57 studies across various cancer types, multivariate HR revealed worse overall survival in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR 3.34 [95% CI 2.21-5.04]), gastric adenocarcinoma (2.03 [1.38-2.99]), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (2.56 [2.02-3.25]), and biliary tract adenocarcinoma (3.11 [2.46-3.93]) with high-grade tumour budding. Additionally, high-grade tumour budding consistently correlated with adverse clinicopathological features, including lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, and distant metastasis without any observed inverse association. High heterogeneity was noted. Our study suggests that tumour budding is a valuable prognostic marker in various cancers. Nonetheless, standardized criteria tailored to specific organ types are necessary to enhance its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tsoneva DK, Ivanov MN, Vinciguerra M. Liquid Liver Biopsy for Disease Diagnosis and Prognosis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:1520-1541. [PMID: 38161500 PMCID: PMC10752811 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are a major burden worldwide, the scope of which is expected to further grow in the upcoming years. Clinically relevant liver dysfunction-related blood markers such as alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase have limited accuracy. Nowadays, liver biopsy remains the gold standard for several liver-related pathologies, posing a risk of complication due to its invasive nature. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive approach, which has shown substantial potential in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of liver diseases by detecting disease-associated particles such as proteins and RNA molecules in biological fluids. Histones are the core components of the nucleosomes, regulating essential cellular processes, including gene expression and DNA repair. Following cell death or activation of immune cells, histones are released in the extracellular space and can be detected in circulation. Histones are stable in circulation, have a long half-life, and retain their post-translational modifications. Here, we provide an overview of the current research on histone-mediated liquid biopsy methods for liver diseases, with a focus on the most common detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desislava K. Tsoneva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Transplantology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Martin N. Ivanov
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Transplantology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Transplantology, Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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3
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Jiang X, Wang S, Liang Q, Liu Y, Liu L. Unraveling the multifaceted role of EpCAM in colorectal cancer: an integrated review of its function and interplay with non-coding RNAs. Med Oncol 2023; 41:35. [PMID: 38151631 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a critical glycoprotein involved in cell cycle progression, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and immune evasion. Its role as a target for bispecific antibodies has shown promise in annihilating cancer cells. EpCAM's potential as a biomarker for tumor-initiating cells, characterized by self-renewal and tumorigenic capabilities, underscores its value in early cancer detection, immunotherapy, and targeted drug delivery. While EpCAM monotherapies have been met with limited success, bispecific antibodies targeting both EpCAM and other proteins have exhibited encouraging results in colorectal cancer (CRC) research. The integration of EpCAM-directed nanotechnology in drug delivery systems has emerged as a pivotal innovation in CRC treatment. Moreover, developing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell and CAR natural killer (NK) cell therapies opens promising therapeutic avenues for EpCAM-positive CRC patients. Although preliminary, this review sets the stage for future advances. Additionally, this study advances our understanding of the role of non-coding RNAs in CRC, which may be pivotal in gene regulation and could provide insights into the molecular underpinning. The findings suggest that lncRNA, miRNA, and circRNA could serve as novel therapeutic targets or biomarkers, further enriching the landscape of CRC diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sumeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingxiang Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Unal B, Celik MY, Gedik EO, Bassorgun CI, Elpek GO. Tumor budding as a potential prognostic marker in determining the behavior of primary liver cancers. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:775-785. [PMID: 37397937 PMCID: PMC10308291 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i6.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), the most common primary tumors of the liver, are among the most important causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Because patients with primary liver tumors are frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage and have high mortality, many efforts have been made to identify new markers to determine their behavior and treatment, similar to those in other solid organ tumors. Recently, morphological assessment of tumor budding (TB) has been revealed as a promising prognostic finding to predict tumor behavior and survival across several different tumor types. Currently, the TB score in colorectal cancer has been revealed as an important parameter in pathology report protocols to determine the course of the disease. Regarding the liver, despite enormous data showing that many mechanisms involved in TB are associated with tumor behavior in both HCC and ICC, studies focusing on the role of TB in predicting the behavior and prognosis of these tumors have started to be investigated very recently. The purpose of this review is to present data about TB in primary tumors of the liver, pointing out the potential role of this parameter in determining the course of the disease, and emphasize the need to increase the number of further studies focusing on the evaluation of this parameter with an overview of the mechanisms involved in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Unal
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | | | - Elif Ocak Gedik
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | | | - Gulsum Ozlem Elpek
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya 07070, Turkey
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5
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Giacomelli M, Monti M, Pezzola DC, Lonardi S, Bugatti M, Missale F, Cioncada R, Melocchi L, Giustini V, Villanacci V, Baronchelli C, Manenti S, Imberti L, Giurisato E, Vermi W. Immuno-Contexture and Immune Checkpoint Molecule Expression in Mismatch Repair Proficient Colorectal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3097. [PMID: 37370706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) represents a lethal disease with heterogeneous outcomes. Only patients with mismatch repair (MMR) deficient CRC showing microsatellite instability and hyper-mutated tumors can obtain clinical benefits from current immune checkpoint blockades; on the other hand, immune- or target-based therapeutic strategies are very limited for subjects with mismatch repair proficient CRC (CRCpMMR). Here, we report a comprehensive typing of immune infiltrating cells in CRCpMMR. We also tested the expression and interferon-γ-modulation of PD-L1/CD274. Relevant findings were subsequently validated by immunohistochemistry on fixed materials. CRCpMMR contain a significantly increased fraction of CD163+ macrophages (TAMs) expressing TREM2 and CD66+ neutrophils (TANs) together with decrease in CD4-CD8-CD3+ double negative T lymphocytes (DNTs); no differences were revealed by the analysis of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cell populations. A fraction of tumor-infiltrating T-cells displays an exhausted phenotype, co-expressing PD-1 and TIM-3. Remarkably, expression of PD-L1 on fresh tumor cells and TAMs was undetectable even after in vitro stimulation with interferon-γ. These findings confirm the immune suppressive microenvironment of CRCpMMR characterized by dense infiltration of TAMs, occurrence of TANs, lack of DNTs, T-cell exhaustion, and interferon-γ unresponsiveness by host and tumor cells. Appropriate bypass strategies should consider these combinations of immune escape mechanisms in CRCpMMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Giacomelli
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matilde Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Diego Cesare Pezzola
- Department of Surgery, Surgery Division II, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Head & Neck Oncology & Surgery Otorhinolaryngology, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek-Nederlands Kanker Instituut, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rossella Cioncada
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Viviana Giustini
- CREA Laboratory, AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Villanacci
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Carla Baronchelli
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Manenti
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Imberti
- Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giurisato
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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6
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Omar FA, Brown TC, Gillanders WE, Fleming TP, Smith MA, Bremner RM, Sankpal NV. Cytosolic EpCAM cooperates with H-Ras to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition through ZEB1. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285707. [PMID: 37192201 PMCID: PMC10187930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing of human cancer mutations has identified novel therapeutic targets. Activating Ras oncogene mutations play a central role in oncogenesis, and Ras-driven tumorigenesis upregulates an array of genes and signaling cascades that can transform normal cells into tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the role of altered localization of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in Ras-expressing cells. Analysis of microarray data demonstrated that Ras expression induced EpCAM expression in normal breast epithelial cells. Fluorescent and confocal microscopy showed that H-Ras mediated transformation also promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) together with EpCAM. To consistently localize EpCAM in the cytosol, we generated a cancer-associated EpCAM mutant (EpCAM-L240A) that is retained in the cytosol compartment. Normal MCF-10A cells were transduced with H-Ras together with EpCAM wild-type (WT) or EpCAM-L240A. WT-EpCAM marginally effected invasion, proliferation, and soft agar growth. EpCAM-L240A, however, markedly altered cells and transformed to mesenchymal phenotype. Ras-EpCAM-L240A expression also promoted expression of EMT factors FRA1, ZEB1 with inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL1. This altered morphology was reversed using MEK-specific inhibitors and to some extent JNK inhibition. Furthermore, these transformed cells were sensitized to apoptosis using paclitaxel and quercetin, but not other therapies. For the first time, we have demonstrated that EpCAM mutations can cooperate with H-Ras and promote EMT. Collectively, our results highlight future therapeutic opportunities in EpCAM and Ras mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma A. Omar
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Taylor C. Brown
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William E. Gillanders
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Fleming
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Smith
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ross M. Bremner
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Narendra V. Sankpal
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
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7
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Lin JR, Wang S, Coy S, Chen YA, Yapp C, Tyler M, Nariya MK, Heiser CN, Lau KS, Santagata S, Sorger PK. Multiplexed 3D atlas of state transitions and immune interaction in colorectal cancer. Cell 2023; 186:363-381.e19. [PMID: 36669472 PMCID: PMC10019067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Advanced solid cancers are complex assemblies of tumor, immune, and stromal cells characterized by high intratumoral variation. We use highly multiplexed tissue imaging, 3D reconstruction, spatial statistics, and machine learning to identify cell types and states underlying morphological features of known diagnostic and prognostic significance in colorectal cancer. Quantitation of these features in high-plex marker space reveals recurrent transitions from one tumor morphology to the next, some of which are coincident with long-range gradients in the expression of oncogenes and epigenetic regulators. At the tumor invasive margin, where tumor, normal, and immune cells compete, T cell suppression involves multiple cell types and 3D imaging shows that seemingly localized 2D features such as tertiary lymphoid structures are commonly interconnected and have graded molecular properties. Thus, while cancer genetics emphasizes the importance of discrete changes in tumor state, whole-specimen imaging reveals large-scale morphological and molecular gradients analogous to those in developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ren Lin
- Ludwig Center at Harvard and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Ludwig Center at Harvard and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shannon Coy
- Ludwig Center at Harvard and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Ludwig Center at Harvard and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Ludwig Center at Harvard and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madison Tyler
- Ludwig Center at Harvard and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maulik K Nariya
- Ludwig Center at Harvard and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cody N Heiser
- Program in Chemical & Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Ludwig Center at Harvard and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Ludwig Center at Harvard and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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8
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Ngalim SH, Yusoff N, Johnson RR, Abdul Razak SR, Chen X, Hobbs JK, Lee YY. A review on mechanobiology of cell adhesion networks in different stages of sporadic colorectal cancer to explain its tumorigenesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:63-72. [PMID: 36116549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is strongly linked to extraneous factors, like poor diet and lifestyle, but not to inherent factors like familial genetics. The changes at the epigenomics and signalling pathways are known across the sporadic CRC stages. The catch is that temporal information of the onset, the feedback loop, and the crosstalk of signalling and noise are still unclear. This makes it challenging to diagnose and treat colon cancer effectively with no relapse. Various microbial cells and native cells of the colon, contribute to sporadic CRC development. These cells secrete autocrine and paracrine for their bioenergetics and communications with other cell types. Imbalances of the biochemicals affect the epithelial lining of colon. One side of this epithelial lining is interfacing the dense colon tissue, while the other side is exposed to microbiota and excrement from the lumen. Hence, the epithelial lining is prone to tumorigenesis due to the influence of both biochemical and mechanical cues from its complex surrounding. The role of physical transformations in tumorigenesis have been limitedly discussed. In this context, cellular and tissue structures, and force transductions are heavily regulated by cell adhesion networks. These networks include cell anchoring mechanism to the surrounding, cell structural integrity mechanism, and cell effector molecules. This review will focus on the progression of the sporadic CRC stages that are governed by the underlaying cell adhesion networks within the epithelial cells. Additionally, current and potential technologies and therapeutics that target cell adhesion networks for treatments of sporadic CRC will be incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hawa Ngalim
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Norwahida Yusoff
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rayzel Renitha Johnson
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Razila Abdul Razak
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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9
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Ju S, Chen C, Zhang J, Xu L, Zhang X, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhou J, Ji F, Wang L. Detection of circulating tumor cells: opportunities and challenges. Biomark Res 2022; 10:58. [PMID: 35962400 PMCID: PMC9375360 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that shed from a primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream. Studying the functional and molecular characteristics of CTCs may provide in-depth knowledge regarding highly lethal tumor diseases. Researchers are working to design devices and develop analytical methods that can capture and detect CTCs in whole blood from cancer patients with improved sensitivity and specificity. Techniques using whole blood samples utilize physical prosperity, immunoaffinity or a combination of the above methods and positive and negative enrichment during separation. Further analysis of CTCs is helpful in cancer monitoring, efficacy evaluation and designing of targeted cancer treatment methods. Although many advances have been achieved in the detection and molecular characterization of CTCs, several challenges still exist that limit the current use of this burgeoning diagnostic approach. In this review, a brief summary of the biological characterization of CTCs is presented. We focus on the current existing CTC detection methods and the potential clinical implications and challenges of CTCs. We also put forward our own views regarding the future development direction of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Ju
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahang Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feiyang Ji
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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Kalantari E, Taheri T, Fata S, Abolhasani M, Mehrazma M, Madjd Z, Asgari M. Significant co-expression of putative cancer stem cell markers, EpCAM and CD166, correlates with tumor stage and invasive behavior in colorectal cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:15. [PMID: 35016698 PMCID: PMC8751119 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crucial oncogenic role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumor maintenance, progression, drug resistance, and relapse has been clarified in different cancers, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC). The current study was conducted to evaluate the co-expression pattern and clinical significance of epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and activated leukocyte cell adhesion (CD166 or ALCAM) in CRC patients. METHODS This study was carried out on 458 paraffin-embedded CRC specimens by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray (TMA) slides. RESULTS Elevated expression of EpCAM and CD166 was observed in 61.5% (246/427) and 40.5% (164/405) of CRC cases. Our analysis showed a significant positive association of EpCAM expression with tumor size (P = 0.02), tumor stage (P = 0.007), tumor differentiate (P = 0.005), vascular (P = 0.01), neural (P = 0.01), and lymph node (P = 0.001) invasion. There were no significant differences between CD166 expression and clinicopathological parameters. Moreover, the combined analysis demonstrated a reciprocal significant correlation between EpCAM and CD166 expression (P = 0.02). Interestingly, there was a significant positive correlation between EpCAM/CD166 phenotypes expression and tumor stage (P = 0.03), tumor differentiation (P = 0.05), neural, and lymph node invasion (P =0.01). CONCLUSIONS The significant correlation of EpCAM and CD166 expression and their association with tumor progression and aggressive behavior is the reason for the suggestion of these two CSC markers as promising targets to promote novel effective targeted-therapy strategies for cancer treatment in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kalantari
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Fata
- Department of Pathology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Mehrazma
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Asgari
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran.
- Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Regmi P, Paudyal A, Paudyal P, Hu HJ, Liu F, Ma WJ, Jin YW, Li FY. Prognostic significance of tumor budding in biliary tract cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2021; 48:160-168. [PMID: 34412954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor budding is a significant prognostic indicator for poor survival of several solid tumors. However, due to the lack of a standard scoring system, its clinical application for biliary tract cancer (BTC) is limited. OBJECTIVE To identify the prognostic significance of tumor budding in BTC. RESULTS Tumor budding was associated with poor histologic differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, lymph node metastasis, positive surgical margin, etc. Tumor budding was a predictor of poor OS in univariate (HR: 4.36; 95% CI 3.15 to 6.02; P < 0.001) and multivariate (HR: 2.95; 95% CI 2.28 to 3.80; P < 0.001) analysis. Similarly, it was also a predictor of poor DFS in univariate (HR: 3.26; 95% CI 2.12 to 4.99; P < 0.001) and multivariate (HR: 3.21; 95% CI 1.90 to 5.40; P < 0.001) analysis. In addition, tumor budding was also associated with advanced T-stage, poor histologic differentiation, lymph node metastasis, positive resection margin, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, and perineural invasion. CONCLUSION Results of our study have shown that tumor budding is a strong predictor of poor survival for BTC. The clinical utility of tumor budding as a prognostic marker for BTC should be considered after developing a standard international consensus based on the current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parbatraj Regmi
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Aliza Paudyal
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pranita Paudyal
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hai-Jie Hu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wen-Jie Ma
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan-Wen Jin
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fu-Yu Li
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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12
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Modified Tumor Budding as a Better Predictor of Lymph Node Metastasis in Early Gastric Cancer: Possible Real-World Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143405. [PMID: 34298621 PMCID: PMC8306932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To obtain the optimal treatment effect of endoscopic resection (ER) in early gastric carcinoma (EGC), a well-established indication for post-ER surgery is needed. In addition, accurate prediction of lymph node metastasis (LNM) is necessary to achieve this goal. Here, we present modified tumor budding (mTB), which excludes signet ring cells from conventional tumor budding (TB) as a novel predictor for LNM. Conventional TB and mTB were the most predictive independent factors for LNM. Furthermore, mTB was superior to TB in predicting LNM (p = 0.0004–0.0008). In conclusion, mTB significantly enhanced the predictive power of LNM, which could be a novel indicator for determining post-ER surgery. Abstract Endoscopic resection (ER) is a minimally invasive treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC) with a low risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM). Recently, tumor budding (TB) has emerged as a potential predictor of LNM in EGC. We assessed the clinical significance of modified TB (mTB) that excludes the signet ring cell component and compared several TB assessment methods. Two hundred and eighty-nine patients with EGC at Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital from 2010 to 2021 were enrolled. In univariate analysis, age, size, depth of invasion, tumor type, histologic type, Lauren classification, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, poorly differentiated carcinoma (“not otherwise specified” predominant), and TB were significantly associated with LNM. Multivariate regression analysis showed that mTB (difference area under the curve [dAUC] = 0.085 and 0.087) was superior to TB (dAUC = 0.054 and 0.057) in predicting LNM. In addition, total TB counts on representative slide sections (dAUC = 0.087 and 0.057) in assessing TB and mTB and the ITBCC method (dAUC = 0.085) in mTB were superior to the presence or absence method (dAUC = 0.042 and 0.029). The mTB significantly increases LNM prediction ability, which can provide important information for patients with EGC.
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13
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Saito A, Tojo M, Kumagai Y, Ohzawa H, Yamaguchi H, Miyato H, Sadatomo A, Naoi D, Ota G, Koinuma K, Horie H, Lefor AK, Sata N, Kitayama J. Flow cytometry detection of cell type-specific expression of programmed death receptor ligand-1 (PD-L1) in colorectal cancer specimens. Heliyon 2020; 7:e05880. [PMID: 33458446 PMCID: PMC7797507 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy is now widely used for the treatment of advanced malignancies. Although PD-L1 is known to be expressed by various host cells as well as tumor cells, the role of PD-L1 on non-malignant cells and its clinical significance is unknown. We evaluated cell type-specific expression of PD-L1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens using multicolor flow cytometry. Methods Single cell suspensions were made from 21 surgically resected CRC specimens, and immunostained with various mAbs conjugated with different fluorescent dyes. Tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune cells were identified as CD326(+), CD90(+) and CD45(+) phenotype, respectively. CD11b(+) myeloid cells, CD19(+) B cells and CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells were also stained in different samples, and their frequencies in the total cell population and the ratio of PD-L1(+) cells to each phenotype were determined. Results PD-L1 was expressed by all the cell types. The ratio of PD-L1(+) cells to CD326(+) tumor cells was 19.1% ± 14.0%, lower than those for CD90(+) stromal cells (39.6% ± 16.0%) and CD11b(+) myeloid cells (31.9% ± 14.3%). The ratio of PD-L1(+) cells in tumor cells correlated strongly with the ratio in stromal cells, while only weakly with that in myeloid cells. Tumor cells were divided into two populations by CD326 expression levels, and the PD-L1 positive ratios were inversely correlated with the rate of CD326 highly expressing cells as well as mean fluorescein intensity of CD326 in tumor cells, while positively correlated with the frequencies of stromal cells or myeloid cells in CRC. Conclusion PD-L1 is differentially expressed on various cell types in CRC. PD-L1 on tumor cells may be upregulated together with CD326 downregulation in the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Quantification of cell type-specific expression of PD-L1 using multicolor flow cytometry may provide useful information for the immunotherapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Tojo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yuko Kumagai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ohzawa
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | | | - Hideyo Miyato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Ai Sadatomo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Daishi Naoi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Gaku Ota
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Koji Koinuma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hisanaga Horie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | | | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Joji Kitayama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Abstract
Tumour budding is an emerging prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer (CRC) and other solid cancers. Tumour buds are usually defined as isolated single cancer cells or clusters of up to four cancer cells located at the invasive tumour front. The prognostic value of tumour budding is now supported by a large body of evidence, whereas the utility of this phenotype as a predictive biomarker remains under investigation. The application of tumour budding indices in clinical practice requires a standardized scoring system that can be tailored to specific tumour types and clinical scenarios. In the context of CRC, tumour budding can be assessed according to the method agreed at the International Tumour Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC) in 2016. Using the ITBCC scoring system, tumour budding is an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis in patients with pT1 CRC and of unfavourable survival in patients with stage II colon cancer. Regardless of the clinical scenario or tumour type, the assertion that 'the more tumour buds, the worse the clinical outcome' applies. In this Review, we provide an overview of tumour budding in solid cancers, highlighting the molecular and biological aspects of this phenomenon, including its associations with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and features of the tumour microenvironment. We also describe the available evidence demonstrating the value of tumour budding as a biomarker across various solid cancers.
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15
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Wei P, Wu F, Kang B, Sun X, Heskia F, Pachot A, Liang J, Li D. Plasma extracellular vesicles detected by Single Molecule array technology as a liquid biopsy for colorectal cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1809765. [PMID: 32944195 PMCID: PMC7480466 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1809765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) were recognized as a promising source of diagnostic biomarker. However, there are limited studies published in this area, partly due to the limited number of detection platforms capable of detecting extracellular vesicles. In this study, extracellular vesicle immunoassays were developed using the Single Molecule array technology (SiMoa) and their clinical applications to cancer diagnosis were evaluated. Two extracellular vesicle detection assays, CD9-CD63 and Epcam-CD63, were designed to detect universal extracellular vesicles and tumour-derived extracellular vesicles, respectively. Our results show that CD9-CD63 and Epcam-CD63 SiMoa assays specifically detect extracellular vesicles but not free proteins with high sensitivities. The Epcam-CD63 levels detected in cancer cell culture media were consistent with levels of Epcam-expressing EVs isolated from the same cancer cell lines and detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the assays distinguish cancerous from non-cancerous plasma samples. The highest CD9-CD63 and Epcam-CD63 signals were observed in colorectal cancer patients comparing to healthy and benign controls. Both assays showed superior diagnostic performance for colorectal cancer. In addition, our results show that CD9-CD63 detection is an independent prognosis factor for both progression free survival and overall survival, while Epcam-CD63 detectionis an independent prognosis factor for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wei
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center - InstitutMérieux Laboratory, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Open Innovation & Partnerships Department, bioMerieux (Shanghai) Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Kang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center - InstitutMérieux Laboratory, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Open Innovation & Partnerships Department, bioMerieux (Shanghai) Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Sun
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center - InstitutMérieux Laboratory, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Open Innovation & Partnerships Department, bioMerieux (Shanghai) Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Fabienne Heskia
- Global Medical Affairs Deptartment, bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Alexandre Pachot
- Open Innovation & Partnerships Department, bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Ji Liang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center - InstitutMérieux Laboratory, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Open Innovation & Partnerships Department, bioMerieux (Shanghai) Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
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16
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Raghavan S, Singh DK, Rohila J, DeSouza A, Engineer R, Ramaswamy A, Ostwal V, Saklani A. Outcomes of Definitive Treatment of Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Rectum: Is Minimal Invasive Surgery Detrimental in Signet Ring Rectal Cancers? Indian J Surg Oncol 2020; 11:597-603. [PMID: 33299278 PMCID: PMC7714872 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-020-01142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome of surgery for signet ring adenocarcinoma of rectum is suboptimal with high predilection for locoregional and peritoneal metastases. Lack of intercellular adhesion due to focal loss of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) may account for this. In such patients, whether minimal invasive surgery carries a high risk of dissemination by pneumoperitoneum and tumor implantation remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus open surgery in patients with signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of rectum. A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center over 3 years on 39 patients undergoing open surgery and 40 patients undergoing MIS diagnosed with signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) identified from our surgical database. Patient characteristics in terms of demographics, clinicoradiological staging, neoadjuvant therapy, and type of surgery with morbidity were compared in the two groups. Data on patients undergoing adjuvant therapy and 3 years disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Recurrence patterns in both groups were separately identified as locoregional, peritoneal, or systemic. The number of patients undergoing surgery in the two arms was 40 (MIS) and 39 (open). In the MIS arm, mean DFS was 29 months whereas in the open arm, it was 25.8 months. The mean OS was 33.65 months for the MIS arm and that for the open arm was 36.34 months. This retrospective study reveals no significant difference in outcomes of surgery for signet ring cell rectal cancers with either MIS or open approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghavan
- Colorectal Disease Management Group, Department Of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Singh
- Colorectal Disease Management Group, Department Of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - J Rohila
- Colorectal Disease Management Group, Department Of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - A DeSouza
- Colorectal Disease Management Group, Department Of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - R Engineer
- Colorectal Disease Management Group, Department Of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - A Ramaswamy
- Colorectal Disease Management Group, Department Of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - V Ostwal
- Colorectal Disease Management Group, Department Of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - A Saklani
- Colorectal Disease Management Group, Department Of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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17
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Tieng FYF, Abu N, Sukor S, Mohd Azman ZA, Mahamad Nadzir N, Lee LH, Ab Mutalib NS. L1CAM, CA9, KLK6, HPN, and ALDH1A1 as Potential Serum Markers in Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Screening. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E444. [PMID: 32630086 PMCID: PMC7400057 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening at the earlier stages could effectively decrease CRC-related mortality and incidence; however, accurate screening strategies are still lacking. Considerable interest has been generated in the detection of less invasive tests requiring a small sample volume with the potential to detect several cancer biomarkers simultaneously. Due to this, the ELISA-based method was undertaken in this study. METHODS Concentrations of neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9), mesothelin (MSLN), midkine (MDK), hepsin (HPN), kallikrein 6 (KLK6), transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 (ALDH1A1), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) from blood serum of 36 primary CRC and 24 metastatic CRC (mCRC) were calculated via MAGPIX® System (Luminex Corporation, USA). RESULTS Significantly increased concentration (p < 0.05) of three serum biomarkers (L1CAM, CA9, and HPN) were shown in mCRC when compared with primary CRC. HPN and KLK6 showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in concentration among different stages of CRC. In contrast, levels of HPN and ALDH1A1 were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in chemotherapy-treated CRC patients as compared with nontreated ones. Conclusion: Serum biomarkers could act as a potential early CRC diagnostics test, but further additional testings are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Yew Fu Tieng
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (F.Y.F.T.); (N.A.); (N.M.N.)
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (F.Y.F.T.); (N.A.); (N.M.N.)
| | - Surani Sukor
- Prima Nexus Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur 50470, Malaysia;
| | - Zairul Azwan Mohd Azman
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Norshahidah Mahamad Nadzir
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (F.Y.F.T.); (N.A.); (N.M.N.)
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Syakima Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (F.Y.F.T.); (N.A.); (N.M.N.)
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18
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Zhang H, Sheng X, Zhang S, Gu X. The prognostic value of tumor budding in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:119-127. [PMID: 35117165 PMCID: PMC8799290 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The predictive value of tumor budding in several cancers is of the essence. The 5-year survival of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients is decreasing despite the improvement of therapy. In order to help improve the prognosis of LSCC patients, we aimed to investigate the value of tumor budding on the prognosis in laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) by the pathological characteristics of the surgical cases. Methods Archival clinical specimens of 51 patients diagnosed with LSCC were included in the research. On the basis of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides, tumor-stroma ratio (TSR), tumor budding and nuclear features were assessed. Correlation between clinical data and histologic characteristics was carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards regression model, respectively. Results Total tumor budding was independent prognostic parameter of 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in LSCC. The evaluation of tumor budding can be as a part of the routine histopathological report in LSCC. Conclusions Tumor budding can be an independent factor of prognosis of LSCC patients and should be as a part of routine histopathologic report for LSCC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaoli Sheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xia Gu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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19
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Carneiro FP, Muniz-Junqueira MI, De Vasconcelos Carneiro M, De Araújo Oliveira Í, Soares AC, De Vargas Haar N, Takano GHS, De Sousa Vianna LM, De Carvalho Caldas G, Vieira DLM, Frutuoso LL, Brito LMR, De Siqueira RVM, Parente AM, De Castro TMML, Peres I, Mendes LMS, Dos Santos Borges TK, Ferreira VM, Motoyama AB. Anti-EpCAM antibodies for detection of metastatic carcinoma in effusions and peritoneal wash. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2019-2024. [PMID: 31423273 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been used as diagnostic/prognostic marker and therapeutic target. The aim of the present study was to compare immunoreactivity of antibodies against distinct epitopes in the ectodomain of EpCAM for detection of carcinoma from different primary sites and of different histological types in effusions and peritoneal wash. Two antibodies against epitopes in the EGF-like domain I (clones Moc-31 and Ber-EP4) and one antibody against the epitope in the cysteine-poor region (158210) of EpCAM were used (all commercially available). Independently of the clone used, EpCAM overexpression was observed in almost all samples when all the adenocarcinoma samples were analyzed together. By using Moc-31, EpCAM overexpression was observed in all samples of adenocarcinoma. Absence of EpCAM overexpression was observed in a few adenocarcinoma samples at some sites of tumor origin, including ovary, breast and stomach, when Ber-EP4 and 158210 were used. Regarding carcinomas aside from adenocarcinomas, histological types, such as squamous cell, urothelial and small cell carcinoma showed different degrees of EpCAM expression according to the antibody used. In squamous cell carcinoma, overexpression was observed only with the clone 158210. It was concluded that, overall, most samples of metastatic carcinoma from effusions showed overexpression of EpCAM. However, there are significant variations in its detection according to the primary site, histological type of the carcinoma and depending on the antibody used. Thus, the use of more than one type of anti-EpCAM antibody would increase the chance of its detection in metastatic carcinoma effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Pirani Carneiro
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil.,Pathology Department of Brasília University, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.,Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lígia Lins Frutuoso
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Moreira Parente
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Peres
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil
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20
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Yamada-Kanazawa S, Tasaki Y, Kajihara I, Sakamoto R, Maeda-Otsuka S, Ihn H. The expression of EpCAM in extramammary Paget's disease. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2019; 8:20-23. [PMID: 30881853 PMCID: PMC6409118 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2019.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare skin malignant tumor. The prognosis of EMPD with distant metastasis is poor, however an effective therapy has not yet established. Recently, EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule, CD326) has attracted attention as both prognostic marker and therapeutic target in several cancers. Besides, EpCAM is an important surface marker of circulating tumor cell (CTC) in the collection of CTC. Thus, the purpose of our study was to examine the expression levels of EpCAM and evaluate the correlation between its intensity of EpCAM and the clinical characteristics of EMPD. The expression of EpCAM in EMPD was examined using immunohistochemistry. Skin samples were obtained from 32 patients with EMPD. We found that almost all EMPD tissues (90.6%, 29/32) were positive for EpCAM. Furthermore, the staining intensity of EpCAM protein negatively correlated with the presence of distant metastasis. Overexpression of EpCAM in EMPD cells suggests that EpCAM may be a novel therapeutic target and the research of CTC may be newly developed in EMPD. Based on these findings, EpCAM may be a meaningful molecule in EMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ikko Kajihara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
- Address correspondence to:Dr. Ikko Kajihara, Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan. E-mail:
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21
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Ye Z, Ding Y, Chen Z, Li Z, Ma S, Xu Z, Cheng L, Wang X, Zhang X, Ding N, Zhang Q, Qian Q. Detecting and phenotyping of aneuploid circulating tumor cells in patients with various malignancies. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:546-551. [PMID: 30572767 PMCID: PMC6422472 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1538000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been exclusively studied and served to assess the clinical outcomes of treatments and progression of cancer. Most CTC data have mainly been derived from distinct cohorts or selected tumor types. In the present study, a total of 594 blood samples from 479 cases with 19 different carcinomas and 30 healthy samples were collected and analyzed by Subtraction enrichment method combined with immunostaining-fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH). Non-hematopoietic cells with aneuploid chromosome 8 (more than 2 copies) were regarded as positive CTCs. The results showed that none of CTCs was found in all 30 healthy samples. The overall positive rate of CTCs was 89.0% in diagnosed cancer patients (ranging from 75.0% to 100.0%). Average number of 11, 5, 8 and 4 CTCs per 7.5 mL was observed in lung cancer, liver cancer, renal cancer and colorectal cancer, respectively. Among 19 different carcinomas, the total number of CTCs, tetraploid chromosome 8, polyploid chromosome 8, CTM (Circulating tumor microemboli) and large CTCs in patients with stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ were statistically higher than patients with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P < 0.05). Furthermore, EpCAM expression was more frequently found in most CTCs than vimentin expression, confirming that these CTCs were of epithelial origin. In addition, small and large CTCs were also classified, and the expression of vimentin was mostly observed in small CTCs and CTM. Our results revealed that there are higher numbers of CTCs, tetraploid, polyploid and large CTCs in patients with stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ, indicating that the quantification of chromosome ploidy performed by SE-iFISH for CTCs might be a useful tool to predict and evaluate therapeutic efficacy as well as to monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Ye
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Yongmei Ding
- b Department of Biotherapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital , The Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhong Li
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Shuo Ma
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Zenghui Xu
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Liang Cheng
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China.,c Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Xinyue Wang
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Na Ding
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Qian Zhang
- b Department of Biotherapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital , The Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qijun Qian
- a Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory , Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy , Shanghai , China.,b Department of Biotherapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital , The Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
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22
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Extracellular domain of EpCAM enhances tumor progression through EGFR signaling in colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:165-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Huang L, Yang Y, Yang F, Liu S, Zhu Z, Lei Z, Guo J. Functions of EpCAM in physiological processes and diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1771-1785. [PMID: 30015855 PMCID: PMC6108866 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which was originally identified as a tumor-associated antigen due to its high expression level in rapidly growing epithelial tumors. Germ line mutations of the human EpCAM gene have been indicated as the cause of congenital tufting enteropathy. Previous studies based on cell models have revealed that EpCAM contributes to various biological processes including cell adhesion, signaling, migration and proliferation. Due to the previous lack of genetic animal models, the in vivo functions of EpCAM remain largely unknown. However, EpCAM genetic animal models have recently been generated, and are useful for understanding the functions of EpCAM. The authors here briefly review the functions and mechanisms of EpCAM in physiological processes and different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shaomin Liu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ziqin Zhu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zili Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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24
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Herreros-Pomares A, Aguilar-Gallardo C, Calabuig-Fariñas S, Sirera R, Jantus-Lewintre E, Camps C. EpCAM duality becomes this molecule in a new Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tale. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 126:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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25
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Tretter JY, Schorpp K, Luxenburger E, Trambauer J, Steiner H, Hadian K, Gires O, Niessing D. A high-content screen for small-molecule regulators of epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM) cleavage yields a robust inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8994-9005. [PMID: 29700109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane protein that regulates cell cycle progression and differentiation and is overexpressed in many carcinomas. The EpCAM-induced mitogenic cascade is activated via regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of EpCAM by ADAM and γ-secretases, generating the signaling-active intracellular domain EpICD. Because of its expression pattern and molecular function, EpCAM is a valuable target in prognostic and therapeutic approaches for various carcinomas. So far, several immunotherapeutic strategies have targeted the extracellular domain of EpCAM. However, targeting the intracellular signaling cascade of EpCAM holds promise for specifically interfering with EpCAM's proliferation-stimulating signaling cascade. Here, using a yellow fluorescence protein-tagged version of the C-terminal fragment of EpCAM, we established a high-content screening (HCS) of a small-molecule compound library (n = 27,280) and characterized validated hits that target EpCAM signaling. In total, 128 potential inhibitors were initially identified, of which one compound with robust inhibitory effects on RIP of EpCAM was analyzed in greater detail. In summary, our study demonstrates that the development of an HCS for small-molecule inhibitors of the EpCAM signaling pathway is feasible. We propose that this approach may also be useful for identifying chemical compounds targeting other disorders involving membrane cleavage-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Schorpp
- the Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute for Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elke Luxenburger
- the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center and
| | - Johannes Trambauer
- the Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- the Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- the Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute for Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Gires
- the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center and
| | - Dierk Niessing
- From the Institute of Structural Biology and .,the Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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26
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Wang H, Stoecklein NH, Lin PP, Gires O. Circulating and disseminated tumor cells: diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in motion. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1884-1912. [PMID: 27683128 PMCID: PMC5352105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood with the gold standard CellSearchTM has proven prognostic value for tumor recurrence and progression of metastatic disease. Therefore, the further molecular characterization of isolated CTCs might have clinical relevance as liquid biopsy for therapeutic decision-making and to monitor disease progression. The direct analysis of systemic cancer appears particularly important in view of the known disparity in expression of therapeutic targets as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-based heterogeneity between primary and systemic tumor cells, which all substantially complicate monitoring and therapeutic targeting at present. Since CTCs are the potential precursor cells of metastasis, their in-depth molecular profiling should also provide a useful resource for target discovery. The present review will discuss the use of systemically spread cancer cells as liquid biopsy and focus on potential target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors, Helmholtz, Germany
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27
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Lowes LE, Goodale D, Xia Y, Postenka C, Piaseczny MM, Paczkowski F, Allan AL. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition leads to disease-stage differences in circulating tumor cell detection and metastasis in pre-clinical models of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76125-76139. [PMID: 27764810 PMCID: PMC5342801 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the cause of most prostate cancer (PCa) deaths and has been associated with circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The presence of ≥5 CTCs/7.5mL of blood is a poor prognosis indicator in metastatic PCa when assessed by the CellSearch® system, the “gold standard” clinical platform. However, ~35% of metastatic PCa patients assessed by CellSearch® have undetectable CTCs. We hypothesize that this is due to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and subsequent loss of necessary CTC detection markers, with important implications for PCa metastasis. Two pre-clinical assays were developed to assess human CTCs in xenograft models; one comparable to CellSearch® (EpCAM-based) and one detecting CTCs semi-independent of EMT status via combined staining with EpCAM/HLA (human leukocyte antigen). In vivo differences in CTC generation, kinetics, metastasis and EMT status were determined using 4 PCa models with progressive epithelial (LNCaP, LNCaP-C42B) to mesenchymal (PC-3, PC-3M) phenotypes. Assay validation demonstrated that the CellSearch®-based assay failed to detect a significant number (~40-50%) of mesenchymal CTCs. In vivo, PCa with an increasingly mesenchymal phenotype shed greater numbers of CTCs more quickly and with greater metastatic capacity than PCa with an epithelial phenotype. Notably, the CellSearch®-based assay captured the majority of CTCs shed during early-stage disease in vivo, and only after establishment of metastases were a significant number of undetectable CTCs present. This study provides important insight into the influence of EMT on CTC generation and subsequent metastasis, and highlights that novel technologies aimed at capturing mesenchymal CTCs may only be useful in the setting of advanced metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori E Lowes
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London ON, Canada
| | - David Goodale
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London ON, Canada
| | - Ying Xia
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London ON, Canada
| | - Carl Postenka
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London ON, Canada
| | - Matthew M Piaseczny
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London ON, Canada
| | - Freeman Paczkowski
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London ON, Canada
| | - Alison L Allan
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London ON, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London ON, Canada
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28
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Isolation and characterization of the primary epithelial breast cancer cells and the adjacent normal epithelial cells from Iranian women's breast cancer tumors. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:625-639. [PMID: 29380298 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As an experimental model, most studies rely on established human cancer cell lines; however, some genetical or phenotypical differences exist between these cells and their original tumor. Therefore, primary cells isolated directly from tissue are believed to be more biologically relevant tools for studying human and animal biology. Here, we aimed to isolate primary epithelial cancer and normal cells from breast tumors of Iranian women, for the first time. Thus, we isolated the epithelial and fibroblast cells from biopsy samples of patients with breast cancer based on differential centrifugation followed by culture in selective media. Normal epithelial cells obtained from the tissue biopsy away from the core of the tumor, based on the pathological diagnosis. Flow cytometry analysis indicated the positive immunoreactivity of the isolated epithelial cells against CD24 and Epithelial Specific Antigen (ESA/EpCAM), while they displayed a concomitant low expression of CD44 and CD49f. In contrat to fibroblasts, the qPCR data indicated the expression of luminal intracellular cytokeratin (Ck18) in both normal and cancer epithelial cells, but there was no expression of myoepithelial/basal markers, CK5 and vimentin. The epithelial cancer cells were reactive to cytokeratin 19 (CK19) antibody, whereas the normal epithelial cells were not. The expression of calmodulin-like protein (CLP) was also lower in the cancer epithelial cells than in the normal ones. In conclusion, primary epithelial normal and cancer cells, in addition to the fibroblasts were isolated and characterized from breast tumor of Iranian patients; and CLP expression is suggested as a susceptibility marker for breast cancer screening.
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29
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Kim JH, Bae JM, Song YS, Cho NY, Lee HS, Kang GH. Clinicopathologic, molecular, and prognostic implications of the loss of EPCAM expression in colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13372-87. [PMID: 26528695 PMCID: PMC4924648 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to comprehensively investigate the clinicopathologic and molecular implications of altered epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) expression in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). EPCAM immunohistochemical expression, EPCAM 3' end deletion, EPCAM promoter methylation, microsatellite instability (MSI), and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) were analyzed in large cohorts of human CRCs. Among 218 MSI-high CRCs, complete loss (CL) of EPCAM expression was observed in two cases, both of which displayed MSH2 deficiency and EPCAM 3' deletion. Thirty-one of the 218 MSI-high CRCs demonstrated the partial loss (PL) of EPCAM expression without EPCAM deletion or methylation and were correlated with CIMP-high and poor disease-free survival. Histologically, foci exhibiting EPCAM loss in EPCAM-PL tumors were dominantly distributed in poorly differentiated tumor components and/or in the invasive tumor front. The implications of EPCAM-PL were further validated in a consecutive series of 726 CRCs. EPCAM-PL (n = 50; 6.9%) was also associated with CIMP-high and adverse pathologic factors and was confirmed to be an independent poor prognostic factor in CRC (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.39). EPCAM-CL can be used to screen for EPCAM deletion-induced Lynch syndrome-associated CRC, whereas EPCAM-PL can be used as an indicator of tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Song
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Yun Cho
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Zhang ZY, Lu YX, Zhang ZY, Chang YY, Zheng L, Yuan L, Zhang F, Hu YH, Zhang WJ, Li XN. Loss of TINCR expression promotes proliferation, metastasis through activating EpCAM cleavage in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:22639-49. [PMID: 27009809 PMCID: PMC5008388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in kinds of human diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). TINCR, a 3.7 kb long non coding RNA, was associated with cell differentiation in keratinocyte and gastric cancer cells. However, little is known about the role of TINCR in regulation CRC progression. Here, we showed that lncRNA TINCR was associated with CRC proliferation and metastasis. TINCR was statistically downregulated in CRC tissues and metastatic CRC cell lines compared with their counterparts. TINCR was reversely correlated with CRC progression and promoted tumor cells growth, metastasis in vivo and in vitro. While overexpression of TINCR had opposite effect. In addition, we also found that TINCR specifically bound to EpCAM through RNA IP and RNA pull down assays. Loss of TINCR promoted hydrolysis of EpCAM and then released EpICD, subsequently, activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Further studies shown that c-Myc repressed the expression of TINCR through repressing sp1 transcriptive activity, which established a positive feedback loop controlling c-Myc and TINCR expression. These findings elucidate that loss of TINCR expression promotes proliferation and metastasis in CRC and it could be considered as a potential cancer suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Yang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan-Xia Lu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhe-Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ya-Ya Chang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Han Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xue-Nong Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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31
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Liu M, Liu Y, Di J, Su Z, Yang H, Jiang B, Wang Z, Zhuang M, Bai F, Su X. Multi-region and single-cell sequencing reveal variable genomic heterogeneity in rectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:787. [PMID: 29169336 PMCID: PMC5701298 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with complex molecular subtypes. While colon cancer has been widely investigated, studies on rectal cancer are very limited. Here, we performed multi-region whole-exome sequencing and single-cell whole-genome sequencing to examine the genomic intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) of rectal tumors. METHODS We sequenced nine tumor regions and 88 single cells from two rectal cancer patients with tumors of the same molecular classification and characterized their mutation profiles and somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) at the multi-region and the single-cell levels. RESULTS A variable extent of genomic heterogeneity was observed between the two patients, and the degree of ITH increased when analyzed on the single-cell level. We found that major SCNAs were early events in cancer development and inherited steadily. Single-cell sequencing revealed mutations and SCNAs which were hidden in bulk sequencing. In summary, we studied the ITH of rectal cancer at regional and single-cell resolution and demonstrated that variable heterogeneity existed in two patients. The mutational scenarios and SCNA profiles of two patients with treatment naïve from the same molecular subtype are quite different. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest each tumor possesses its own architecture, which may result in different diagnosis, prognosis, and drug responses. Remarkable ITH exists in the two patients we have studied, providing a preliminary impression of ITH in rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Liu
- Biodynamics Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Biodynamics Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiabo Di
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhe Su
- Biodynamics Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Beihai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zaozao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Meng Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biodynamics Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xiangqian Su
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
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32
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Hong M, Kim JW, Shin MK, Kim BC. Poorly Differentiated Clusters in Colorectal Adenocarcinomas Share Biological Similarities with Micropapillary Patterns as well as Tumor Buds. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:1595-1602. [PMID: 28875602 PMCID: PMC5592172 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.10.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In colorectal carcinoma, poorly differentiated clusters (PDCs) are a poor prognostic indicator and show morphological continuity and behavioral similarities to micropapillary patterns (MPPs) as well as tumor buds (TBs). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inhibition of cancer-stromal interactions may contribute to the development of PDCs. To clarify the biological nature of PDCs, we examined immunohistochemical stainings for β-catenin, Ki-67, E-cadherin, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), MUC1, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), which are associated with EMT and cancer-stromal interactions. The expression frequencies and patterns of PDCs, TBs, and differentiated neoplastic glands from the tumor center (TC) were compared. In the study group (117 cases), the nuclear β-catenin staining index was higher in PDCs (37.3%) and TBs (43.3%) than in neoplastic glands from TC (8.9%, P < 0.001). The mean Ki-67 labeling index in TC was 71.5%, whereas it was decreased in PDCs (31.2%) and TBs (10.2%, P < 0.001). E-cadherin and EpCAM displayed a tendency to be found along the cell membrane in TC samples (91.5% and 92.3%, respectively), whereas they showed loss of membranous staining in PDC (44.4% and 36.8%, respectively) and TB samples (60.7% and 68.4%, respectively). An inside-out pattern for MUC1 and EMA was frequently observed in PDC (48.7% and 45.3%, respectively) and TB samples (46.2% and 45.3%, respectively), but not in TC samples. Our data demonstrate that there is a pathogenetic overlap among PDCs, TBs, and MPPs and suggest that they might represent sequential growth patterns that branch from common biological processes such as dedifferentiation and alteration in cancer-stromal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineui Hong
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Won Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Mi Kyung Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Forse CL, Rahimi M, Diamandis EP, Assarzadegan N, Dawson H, Grin A, Kennedy E, O'Connor B, Messenger DE, Riddell RH, Kirsch R, Karagiannis GS. HtrA3 stromal expression is correlated with tumor budding in stage II colorectal cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:94-100. [PMID: 28716573 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor budding is a well-established adverse prognostic factor in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). It may represent a form of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. High-temperature requirement A3 (HtrA3) is an inhibitor of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway, the suppression of which has been linked to EMT. Since HtrA3 is highly expressed in the desmoplastic stroma at the CRC invasive front, we sought to evaluate the relationship between tumor budding and HtrA3 expression in 172 stage II CRC resection specimens. All tumors were evaluated for tumor budding, with the highest budding slide selected for pan-keratin (CK) and HtrA3 immunohistochemistry. Representative areas of tumor core and invasive front, including budding and non-budding areas, were marked on CK stained slides, and then evaluated on HtrA3 stained slides. HtrA3 expression in tumor cells (tHtrA3) and peritumoral stroma (sHtrA3) was assessed for staining percentage and intensity (the product yielding a final score). Tumors with high-grade tumor budding (HGTB) showed increased expression of sHtrA3 in budding areas compared to non-budding areas at the invasive front (P<0.001). In addition, sHtrA3 expression at the invasive front was significantly higher in HGTB tumors compared to minimally budding tumors (P<0.05). tHtrA3 expression at the invasive front was significantly associated with high histological grade (P<0.05). Higher sHtrA3 expression in the tumor core (but not invasive front) was significantly associated with decreased 5-year overall survival on univariate analysis (P<0.05), but not multivariate analysis. HtrA3 expression in the peritumoral stroma of patients with stage II CRC is associated with HGTB and may be a novel marker of poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Forse
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahdi Rahimi
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada; University Health Network, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naziheh Assarzadegan
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Dawson
- University of Bern, Institute of Pathology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Grin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Kennedy
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Division of General Surgery, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda O'Connor
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Zane Cohen Clinical Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David E Messenger
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H Riddell
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Kirsch
- University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Bronx, NY, United States.
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Wahab SR, Islam F, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. The Identifications and Clinical Implications of Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2017; 16:93-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Han S, Zong S, Shi Q, Li H, Liu S, Yang W, Li W, Hou F. Is Ep-CAM Expression a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer? A Systematic Meta-Analysis. EBioMedicine 2017; 20:61-69. [PMID: 28558958 PMCID: PMC5478257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cell (CSC) epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) is frequently expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the clinical significance of Ep-CAM expression in CRC is not clear. This study evaluated whether Ep-CAM provided valuable insight as a molecular biomarker for CRC diagnosis and prognosis and the potential of Ep-CAM as a novel therapeutic target in CRC. Methods Publications were selected online using electronic databases. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and the combined sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated and summarized. Results Eleven eligible articles published in English involving 4561 cases were analyzed in this study. Ep-CAM expression was significantly higher in CRC compared with normal controls, and its overexpression was negatively linked to tumor differentiation, tumor stage, vascular invasion, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and tumor budding in CRC patients. The loss of Ep-CAM expression positively correlated with these characteristics. Multivariate analysis of loss of Ep-CAM expression correlated with a poor prognosis in disease-free survival (DFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). The pooled sensitivity, specificity and AUC values of Ep-CAM expression in patients with CRC vs. normal controls were 0.93, 0.90, and 0.94, respectively. Conclusions The present findings suggest that Ep-CAM expression may be associated with CRC carcinogenesis, while the loss of Ep-CAM expression is correlated with the progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis of CRC. Ep-CAM expression may be a useful biomarker for the clinical diagnosis of CRC. Cancer stem cell (CSC) epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) expression may correlate with CRC tumorigenesis. Frequent overexpression of Ep-CAM was a favorable factor for CRC progression and metastasis.
Loss of Ep-CAM expression correlated with the progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis of patients with CRC. Ep-CAM expression may be a potential marker for the detection of CRC.
Ep-CAM expression was reported in CRC, but no clear direction for the diagnostic and prognostic effects of Ep-CAM expression was documented in patients with CRC. We performed a systematic meta-analysis of the existing evidence to determine the clinical significance of Ep-CAM expression in CRC. The findings indicated that Ep-CAM expression was associated with CRC risk. Frequent overexpression of Ep-CAM correlated with a decreased risk of CRC progression and metastasis, and loss of Ep-CAM expression played an important role in CRC progression, metastasis and prognosis. The detection of Ep-CAM expression may be a promising biomarker in diagnosing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Han
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, 274 Zhijiang Road, Shanghai 200071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqi Zong
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, 274 Zhijiang Road, Shanghai 200071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shi
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, 274 Zhijiang Road, Shanghai 200071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjia Li
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, 274 Zhijiang Road, Shanghai 200071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, 274 Zhijiang Road, Shanghai 200071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, 274 Zhijiang Road, Shanghai 200071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, 274 Zhijiang Road, Shanghai 200071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fenggang Hou
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, 274 Zhijiang Road, Shanghai 200071, People's Republic of China.
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Highly tumorigenic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line with cancer stem cell-like properties. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171215. [PMID: 28152020 PMCID: PMC5289561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited numbers of models to study hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vivo in immunocompetent hosts. In an effort to develop a cell line with improved tumorigenicity, we derived a new cell line from Hepa1-6 cells through an in vivo passage in C57BL/6 mice. The resulting Dt81Hepa1-6 cell line showed enhanced tumorigenicity compared to Hepa1-6 with more frequent (28±12 vs. 0±0 lesions at 21 days) and more rapid tumor development (21 (100%) vs. 70 days (10%)) in C57BL/6 mice. The minimal Dt81Hepa1-6 cell number required to obtain visible tumors was 100,000 cells. The Dt81Hepa1-6 cell line showed high hepatotropism with subcutaneous injection leading to liver tumors without development of tumors in lungs or spleen. In vitro, Dt81Hepa1-6 cells showed increased anchorage-independent growth (34.7±6.8 vs. 12.3±3.3 colonies; P<0.05) and increased EpCAM (8.7±1.1 folds; P<0.01) and β-catenin (5.4±1.0 folds; P<0.01) expression. A significant proportion of Dt81Hepa1-6 cells expressed EpCAM compared to Hepa1-6 (34.8±1.1% vs 0.9±0.13%; P<0.001). Enriched EpCAM+ Dt81Hepa1-6 cells led to higher tumor load than EpCAM- Dt81Hepa1-6 cells (1093±74 vs 473±100 tumors; P<0.01). The in vivo selected Dt81Hepa1-6 cell line shows high liver specificity and increased tumorigenicity compared to Hepa1-6 cells. These properties are associated with increased expression of EpCAM and β-catenin confirming that EpCAM+ HCC cells comprise a subset with characteristics of tumor-initiating cells with stem/progenitor cell features. The Dt81Hepa1-6 cell line with its cancer stem cell-like properties will be a useful tool for the study of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo.
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Tumor Budding, Micropapillary Pattern, and Polyploidy Giant Cancer Cells in Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Future Prospects. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4810734. [PMID: 27843459 PMCID: PMC5097820 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4810734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCGs) induced by CoCl2 could form through endoreduplication or cell fusion. A single PGCC formed tumors in immunodeficient mice. PGCCs are also the key contributors to the cellular atypia and associate with the malignant grade of tumors. PGCCs have the properties of cancer stem cells and produce daughter cells via asymmetric cell division. Compared with diploid cancer cells, these daughter cells express less epithelial markers and acquire mesenchymal phenotype with importance in cancer development and progression. Tumor budding is generally recognized to correlate with a high recurrence rate, lymph node metastasis, chemoresistance, and poor prognosis of colorectal cancers (CRCs) and is a good indicator to predict the metastasis and aggressiveness in CRCs. Micropapillary pattern is a special morphologic pattern and also associates with tumor metastasis and poor prognosis. There are similar morphologic features and molecular phenotypes among tumor budding, micropapillary carcinoma pattern, and PGCCs with their budding daughter cells and all of them show strong ability of tumor invasion and migration. In this review, we discuss the cancer stem cell properties of PGCCs, the molecular mechanisms of their regulation, and the relationships with tumor budding and micropapillary pattern in CRCs.
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38
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EGFR-Based Immunoisolation as a Recovery Target for Low-EpCAM CTC Subpopulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163705. [PMID: 27711186 PMCID: PMC5053545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) play a key role in the metastasis process, as they are responsible for micrometastasis and are a valuable tool for monitoring patients in real-time. Moreover, efforts to develop new strategies for CTCs isolation and characterisation, and the translation of CTCs into clinical practice needs to overcome the limitation associated with the sole use of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) expression to purify this tumour cell subpopulation. CTCs are rare events in the blood of patients and are believed to represent the epithelial population from a primary tumour of epithelial origin, thus EpCAM immunoisolation is considered an appropriate strategy. The controversy stems from the impact that the more aggressive mesenchymal tumour phenotypes might have on the whole CTC population. In this work, we first characterised a panel of cell lines representative of tumour heterogeneity, confirming the existence of tumour cell subpopulations with restricted epithelial features and supporting the limitations of EpCAM-based technologies. We next developed customised polystyrene magnetic beads coated with antibodies to efficiently isolate the phenotypically different subpopulations of CTCs from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with metastatic cancer. Besides EpCAM, we propose Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) as an additional isolation marker for efficient CTCs detection.
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39
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Wang R, Chu GCY, Mrdenovic S, Annamalai AA, Hendifar AE, Nissen NN, Tomlinson JS, Lewis M, Palanisamy N, Tseng HR, Posadas EM, Freeman MR, Pandol SJ, Zhau HE, Chung LWK. Cultured circulating tumor cells and their derived xenografts for personalized oncology. Asian J Urol 2016; 3:240-253. [PMID: 29264192 PMCID: PMC5730836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cancer research has demonstrated the existence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cancer patient's blood. Once identified, CTC biomarkers will be invaluable tools for clinical diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. In this review, we propose ex vivo culture as a rational strategy for large scale amplification of the limited numbers of CTCs from a patient sample, to derive enough CTCs for accurate and reproducible characterization of the biophysical, biochemical, gene expressional and behavioral properties of the harvested cells. Because of tumor cell heterogeneity, it is important to amplify all the CTCs in a blood sample for a comprehensive understanding of their role in cancer metastasis. By analyzing critical steps and technical issues in ex vivo CTC culture, we developed a cost-effective and reproducible protocol directly culturing whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells, relying on an assumed survival advantage in CTCs and CTC-like cells over the normal cells to amplify this specified cluster of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gina C Y Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Mrdenovic
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alagappan A Annamalai
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew E Hendifar
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas N Nissen
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James S Tomlinson
- Department of Surgery, West Los Angeles VA Hospital, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Pathology, West Los Angeles VA Hospital, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Thamm DH, Hayes DF, Meuten T, Laver T, Thomas DG. Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression in Canine Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:299-304. [PMID: 27567927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is expressed in most human normal and neoplastic tissues of epithelial derivation and may have an association with tumour cell aggressiveness, a stem cell-like phenotype and clinical outcome. Antibody-based strategies for the targeting and capture of EpCAM-expressing tumour cells are showing promise, both as diagnostic tools and potential therapies. The aim of this study was to assess EpCAM expression in canine tumours. EpCAM expression was assessed in tumour cell lines via gene expression profiling and in formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded tissues from canine carcinomas representing various anatomical sites by immunohistochemistry. EpCAM mRNA expression was higher in cell lines from carcinomas than those derived from sarcomas or haemopoietic tumours. EpCAM was expressed by >2/3 of tumour cells in 71% of canine carcinomas evaluated, irrespective of histotype, with the exception of carcinomas of the adrenal gland. Canine sarcomas and haemopoietic tumours were uniformly negative. Most canine carcinomas express EpCAM and so could be suitable for the study of EpCAM-directed diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Thamm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1665 N. Ursula St., Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - D F Hayes
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive SPC 5942, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T Meuten
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - T Laver
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D G Thomas
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive SPC 5942, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Phattarataratip E, Masorn M, Jarupoonphol W, Supatthanayut S, Saeoweiang P. Differential expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule in salivary gland neoplasms. Ann Diagn Pathol 2016; 24:62-7. [PMID: 27649957 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is the epithelial-specific molecule expressed on various epithelial cell types. The function of EpCAM involves cellular adhesion, proliferation, and signaling in both normal tissues and cancers. The purposes of this study were to investigate the EpCAM expression in salivary gland neoplasms and examine its relationship with pathologic characteristics. Forty-two cases of salivary gland neoplasms, including 20 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MECs), 11 adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs), 9 pleomorphic adenomas (PAs), and 2 polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas (PLGAs) were enrolled. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule expression was analyzed immunohistochemically using MOC-31 and BerEP4 antibodies. Results showed that the majority of MECs and all PLGAs showed EpCAM expression in more than 50% of neoplastic cells, whereas most PAs and ACCs did not express this protein. In MECs, most EpCAM-positive neoplastic cells were clear cells, glandular epithelial cells, and intermediate cells, whereas squamous cells and mucous cells were largely negative. The expression was limited to ductal epithelium in EpCAM-positive PAs and ACCs. The decreased EpCAM expression in MECs was significantly associated with microscopically diminished cystic components, the presence of small nest invasion at invasive front, cellular anaplasia, vascular invasion, and high pathologic grade. These data suggested that EpCAM showed different expression pattern among salivary gland neoplasms and in different grades of MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekarat Phattarataratip
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Marisa Masorn
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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42
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EpCAM (CD326) is differentially expressed in craniopharyngioma subtypes and Rathke's cleft cysts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29731. [PMID: 27431859 PMCID: PMC4949472 DOI: 10.1038/srep29731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I glycoprotein located on the surface of epithelial cells. It is strongly expressed in many neoplasms and already used in the diagnosis and distinction of various tumour subtypes. Comparative studies about EpCAM expression in cystic sellar lesions are lacking. Therefore, we analysed its distribution pattern in adamantinomatous (aCP) and papillary (pCP) craniopharyngiomas (CP) and Rathke’s Cleft Cysts (RCC) using immunohistochemistry and gene expression profiling. Whereas the protein was not detectable in pCP (n = 10), all aCP (n = 64) showed distinct staining patterns. The vast majority of RCC (n = 10) also appeared positive, but these displayed notably lower labeling scores. Additionally, significantly higher mRNA levels were detectable in aCP (n = 19) when compared to pCP (n = 10) (p = 9.985−8). Furthermore, pediatric aCP cases, in general, exhibited stronger EpCAM staining levels compared to adult ones (p = 0.015). However, we were not able to verify this result on mRNA level. In summary, our findings demonstrate that EpCAM can be used as an additional distinction-marker for cystic lesions of the sellar region. Its unknown function in aCP and the presence of an approved monoclonal bispecific trifunctional antibody for cancer therapy are interesting starting points for further studies.
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Wang A, Ramjeesingh R, Chen CH, Hurlbut D, Hammad N, Mulligan LM, Nicol C, Feilotter HE, Davey S. Reduction in membranous immunohistochemical staining for the intracellular domain of epithelial cell adhesion molecule correlates with poor patient outcome in primary colorectal adenocarcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:e171-8. [PMID: 27330354 DOI: 10.3747/co.23.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (epcam) is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on both normal epithelium and epithelial neoplasms such as gastric, breast, and renal carcinomas. Recent studies have proposed that the proteolytic cleavage of the intracellular domain of epcam (epcam-icd) can trigger signalling cascades leading to aggressive tumour behavior. The expression profile of epcam-icd has not been elucidated for primary colorectal carcinoma. In the present study, we examined epcam-icd immunohistochemical staining in a large cohort of patients with primary colorectal adenocarcinoma and assessed its performance as a potential prognostic marker. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for epcam-icd was assessed on tissue microarrays consisting of 137 primary colorectal adenocarcinoma samples. Intensity of staining for each core was scored by 3 independent pathologists. The membranous epcam-icd staining score was calculated as a weighted average from 3 core samples per tumour. Univariate analysis of the average scores and clinical outcome measures was performed. RESULTS The level of membranous epcam-icd staining was positively associated with well-differentiated tumours (p = 0.01); low preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (p = 0.001); and several measures of survival, including 2-year (p = 0.02) and 5-year survival (p = 0.05), and length of time post-diagnosis (p = 0.03). A number of other variables-including stage, grade, and lymph node status-showed correlations with epcam staining and markers of poor outcome, but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Low membranous epcam-icd staining might be a useful marker to identify tumours with aggressive clinical behavior and potential poor prognosis and might help to select candidates who could potentially benefit from treatment targeting epcam.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wang
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - R Ramjeesingh
- Department of Oncology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - C H Chen
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - D Hurlbut
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - N Hammad
- Department of Oncology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - L M Mulligan
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - C Nicol
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - H E Feilotter
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - S Davey
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
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Seeber A, Untergasser G, Spizzo G, Terracciano L, Lugli A, Kasal A, Kocher F, Steiner N, Mazzoleni G, Gastl G, Fong D. Predominant expression of truncated EpCAM is associated with a more aggressive phenotype and predicts poor overall survival in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:657-63. [PMID: 26996277 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) has been shown to be an important mechanism for oncogenic activation of EpCAM through nuclear translocation of the intracellular domain EpICD. Recently, we identified two different membranous EpCAM variants namely EpCAM(MF) (full-length) and EpCAM(MT) (truncated) to be expressed in the majority of human epithelial tumors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential role of these two protein variants as additional prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer. In most studies only one antibody targeting the extracellular domain of EpCAM (EpEX) has been used, whereas in the present study additionally an antibody which detects the intracellular domain (EpICD) was applied to discriminate between different EpCAM variants. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the expression of EpCAM(MF) and EpCAM(MT) variants in 640 patients with colorectal cancer and determined their correlations with other prognostic factors and clinical outcome. A statistically significant association was observed for EpCAM(MT) with advanced tumor stage (p < 0.001), histological grade (p = 0.01), vascular (p < 0.001) and marginal (p = 0.002) invasion. Survival analysis demonstrated reduced overall survival (p < 0.004) in patients with tumors expressing the EpCAM(MT) phenotype when compared to patients with tumors expressing the EpCAM(MF) variant. In conclusion, this study for the first time indicates that expression of EpCAM(MT) is associated with a more aggressive phenotype and predicts poor survival in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Seeber
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Oncotyrol-Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerold Untergasser
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Spizzo
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Oncotyrol-Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Haemato-Oncological Day Hospital, Hospital of Merano, Italy
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Molecular Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Lugli
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Armin Kasal
- Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Bolzano, Italy
| | - Florian Kocher
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Normann Steiner
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Guenther Gastl
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominic Fong
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Oncotyrol-Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Haemato-Oncological Day Hospital, Hospital of Merano, Italy
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45
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Sluiter N, de Cuba E, Kwakman R, Kazemier G, Meijer G, Te Velde EA. Adhesion molecules in peritoneal dissemination: function, prognostic relevance and therapeutic options. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:401-16. [PMID: 27074785 PMCID: PMC4884568 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is diagnosed in 10–25 % of colorectal cancer patients. Selected patients are treated with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. For these patients, earlier diagnosis, optimised selection criteria and a personalised approach are warranted. Biomarkers could play a crucial role here. However, little is known about possible candidates. Considering tumour cell adhesion as a key step in peritoneal dissemination, we aim to provide an overview of the functional importance of adhesion molecules in peritoneal dissemination and discuss the prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic options of these candidate biomarkers. A systematic literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. In 132 in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies published between 1995 and 2013, we identified twelve possibly relevant adhesion molecules in various cancers that disseminate peritoneally. The most studied molecules in tumour cell adhesion are integrin α2β1, CD44 s and MUC16. Furthermore, L1CAM, EpCAM, MUC1, sLex and Lex, chemokine receptors, Betaig-H3 and uPAR might be of clinical importance. ICAM1 was found to be less relevant in tumour cell adhesion in the context of peritoneal metastases. Based on currently available data, sLea and MUC16 are the most promising prognostic biomarkers for colorectal peritoneal metastases that may help improve patient selection. Different adhesion molecules appear expressed in haematogenous and transcoelomic spread, indicating two different attachment processes. However, our extensive assessment of available literature reveals that knowledge on metastasis-specific genes and their possible candidates is far from complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sluiter
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erienne de Cuba
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riom Kwakman
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AVL), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Atie Te Velde
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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46
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Lin PP. Integrated EpCAM-independent subtraction enrichment and iFISH strategies to detect and classify disseminated and circulating tumors cells. Clin Transl Med 2015; 4:38. [PMID: 26718583 PMCID: PMC4696935 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of tumor cell surface adhesion molecule Anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-dependent antibody capture, and intracellular cytokeratins (CKs)-dependent immunostaining strategies to detect disseminated or circulating tumor cells (DTCs or CTCs), is limited by highly heterogeneous and dynamic expression or absence of EpCAM and/or CKs in CTCs and DTCs, particularly in their capturing and identifying CTCs/DTCs shed from diverse types of solid tumor, thus being biased and restricted to the only both EpCAM and CK positive cancer cells. Moreover, heterogeneity of chromosome and tumor biomarker of CTCs/DTCs cannot be co-examined by conventional CK/EpCAM-dependent techniques. Accordingly, a novel integrated cellular and molecular approach of EpCAM-independent subtraction enrichment (SE) and immunostaining-FISH (iFISH(®)) has recently been successfully developed. SE-iFISH(®) is able to effectively enrich, comprehensively identify and characterize both large and small size non-hematopoietic heteroploid CTCs, DTCs and circulating tumor microemboli in various biofluid specimens of either cancer patients or patient-derived-xenograft mice. Obtained tumor cells, free of anti-EpCAM perturbing and hypotonic damage, are eligible for primary tumor cell culture as well as a series of downstream analyses. Highly heterogeneous CTCs and DTCs could be classified into subtypes by in situ phenotyping protein expression of various tumor biomarkers and karyotyping of chromosome aneuploidy performed by iFISH(®). Each CTC subtype may correlate with distinct clinical significance in terms of tumor metastasis, relapse, therapeutic drug sensitivity or resistance, respectively.
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47
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Schneck H, Gierke B, Uppenkamp F, Behrens B, Niederacher D, Stoecklein NH, Templin MF, Pawlak M, Fehm T, Neubauer H. EpCAM-Independent Enrichment of Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144535. [PMID: 26695635 PMCID: PMC4687932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are the potential precursors of metastatic disease. Most assays established for the enumeration of CTCs so far-including the gold standard CellSearch-rely on the expression of the cell surface marker epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). But, these approaches may not detect CTCs that express no/low levels of EpCAM, e.g. by undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here we present an enrichment strategy combining different antibodies specific for surface proteins and extracellular matrix (ECM) components to capture an EpCAMlow/neg cell line and EpCAMneg CTCs from blood samples of breast cancer patients depleted for EpCAM-positive cells. The expression of respective proteins (Trop2, CD49f, c-Met, CK8, CD44, ADAM8, CD146, TEM8, CD47) was verified by immunofluorescence on EpCAMpos (e.g. MCF7, SKBR3) and EpCAMlow/neg (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell lines. To test antibodies and ECM proteins (e.g. hyaluronic acid (HA), collagen I, laminin) for capturing EpCAMneg cells, the capture molecules were first spotted in a single- and multi-array format onto aldehyde-coated glass slides. Tumor cell adhesion of EpCAMpos/neg cell lines was then determined and visualized by Coomassie/MitoTracker staining. In consequence, marginal binding of EpCAMlow/neg MDA-MB-231 cells to EpCAM-antibodies could be observed. However, efficient adhesion/capturing of EpCAMlow/neg cells could be achieved via HA and immobilized antibodies against CD49f and Trop2. Optimal capture conditions were then applied to immunomagnetic beads to detect EpCAMneg CTCs from clinical samples. Captured CTCs were verified/quantified by immunofluorescence staining for anti-pan-Cytokeratin (CK)-FITC/anti-CD45 AF647/DAPI. In total, in 20 out of 29 EpCAM-depleted fractions (69%) from 25 metastatic breast cancer patients additional EpCAMneg CTCs could be identified [range of 1-24 CTCs per sample] applying Trop2, CD49f, c-Met, CK8 and/or HA magnetic enrichment. EpCAMneg dual-positive (CKpos/CD45pos) cells could be traced in 28 out of 29 samples [range 1-480]. By single-cell array-based comparative genomic hybridization we were able to demonstrate the malignant nature of one EpCAMneg subpopulation. In conclusion, we established a novel enhanced CTC enrichment strategy to capture EpCAMneg CTCs from clinical blood samples by targeting various cell surface antigens with antibody mixtures and ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Schneck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Berthold Gierke
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Uppenkamp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Bianca Behrens
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolas H. Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus F. Templin
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlak
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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De Smedt L, Palmans S, Sagaert X. Tumour budding in colorectal cancer: what do we know and what can we do? Virchows Arch 2015; 468:397-408. [PMID: 26613731 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Budding is a process during which individual or small clusters of up to five tumour cells detach from the main tumour mass and invade into the surrounding stroma. In colorectal cancer, this feature is observed in 20-40% of cases and is associated with lymphovascular invasion, lymph node and distant metastases, and poor prognosis. A variety of scoring systems for budding have been proposed but so far a gold standard is lacking, hampering implementation of a budding score in guidelines for pathological examination of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, little is known about the mechanisms which cause tumour cells to detach from the main tumour mass and obtain increased invasive potential. In this review, we present an overview of tumour budding including its definition, scoring systems, prognostic relevance and biological mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linde De Smedt
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12 blok q bus 3001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Palmans
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12 blok q bus 3001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12 blok q bus 3001, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Pathology Department, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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49
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Sen S, Carnelio S. Expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2015; 68:897-904. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhalakshmi Sen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Manipal College of Dental Sciences; Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Sunitha Carnelio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Manipal College of Dental Sciences; Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
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50
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Zhang B, Zhang H, Shen G. Metastasis-associated protein 2 (MTA2) promotes the metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer through the inhibition of the cell adhesion molecule Ep-CAM and E-cadherin. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 45:755-66. [PMID: 25969565 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metastasis-associated protein 2 is considered as an intrinsic subunit of the nucleosome remodelling and histone deacetylase complex, which contributes to the epigenetic silencing genes. More and more evidence suggests that metastasis-associated protein 2 is required to maintain the malignant phenotype, but the role of metastasis-associated protein 2 function in mediating tumour metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer has not been explored. METHODS Bioinformatics was used to detect the GEO 3141 database, the online tool of Kmplot was used to confirm the high expression of metastasis-associated protein 2 in influencing 5-year overall survival. Wound-healing assay, Transwell invasion assay and Living imaging assay together showed that MTA2 shRNA inhibited cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays showed metastasis-associated protein 2 binding on the promoter of the epithelial transmembrane glycoprotein (Ep-CAM) and cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. RESULTS The patient samples collected in our hospital show that metastasis-associated protein 2 was expressed in aggressive lung cancer cells, and its higher expression is correlated with poor prognosis. Metastasis-associated protein 2 promoted cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo through binding on the promoter of Ep-CAM and E-cadherin. Luciferase reporter assays showed repressed or enhanced E-cadherin or Ep-CAM promoter-driven luciferase reporter under metastasis-associated protein 2 overexpression or depletion. The changes in the level of protein and RNA implied that suppression of downstream E-cadherin or Ep-CAM was an important mechanism by which metastasis-associated protein 2 triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Together, our experiments reveal the mechanism for metastasis-associated protein 2 in facilitating invasive potential of non-small-cell lung cancer cells, suggesting that metastasis-associated protein 2 might be a potential therapeutic target for treating the metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diease, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diease, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Gang Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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