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Fernández‐Figueras M, Malvehi J, Tschandl P, Rutten A, Rongioletti F, Requena L, Kittler H, Kerl K, Kazakov D, Cribier B, Calonje E, André J, Kempf W, Cardoso J, Filosa A, Hetzer S, Kervarrec T, Llamas‐Velasco M, Valeska Matter A, Rickaby W, Saggini A, Vandersleyen V. Position paper on a simplified histopathological classification of basal cell carcinoma: results of the European Consensus Project. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 36:351-359. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.T. Fernández‐Figueras
- Department of Pathology Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya Grupo Quironsalud & Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Sant Cugat del Vallés Spain
| | - J. Malvehi
- Department of Dermatology Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (Melanoma Unit) University of Barcelona IDIBAPS Barcelona & CIBERER Barcelona Spain
| | - P. Tschandl
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - A. Rutten
- Dermatopathology Practice Friedrichshafen/Lake Constance Friedrichshafen Germany
| | - F. Rongioletti
- Dermatology Clinic IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Vita Salute University Milan Italy
| | - L. Requena
- Department of Dermatology Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma Madrid Spain
| | - H. Kittler
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - K. Kerl
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - D. Kazakov
- Sikl's Department of Pathology Medical Faculty in Pilsen Charles University in Prague Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - B. Cribier
- Dermatology Department University Hospital Strasbourg France
| | - E. Calonje
- St John's Institute of Dermatology St Thomas Hospital London UK
| | - J. André
- Department of Dermatology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint‐Pierre Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - W. Kempf
- Kempf Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zürich Switzerland
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Differences in actin expression between primary and recurrent facial basal cell carcinomas as a prognostic factor of local recurrence. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:490-497. [PMID: 34377133 PMCID: PMC8330871 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2021.107935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Due to a relatively high recurrence rate of facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC), its morbidity is very significant. Aim To analyse the expression of α-SMA, E-cadherin, Ber-Ep4 and MOC-31 as predictors of local recurrence in a group of patients with primary and recurrent BCCs of the face in correlation with histological and clinical data. Material and methods The study cohort included 79 patients with facial BCC (52 with primary BCC and 27 with recurrent BCC) who were treated at the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow in 1997-2009. Results Significant risk factors for local recurrence included: recurrent tumour (p = 0.001), multifocal BCC (p = 0.01), incomplete tumour excision (p = 0.02) and the aggressive infiltrating histologic subtype of BCC (p = 0.05). In the group of primary BCCs, positive expression of stromal α-SMA (p = 0.03) correlated with a statistically significant higher recurrence rate and so did positive expression of α-SMA in tumour cells of recurrent BCC (p = 0.002). In the group of primary aggressive BCC subtypes, reduced expression of MOC-31 was also associated with a higher rate of relapse (p = 0.02). Conclusions Our findings provide information about α-SMA and MOC-31 expression in primary and recurrent BCCs. These data may contribute to the formulation of a more targeted treatment plan and follow-up strategy for patients with facial basal cell carcinoma.
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Burandt E, Lübbersmeyer F, Gorbokon N, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Menz A, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Hinsch A, Höflmayer D, Weidemann S, Fraune C, Möller K, Jacobsen F, Lebok P, Clauditz TS, Sauter G, Simon R, Uhlig R, Wilczak W, Steurer S, Minner S, Krech R, Dum D, Krech T, Marx AH, Bernreuther C. E-Cadherin expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 10,851 tumors. Biomark Res 2021; 9:44. [PMID: 34090526 PMCID: PMC8180156 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The E-Cadherin gene (CDH1, Cadherin 1), located at 16q22.1 encodes for a calcium-dependent membranous glycoprotein with an important role in cellular adhesion and polarity maintenance. METHODS To systematically determine E-Cadherin protein expression in normal and cancerous tissues, 14,637 tumor samples from 112 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. RESULTS E-Cadherin was strongly expressed in normal epithelial cells of most organs. From 77 tumor entities derived from cell types normally positive for E-Cadherin, 35 (45.5%) retained at least a weak E-Cadherin immunostaining in ≥99% of cases and 61 (79.2%) in ≥90% of cases. Tumors with the highest rates of E-Cadherin loss included Merkel cell carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, lobular carcinoma of the breast, and sarcomatoid and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Reduced E-Cadherin expression was linked to higher grade (p = 0.0009), triple negative receptor status (p = 0.0336), and poor prognosis (p = 0.0466) in invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, triple negative receptor status in lobular carcinoma of the breast (p = 0.0454), advanced pT stage (p = 0.0047) and lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer (p < 0.0001), and was more common in recurrent than in primary prostate cancer (p < 0.0001). Of 29 tumor entities derived from E-Cadherin negative normal tissues, a weak to strong E-Cadherin staining could be detected in at least 10% of cases in 15 different tumor entities (51.7%). Tumors with the highest frequency of E-Cadherin upregulation included various subtypes of testicular germ cell tumors and renal cell carcinomas (RCC). E-Cadherin upregulation was more commonly seen in malignant than in benign soft tissue tumors (p = 0.0104) and was associated with advanced tumor stage (p = 0.0276) and higher grade (p = 0.0035) in clear cell RCC, and linked to advanced tumor stage (p = 0.0424) and poor prognosis in papillary RCC (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION E-Cadherin is consistently expressed in various epithelial cancers. Down-regulation or loss of E-Cadherin expression in cancers arising from E-Cadherin positive tissues as well as E-Cadherin neo-expression in cancers arising from E-Cadherin negative tissues is linked to cancer progression and may reflect tumor dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lübbersmeyer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Sebastian Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andreas Holger Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Mochel MC, Liaquat S, Moore JB, Hoang MP. Metastasizing basal cell carcinoma: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 22 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 48:374-383. [PMID: 33010047 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinomas metastasize rarely, and there have been limited studies of potential drivers for this metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may play a role, although this has not been investigated in detail. We reviewed clinicopathologic features of 22 patients with metastasizing basal cell carcinoma (MBCC). Immunohistochemical markers of EMT, including CD44, E-cadherin, claudin, smooth muscle actin, beta-catenin, Twist1, and Oct 3/4, were evaluated on 10 MBCC (primary and metastases) and 18 non-metastasizing BCC. Primary sites included the head and neck, trunk, and extremity, while metastatic sites included lymph nodes, lung, bone, and soft tissue. Of 19 cases with follow-up, the range of follow-up after diagnosis of metastasis was 5 to 248 months (median: 50 months). Two cases were of unknown primary, nine metastases were diagnosed concurrently with primary tumors, and remaining cases showed a median latency between diagnosis of primary and metastatic tumors of 27.5 months (range: 3-81 months). Median survival was 66 months. Compared to non-metastasizing BCC, MBCC demonstrated reduced CD44 expression (primary [P = .0036], metastatic [P = .011]) and increased Twist1 expression (primary, P = .0017). MBCC shows variably aggressive behavior, and reduced CD44 and increased Twist1 expression may indicate significant EMT in metastasizing tumors and signify a metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Mochel
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Samia Liaquat
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Johanna B Moore
- Western Diagnostic Services Laboratory, Santa Maria, California, USA
| | - Mai P Hoang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Metastatic Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin: A Comprehensive Literature Review, Including Advances in Molecular Therapeutics. Adv Anat Pathol 2020; 27:331-353. [PMID: 32618586 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is the most common type of malignant human tumor. In Europe, the incidence of BCC ranges from 44.6 to 128 cases per 100,000 inhabitants annually, whereas in the United States, the yearly incidence rate ranges between 500 and 1500. The global incidence has been calculated to be as high as 10 million cases of BCC per year. There are 2 main clinical patterns of BCC-the familial BCC in basal cell nevus syndrome and sporadic BCC. The etiology of cutaneous BCC is usually the result of the interaction between solar ultraviolet radiation and genetic factors. Somatic or germline mutations in the effector components of the hedgehog signaling pathway (ie, PTCH1, PTCH2, SMO or SUFU genes) are responsible for ∼90% of the cases of both sporadic and familial BCC, all causing a constitutive activation of the hedgehog pathway. Cutaneous BCC very rarely metastasizes, and diagnosis in metastatic sites can be very difficult. Metastatic BCC has weakly effective therapeutic options with a poor prognosis until few years ago. In 2012, small-molecule therapies, involving inactivation of the hedgehog signaling pathway, and capable of reducing tumor growth and progression have been introduced into clinical practice for advanced (locally advanced or metastatic) BCC. We performed a comprehensive literature review on metastatic BCC and found at least 915 cases reported to date. In addition, we extensively discussed the differential diagnosis of metastatic BCC, and outlined the advances in clinical therapeutics involving these small molecules.
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Klingler-Hoffmann M, Mittal P, Hoffmann P. The Emerging Role of Cytoskeletal Proteins as Reliable Biomarkers. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800483. [PMID: 31525818 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal proteins are essential building blocks of cells. More than 100 cytoskeletal and cytoskeleton-associated proteins are known and for some, their function and regulation are understood in great detail. Apart from cell shape and support, they facilitate many processes such as intracellular signaling and transport, and cancer related processes such as proliferation, migration, and invasion. During the last decade, comparative proteomic studies have identified cytoskeletal proteins as in vitro markers for tumor progression and metastasis. Here, these results are summarized and a number of unrelated studies are highlighted, identifying the same cytoskeletal proteins as potential biomarkers. These findings might indicate that the abundance of these potential markers of tumor progression is associated with the biological outcome and are independent of the cancer origin. This correlates well with recently published results from the Cancer Genome Atlas, indicating that cancers show remarkable similarities in their analyzed molecular information, independent of their organ of origin. It is postulated that the quantification of cytoskeletal proteins in healthy tissues, tumors, in adjacent tissues, and in stroma, is a great source of molecular information, which might not only be used to classify tumors, but more importantly to predict patients' outcome or even best treatment choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Klingler-Hoffmann
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, 5095, Australia
| | - Parul Mittal
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, 5095, Australia
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Khristoforova YA, Bratchenko IA, Myakinin OO, Artemyev DN, Moryatov AA, Orlov AE, Kozlov SV, Zakharov VP. Portable spectroscopic system for in vivo skin neoplasms diagnostics by Raman and autofluorescence analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800400. [PMID: 30597749 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present paper studies the applicability of a portable cost-effective spectroscopic system for the optical screening of skin tumors. in vivo studies of Raman scattering and autofluorescence (AF) of skin tumors with the 785 nm excitation laser in the near-infrared region included malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma and various types of benign neoplasms. The efficiency of the portable system was evaluated by comparison with a highly sensitive spectroscopic system and with the diagnosis accuracy of a human oncologist. Partial least square analysis of Raman and AF spectra was performed; specificity and sensitivity of various skin oncological pathologies detection varied from 78.9% to 100%. Hundred percent accuracy of benign and malignant skin tumors differentiation is possible only with a combined analysis of Raman and AF signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Khristoforova
- Samara National Research University, Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara, Russia
| | - Ivan A Bratchenko
- Samara National Research University, Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara, Russia
| | - Oleg O Myakinin
- Samara National Research University, Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Artemyev
- Samara National Research University, Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara, Russia
| | - Alexander A Moryatov
- Samara State Medical University, Department of Oncology, Samara, Russia
- Samara Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Department of Visual Localization Tumors, Samara, Russia
| | - Andrey E Orlov
- Samara Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Department of Visual Localization Tumors, Samara, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kozlov
- Samara State Medical University, Department of Oncology, Samara, Russia
- Samara Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Department of Visual Localization Tumors, Samara, Russia
| | - Valery P Zakharov
- Samara National Research University, Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara, Russia
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8
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Das S, Srinivasan S, Srivastava A, Kumar S, Das G, Das S, Dwivedi A, Karulkar A, Makkad K, Bilala R, Gupta A, Sawant A, Nayak C, Tayalia P, Purwar R. Differential Influence of IL-9 and IL-17 on Actin Cytoskeleton Regulates the Migration Potential of Human Keratinocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1949-1961. [PMID: 30760620 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
T cells mediate skin immune surveillance by secreting specific cytokines and regulate numerous functions of keratinocytes, including migration during homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Keratinocyte migration is mediated mainly by proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular matrix and/or by cytoskeleton reorganization. However, the cross-talk between T cell cytokines and actomyosin machinery of human primary keratinocytes (HPKs), which is required for cytoskeleton reorganization and subsequent migration, remains poorly examined. In this study, we describe that IL-9 profoundly reduced the actin stress fibers, inhibited contractility, and reduced the cortical stiffness of HPKs, which resulted in inhibition of the migration potential of HPKs in an adhesion- and MMP-independent manner. Similarly, IL-9 inhibited the IFN-γ-induced migration of HPKs by inhibiting the actomyosin machinery (actin stress fibers, contractility, and stiffness). IL-17A increased the actin stress fibers, promoted cellular contractility, and increased proteolytic collagen degradation, resulting in increased migration potential of HPKs. However, IL-9 inhibited the IL-17A-mediated HPKs migration. Mechanistically, IL-9 inhibited the IFN-γ- and IL-17A-induced phosphorylation of myosin L chain in HPKs, which is a major regulator of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Finally, in addition to HPKs, IL-9 inhibited the migration of A-431 cells (epidermoid carcinoma cells) induced either by IFN-γ or IL-17A. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the influence of T cell cytokines in differentially regulating the actomyosin cytoskeleton and migration potential of human keratinocytes, which may have critical roles in skin homeostasis and pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases as well as skin malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Srisathya Srinivasan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Sushant Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Gargi Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Suman Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Alka Dwivedi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Atharva Karulkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Khushi Makkad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Richa Bilala
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400008, India; and
| | - Ankit Gupta
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400008, India; and
| | - Abhijeet Sawant
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400008, India
| | - Chitra Nayak
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400008, India; and
| | - Prakriti Tayalia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India;
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Goodman AM, Kato S, Cohen PR, Boichard A, Frampton G, Miller V, Stephens PJ, Daniels GA, Kurzrock R. Genomic landscape of advanced basal cell carcinoma: Implications for precision treatment with targeted and immune therapies. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1404217. [PMID: 29399405 PMCID: PMC5790366 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1404217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic basal cell cancer (BCC) is an ultra-rare malignancy with no approved therapies beyond Hedgehog inhibitors. We characterized the genomics, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and anti-PD-1 therapy responses in patients with locally advanced or metastatic BCC. Overall, 2,039 diverse cancer samples that had undergone comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) were reviewed. Eight patients with locally advanced/metastatic BCC were identified (two had two CGP analyses; total, 10 biopsies). Two tumors demonstrated PD-L1 amplification. Seven patients had >1 actionable alteration. The TMB (mutations/mb) (median (range)) was 90 (3-103) for the BCCs versus 4 (1-860) for 1637 cancers other than BCC (P < 0.0001). Median progression-free survival (PFS) for all four patients treated with PD-1 blockade was 10.7 months (range, 3.8 to 17.6+ months); three patients had an objective response. In conclusion, advanced/metastatic BCC often has biological features (high TMB; PD-L1 amplification) predictive of immunotherapy benefit, and patients frequently respond to PD-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Goodman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shumei Kato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philip R. Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amélie Boichard
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory A. Daniels
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Liu R, Jin JP. Calponin isoforms CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3: Regulators for actin cytoskeleton functions in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Gene 2016; 585:143-153. [PMID: 26970176 PMCID: PMC5325697 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and many types of non-muscle cells. Three homologous genes, CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3, encoding calponin isoforms 1, 2, and 3, respectively, are present in vertebrate species. All three calponin isoforms are actin-binding proteins with functions in inhibiting actin-activated myosin ATPase and stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton, while each isoform executes different physiological roles based on their cell type-specific expressions. Calponin 1 is specifically expressed in smooth muscle cells and plays a role in fine-tuning smooth muscle contractility. Calponin 2 is expressed in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells and regulates multiple actin cytoskeleton-based functions. Calponin 3 participates in actin cytoskeleton-based activities in embryonic development and myogenesis. Phosphorylation has been extensively studied for the regulation of calponin functions. Cytoskeleton tension regulates the transcription of CNN2 gene and the degradation of calponin 2 protein. This review summarizes our knowledge learned from studies over the past three decades, focusing on the evolutionary lineage of calponin isoform genes, their tissue- and cell type-specific expressions, structure-function relationships, and mechanoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Mittal P, Klingler-Hoffmann M, Arentz G, Winderbaum L, Lokman NA, Zhang C, Anderson L, Scurry J, Leung Y, Stewart CJ, Carter J, Kaur G, Oehler MK, Hoffmann P. Lymph node metastasis of primary endometrial cancers: Associated proteins revealed by MALDI imaging. Proteomics 2016; 16:1793-801. [PMID: 27061135 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a crucial step of malignant progression and is the primary cause of death from endometrial cancer. However, clinicians presently face the challenge that conventional surgical-pathological variables, such as tumour size, depth of myometrial invasion, histological grade, lymphovascular space invasion or radiological imaging are unable to predict with accuracy if the primary tumour has metastasized. In the current retrospective study, we have used primary tumour samples of endometrial cancer patients diagnosed with (n = 16) and without (n = 27) lymph node metastasis to identify potential discriminators. Using peptide matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), we have identified m/z values which can classify 88% of all tumours correctly. The top discriminative m/z values were identified using a combination of in situ sequencing and LC-MS/MS from digested tumour samples. Two of the proteins identified, plectin and α-Actin-2, were used for validation studies using LC-MS/MS data independent analysis (DIA) and immunohistochemistry. In summary, MALDI-MSI has the potential to identify discriminators of metastasis using primary tumour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Mittal
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Manuela Klingler-Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Georgia Arentz
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Lyron Winderbaum
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Noor A Lokman
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Chao Zhang
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Lyndal Anderson
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Scurry
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of New South Wales, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yee Leung
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Austraila
| | - Colin Jr Stewart
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Austraila
| | - Jonathan Carter
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Martin K Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austraila
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12
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Dahiya K, Dhankhar R. Updated overview of current biomarkers in head and neck carcinoma. World J Methodol 2016; 6:77-86. [PMID: 27018324 PMCID: PMC4804254 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v6.i1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell cancer is the most common type of malignancy arising from the epithelial cells of the head and neck region. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the predominant causes of cancer related casualties worldwide. Overall prognosis in this disease has improved to some extent with the advancements in therapeutic modalities but detection of primary tumor at its initial stage and prevention of relapse are the major targets to be achieved for further improvement in terms of survival rate of patients. Latest achievements in basic research regarding molecular characterization of the disease has helped in better perception of the molecular mechanisms involved in HNSCC progression and also in recognizing and targeting various molecular biomarkers associated with HNSCC. In the present article, we review the information regarding latest and potential biomarkers for the early detection of HNSCC. A detailed molecular characterization, ultimately, is likely to improve the development of new therapeutic strategies, potentially relevant to diagnosis and prognosis of head and neck cancers. The need for more accurate and timely disease prediction has generated enormous research interests in this field.
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13
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Rodd AL, Ververis K, Sayakkarage D, Khan AW, Rafehi H, Ziemann M, Loveridge SJ, Lazarus R, Kerr C, Lockett T, El-Osta A, Karagiannis TC, Bennett LE. RNA sequencing supports distinct reactive oxygen species-mediated pathways of apoptosis by high and low size mass fractions of Bay leaf (Lauris nobilis) in HT-29 cells. Food Funct 2015; 6:2507-24. [PMID: 26114728 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) in mammalian cancer and HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells have been previously attributed to effects of polyphenolic and essential oil chemical species. Recently, we demonstrated differentiated growth-regulating effects of high (HFBL) versus low molecular mass (LFBL) aqueous fractions of bay leaf and now confirm by comparative effects on gene expression, that HFBL and LFBL suppress HT-29 growth by distinct mechanisms. Induction of intra-cellular lesions including DNA strand breakage by extra-cellular HFBL, invoked the hypothesis that iron-mediated reactive oxygen species with capacity to penetrate cell membrane, were responsible for HFBL-mediated effects, supported by equivalent effects of HFBL in combination with γ radiation. Activities of HFBL and LFBL were interpreted to reflect differentiated responses to iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS), occurring either outside or inside cells. In the presence of LFBL, apoptotic death was relatively delayed compared with HFBL. ROS production by LFBL mediated p53-dependent apoptosis and recovery was suppressed by promoting G1/S phase arrest and failure of cellular tight junctions. In comparison, intra-cellular anti-oxidant protection exerted by LFBL was absent for extra-cellular HFBL (likely polysaccharide-rich), which potentiated more rapid apoptosis by producing DNA double strand breaks. Differentiated effects on expression of genes regulating ROS defense and chromatic condensation by LFBL versus HFBL, were observed. The results support ferrous iron in cell culture systems and potentially in vivo, can invoke different extra-cellular versus intra-cellular ROS-mediated chemistries, that may be regulated by exogenous, including dietary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle L Rodd
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Wollina U, Pabst F, Krönert C, Schorcht J, Haroske G, Klemm E, Kittner T. High-risk basal cell carcinoma: an update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Actin is required for cellular death. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:775-82. [PMID: 23683404 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant cytoskeletal proteins, which takes part in many cellular processes. This review provides information on the history, forms and localization of actin and its role, in particular in cellular death processes. We discuss the relationships between reorganization of actin filaments and apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe and differentiation. Finally, we discuss the translocation and accumulation of actin in the nuclear area. Moreover, owing to the difficulties of F-actin localization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the phalloidin-based method of its detection using streptavidin-coated quantum dots is presented in this review.
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16
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Gropper AB, Girouard SD, Hojman LP, Huang SJ, Qian X, Murphy GF, Vleugels RA. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma of the posterior neck: case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:526-34. [PMID: 22515224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2012.01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although primary basal cell carcinoma (BCC) represents an extremely common malignancy, metastases derived from BCC are exceedingly rare. The prognosis for metastatic BCC is poor, and little consensus exists regarding predictive factors or optimal treatment strategies. Here, we present the case of a 63-year-old man with BCC of the neck who subsequently developed multiple metastases to subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, and the parotid gland. Risk factors and clinical features of metastatic BCC are reviewed, as is the relationship of histopathologic subtype to metastatic behavior. Current chemotherapeutic and targeted therapies also are discussed in the context of recent advances in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne B Gropper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Silveira L, Silveira FL, Bodanese B, Zângaro RA, Pacheco MTT. Discriminating model for diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma and melanoma in vitro based on the Raman spectra of selected biochemicals. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:077003. [PMID: 22894516 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.077003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been employed to identify differences in the biochemical constitution of malignant [basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and melanoma (MEL)] cells compared to normal skin tissues, with the goal of skin cancer diagnosis. We collected Raman spectra from compounds such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which are expected to be represented in human skin spectra, and developed a linear least-squares fitting model to estimate the contributions of these compounds to the tissue spectra. We used a set of 145 spectra from biopsy fragments of normal (30 spectra), BCC (96 spectra), and MEL (19 spectra) skin tissues, collected using a near-infrared Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 50 to 200 mW, and 20 s exposure time) coupled to a Raman probe. We applied the best-fitting model to the spectra of biochemicals and tissues, hypothesizing that the relative spectral contribution of each compound to the tissue Raman spectrum changes according to the disease. We verified that actin, collagen, elastin, and triolein were the most important biochemicals representing the spectral features of skin tissues. A classification model applied to the relative contribution of collagen III, elastin, and melanin using Euclidean distance as a discriminator could differentiate normal from BCC and MEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landulfo Silveira
- Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco-UNICASTELO, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Rod. Pres. Dutra, km 138, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12247-004, Brazil.
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18
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Bodanese B, Silveira FL, Zângaro RA, Pacheco MTT, Pasqualucci CA, Silveira L. Discrimination of basal cell carcinoma and melanoma from normal skin biopsies in vitro through Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis. Photomed Laser Surg 2012; 30:381-7. [PMID: 22693951 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2011.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Raman spectroscopy has been employed to discriminate between malignant (basal cell carcinoma [BCC] and melanoma [MEL]) and normal (N) skin tissues in vitro, aimed at developing a method for cancer diagnosis. BACKGROUND DATA Raman spectroscopy is an analytical tool that could be used to diagnose skin cancer rapidly and noninvasively. METHODS Skin biopsy fragments of ≈ 2 mm(2) from excisional surgeries were scanned through a Raman spectrometer (830 nm excitation wavelength, 50 to 200 mW of power, and 20 sec exposure time) coupled to a fiber optic Raman probe. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Euclidean distance were employed to develop a discrimination model to classify samples according to histopathology. In this model, we used a set of 145 spectra from N (30 spectra), BCC (96 spectra), and MEL (19 spectra) skin tissues. RESULTS We demonstrated that principal components (PCs) 1 to 4 accounted for 95.4% of all spectral variation. These PCs have been spectrally correlated to the biochemicals present in tissues, such as proteins, lipids, and melanin. The scores of PC2 and PC3 revealed statistically significant differences among N, BCC, and MEL (ANOVA, p<0.05) and were used in the discrimination model. A total of 28 out of 30 spectra were correctly diagnosed as N, 93 out of 96 as BCC, and 13 out of 19 as MEL, with an overall accuracy of 92.4%. CONCLUSIONS This discrimination model based on PCA and Euclidean distance could differentiate N from malignant (BCC and MEL) with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Bodanese
- Health Sciences Center - CCS, Universidade Comunitária Regional de Chapecó - UNOCHAPECÓ, Chapecó, Brazil
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19
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Ducic Y, Marra DE. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma. Am J Otolaryngol 2011; 32:455-8. [PMID: 21035915 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to review our series of metastatic basal cell carcinomas of the head and neck. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review was conducted for this study. METHODS All cases of documented metastatic basal cell carcinomas arising from a primary within the head and neck region and presenting for treatment to one of the authors (Y.D.) were included in this review. RESULTS Nine patients were available for review. Five patients had extension to but not transgression of the base of skull. Sites for metastatic disease included 4 lungs and 5 parotid glands. All metastatic lesions were treated with surgical excision, and 6 also received postoperative radiation therapy. No patient deaths from disease have been noted at an average follow-up of 4.7 years (range, 3-8.5 years). No evidence of further metastatic disease has been noted in any of these patients on follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Metastatic basal cell carcinoma arising from a head and neck primary is a rare entity. However, initial involvement of the skull base and/or dura by a basal cell carcinoma appears to warrant a complete metastatic workup and metastatic surveillance. When metastatic disease is discovered, it appears to be well treated by surgical resection with/without adjunctive radiation therapy. We do not favor chemotherapy for resectable basal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadranko Ducic
- Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
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20
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Papanikolaou S, Bravou V, Gyftopoulos K, Nakas D, Repanti M, Papadaki H. ILK expression in human basal cell carcinoma correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and tumour invasion. Histopathology 2010; 56:799-809. [PMID: 20546345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been known to play a significant role in tumour progression. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been recently added to the growing list of EMT regulators that control some aspect of carcinogenesis. The aim was to study ILK expression and its relevance to EMT markers in human basal cell carcinoma (BCC). METHODS AND RESULTS Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 100 human BCC cases were processed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of ILK, E-cadherin, Snail, beta-catenin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). ILK overexpression was observed in 100% of cases and strongly correlated with tumour invasion and infiltrative BCC. Loss of membranous E-cadherin was found in 71% of cases while nuclear immunoreactivity for E-cadherin was also observed in 90% of the tumours. Snail, nuclear beta-catenin and alpha-SMA expression was detected in 100%, 99% and 97% of tumours, respectively. Aberrant expression of E-cadherin, nuclear beta-catenin and alpha-SMA correlated with BCC tumour invasion. Interestingly, there was a significant correlation between ILK expression and all the EMT markers examined. CONCLUSIONS ILK overexpression in BCC is implicated in tumour progression probably through the induction of an EMT-related molecular profile. Nuclear localization of E-cadherin in BCC is also associated with aggressive tumour features.
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Quantitative proteomics reveals myosin and actin as promising saliva biomarkers for distinguishing pre-malignant and malignant oral lesions. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11148. [PMID: 20567502 PMCID: PMC2887353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral cancer survival rates increase significantly when it is detected and treated early. Unfortunately, clinicians now lack tests which easily and reliably distinguish pre-malignant oral lesions from those already transitioned to malignancy. A test for proteins, ones found in non-invasively-collected whole saliva and whose abundances distinguish these lesion types, would meet this critical need. Methodology/Principal Findings To discover such proteins, in a first-of-its-kind study we used advanced mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics analysis of the pooled soluble fraction of whole saliva from four subjects with pre-malignant lesions and four with malignant lesions. We prioritized candidate biomarkers via bioinformatics and validated selected proteins by western blotting. Bioinformatic analysis of differentially abundant proteins and initial western blotting revealed increased abundance of myosin and actin in patients with malignant lesions. We validated those results by additional western blotting of individual whole saliva samples from twelve other subjects with pre-malignant oral lesions and twelve with malignant oral lesions. Sensitivity/specificity values for distinguishing between different lesion types were 100%/75% (p = 0.002) for actin, and 67%/83% (p<0.00001) for myosin in soluble saliva. Exfoliated epithelial cells from subjects' saliva also showed increased myosin and actin abundance in those with malignant lesions, linking our observations in soluble saliva to abundance differences between pre-malignant and malignant cells. Conclusions/Significance Salivary actin and myosin abundances distinguish oral lesion types with sensitivity and specificity rivaling other non-invasive oral cancer tests. Our findings provide a promising starting point for the development of non-invasive and inexpensive salivary tests to reliably detect oral cancer early.
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Adegboyega PA, Rodriguez S, McLarty J. Stromal expression of actin is a marker of aggressiveness in basal cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1128-37. [PMID: 20381122 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma is a very common malignant skin tumor that rarely metastasizes but is often locally aggressive. In a number of studies conducted by different investigators, Bcl2, beta-catenin, cyclin D1, hMSH2, and alpha-smooth muscle actin have been reported to have potential for predicting basal cell carcinoma aggressiveness. However, these reports were inconclusive and sometimes contradictory. We therefore studied the expression and topographic locations (tumor versus stroma) of all these gene products in a group of clinically proven aggressive basal cell carcinomas (n = 30) and randomly selected control cases of nonaggressive basal cell carcinomas (n = 33). The results were subjected to statistical analysis with Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression. The accuracy of the resulting significant discriminating criteria was further tested using the omnibus tests of model coefficients. With multivariate analysis, differential expression of Bcl-2, beta-catenin, and cyclin D1 was not significantly different between aggressive and nonaggressive tumors. hMSH2 expression was up-regulated in the aggressive tumors (P = .005). Alpha-smooth muscle actin was expressed by tumor cells in both study groups, but stromal expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin was restricted to the aggressive tumors and highly predictive of aggressive behavior (P < .001; accuracy, 87%). Logistic regression combining the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and hMSH2 yielded a predictive model with 97% accuracy (P < .001). These data show conclusively that aggressive basal cell carcinomas express alpha-smooth muscle actin in the stroma, whereas nonaggressive basal cell carcinomas express alpha-smooth muscle actin in the tumor cells, and that stromal expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin is an accurate, reliable, and easy to use marker of aggressiveness in basal cell carcinomas and can be used in clinical practice for surgical therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Adegboyega
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Vasiljević N, Andersson K, Bjelkenkrantz K, Kjellström C, Månsson H, Nilsson E, Landberg G, Dillner J, Forslund O. The Bcl-xL inhibitor of apoptosis is preferentially expressed in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma compared with that in keratoacanthoma. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2361-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Calponin is an inhibitor of the actin-activated myosin ATPase. Three isoforms of calponin have been found in the vertebrates. Whereas the role of calponin in regulating smooth muscle contractility has been extensively investigated, the function and regulation of calponin in non-muscle cells is much less understood. Based on recent progresses in the field, this review focuses on the studies of calponin in non-muscle cells, especially its regulation by cytoskeleton tension and function in cell motility. The ongoing research has demonstrated that calponin plays a regulatory role in non-muscle cell motility. Therefore, non-muscle calponin is an attractive target for the control of cell proliferation, migration and phagocytosis, and the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Wu
- Section of Molecular Cardiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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