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Khan AQ, Hasan A, Mir SS, Rashid K, Uddin S, Steinhoff M. Exploiting transcription factors to target EMT and cancer stem cells for tumor modulation and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 100:1-16. [PMID: 38503384 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are essential in controlling gene regulatory networks that determine cellular fate during embryogenesis and tumor development. TFs are the major players in promoting cancer stemness by regulating the function of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Understanding how TFs interact with their downstream targets for determining cell fate during embryogenesis and tumor development is a critical area of research. CSCs are increasingly recognized for their significance in tumorigenesis and patient prognosis, as they play a significant role in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance. However, traditional therapies have limited effectiveness in eliminating this subset of cells, allowing CSCs to persist and potentially form secondary tumors. Recent studies have revealed that cancer cells and tumors with CSC-like features also exhibit genes related to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT-associated transcription factors (EMT-TFs) like TWIST and Snail/Slug can upregulate EMT-related genes and reprogram cancer cells into a stem-like phenotype. Importantly, the regulation of EMT-TFs, particularly through post-translational modifications (PTMs), plays a significant role in cancer metastasis and the acquisition of stem cell-like features. PTMs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, can alter the stability, localization, and activity of EMT-TFs, thereby modulating their ability to drive EMT and stemness properties in cancer cells. Although targeting EMT-TFs holds potential in tackling CSCs, current pharmacological approaches to do so directly are unavailable. Therefore, this review aims to explore the role of EMT- and CSC-TFs, their connection and impact in cellular development and cancer, emphasizing the potential of TF networks as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Urology,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, India; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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2
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Webb MJ, Kottke T, Kendall BL, Swanson J, Uzendu C, Tonne J, Thompson J, Metko M, Moore M, Borad M, Roberts L, Diaz RM, Olin M, Borgatti A, Vile R. Trap and ambush therapy using sequential primary and tumor escape-selective oncolytic viruses. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 29:129-142. [PMID: 37313455 PMCID: PMC10258242 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple models of oncolytic virotherapy, it is common to see an early anti-tumor response followed by recurrence. We have previously shown that frontline treatment with oncolytic VSV-IFN-β induces APOBEC proteins, promoting the selection of specific mutations that allow tumor escape. Of these mutations in B16 melanoma escape (ESC) cells, a C-T point mutation in the cold shock domain-containing E1 (CSDE1) gene was present at the highest frequency, which could be used to ambush ESC cells by vaccination with the mutant CSDE1 expressed within the virus. Here, we show that the evolution of viral ESC tumor cells harboring the escape-promoting CSDE1C-T mutation can also be exploited by a virological ambush. By sequential delivery of two oncolytic VSVs in vivo, tumors which would otherwise escape VSV-IFN-β oncolytic virotherapy could be cured. This also facilitated the priming of anti-tumor T cell responses, which could be further exploited using immune checkpoint blockade with the CD200 activation receptor ligand (CD200AR-L) peptide. Our findings here are significant in that they offer the possibility to develop oncolytic viruses as highly specific, escape-targeting viro-immunotherapeutic agents to be used in conjunction with recurrence of tumors following multiple different types of frontline cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason J. Webb
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Timothy Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Jack Swanson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chisom Uzendu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jason Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Muriel Metko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Madelyn Moore
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mitesh Borad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Lewis Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rosa M. Diaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael Olin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Clinical Investigation Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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3
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Pessach I, Spyropoulos T, Lamprianidou E, Kotsianidis I. MRD Monitoring by Multiparametric Flow Cytometry in AML: Is It Time to Incorporate Immune Parameters? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174294. [PMID: 36077826 PMCID: PMC9454571 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Measurable residual disease (MRD) is emerging as an important prognostic and predictive biomarker in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, its use is currently hampered by the disparity and lack of harmonization between the available MRD methodologies. In addition, the current assessment of MRD in AML focuses only on the quantification of the residual leukemic burden, without addressing the parallel alterations of the antineoplastic immune response that can critically affect the course and outcome of AML, often despite MRD persistence. Incorporating parameters of immune competence provides more consistency with the biological concept of MRD and may lead to higher accuracy. Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is a highly efficacious and sensitive technology for the thorough and synchronous investigation of the kinetics of both antitumor immunity and the leukemic clone. MFC-based MRD provides the platform for the development of a composite leukemia- and immune-based biomarker which can outcompete the current MRD assessment. Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of clonal myeloid disorders characterized by intrinsic molecular variability. Pretreatment cytogenetic and mutational profiles only partially inform prognosis in AML, whereas relapse is driven by residual leukemic clones and mere morphological evaluation is insensitive for relapse prediction. Measurable residual disease (MRD), an independent post-diagnostic prognosticator, has recently been introduced by the European Leukemia Net as a new outcome definition. However, MRD techniques are not yet standardized, thus precluding its use as a surrogate endpoint for survival in clinical trials and MRD-guided strategies in real-life clinical practice. AML resistance and relapse involve a complex interplay between clonal and immune cells, which facilitates the evasion of the leukemic clone and which is not taken into account when merely quantifying the residual leukemia. Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) offers the possibility of capturing an overall picture of the above interactions at the single cell level and can simultaneously assess the competence of anticancer immune response and the levels of residual clonal cells. In this review, we focus on the current status of MFC-based MRD in diverse AML treatment settings and introduce a novel perspective of combined immune and leukemia cell profiling for MRD assessment in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Pessach
- Department of Hematology, Athens Medical Center, 11634 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Spyropoulos
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Lamprianidou
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kotsianidis
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +30-25-5103-0320; Fax: +30-25-5107-6154
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4
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Kottke T, Tonne J, Evgin L, Driscoll CB, van Vloten J, Jennings VA, Huff AL, Zell B, Thompson JM, Wongthida P, Pulido J, Schuelke MR, Samson A, Selby P, Ilett E, McNiven M, Roberts LR, Borad MJ, Pandha H, Harrington K, Melcher A, Vile RG. Oncolytic virotherapy induced CSDE1 neo-antigenesis restricts VSV replication but can be targeted by immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1930. [PMID: 33772027 PMCID: PMC7997928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In our clinical trials of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus expressing interferon beta (VSV-IFNβ), several patients achieved initial responses followed by aggressive relapse. We show here that VSV-IFNβ-escape tumors predictably express a point-mutated CSDE1P5S form of the RNA-binding Cold Shock Domain-containing E1 protein, which promotes escape as an inhibitor of VSV replication by disrupting viral transcription. Given time, VSV-IFNβ evolves a compensatory mutation in the P/M Inter-Genic Region which rescues replication in CSDE1P5S cells. These data show that CSDE1 is a major cellular co-factor for VSV replication. However, CSDE1P5S also generates a neo-epitope recognized by non-tolerized T cells. We exploit this predictable neo-antigenesis to drive, and trap, tumors into an escape phenotype, which can be ambushed by vaccination against CSDE1P5S, preventing tumor escape. Combining frontline therapy with escape-targeting immunotherapy will be applicable across multiple therapies which drive tumor mutation/evolution and simultaneously generate novel, targetable immunopeptidomes associated with acquired treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jacob van Vloten
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Victoria A Jennings
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amanda L Huff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brady Zell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jill M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jose Pulido
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Selby
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark McNiven
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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5
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Marcucci F, Rumio C. The tumor-promoting effects of the adaptive immune system: a cause of hyperprogressive disease in cancer? Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:853-865. [PMID: 32940721 PMCID: PMC11072297 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive antitumor immune responses, either cellular or humoral, aim at eliminating tumor cells expressing the cognate antigens. There are some instances, however, where these same immune responses have tumor-promoting effects. These effects can lead to the expansion of antigen-negative tumor cells, tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth, metastatic dissemination, resistance to antitumor therapy and apoptotic stimuli, acquisition of tumor-initiating potential and activation of various forms of survival mechanisms. We describe the basic mechanisms that underlie tumor-promoting adaptive immune responses and try to identify the variables that induce the switching of a tumor-inhibitory, cellular or humoral immune response, into a tumor-promoting one. We suggest that tumor-promoting adaptive immune responses may be at the origin of at least a fraction of hyperprogressive diseases (HPD) that are observed in cancer patients during therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and, less frequently, with single-agent chemotherapy. We also propose the use of non-invasive biomarkers allowing to predict which patients may undergo HPD during ICI and other forms of antitumor therapy. Eventually, we suggest possibilities of therapeutic intervention allowing to inhibit tumor-promoting adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Trentacoste 2, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Rumio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Trentacoste 2, Milan, Italy
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6
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Pol JG, Bridle BW, Lichty BD. Detection of Tumor Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses After Oncolytic Vaccination. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2058:191-211. [PMID: 31486039 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9794-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccines, which consist of recombinant oncolytic viruses (OV) encoding tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), have demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy in preclinical models and are currently evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. On one hand, oncolysis of OV-infected malignant entities reinstates cancer immunosurveillance. On the other hand, overexpression of TAAs in infected cells further stimulates the adaptive arm of antitumor immunity. Particularly, the presence of tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment, as well as in the periphery, has demonstrated prognostic value for cancer treatments. These effector CD8+ T cells can be detected through their production of the prototypical Tc1 cytokine: IFN-γ. The quantitative and qualitative assessment of this immune cell subset remains critical in the development process of efficient cancer vaccines, including oncolytic vaccines. The present chapter will describe a single-cell immunological assay, namely the intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), that allows the enumeration of IFN-γ-producing TAA-specific CD8+ T cells in various tissues (tumor, blood, lymphoid organs) following oncolytic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France. .,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France. .,Equipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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7
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Evgin L, Huff AL, Kottke T, Thompson J, Molan AM, Driscoll CB, Schuelke M, Shim KG, Wongthida P, Ilett EJ, Smith KK, Harris RS, Coffey M, Pulido JS, Pandha H, Selby PJ, Harrington KJ, Melcher A, Vile RG. Suboptimal T-cell Therapy Drives a Tumor Cell Mutator Phenotype That Promotes Escape from First-Line Treatment. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:828-840. [PMID: 30940643 PMCID: PMC7003288 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor T-cell responses raised by first-line therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation, tumor cell vaccines, and viroimmunotherapy tend to be weak, both quantitatively (low frequency) and qualitatively (low affinity). We show here that T cells that recognize tumor-associated antigens can directly kill tumor cells if used at high effector-to-target ratios. However, when these tumor-reactive T cells were present at suboptimal ratios, direct T-cell-mediated tumor cell killing was reduced and the ability of tumor cells to evolve away from a coapplied therapy (oncolytic or suicide gene therapy) was promoted. This T-cell-mediated increase in therapeutic resistance was associated with C to T transition mutations that are characteristic of APOBEC3 cytosine deaminase activity and was induced through a TNFα and protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Short hairpin RNA inhibition of endogenous APOBEC3 reduced rates of tumor escape from oncolytic virus or suicide gene therapy to those seen in the absence of antitumor T-cell coculture. Conversely, overexpression of human APOBEC3B in tumor cells enhanced escape from suicide gene therapy and oncolytic virus therapy both in vitro and in vivo Our data suggest that weak affinity or low frequency T-cell responses against tumor antigens may contribute to the ability of tumor cells to evolve away from first-line therapies. We conclude that immunotherapies need to be optimized as early as possible so that, if they do not kill the tumor completely, they do not promote treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amanda L Huff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Timothy Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amy M Molan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Elizabeth J Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Reuben S Harris
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jose S Pulido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan Melcher
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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8
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Pol JG, Atherton MJ, Bridle BW, Stephenson KB, Le Boeuf F, Hummel JL, Martin CG, Pomoransky J, Breitbach CJ, Diallo JS, Stojdl DF, Bell JC, Wan Y, Lichty BD. Development and applications of oncolytic Maraba virus vaccines. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:117-128. [PMID: 30538968 PMCID: PMC6263248 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s154494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic activity of the MG1 strain of the Maraba vesiculovirus has proven efficacy in numerous preclinical cancer models, and relied not only on a direct cytotoxicity but also on the induction of both innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. To further expand tumor-specific T-cell effector and long-lasting memory compartments, we introduced the MG1 virus in a prime-boost cancer vaccine strategy. To this aim, a replication-incompetent adenoviral [Ad] vector together with the oncolytic MG1 have each been armed with a transgene expressing a same tumor antigen. Immune priming with the Ad vaccine subsequently boosted with the MG1 vaccine mounted tumor-specific responses of remarkable magnitude, which significantly prolonged survival in various murine cancer models. Based on these promising results, we validated the safety profile of the Ad:MG1 oncolytic vaccination strategy in nonhuman primates and initiated clinical investigations in cancer patients. Two clinical trials are currently under way (NCT02285816; NCT02879760). The present review will recapitulate the discoveries that led to the development of MG1 oncolytic vaccines from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France
- Team 11 labelled Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités/Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Matthew J Atherton
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff L Hummel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
- Clinical Trial Division, CANSWERS, Georgetown, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
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9
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Pol JG, Acuna SA, Yadollahi B, Tang N, Stephenson KB, Atherton MJ, Hanwell D, El-Warrak A, Goldstein A, Moloo B, Turner PV, Lopez R, LaFrance S, Evelegh C, Denisova G, Parsons R, Millar J, Stoll G, Martin CG, Pomoransky J, Breitbach CJ, Bramson JL, Bell JC, Wan Y, Stojdl DF, Lichty BD, McCart JA. Preclinical evaluation of a MAGE-A3 vaccination utilizing the oncolytic Maraba virus currently in first-in-human trials. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1512329. [PMID: 30546947 PMCID: PMC6287790 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1512329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple immunotherapeutics have been approved for cancer patients, however advanced solid tumors are frequently refractory to treatment. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccination approach with multimodal oncolytic potential in non-human primates (NHP) (Macaca fascicularis). Primates received a replication-deficient adenoviral prime, boosted by the oncolytic Maraba MG1 rhabdovirus. Both vectors expressed the human MAGE-A3. No severe adverse events were observed. Boosting with MG1-MAGEA3 induced an expansion of hMAGE-A3-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells with the latter peaking at remarkable levels and persisting for several months. T-cells reacting against epitopes fully conserved between simian and human MAGE-A3 were identified. Humoral immunity was demonstrated by the detection of circulating MAGE-A3 antibodies. These preclinical data establish the capacity for the Ad:MG1 vaccination to engage multiple effector immune cell populations without causing significant toxicity in outbred NHPs. Clinical investigations utilizing this program for the treatment of MAGE-A3-positive solid malignancies are underway (NCT02285816, NCT02879760).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio A Acuna
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beta Yadollahi
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nan Tang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Matthew J Atherton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Hanwell
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alyssa Goldstein
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Badru Moloo
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Lopez
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra LaFrance
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carole Evelegh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Galina Denisova
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robin Parsons
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie Millar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gautier Stoll
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan L Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J Andrea McCart
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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10
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Pol JG, Lévesque S, Workenhe ST, Gujar S, Le Boeuf F, Clements DR, Fahrner JE, Fend L, Bell JC, Mossman KL, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Oncolytic viro-immunotherapy of hematologic and solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1503032. [PMID: 30524901 PMCID: PMC6279343 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1503032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion, thus supporting the establishment of therapeutically relevant tumor-specific immune responses. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the oncolytic herpes simplex virus T-VEC for use in advanced melanoma patients. Since then, a plethora of trials has been initiated to assess the safety and efficacy of multiple oncolytic viruses in patients affected with various malignancies. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical progress in the field of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Samuel T. Workenhe
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - John C. Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L. Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Yan G, Li A, Zhang A, Sun Y, Liu J. Polymer-Based Nanocarriers for Co-Delivery and Combination of Diverse Therapies against Cancers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E85. [PMID: 29401694 PMCID: PMC5853717 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer gives rise to an enormous number of deaths worldwide nowadays. Therefore, it is in urgent need to develop new therapies, among which combined therapies including photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy (CHT) using polymer-based nanocarriers have attracted enormous interest due to the significantly enhanced efficacy and great progress has been made so far. The preparation of such nanocarriers is a comprehensive task involving the cooperation of nanomaterial science and biomedicine science. In this review, we try to introduce and analyze the structure, preparation and synergistic therapeutic effect of various polymer-based nanocarriers composed of anti-tumor drugs, nano-sized photothermal materials and other possible parts. Our effort may bring benefit to future exploration and potential applications of similar nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Aihua Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Aitang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Jingquan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Henegan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Cancer Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- Department of Medical Oncology, GU section, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Raj AT, Patil S, Rajkumar C, Sarode S. Assessing the role of immune system in cancer progression from minimal residual disease. Oral Oncol 2017; 75:180-181. [PMID: 29102153 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Thalambur, Chennai 600130, India.
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Sachin Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India.
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14
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Kottke T, Evgin L, Shim KG, Rommelfanger D, Boisgerault N, Zaidi S, Diaz RM, Thompson J, Ilett E, Coffey M, Selby P, Pandha H, Harrington K, Melcher A, Vile R. Subversion of NK-cell and TNFα Immune Surveillance Drives Tumor Recurrence. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:1029-1045. [PMID: 29038298 PMCID: PMC5858196 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how incompletely cleared primary tumors transition from minimal residual disease (MRD) into treatment-resistant, immune-invisible recurrences has major clinical significance. We show here that this transition is mediated through the subversion of two key elements of innate immunosurveillance. In the first, the role of TNFα changes from an antitumor effector against primary tumors into a growth promoter for MRD. Second, whereas primary tumors induced a natural killer (NK)-mediated cytokine response characterized by low IL6 and elevated IFNγ, PD-L1hi MRD cells promoted the secretion of IL6 but minimal IFNγ, inhibiting both NK-cell and T-cell surveillance. Tumor recurrence was promoted by trauma- or infection-like stimuli inducing VEGF and TNFα, which stimulated the growth of MRD tumors. Finally, therapies that blocked PD-1, TNFα, or NK cells delayed or prevented recurrence. These data show how innate immunosurveillance mechanisms, which control infection and growth of primary tumors, are exploited by recurrent, competent tumors and identify therapeutic targets in patients with MRD known to be at high risk of relapse. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(11); 1029-45. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Shane Zaidi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rosa Maria Diaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alan Melcher
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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15
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Sistigu A, Di Modugno F, Manic G, Nisticò P. Deciphering the loop of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inflammatory cytokines and cancer immunoediting. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 36:67-77. [PMID: 28595838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis and tumor progression relies on the dialectics between tumor cells, the extracellular matrix and its remodelling enzymes, neighbouring cells and soluble cues. The host immune response is crucial in eliminating or promoting tumor growth and the reciprocal coevolution of tumor and immune cells, during disease progression and in response to therapy, shapes tumor fate by activating innate and adaptive mechanisms. The phenotypic plasticity is a common feature of epithelial and immune cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process, governed by microenvironmental stimuli, critical in tumor cell shaping, increased tumor cell heterogeneity and stemness. In this review we will outline how the dysregulation of microenvironmental signaling is crucial in determining tumor plasticity and EMT, arguing how therapy resistance hinges on these dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Sistigu
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy; Department of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Di Modugno
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00173, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Abstract
The success of anticancer therapy is usually limited by the development of drug resistance. Such acquired resistance is driven, in part, by intratumoural heterogeneity - that is, the phenotypic diversity of cancer cells co-inhabiting a single tumour mass. The introduction of the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept, which posits the presence of minor subpopulations of CSCs that are uniquely capable of seeding new tumours, has provided a framework for understanding one dimension of intratumoural heterogeneity. This concept, taken together with the identification of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programme as a critical regulator of the CSC phenotype, offers an opportunity to investigate the nature of intratumoural heterogeneity and a possible mechanistic basis for anticancer drug resistance. In fact, accumulating evidence indicates that conventional therapies often fail to eradicate carcinoma cells that have entered the CSC state via activation of the EMT programme, thereby permitting CSC-mediated clinical relapse. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the link between the EMT programme and the CSC state, and also discuss how this knowledge can contribute to improvements in clinical practice.
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17
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Kottke T, Shim KG, Alonso-Camino V, Zaidi S, Maria Diaz R, Pulido J, Thompson J, Rajani KR, Evgin L, Ilett E, Pandha H, Harrington K, Selby P, Melcher A, Vile R. Immunogenicity of self tumor associated proteins is enhanced through protein truncation. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2016; 3:16030. [PMID: 27933315 PMCID: PMC5142466 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that therapy with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) expressing tumor-associated proteins eradicates established tumors. We show here that when cellular cDNA were cloned into VSV which retained their own poly-A signal, viral species emerged in culture which had deleted the cellular poly-A signal and also contained a truncated form of the protein coding sequence. Typically, the truncation occurred such that a Tyrosine-encoding codon was converted into a STOP codon. We believe that the truncation of tumor-associated proteins expressed from VSV in this way occurred to preserve the ability of the virus to replicate efficiently. Truncated cDNA expressed from VSV were significantly more effective than full length cDNA in treating established tumors. Moreover, tumor therapy with truncated cDNA was completely abolished by depletion of CD4+ T cells, whereas therapy with full length cDNA was CD8+ T cell dependent. These data show that the type/potency of antitumor immune responses against self-tumor-associated proteins can be manipulated in vivo through the nature of the self protein (full length or truncated). Therefore, in addition to generation of neoantigens through sequence mutation, immunological tolerance against self-tumor-associated proteins can be broken through manipulation of protein integrity, allowing for rational design of better self-immunogens for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Shane Zaidi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Diaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jose Pulido
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karishma R Rajani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St. James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Selby
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St. James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Center, St. James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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18
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Tseng CY, Tuszynski J. Entropic analysis reveals a connection between the recurrence of cancer and chemotherapy. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:674-8. [PMID: 26586992 PMCID: PMC4625121 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we proposed an entropic analysis to overcome limitations of conventional statistical methods to analyze clinical data for cancer patients who experienced relapse of tumors following chemotherapy. We have applied this entropic method to reveal potential mechanisms that lead to a relapse of Wilms' tumor in pediatric patients. Results indicate β-tubulin isotype III up-regulation is likely the primary cause of the relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada ; Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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19
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Topoisomerase 2 Alpha Cooperates with Androgen Receptor to Contribute to Prostate Cancer Progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142327. [PMID: 26560244 PMCID: PMC4641711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of TOP2A is associated with risk of systemic progression in prostate cancer patients, and higher levels of TOP2A were found in hormone-resistant cases. To elucidate the mechanism by which high levels of TOP2A contribute to tumor progression we generated TOP2A overexpressing prostate cancer cell lines. We show that TOP2A promotes tumor aggressiveness by inducing chromosomal rearrangements of genes that contribute to a more invasive phenotype. Anti-androgen treatment alone was ineffective in killing TOP2A overexpressing cells due to activation of an androgen receptor network. TOP2A poisons killed tumor cells more efficiently early in the progression course, while at later stages they provided greater benefit when combined with anti-androgen therapy. Mechanistically, we find that TOP2A enhances androgen signaling by facilitating transcription of androgen responsive genes, thereby promoting tumor cell growth. These studies revealed a relationship between TOP2A and androgen receptor signaling pathway that contributes to prostate cancer progression and confers sensitivity to treatments.
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20
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Cockle JV, Rajani K, Zaidi S, Kottke T, Thompson J, Diaz RM, Shim K, Peterson T, Parney IF, Short S, Selby P, Ilett E, Melcher A, Vile R. Combination viroimmunotherapy with checkpoint inhibition to treat glioma, based on location-specific tumor profiling. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:518-27. [PMID: 26409567 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic delivery of a complementary cDNA library expressed from the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) treats tumors by vaccinating against a wide range of tumor associated antigens (TAAs). For subcutaneous B16 melanomas, therapy was achieved using a specific combination of self-TAAs (neuroblastoma-Ras, cytochrome c, and tyrosinase-related protein 1) expressed from VSV. However, for intracranial B16 tumors, a different combination was therapeutic (consisting of VSV-expressed hypoxia-inducible factor [HIF]-2α, Sox-10, c-Myc, and tyrosinase-related protein 1). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that tumors of different histological types growing in the brain share a common immunogenic signature which can be exploited for immunotherapy. METHODS Syngeneic tumors, including GL261 gliomas, in the brains of immune competent mice were analyzed for their antigenic profiles or were treated with systemic viroimmunotherapy. RESULTS Several different histological types of tumors growing intracranially, as well as freshly resected human brain tumor explants, expressed a HIF-2α(Hi) phenotype imposed by brain-derived CD11b+ cells. This location-specific antigen expression was exploited therapeutically against intracranial GL261 gliomas using systemically delivered VSV expressing HIF-2α, Sox-10, and c-Myc. Viroimmunotherapy was enhanced by immune checkpoint inhibitors, associated with the de-repression of antitumor T-helper cell type 1 (Th1) interferon-γ and Th17 T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Since different tumor types growing in the same location in the brain share a location-specific phenotype, we suggest that antigen-specific immunotherapies should be based upon expression of both histological type-specific tumor antigens and location-specific antigens. Our findings support clinical application of VSV-TAA therapy with checkpoint inhibition for aggressive brain tumors and highlight the importance of the intracranial microenvironment in sculpting a location-specific profile of tumor antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Cockle
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Karishma Rajani
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Shane Zaidi
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Timothy Kottke
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Jill Thompson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Rosa Maria Diaz
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Kevin Shim
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Tim Peterson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Ian F Parney
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Susan Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Peter Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Alan Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
| | - Richard Vile
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (J.V.C., S.S., P.S., E.I., A.M., R.V.); Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (K.R., S.Z., T.K., J.T., R.M.D., K.S., R.V.); Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK (S.Z., R.V.); Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (T.P., I.F.P.)
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21
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Definitive Management of Oligometastatic Melanoma in a Murine Model Using Combined Ablative Radiation Therapy and Viral Immunotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:577-87. [PMID: 26461000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The oligometastatic state is an intermediate state between a malignancy that can be completely eradicated with conventional modalities and one in which a palliative approach is undertaken. Clinically, high rates of local tumor control are possible with stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR), using precisely targeted, high-dose, low-fraction radiation therapy. However, in oligometastatic melanoma, virtually all patients develop progression systemically at sites not initially treated with ablative radiation therapy that cannot be managed with conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy. We have demonstrated in mice that intravenous administration of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing defined tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) generates systemic immune responses capable of clearing established tumors. Therefore, in the present preclinical study, we tested whether the combination of systemic VSV-mediated antigen delivery and SABR would be effective against oligometastatic disease. METHODS AND MATERIALS We generated a model of oligometastatic melanoma in C57BL/6 immunocompetent mice and then used a combination of SABR and systemically administered VSV-TAA viral immunotherapy to treat both local and systemic disease. RESULTS Our data showed that SABR generates excellent control or cure of local, clinically detectable, and accessible tumor through direct cell ablation. Also, the immunotherapeutic activity of systemically administered VSV-TAA generated T-cell responses that cleared subclinical metastatic tumors. We also showed that SABR induced weak T-cell-mediated tumor responses, which, particularly if boosted by VSV-TAA, might contribute to control of local and systemic disease. In addition, VSV-TAA therapy alone had significant effects on control of both local and metastatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS We have shown in the present preliminary murine study using a single tumor model that this approach represents an effective, complementary combination therapy model that addresses the need for both systemic and local control in oligometastatic melanoma.
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22
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Zaidi S, Blanchard M, Shim K, Ilett E, Rajani K, Parrish C, Boisgerault N, Kottke T, Thompson J, Celis E, Pulido J, Selby P, Pandha H, Melcher A, Harrington K, Vile R. Mutated BRAF Emerges as a Major Effector of Recurrence in a Murine Melanoma Model After Treatment With Immunomodulatory Agents. Mol Ther 2014; 23:845-856. [PMID: 25544599 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a VSV-cDNA library to treat recurrent melanoma, identifying immunogenic antigens, allowing us to target recurrences with immunotherapy or chemotherapy. Primary B16 melanoma tumors were induced to regress by frontline therapy. Mice with recurrent tumors were treated with VSV-cDNA immunotherapy. A Th17 recall response was used to screen the VSV-cDNA library for individual viruses encoding rejection antigens, subsequently targeted using immunotherapy or chemotherapy. Recurrent tumors were effectively treated with a VSV-cDNA library using cDNA from recurrent B16 tumors. Recurrence-associated rejection antigens identified included Topoisomerase-IIα, YB-1, cdc7 kinase, and BRAF. Fourteen out of 16 recurrent tumors carried BRAF mutations (595-605 region) following frontline therapy, even though the parental B16 tumors were BRAF wild type. The emergence of mutated BRAF-containing recurrences served as an excellent target for BRAF-specific immune-(VSV-BRAF), or chemo-(PLX-4720) therapies. Successful PLX-4720 therapy of recurrent tumors was associated with the development of a broad spectrum of T-cell responses. VSV-cDNA technology can be used to identify recurrence specific antigens. Emergence of mutated BRAF may be a major effector of melanoma recurrence which could serve as a target for chemo or immune therapy. This study suggests a rationale for offering patients with initially wild-type BRAF melanomas an additional biopsy to screen for mutant BRAF upon recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Zaidi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Miran Blanchard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin Shim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Targeted and Biological Therapies Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Karishma Rajani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Parrish
- Targeted and Biological Therapies Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Tim Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jose Pulido
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Selby
- Targeted and Biological Therapies Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Leggett Building, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Targeted and Biological Therapies Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Targeted and Biological Therapies Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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23
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Woods K, Pasam A, Jayachandran A, Andrews MC, Cebon J. Effects of epithelial to mesenchymal transition on T cell targeting of melanoma cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:367. [PMID: 25566505 PMCID: PMC4269118 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cells can switch phenotype in a manner similar to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this perspective article, we address the effects of such phenotype switching on T cell targeting of tumor cells. During the EMT-like switch in phenotype, a concomitant change in expression of multiple tumor antigens occurs. Melanoma cells undergoing EMT escape from killing by T cells specific for antigens whose expression is downregulated by this process. We discuss melanoma antigens whose expression is influenced by EMT. We assess the effect of changes in the expressed tumor antigen repertoire on T-cell mediated tumor recognition and killing. In addition to escape from T cell immunity via changes in antigen expression, mesenchymal-like melanoma cells are generally more resistant to classical chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, we demonstrate that when targeting antigens whose expression is unaltered during EMT, the capacity of T cells to kill melanoma cell lines in vitro is not influenced by their phenotype. When considering immune therapies such as cancer vaccination, these data suggest escape from T cell killing due to phenotype switching in melanoma could potentially be avoided by careful selection of target antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Woods
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Anupama Pasam
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Aparna Jayachandran
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Miles C Andrews
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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24
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Alonso-Camino V, Rajani K, Kottke T, Rommelfanger-Konkol D, Zaidi S, Thompson J, Pulido J, Ilett E, Donnelly O, Selby P, Pandha H, Melcher A, Harrington K, Diaz RM, Vile R. The profile of tumor antigens which can be targeted by immunotherapy depends upon the tumor's anatomical site. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1936-48. [PMID: 25059678 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) engineered to express a cDNA library from human melanoma cells (ASMEL, Altered Self Melanoma Epitope Library) was an effective systemic therapy to treat subcutaneous (s.c.) murine B16 melanomas. Here, we show that intravenous treatment with the same ASMEL VSV-cDNA library was an effective treatment for established intra-cranial (i.c.) melanoma brain tumors. The optimal combination of antigens identified from the ASMEL which treated s.c. B16 tumors (VSV-N-RAS+VSV-CYTC-C+VSV-TYRP-1) was ineffective against i.c. B16 brain tumors. In contrast, combination of VSV-expressed antigens-VSV-HIF-2α+VSV-SOX-10+VSV-C-MYC+VSV-TYRP1-from ASMEL which was highly effective against i.c. B16 brain tumors, had no efficacy against the same tumors growing subcutaneously. Correspondingly, i.c. B16 tumors expressed a HIF-2α(Hi), SOX-10(Hi), c-myc(Hi), TYRP1, N-RAS(lo)Cytc(lo) antigen profile, which differed significantly from the HIF-2α(lo), SOX-10(lo), c-myc(lo), TYRP1, N-RAS(Hi)Cytc(Hi) phenotype of s.c. B16 tumors, and was imposed upon the tumor cells by CD11b(+) cells within the local brain tumor microenvironment. Combining T-cell costimulation with systemic VSV-cDNA treatment, long-term cures of mice with established i.c. tumors were achieved in about 75% of mice. Our data show that the anatomical location of a tumor profoundly affects the profile of antigens that it expresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karishma Rajani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Timothy Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Shane Zaidi
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK [2] The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jose Pulido
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - Oliver Donnelly
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Selby
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Leggett Building, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Rosa Maria Diaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Richard Vile
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK [2] Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK [3] Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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25
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Cytokine conditioning enhances systemic delivery and therapy of an oncolytic virus. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1851-63. [PMID: 24957982 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimum clinical protocols require systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses in the presence of an intact immune system. We show that preconditioning with immune modulators, or loading virus onto carrier cells ex vivo, enhances virus-mediated antitumor activity. Our early trials of systemic reovirus delivery showed that after infusion reovirus could be recovered from blood cells--but not from plasma--suggesting that rapid association with blood cells may protect virus from neutralizing antibody. We therefore postulated that stimulation of potential carrier cells directly in vivo before intravenous viral delivery would enhance delivery of cell-associated virus to tumor. We show that mobilization of the CD11b(+) cell compartment by granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor immediately before intravenous reovirus, eliminated detectable tumor in mice with small B16 melanomas, and achieved highly significant therapy in mice bearing well-established tumors. Unexpectedly, cytokine conditioning therapy was most effective in the presence of preexisting neutralizing antibody. Consistent with this, reovirus bound by neutralizing antibody effectively accessed monocytes/macrophages and was handed off to tumor cells. Thus, preconditioning with cytokine stimulated recipient cells in vivo for enhanced viral delivery to tumors. Moreover, preexisting neutralizing antibody to an oncolytic virus may, therefore, even be exploited for systemic delivery to tumors in the clinic.
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26
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are ideal platforms for tumor vaccination because they can mediate the direct in situ killing of tumor cells that release a broad array of tumor antigens and alarmins or danger signals thereby cross-priming antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which mediate the indirect killing of uninfected cells. The balance between the direct and indirect killing phases of oncolytic virotherapy is the key to its success and can be manipulated by incorporating various immunomodulatory genes into the oncolytic virus genome. Recently, the interim analysis of a large multicenter Phase III clinical trial for Talimogene laherparepvec, a granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-armed oncolytic herpes simplex virus, revealed significant improvement in objective response and durable response rates over control arm and a trend toward improved overall survival. Meanwhile, newer oncolytics are being developed expressing additional immunomodulatory transgenes to further enhance cross-priming and the generation of antitumor CTLs and to block the immunosuppressive actions of the tumor microenvironment. Since oncolytic vaccines can be engineered to kill tumor cells directly, modulate the kinetics of the antitumor immune response and reverse the immunosuppressive actions of the tumor, they are predicted to emerge as the preferred immunotherapeutic anticancer weapons of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura B Elsedawy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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27
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Boisgerault N, Vile RG. Les tumeurs dormantes prises au piège de la récidive. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:355-7. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Radvanyi L. Immunotherapy exposes cancer stem cell resistance and a new synthetic lethality. Mol Ther 2014; 21:1472-4. [PMID: 23903573 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Radvanyi
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Despite extensive research, current glioma therapies are still unsatisfactory, and novel approaches are pressingly needed. In recent years, both nonreplicative viral vectors and replicating oncolytic viruses have been developed for brain cancer treatment, and the mechanistic background of their cytotoxicity has been unveiled. A growing number of clinical trials have convincingly established viral therapies to be safe in glioma patients, and maximum tolerated doses have generally not been reached. However, evidence for therapeutic benefit has been limited: new generations of therapeutic vectors need to be developed in order to target not only tumor cells but also the complex surrounding microenvironment. Such therapies could also direct long-lasting immune responses toward the tumor while reducing early antiviral reactions. Furthermore, viral delivery methods are to be improved and viral spread within the tumor will have to be enhanced. Here, we will review the outcome of completed glioma virus therapy trials as well as highlight the ongoing clinical activities. On this basis, we will give an overview of the numerous strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy of new-generation viruses and novel treatment regimens. Finally, we will conclude with approaches that may be crucial to the development of successful glioma therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Antonio Chiocca
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Boisgerault N, Vile RG. Trick and treat. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e27811. [PMID: 25339997 PMCID: PMC4203489 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring and treating dormant tumors represents a major clinical challenge. We have recently found that early recurring tumors elicit an innate immune response that can be detected systemically. We also demonstrated that it may be possible to target minimal residual disease before or after immune evasion with carefully timed, rational therapeutic approaches.
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31
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Detecting and targeting tumor relapse by its resistance to innate effectors at early recurrence. Nat Med 2013; 19:1625-1631. [PMID: 24240185 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence represents a major clinical challenge. Our data show that emergent recurrent tumors acquire a phenotype radically different from that of their originating primary tumors. This phenotype allows them to evade a host-derived innate immune response elicited by the progression from minimal residual disease (MRD) to actively growing recurrence. Screening for this innate response predicted accurately in which mice recurrence would occur. Premature induction of recurrence resensitized MRD to the primary therapy, suggesting a possible paradigm shift for clinical treatment of dormant disease in which the current expectant approach is replaced with active attempts to uncover MRD before evolution of the escape phenotype is complete. By combining screening with second-line treatments targeting innate insensitivity, up to 100% of mice that would have otherwise relapsed were cured. These data may open new avenues for early detection and appropriately timed, highly targeted treatment of tumor recurrence irrespective of tumor type or frontline treatment.
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