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Gao C, Ying Q, Qiu Y, Ren N, Chen K, Zhou Y, Ye T, Li G. Oncolytic vaccinia virus harboring CLEC2A gene enhances viral replication and antitumor efficacy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200823. [PMID: 39006946 PMCID: PMC11239687 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In the field of innovative cancer treatment strategies, oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV)es have gained traction as promising vectors. In the current study, we inserted the human C-type lectin domain family 2 member A (CLEC2A) gene into VV, creating a replicating therapeutic, oncoVV-CLEC2A. The findings reveal that oncoVV-CLEC2A effectively suppresses colorectal proliferation of mouse xenografts and a range of human cancer cell lines by augmenting viral reproduction capabilities, including the lung cancer H460 cell line, colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT116 and SW620), and hepatocellular carcinoma HuH-7 cell line. Moreover, it is evident that oncoVV-CLEC2A can induce antitumor immunity by boosting cytokine production but not antivirus response, and enhancing calreticulin expression. Further investigation indicates that oncoVV-CLEC2A can enhance antitumor capabilities by activating natural killer cells to produce interferon-γ and induce M1-like macrophage polarization. These findings shed light on the antitumor mechanisms of oncoVV-CLEC2A, provide a theoretical basis for oncolytic therapies, and lay the groundwork for novel strategies for modifying VVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qi Ying
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yufeng Qiu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ningbo Ren
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kan Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Gongchu Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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2
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Bhatt DK, Daemen T. Molecular Circuits of Immune Sensing and Response to Oncolytic Virotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4691. [PMID: 38731910 PMCID: PMC11083234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising immunotherapy approach for cancer treatment that utilizes viruses to preferentially infect and eliminate cancer cells while stimulating the immune response. In this review, we synthesize the current literature on the molecular circuits of immune sensing and response to oncolytic virotherapy, focusing on viral DNA or RNA sensing by infected cells, cytokine and danger-associated-signal sensing by neighboring cells, and the subsequent downstream activation of immune pathways. These sequential sense-and-response mechanisms involve the triggering of molecular sensors by viruses or infected cells to activate transcription factors and related genes for a breadth of immune responses. We describe how the molecular signals induced in the tumor upon virotherapy can trigger diverse immune signaling pathways, activating both antigen-presenting-cell-based innate and T cell-based adaptive immune responses. Insights into these complex mechanisms provide valuable knowledge for enhancing oncolytic virotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshak K. Bhatt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30 001, HPC EB88, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30 001, HPC EB88, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Nia GE, Nikpayam E, Farrokhi M, Bolhassani A, Meuwissen R. Advances in cell-based delivery of oncolytic viruses as therapy for lung cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200788. [PMID: 38596310 PMCID: PMC10976516 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer's intractability is enhanced by its frequent resistance to (chemo)therapy and often high relapse rates that make it the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Improvement of therapy efficacy is a crucial issue that might lead to a significant advance in the treatment of lung cancer. Oncolytic viruses are desirable combination partners in the developing field of cancer immunotherapy due to their direct cytotoxic effects and ability to elicit an immune response. Systemic oncolytic virus administration through intravenous injection should ideally lead to the highest efficacy in oncolytic activity. However, this is often hampered by the prevalence of host-specific, anti-viral immune responses. One way to achieve more efficient systemic oncolytic virus delivery is through better protection against neutralization by several components of the host immune system. Carrier cells, which can even have innate tumor tropism, have shown their appropriateness as effective vehicles for systemic oncolytic virus infection through circumventing restrictive features of the immune system and can warrant oncolytic virus delivery to tumors. In this overview, we summarize promising results from studies in which carrier cells have shown their usefulness for improved systemic oncolytic virus delivery and better oncolytic virus therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giti Esmail Nia
- Faculty of Allied Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elahe Nikpayam
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ralph Meuwissen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Shakiba Y, Vorobyev PO, Mahmoud M, Hamad A, Kochetkov DV, Yusubalieva GM, Baklaushev VP, Chumakov PM, Lipatova AV. Recombinant Strains of Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus for Cancer Immunotherapy. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:823-841. [PMID: 37748878 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792306010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer virotherapy is an alternative therapeutic approach based on the viruses that selectively infect and kill tumor cells. Vaccinia virus (VV) is a member of the Poxviridae, a family of enveloped viruses with a large linear double-stranded DNA genome. The proven safety of the VV strains as well as considerable transgene capacity of the viral genome, make VV an excellent platform for creating recombinant oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Furthermore, various genetic modifications can increase tumor selectivity and therapeutic efficacy of VV by arming it with the immune-modulatory genes or proapoptotic molecules, boosting the host immune system, and increasing cross-priming recognition of the tumor cells by T-cells or NK cells. In this review, we summarized the data on bioengineering approaches to develop recombinant VV strains for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Shakiba
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel O Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Marah Mahmoud
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Azzam Hamad
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Dmitriy V Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Gaukhar M Yusubalieva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Federal Research Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA), Moscow, 115682, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Baklaushev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Federal Research Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA), Moscow, 115682, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Anastasia V Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oncolytic viruses (OVs) exert their antitumor effect through selective killing of cancer cells and induction of host anti-tumor immunity. This review aims to summarize the recent and current trials with OVs for the treatment of lung cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Several OVs have been developed for the treatment of lung cancer including adenovirus, coxsackievirus B3, reovirus, and vaccinia virus and trials have demonstrated a safe toxicity profile. Early-phase trials in lung cancer with OVs have reported antiviral immune responses and evidence of clinical benefit. However, clinical efficacy of OVs in lung cancer either as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy has not been confirmed in larger phase II or III trials. Development of OVs in lung cancer has been limited by difficulty in administering OVs in the tumor directly as well as achieving adequate viral load at all tumor sites with systemically administered OVs. Developing novel combinations with OVs, especially checkpoint inhibitors and other immunotherapeutics, may be a strategy to address the limited success seen thus far. Integrating appropriate biomarker studies and meaningful endpoints in future clinical trials will be imperative. Using novel viral delivery systems in addition to increasing tumor specificity through improved genetic modifications in the OVs are other strategies to improve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Malhotra
- Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pavilion Building- Medical Oncology, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91020, USA.
| | - Edward S Kim
- Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pavilion Building- Medical Oncology, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91020, USA
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Design Strategies and Precautions for Using Vaccinia Virus in Tumor Virotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091552. [PMID: 36146629 PMCID: PMC9504998 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a novel form of cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can directly infect and lyse the tumor cells, and modulate the beneficial immune microenvironment. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a promising oncolytic vector because of its high safety, easy gene editing, and tumor intrinsic selectivity. To further improve the safety, tumor-targeting ability, and OV-induced cancer-specific immune activation, various approaches have been used to modify OVs. The recombinant oncolytic VACVs with deleting viral virulence factors and/or arming various therapeutic genes have displayed better therapeutic effects in multiple tumor models. Moreover, the combination of OVs with other cancer immunotherapeutic approaches, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells, has the potential to improve the outcome in cancer patients. This will open up new possibilities for the application of OVs in cancer treatment, especially for personalized cancer therapies.
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Ekeke CN, Russell KL, Murthy P, Guo ZS, Soloff AC, Weber D, Pan W, Lotze MT, Dhupar R. Intrapleural interleukin-2-expressing oncolytic virotherapy enhances acute antitumor effects and T-cell receptor diversity in malignant pleural disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 163:e313-e328. [PMID: 33485667 PMCID: PMC9594625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mainstay of treatment for patients with malignant pleural disease is fluid drainage and systemic therapy. A tumor-specific oncolytic virus or T-cell-activating interleukin-2 immunotherapy may provide an opportunity for local control. We previously developed a vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2, an oncolytic virus that mediated tumor regression in preclinical peritoneal tumor models with expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We evaluated the antitumor efficacy and immune modulatory effects of vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 in malignant pleural disease. METHODS A murine model of malignant pleural disease was established with percutaneous intrapleural deposition of the Lewis lung carcinoma cell line and monitored with bioluminescent imaging. After intrapleural or systemic administration of vaccinia viruses (vaccinia virus yellow fluorescent protein control, vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2), systemic anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody, or combination therapy (vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 and anti-programmed cell death-1), tumor mass, immune cell infiltration, T-cell receptor diversity, and survival were assessed. RESULTS Intrapleural vaccinia virus resulted in significant tumor regression compared with phosphate-buffered saline control (P < .05). Inclusion of the interleukin-2 transgene further increased intratumoral CD8+ T cells (P < .01) and programmed cell death-1 expression on CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (P < .001). Intrapleural vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 was superior to systemic vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2, with reduced tumor burden (P < .0001) and improved survival (P < .05). Intrapleural vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 alone or combined treatment with systemic anti-programmed cell death-1 reduced tumor burden (P < .01), improved survival (P < .01), and increased intratumoral αβ T-cell receptor diversity (P < .05) compared with systemic anti-programmed cell death-1 monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Intrapleural vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 reduced tumor burden and enhanced survival in a murine malignant pleural disease model. Increased CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and αβ T-cell receptor diversity are associated with enhanced response. Clinical trials will enable assessment of intrapleural vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 therapy in patients with malignant pleural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozirim N Ekeke
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Kira L Russell
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Pranav Murthy
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Adam C Soloff
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Daniel Weber
- iRepertoire, Inc, Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Ala
| | - Wenjing Pan
- iRepertoire, Inc, Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Ala
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Rajeev Dhupar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Surgical Services Division, VAPHS, Pittsburgh, Pa.
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Boagni DA, Ravirala D, Zhang SX. Current strategies in engaging oncolytic viruses with antitumor immunity. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:98-113. [PMID: 34514092 PMCID: PMC8411207 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has produced promising yet limited results in preclinical and clinical studies. Besides direct oncolytic activity, a significant therapeutic mechanism of oncolytic virotherapy is the induction of tumor-specific immunity. Consequently, the efficacy of oncolytic viruses can be improved by the insertion of immune stimulator genes and rational combinatorial therapy with other immunotherapies. This article reviews recent efforts on arming oncolytic viruses with a variety of immune stimulator molecules, immune cell engagers, and other immune potentiating molecules. We outline what is known about the mechanisms of action and the corresponding results. The review also discusses recent preclinical and clinical studies of combining oncolytic virotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors and the role of oncolytic virotherapy in changing the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Ashton Boagni
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Divya Ravirala
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaun Xiaoliu Zhang
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Ekeke CN, Russell KL, Joubert K, Bartlett DL, Luketich JD, Soloff AC, Guo ZS, Lotze MT, Dhupar R. Fighting Fire With Fire: Oncolytic Virotherapy for Thoracic Malignancies. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:2715-2727. [PMID: 33575873 PMCID: PMC8043873 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic malignancies are associated with high mortality rates. Conventional therapy for many of the patients with thoracic malignancies is obviated by a high incidence of locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis. Fortunately, developments in immunotherapy provide effective strategies for both local and systemic treatments that have rapidly advanced during the last decade. One promising approach to cancer immunotherapy is to use oncolytic viruses, which have the advantages of relatively high tumor specificity, selective replication-mediated oncolysis, enhanced antigen presentation, and potential for delivery of immunogenic payloads such as cytokines, with subsequent elicitation of effective antitumor immunity. Several oncolytic viruses including adenovirus, coxsackievirus B3, herpes virus, measles virus, reovirus, and vaccinia virus have been developed and applied to thoracic cancers in preclinical murine studies and clinical trials. This review discusses the current state of oncolytic virotherapy in lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and metastatic malignant pleural effusions and considers its potential as an emergent therapeutic for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozirim N Ekeke
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kira L Russell
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kyla Joubert
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James D Luketich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Soloff
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rajeev Dhupar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Surgical Services Division, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Ji W, Li L, Zhou S, Qiu L, Qian Z, Zhang H, Zhao P. Combination immunotherapy of oncolytic virus nanovesicles and PD-1 blockade effectively enhances therapeutic effects and boosts antitumour immune response. J Drug Target 2020; 28:982-990. [PMID: 32379004 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1766473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are changing the landscape of melanoma treatment, but 70% of the melanoma patients have no response to immune checkpoint inhibitors or oncolytic virus therapy. Thus, novel formulations are needed to improve the population benefiting from immunotherapy. Here, we report a combined therapeutic modality based on oncolytic virus nanovesicles composed of CaCl2, oncolytic virus Ad5, lecithin and cholesterol (Lipo-Cap-Ad5) with immune checkpoint blockade (anti-PD-1 antibody). We investigated in vivo antitumour activity, systemic toxicity and mechanism of antitumour immune responses of Lipo-Cap-Ad5 + anti-PD-1 blockade, in a murine B16F10 tumour xenograft model. Through a series of in vivo studies, we found that Lipo-Cap-Ad5 in combination with anti-PD-1 blockade drastically reduced the tumour growth by 76.6%, and prolonged animals' survival with no obvious toxicity observed in heart, liver and kidney. The combination therapy facilitates tumour infiltration of effector CD4+, CD8+ T cells and increases secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ. Therefore, Lipo-Cap-Ad5 in combination with anti-PD-1 blockade can potentiate and activate the immune system synergistically, ultimately creating a pro-inflammatory environment. These results suggest that combination immunotherapy of Lipo-Cap-Ad5 and anti-PD-1 blockade developed in this study has promising applications to enhance therapeutic efficacy with the potential of being translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Public Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyong Zhou
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengzi Qian
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Huilai Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Peiqi Zhao
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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11
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de Graaf JF, de Vor L, Fouchier RAM, van den Hoogen BG. Armed oncolytic viruses: A kick-start for anti-tumor immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:28-39. [PMID: 29576283 PMCID: PMC7108398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs), viruses that specifically result in killing tumor cells, represent a promising class of cancer therapy. Recently, the focus in the OV therapy field has shifted from their direct oncolytic effect to their immune stimulatory effect. OV therapy can function as a "kick start" for the antitumor immune response by releasing tumor associated antigens and release of inflammatory signals. Combining OVs with immune modulators could enhance the efficacy of both immune and OV therapies. Additionally, genetic engineering of OVs allows local expression of immune therapeutics, thereby reducing related toxicities. Different options to modify the tumor microenvironment in combination with OV therapy have been explored. The possibilities and obstacles of these combinations will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - L de Vor
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - R A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Abstract
Immune therapy has now been incorporated into the standard of care for non-small-cell lung cancer based on randomized trials showing superiority of anti-PD1 antibodies compared with chemotherapy. Thus there is a renewed interest in immune approaches to treating lung cancer. One promising approach is with oncolytic viruses that either naturally or through engineering, preferentially infect or kill cancer cells. In preclinical models of different thoracic cancers, it has been found that these viruses can induce immune responses through multiple mechanisms. Thus, in addition to their direct cytolytic effects, oncolytic viruses can also promote antitumor immunity. This review will discuss the immune effects of oncolytic viruses lung cancers and the approaches that are underway to augment immune therapy in clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish R Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, & Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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13
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Combination therapy for cancer with oncolytic virus and checkpoint inhibitor: A mathematical model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192449. [PMID: 29420595 PMCID: PMC5805294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) is a replication competent virus that selectively invades cancer cells; as these cells die under the viral burden, the released virus particles proceed to infect other cancer cells. Oncolytic viruses are designed to also be able to stimulate the anticancer immune response. Thus, one may represent an OV by two parameters: its replication potential and its immunogenicity. In this paper we consider a combination therapy with OV and a checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-1. We evaluate the efficacy of the combination therapy in terms of the tumor volume at some later time, for example, 6 months from initial treatment. Since T cells kill not only virus-free cancer cells but also virus-infected cancer cells, the following question arises: Does increasing the amount of the checkpoint inhibitor always improve the efficacy? We address this question, by a mathematical model consisting of a system of partial differential equations. We use the model to construct, by simulations, an efficacy map in terms of the doses of the checkpoint inhibitor and the OV injection. We show that there are regions in the map where an increase in the checkpoint inhibitor actually decreases the efficacy of the treatment. We also construct efficacy maps with checkpoint inhibitor vs. the replication potential of the virus that show the same antagonism, namely, an increase in the checkpoint inhibitor may actually decrease the efficacy. These results have implications for clinical trials.
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14
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Moon EK, Wang LCS, Bekdache K, Lynn RC, Lo A, Thorne SH, Albelda SM. Intra-tumoral delivery of CXCL11 via a vaccinia virus, but not by modified T cells, enhances the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy and vaccines. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1395997. [PMID: 29399394 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1395997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell trafficking into tumors depends on a "match" between chemokine receptors on effector cells (e.g., CXCR3 and CCR5) and tumor-secreted chemokines. There is often a chemokine/chemokine receptor "mismatch", with tumors producing minute amounts of chemokines, resulting in inefficient targeting of effectors to tumors. We aimed to alter tumors to produce higher levels of CXCL11, a CXCR3 ligand, to attract more effector cells following immunotherapy. Mice bearing established subcutaneous tumors were studied. In our first approach, we used modified chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transduced human T cells to deliver CXCL11 (CAR/CXCL11) into tumors. In our second approach, we intravenously (iv) administered a modified oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV) engineered to produce CXCL11 (VV.CXCL11). The effect of these treatments on T cell trafficking into the tumors and anti-tumor efficacy after subsequent CAR T cell injections or anti-tumor vaccines was determined. CAR/CXCL11 and VV.CXCL11 significantly increased CXCL11 protein levels within tumors. For CAR/CXCL11, injection of a subsequent dose of CAR T cells did not result in increased intra-tumoral trafficking, and appeared to decrease the function of the injected CAR T cells. In contrast, VV.CXCL11 increased the number of total and antigen-specific T cells within tumors after CAR T cell injection or vaccination and significantly enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Both approaches were successful in increasing CXCL11 levels within the tumors; however, only the vaccinia approach was successful in recruiting T cells and augmenting anti-tumor efficacy. VV.CXCL11 should be considered as a potential approach to augment adoptive T cell transfer or vaccine immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K Moon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liang-Chuan S Wang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,current address: Preclinical Pharmacology, Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Kheng Bekdache
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel C Lynn
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen H Thorne
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Martinez-Jaramillo E, Garza-Morales R, Wechman SL, Montes de Oca-Luna R, Saucedo-Cardenas O, Shirwan H, Yolcu E, McMasters KM, Gomez-Gutierrez JG. Adenovirus Lacking E1b Efficiently Induces Cytopathic Effect in HPV-16-Positive Murine Cancer Cells via Virus Replication and Apoptosis. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:19-27. [PMID: 29388837 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1430812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) replicate poorly in murine cancer cells; however, E1b-deleted CRAds may replicate effectively in HPV16-E6/E7-positive murine cancer cells (TC-1). The HPV16 E7 open reading frame encodes functions analogous to these deleted adenovirus E1 proteins. In this study, an E1b-deleted CRAd (Adhz60) was evaluated for its ability to replicate and induce oncolysis in TC-1 cells. Adhz60-mediated oncolysis was similar in TC-1 and HeLa cells. Productive viral replication was evident based on expression of E1A and hexon, production of infectious virus progeny, and Adhz60-induced apoptosis. The results suggest that TC-1 murine cancer cells allow Adhz60 replication and oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Martinez-Jaramillo
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Rodolfo Garza-Morales
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Stephen L Wechman
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Autonomous University of Nuevo León , Monterrey , N.L. México.,e Department of Molecular Genetics, Northeast Biomedical Research Center , Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) , Monterrey , N.L. México
| | - Haval Shirwan
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics , University of Louisville , Louisville , USA
| | - Esma Yolcu
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics , University of Louisville , Louisville , USA
| | - Kelly M McMasters
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,d James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA
| | - Jorge G Gomez-Gutierrez
- a The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD, Department of Surgery , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA.,d James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , USA
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16
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Wu L, Leng D, Cun D, Foged C, Yang M. Advances in combination therapy of lung cancer: Rationales, delivery technologies and dosage regimens. J Control Release 2017; 260:78-91. [PMID: 28527735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a complex disease caused by a multitude of genetic and environmental factors. The progression of lung cancer involves dynamic changes in the genome and a complex network of interactions between cancer cells with multiple, distinct cell types that form tumors. Combination therapy using different pharmaceuticals has been proven highly effective due to the ability to affect multiple cellular pathways involved in the disease progression. However, the currently used drug combination designs are primarily based on empirical clinical studies, and little attention has been given to dosage regimens, i.e. how administration routes, onsets, and durations of the combinations influence the therapeutic outcome. This is partly because combination therapy is challenged by distinct physicochemical properties and in vivo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of the individual pharmaceuticals, including small molecule drugs and biopharmaceuticals, which make the optimization of dosing and administration schedule challenging. This article reviews the recent advances in the design and development of combinations of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of lung cancer. Focus is primarily on rationales for the selection of specific combination therapies for lung cancer treatment, and state of the art of delivery technologies and dosage regimens for the combinations, tested in preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Donglei Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Dash AS, Patel MR. Viroimmunotherapy of Thoracic Cancers. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5010002. [PMID: 28536345 PMCID: PMC5423488 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoracic cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MM), cause the highest rate of cancer mortality worldwide. Most of these deaths are as a result of NSCLC; however, prognoses for the other two diseases remain as some of the poorest of any cancers. Recent advances in immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors, have begun to help a small population of patients with advanced lung cancer. People who respond to these immune therapies generally have a durable response and many see dramatic decreases in their disease. However, response to immune therapies remains relatively low. Therefore, intense research is now underway to rationally develop combination therapies to expand the range of patients who will respond to and benefit from immune therapy. One promising approach is with oncolytic viruses. These oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been found to be selective for or have been engineered to preferentially infect and kill cancer cells. In pre-clinical models of different thoracic cancers, it has been found that these viruses can induce immunogenic cell death, increase the number of immune mediators brought into the tumor microenvironment and broaden the neoantigen-specific T cell response. We will review here the literature regarding the application of virotherapy toward augmenting immune responses in thoracic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Dash
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA.
| | - Manish R Patel
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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18
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Taking a Stab at Cancer; Oncolytic Virus-Mediated Anti-Cancer Vaccination Strategies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5010003. [PMID: 28536346 PMCID: PMC5423491 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have classically been used for disease prevention. Modern clinical vaccines are continuously being developed for both traditional use as well as for new applications. Typically thought of in terms of infectious disease control, vaccination approaches can alternatively be adapted as a cancer therapy. Vaccines targeting cancer antigens can be used to induce anti-tumour immunity and have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy both pre-clinically and clinically. Various approaches now exist and further establish the tremendous potential and adaptability of anti-cancer vaccination. Classical strategies include ex vivo-loaded immune cells, RNA- or DNA-based vaccines and tumour cell lysates. Recent oncolytic virus development has resulted in a surge of novel viruses engineered to induce powerful tumour-specific immune responses. In addition to their use as cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses have the added benefit of being directly cytolytic to cancer cells and thus promote antigen recognition within a highly immune-stimulating tumour microenvironment. While oncolytic viruses are perfectly equipped for efficient immunization, this complicates their use upon previous exposure. Indeed, the host's anti-viral counter-attacks often impair multiple-dosing regimens. In this review we will focus on the use of oncolytic viruses for anti-tumour vaccination. We will explore different strategies as well as ways to circumvent some of their limitations.
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19
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Berkey SE, Thorne SH, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic Virotherapy and the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:157-172. [PMID: 29275471 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising approach to treat many malignancies, including breast, colorectal, hepatocellular, and melanoma. The best results are seen when using "targeted and armed" viruses. These are viruses that have been genetically modified to selectively replicate within cancer cells and express specific transgenes that alter the tumor microenvironment to inhibit tumor progression. The products of these transgenes induce cell death, make the virus less virulent, compromise tumor vascularity, and are capable of modulating or enhancing the immune system-such as cytokines and chemokines. In addition, oncolytic viruses can induce anti-vascular effects and disrupt the extracellular matrix to improve viral spread within the tumor. Oncolytic viruses also improve crosstalk between fibroblasts, cytokine-induced killer cells, and cancer cells within the microenvironment, leading to enhanced tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Berkey
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Steve H Thorne
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Holay N, Kim Y, Lee P, Gujar S. Sharpening the Edge for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting Tumor Antigens through Oncolytic Vaccines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:800. [PMID: 28751892 PMCID: PMC5507961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a promising, modern-age option for treatment of cancers. Among the many immunotherapies being developed, oncolytic viruses (OVs) are slowly moving to the forefront of potential clinical therapeutic agents, especially considering the fact that the first oncolytic virus was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma. OVs were originally discovered for their ability to kill cancer cells, but they have emerged as unconventional cancer immunotherapeutics due to their ability to activate a long-term antitumor immune response. This immune response not only eliminates cancer cells but also offers potential for preventing cancer recurrence. A fundamental requirement for the generation of such a strong antitumor T cell response is the recognition of an immunogenic tumor antigen by the antitumor T cell. Several tumor antigens capable of activating these antitumor T cells have been identified and are now being expressed through genetically engineered OVs to potentiate antitumor immunity. With the emergence of novel technologies for identifying tumor antigens and immunogenic epitopes in a myriad of cancers, design of "oncolytic vaccines" expressing highly specific tumor antigens provides a great strategy for targeting tumors. Here, we highlight the various OVs engineered to target tumor antigens and discuss multiple studies and strategies used to develop oncolytic vaccine regimens. We also contend how, going forward, a combination of technologies for identifying novel immunogenic tumor antigens and rational design of oncolytic vaccines will pave the way for the next generation of clinically efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Holay
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shashi Gujar,
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21
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Oncolytic virus efficiency inhibited growth of tumour cells with multiple drug resistant phenotype in vivo and in vitro. J Transl Med 2016; 14:241. [PMID: 27538520 PMCID: PMC4989492 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour resistance to a wide range of drugs (multiple drug resistant, MDR) acquired after intensive chemotherapy is considered to be the main obstacle of the curative treatment of cancer patients. Recent work has shown that oncolytic viruses demonstrated prominent potential for effective treatment of diverse cancers. Here, we evaluated whether genetically modified vaccinia virus (LIVP-GFP) may be effective in treatment of cancers displaying MDR phenotype. Methods LIVP-GFP replication, transgene expression and cytopathic effects were analysed in human cervical carcinomas KB-3-1 (MDR−), KB-8-5 (MDR+) and in murine melanoma B-16 (MDR−), murine lymphosarcomas RLS and RLS-40 (MDR+). To investigate the efficacy of this therapy in vivo, we treated immunocompetent mice bearing murine lymphosarcoma RLS-40 (MDR+) (6- to 8-week-old female CBA mice; n = 10/group) or melanoma B-16 (MDR−) (6- to 8-week-old female C57Bl mice; n = 6/group) with LIVP-GFP (5 × 107 PFU of virus in 0.1 mL of IMDM immediately and 4 days after tumour implantation). Results We demonstrated that LIVP-GFP replication was effective in human cervical carcinomas KB-3-1 (MDR−) and KB-8-5 (MDR+) and in murine melanoma B-16 (MDR−), whereas active viral production was not detected in murine lymphosarcomas RLS and RLS-40 (MDR+). Additionally, it was found that in tumour models in immunocompetent mice under the optimized regimen intratumoural injections of LIVP-GFP significantly inhibited melanoma B16 (33 % of mice were with complete response after 90 days) and RLS-40 tumour growth (fourfold increase in tumour doubling time) as well as metastasis. Conclusion The anti-tumour activity of LIVP-GFP is a result of direct oncolysis of tumour cells in case of melanoma B-16 because the virus effectively replicates and destroys these cells, and virus-mediated activation of the host immune system followed by immunologically mediated destruction of of tumour cells in case of lymphosarcoma RLS-40. Thus, the recombinant vaccinia virus LIVP-GFP is able to inhibit the growth of malignant cells with the MDR phenotype and tumour metastasis when administered in the early stages of tumour development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1002-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are being extensively studied for their potential roles in the development of cancer therapy regimens. In addition to their direct lytic effects, OVs can initiate and drive systemic antitumor immunity indirectly via release of tumor antigen, as well as by encoding and delivering immunostimulatory molecules. This combination makes them an effective platform for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies beyond their primary lytic function. Engineering the viruses to also express tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) allows them to simultaneously serve as therapeutic vaccines, targeting and amplifying an immune response to TAAs. Our group and others have shown that vaccinating intratumorally with a poxvirus that encodes TAAs, in addition to immune stimulatory molecules, can modulate the tumor microenvironment, overcome immune inhibitory pathways, and drive both local and systemic tumor specific immune responses.
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23
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Hou W, Sampath P, Rojas JJ, Thorne SH. Oncolytic Virus-Mediated Targeting of PGE2 in the Tumor Alters the Immune Status and Sensitizes Established and Resistant Tumors to Immunotherapy. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:108-119. [PMID: 27374223 PMCID: PMC4962335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are highly promising cancer treatments, but understanding the factors mediating their resistance remains critical. Successes in randomized clinical testing have supported the growing appreciation that oncolytic virotherapies primarily act as immunotherapies. Here we identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the tumor as a key mediator of resistance to immunotherapies, including oncolytic vaccinia virotherapy. Elevated levels of PGE2 coupled to suppressive chemokine profiles and high levels of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells resulted in loss of immunotherapeutic potential. Viral vectors engineered to target PGE2 were capable of overcoming localized immunosuppression leading to profound changes in the tumor's immune status. This allowed the viral vectors to raise robust anti-tumor adaptive immune responses and sensitized established and previously resistant tumors to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhou Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Padma Sampath
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Steve H Thorne
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, G17a, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Tsun A, Miao XN, Wang CM, Yu DC. Oncolytic Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:241-83. [PMID: 27240460 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy entails the treatment of disease by modulation of the immune system. As detailed in the previous chapters, the different modes of achieving immune modulation are many, including the use of small/large molecules, cellular therapy, and radiation. Oncolytic viruses that can specifically attack, replicate within, and destroy tumors represent one of the most promising classes of agents for cancer immunotherapy (recently termed as oncolytic immunotherapy). The notion of oncolytic immunotherapy is considered as the way in which virus-induced tumor cell death (known as immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD)) allows the immune system to recognize tumor cells and provide long-lasting antitumor immunity. Both immune responses toward the virus and ICD together contribute toward successful antitumor efficacy. What is now becoming increasingly clear is that monotherapies, through any of the modalities detailed in this book, are neither sufficient in eradicating tumors nor in providing long-lasting antitumor immune responses and that combination therapies may deliver enhanced efficacy. After the rise of the genetic engineering era, it has been possible to engineer viruses to harbor combination-like characteristics to enhance their potency in cancer immunotherapy. This chapter provides a historical background on oncolytic virotherapy and its future application in cancer immunotherapy, especially as a combination therapy with other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsun
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - X N Miao
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - C M Wang
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - D C Yu
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China.
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Bridgeman A, Maelfait J, Davenne T, Partridge T, Peng Y, Mayer A, Dong T, Kaever V, Borrow P, Rehwinkel J. Viruses transfer the antiviral second messenger cGAMP between cells. Science 2015; 349:1228-32. [PMID: 26229117 PMCID: PMC4617605 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) detects cytosolic DNA during virus infection and induces an antiviral state. cGAS signals by synthesis of a second messenger, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING). We show that cGAMP is incorporated into viral particles, including lentivirus and herpesvirus virions, when these are produced in cGAS-expressing cells. Virions transferred cGAMP to newly infected cells and triggered a STING-dependent antiviral program. These effects were independent of exosomes and viral nucleic acids. Our results reveal a way by which a signal for innate immunity is transferred between cells, potentially accelerating and broadening antiviral responses. Moreover, infection of dendritic cells with cGAMP-loaded lentiviruses enhanced their activation. Loading viral vectors with cGAMP therefore holds promise for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - J Maelfait
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - T Davenne
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - T Partridge
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Y Peng
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - A Mayer
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - T Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - V Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - P Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - J Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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26
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MacNeill AL. On the potential of oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of canine cancers. Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:95-107. [PMID: 27512674 PMCID: PMC4918385 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 6 million dogs are diagnosed with cancer in the USA each year. Treatment options for many of these patients are limited. It is important that the veterinary and scientific communities begin to explore novel treatment protocols for dogs with cancer. Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising treatment option that may prove to be relatively inexpensive and effective against several types of cancer. The efficacy of oncolytic virus therapies has been clearly demonstrated in murine cancer models, but the positive outcomes observed in mice are not always seen in human cancer patients. These therapies should be thoroughly evaluated in dogs with spontaneously arising cancers to provide needed information about the potential effectiveness of virus treatment for human cancers and to promote the health of our companion animals. This article provides a review of the results of oncolytic virus treatment of canine cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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27
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Rojas JJ, Sampath P, Hou W, Thorne SH. Defining Effective Combinations of Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Oncolytic Virotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5543-51. [PMID: 26187615 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent data from randomized clinical trials with oncolytic viral therapies and with cancer immunotherapies have finally recapitulated the promise these platforms demonstrated in preclinical models. Perhaps the greatest advance with oncolytic virotherapy has been the appreciation of the importance of activation of the immune response in therapeutic activity. Meanwhile, the understanding that blockade of immune checkpoints (with antibodies that block the binding of PD1 to PDL1 or CTLA4 to B7-2) is critical for an effective antitumor immune response has revitalized the field of immunotherapy. The combination of immune activation using an oncolytic virus and blockade of immune checkpoints is therefore a logical next step. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we explore such combinations and demonstrate their potential to produce enhanced responses in mouse tumor models. Different combinations and regimens were explored in immunocompetent mouse models of renal and colorectal cancer. Bioluminescence imaging and immune assays were used to determine the mechanisms mediating synergistic or antagonistic combinations. RESULTS Interaction between immune checkpoint inhibitors and oncolytic virotherapy was found to be complex, with correct selection of viral strain, antibody, and timing of the combination being critical for synergistic effects. Indeed, some combinations produced antagonistic effects and loss of therapeutic activity. A period of oncolytic viral replication and directed targeting of the immune response against the tumor were required for the most beneficial effects, with CD8(+) and NK, but not CD4(+) cells mediating the effects. CONCLUSIONS These considerations will be critical in the design of the inevitable clinical translation of these combination approaches. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5543-51. ©2015 AACR.See related commentary by Slaney and Darcy, p. 5417.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Rojas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Padma Sampath
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Weizhou Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steve H Thorne
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Sampath P, Thorne SH. Novel therapeutic strategies in human malignancy: combining immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy. Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:75-82. [PMID: 27512672 PMCID: PMC4918382 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s54738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from randomized clinical trials over the last several years have finally begun to demonstrate the potential of oncolytic viral therapies to treat a variety of cancers. One reason for these successes has been the realization that this platform is most effective when considered primarily as an immunotherapy. Cancer immunotherapy has also made dramatic strides recently with antibodies capable of blocking immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T-cell therapies, notably CAR T-cells, leading a panel of novel and highly clinically effective therapies. It is clear therefore that an understanding of how and when these complementary approaches can most effectively be combined offers the real hope of moving beyond simply treating the disease and toward starting to talk about curative therapies. In this review we discuss approaches to combining these therapeutic platforms, both through engineering the viral vectors to more beneficially interact with the host immune response during therapy, as well as through the direct combinations of different therapeutics. This primarily, but not exclusively focuses on strains of oncolytic vaccinia virus. Some of the results reported to date, primarily in pre-clinical models but also in early clinical trials, are dramatic and hold great promise for the future development of similar therapies and their translation into cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Sampath
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steve H Thorne
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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Overcoming tumor resistance by heterologous adeno-poxvirus combination therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 1:14006. [PMID: 27119097 PMCID: PMC4782942 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Successful cancer control relies on overcoming resistance to cell death and on activation of host antitumor immunity. Oncolytic viruses are particularly attractive in this regard, as they lyse infected tumor cells and trigger robust immune responses during the infection. However, repeated injections of the same virus promote antiviral rather than antitumor immunity and tumors may mount innate antiviral defenses to restrict oncolytic virus replication. In this article, we have explored if alternating the therapy virus could circumvent these problems. We demonstrate in two virus-resistant animal models a substantial delay in antiviral immune- and innate cellular response induction by alternating injections of two immunologically distinct oncolytic viruses, adenovirus, and vaccinia virus. Our results are in support of clinical development of heterologous adeno-/vaccinia virus therapy of cancer.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Albelda
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steve H Thorne
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Thorne SH. Immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic vaccinia virus. Front Oncol 2014; 4:155. [PMID: 24987615 PMCID: PMC4060052 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of oncolytic viral therapy was based on the hypothesis that engineering tumor-selectivity into the replication potential of viruses would permit direct destruction of tumor cells as a result of viral-mediated lysis, resulting in amplification of the therapy exclusively within the tumor environment. The immune response raised by the virus was not only considered to be necessary for the safety of the approach, but also something of a hindrance to optimal therapeutic activity and repeat dosing. However, the pre-clinical and subsequent clinical success of several oncolytic viruses expressing selected cytokines has demonstrated the potential for harnessing the immune response as an additional and beneficial mechanism of therapeutic activity within the platform. Over the last few years, a variety of novel approaches have been incorporated to try to enhance this immunotherapeutic activity. Several innovative and subtle approaches have moved far beyond the expression of a single cytokine transgene, with the hope of optimizing anti-tumor immunity while having minimal detrimental impact on viral oncolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve H. Thorne
- Department of Surgery, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are ideal platforms for tumor vaccination because they can mediate the direct in situ killing of tumor cells that release a broad array of tumor antigens and alarmins or danger signals thereby cross-priming antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which mediate the indirect killing of uninfected cells. The balance between the direct and indirect killing phases of oncolytic virotherapy is the key to its success and can be manipulated by incorporating various immunomodulatory genes into the oncolytic virus genome. Recently, the interim analysis of a large multicenter Phase III clinical trial for Talimogene laherparepvec, a granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-armed oncolytic herpes simplex virus, revealed significant improvement in objective response and durable response rates over control arm and a trend toward improved overall survival. Meanwhile, newer oncolytics are being developed expressing additional immunomodulatory transgenes to further enhance cross-priming and the generation of antitumor CTLs and to block the immunosuppressive actions of the tumor microenvironment. Since oncolytic vaccines can be engineered to kill tumor cells directly, modulate the kinetics of the antitumor immune response and reverse the immunosuppressive actions of the tumor, they are predicted to emerge as the preferred immunotherapeutic anticancer weapons of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura B Elsedawy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Sampath P, Thorne SH. Arming viruses in multi-mechanistic oncolytic viral therapy: current research and future developments, with emphasis on poxviruses. Oncolytic Virother 2013; 3:1-9. [PMID: 27512659 PMCID: PMC4918358 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s36703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of oncolytic virology has made great strides in recent years. However, one key finding has been that the use of viral agents that replicate selectively in tumors is usually insufficient to achieve anything beyond small and transient responses. Instead, like most cancer therapies, oncolytic viruses are most effective in combination with other therapies, which is where they have proven therapeutic effects in clinical and preclinical studies. In cases of some of the smaller RNA viruses, effects can only be achieved through combination regimens with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted conventional therapies. However, larger DNA viruses are able to express one or more transgenes; thus, therapeutic mechanisms can be built into the viral vector itself. The incorporated approaches into arming oncolytic viruses through transgene expression will be the main focus of this review, including use of immune activators, prodrug converting enzymes, anti-angiogenic factors, and targeting of the stroma. This will focus on poxviruses as model systems with large cloning capacities, which have routinely been used as transgene expression vectors in different settings, including vaccine and oncolytic viral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Sampath
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steve H Thorne
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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35
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Maraba virus as a potent oncolytic vaccine vector. Mol Ther 2013; 22:420-429. [PMID: 24322333 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhabdovirus Maraba has recently been characterized as a potent oncolytic virus. In the present study, we engineered an attenuated Maraba strain, defined as MG1, to express a melanoma-associated tumor antigen. Its ability to mount an antitumor immunity was evaluated in tumor-free and melanoma tumor-bearing mice. Alone, the MG1 vaccine appeared insufficient to prime detectable adaptive immunity against the tumor antigen. However, when used as a boosting vector in a heterologous prime-boost regimen, MG1 vaccine rapidly generated strong antigen-specific T-cell immune responses. Once applied for treating syngeneic murine melanoma tumors, our oncolytic prime-boost vaccination protocol involving Maraba MG1 dramatically extended median survival and allowed complete remission in more than 20% of the animals treated. This work describes Maraba virus MG1 as a potent vaccine vector for cancer immunotherapy displaying both oncolytic activity and a remarkable ability to boost adaptive antitumor immunity.
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Smith GL, Benfield CTO, Maluquer de Motes C, Mazzon M, Ember SWJ, Ferguson BJ, Sumner RP. Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2367-2392. [PMID: 23999164 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection of mammalian cells is sensed by pattern recognition receptors and leads to an innate immune response that restricts virus replication and induces adaptive immunity. In response, viruses have evolved many countermeasures that enable them to replicate and be transmitted to new hosts, despite the host innate immune response. Poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus (VACV), have large DNA genomes and encode many proteins that are dedicated to host immune evasion. Some of these proteins are secreted from the infected cell, where they bind and neutralize complement factors, interferons, cytokines and chemokines. Other VACV proteins function inside cells to inhibit apoptosis or signalling pathways that lead to the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, these VACV immunomodulatory proteins are described and the potential to create more immunogenic VACV strains by manipulation of the gene encoding these proteins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Camilla T O Benfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | | | - Michela Mazzon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stuart W J Ember
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Brian J Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Rebecca P Sumner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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37
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Crosstalk between immune cell and oncolytic vaccinia therapy enhances tumor trafficking and antitumor effects. Mol Ther 2012; 21:620-8. [PMID: 23229093 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of an oncolytic virus, that directly destroys tumor cells and mediates an acute immune response, with an immune cell therapy, capable of further enlisting and enhancing the host immune response, has the potential to create a potent therapeutic effect. We have previously developed several strategies for optimizing the delivery of oncolytic vaccinia virus vectors to their tumor targets, including the use of immune cell-based carrier vehicles and the incorporation of mutations that increase production of the enveloped form of vaccinia (extracellular enveloped viral (EEV)) that is better adapted to spread within a host. Here, we initially combine these approaches to create a novel therapeutic, consisting of an immune cell (cytokine-induced killer, CIK) preloaded with an oncolytic virus that is EEV enhanced. This resulted in direct interaction between the viral and immune cell components with each assisting the other in directing the therapy to the tumor and so enhancing the antitumor effects. This effect could be further improved through CCL5 expression from the virus. The resulting multicomponent therapy displays the ability for synergistic crosstalk between components, so significantly enhancing tumor trafficking and antitumor effects.
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