1
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Stibbs DJ, Silva Couto P, Takeuchi Y, Rafiq QA, Jackson NB, Rayat AC. Continuous manufacturing of lentiviral vectors using a stable producer cell line in a fixed-bed bioreactor. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101209. [PMID: 38435128 PMCID: PMC10907162 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Continuous manufacturing of lentiviral vectors (LVs) using stable producer cell lines could extend production periods, improve batch-to-batch reproducibility, and eliminate costly plasmid DNA and transfection reagents. A continuous process was established by expanding cells constitutively expressing third-generation LVs in the iCELLis Nano fixed-bed bioreactor. Fixed-bed bioreactors provide scalable expansion of adherent cells and enable a straightforward transition from traditional surface-based culture vessels. At 0.5 vessel volume per day (VVD), the short half-life of LVs resulted in a low total infectious titer at 1.36 × 104 TU cm-2. Higher perfusion rates increased titers, peaking at 7.87 × 104 TU cm-2 at 1.5 VVD. The supernatant at 0.5 VVD had a physical-to-infectious particle ratio of 659, whereas this was 166 ± 15 at 1, 1.5, and 2 VVD. Reducing the pH from 7.20 to 6.85 at 1.5 VVD improved the total infectious yield to 9.10 × 104 TU cm-2. Three independent runs at 1.5 VVD and a culture pH of 6.85 showed low batch-to-batch variability, with a coefficient of variation of 6.4% and 10.0% for total infectious and physical LV yield, respectively. This study demonstrated the manufacture of high-quality LV supernatant using a stable producer cell line that does not require induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J. Stibbs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pedro Silva Couto
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies, Scientific Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QC, UK
| | - Qasim A. Rafiq
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nigel B. Jackson
- Cytiva, 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK
| | - Andrea C.M.E. Rayat
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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2
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Broussau S, Lytvyn V, Simoneau M, Guilbault C, Leclerc M, Nazemi-Moghaddam N, Coulombe N, Elahi SM, McComb S, Gilbert R. Packaging cells for lentiviral vectors generated using the cumate and coumermycin gene induction systems and nanowell single-cell cloning. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:40-57. [PMID: 36936448 PMCID: PMC10018046 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are important for cell therapy because of their capacity to stably modify the genome after integration. This study describes a novel and relatively simple approach to generate packaging cells and producer clones for self-inactivating (SIN) LVs pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G). A novel gene regulation system, based on the combination of the cumate and coumermycin induction systems, was developed to ensure tight control for the expression of cytotoxic packaging elements. To accelerate clone isolation and ensure monoclonality, the packaging genes were transfected simultaneously into human embryonic kidney cells (293SF-3F6) previously engineered with the induction system, and clones were isolated after limiting dilution into nanowell arrays using a robotic cell picking instrument with scanning capability. The method's effectiveness to isolate colonies derived from single cells was demonstrated using mixed populations of cells labeled with two different fluorescent markers. Because the recipient cell line grew in suspension culture, and all the procedures were performed without serum, the resulting clones were readily adaptable to serum-free suspension culture. The best producer clone produced LVs expressing GFP at a titer of 2.3 × 108 transduction units (TU)/mL in the culture medium under batch mode without concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Broussau
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Viktoria Lytvyn
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Mélanie Simoneau
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Claire Guilbault
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Mélanie Leclerc
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Nazila Nazemi-Moghaddam
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Nathalie Coulombe
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Seyyed Mehdy Elahi
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Scott McComb
- Department of Immunology, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
- Département de Génie chimique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Corresponding author: Rénald Gilbert, National Research Council Canada, Building Montreal, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada.
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3
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Coroadinha AS. Cancer Gene Therapy: Development and Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Gene Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2521:297-315. [PMID: 35733005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2441-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are among the most used vectors in gene therapy to treat pathologies of different origins, such as cancers, rare monogenic diseases or neurological disorders. This chapter provides an overview on lentiviral vector developments in terms of vector design and manufacture for gene therapy applications. The state of the art of vector production will be summarized face to the recent developments contributing to improve vector safety, efficacy and manufacturing robustness, focusing on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) based lentiviral vectors. Transient and stable production systems will be discussed highlighting recent advances in producer cell line development. Challenges in lentiviral vector development upstream and downstream will be addressed with a particular focus on the improvements undertaken to increase vector yields and production scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Coroadinha
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
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4
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Tang QL, Gu LX, Xu Y, Liao XH, Zhou Y, Zhang TC. Establishing functional lentiviral vector production in a stirred bioreactor for CAR-T cell therapy. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2095-2105. [PMID: 34047682 PMCID: PMC8806440 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1931644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
As gene delivery tools, lentiviral vectors (LV) have broad applications in chimeric antigen receptor therapy (CAR-T). Large-scale production of functional LV is limited by the adherent, serum-dependent nature of HEK293T cells used in the manufacturing. HEK293T adherent cells were adapted to suspension cells in a serum-free medium to establish large-scale processes for functional LV production in a stirred bioreactor without micro-carriers. The results showed that 293 T suspension was successfully cultivated in F media (293 CD05 medium and SMM293-TII with 1:1 volume ratio), and the cells retained the capacity for LV production. After cultivation in a 5.5 L bioreactor for 4 days, the cells produced 1.5 ± 0.3 × 107 TU/mL raw LV, and the lentiviral transduction efficiency was 48.6 ± 2.8% in T Cells. The yield of LV equaled to the previous shake flask. The critical process steps were completed to enable a large-scale LV production process. Besides, a cryopreservation solution was developed to reduce protein involvement, avoid cell grafting and reduce process cost. The process is cost-effective and easy to scale up production, which is expected to be highly competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu-Lai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Xing Gu
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing-Hua Liao
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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5
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Rueda‐Carrasco J, Martin‐Bermejo MJ, Pereyra G, Mateo MI, Borroto A, Brosseron F, Kummer MP, Schwartz S, López‐Atalaya JP, Alarcon B, Esteve P, Heneka MT, Bovolenta P. SFRP1 modulates astrocyte-to-microglia crosstalk in acute and chronic neuroinflammation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51696. [PMID: 34569685 PMCID: PMC8567217 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. It fosters a dysfunctional neuron-microglia-astrocyte crosstalk that, in turn, maintains microglial cells in a perniciously reactive state that often enhances neuronal damage. The molecular components that mediate this critical communication are not fully explored. Here, we show that secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), a multifunctional regulator of cell-to-cell communication, is part of the cellular crosstalk underlying neuroinflammation. In mouse models of acute and chronic neuroinflammation, SFRP1, largely astrocyte-derived, promotes and sustains microglial activation, and thus a chronic inflammatory state. SFRP1 promotes the upregulation of components of the hypoxia-induced factor-dependent inflammatory pathway and, to a lower extent, of those downstream of the nuclear factor-kappa B. We thus propose that SFRP1 acts as an astrocyte-to-microglia amplifier of neuroinflammation, representing a potential valuable therapeutic target for counteracting the harmful effect of chronic inflammation in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rueda‐Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - María Jesús Martin‐Bermejo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Guadalupe Pereyra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - María Inés Mateo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Frederic Brosseron
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Markus P Kummer
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | | | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Michael T Heneka
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
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6
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Perry C, Rayat ACME. Lentiviral Vector Bioprocessing. Viruses 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33572347 PMCID: PMC7916122 DOI: 10.3390/v13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are potent tools for the delivery of genes of interest into mammalian cells and are now commonly utilised within the growing field of cell and gene therapy for the treatment of monogenic diseases and adoptive therapies such as chimeric antigen T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. This is a comprehensive review of the individual bioprocess operations employed in LV production. We highlight the role of envelope proteins in vector design as well as their impact on the bioprocessing of lentiviral vectors. An overview of the current state of these operations provides opportunities for bioprocess discovery and improvement with emphasis on the considerations for optimal and scalable processing of LV during development and clinical production. Upstream culture for LV generation is described with comparisons on the different transfection methods and various bioreactors for suspension and adherent producer cell cultivation. The purification of LV is examined, evaluating different sequences of downstream process operations for both small- and large-scale production requirements. For scalable operations, a key focus is the development in chromatographic purification in addition to an in-depth examination of the application of tangential flow filtration. A summary of vector quantification and characterisation assays is also presented. Finally, the assessment of the whole bioprocess for LV production is discussed to benefit from the broader understanding of potential interactions of the different process options. This review is aimed to assist in the achievement of high quality, high concentration lentiviral vectors from robust and scalable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Perry
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Andrea C. M. E. Rayat
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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7
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Martínez-Molina E, Chocarro-Wrona C, Martínez-Moreno D, Marchal JA, Boulaiz H. Large-Scale Production of Lentiviral Vectors: Current Perspectives and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111051. [PMID: 33153183 PMCID: PMC7693937 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have gained value over recent years as gene carriers in gene therapy. These viral vectors are safer than what was previously being used for gene transfer and are capable of infecting both dividing and nondividing cells with a long-term expression. This characteristic makes LVs ideal for clinical research, as has been demonstrated with the approval of lentivirus-based gene therapies from the Food and Drug Administration and the European Agency for Medicine. A large number of functional lentiviral particles are required for clinical trials, and large-scale production has been challenging. Therefore, efforts are focused on solving the drawbacks associated with the production and purification of LVsunder current good manufacturing practice. In recent years, we have witnessed the development and optimization of new protocols, packaging cell lines, and culture devices that are very close to reaching the target production level. Here, we review the most recent, efficient, and promising methods for the clinical-scale production ofLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martínez-Molina
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Chocarro-Wrona
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Martínez-Moreno
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A. Marchal
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Houria Boulaiz
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada (D.M.), 18016 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (C.C.-W.); (D.M.-M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958-241-271
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8
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Chen YH, Pallant C, Sampson CJ, Boiti A, Johnson S, Brazauskas P, Hardwicke P, Marongiu M, Marinova VM, Carmo M, Sweeney NP, Richard A, Shillings A, Archibald P, Puschmann E, Mouzon B, Grose D, Mendez-Tavio M, Chen MX, Warr SRC, Senussi T, Carter PS, Baker S, Jung C, Brugman MH, Howe SJ, Vink CA. Rapid Lentiviral Vector Producer Cell Line Generation Using a Single DNA Construct. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:47-57. [PMID: 32995359 PMCID: PMC7501408 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stable suspension producer cell lines for the production of vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors represent an attractive alternative to current widely used production methods based on transient transfection of adherent 293T cells with multiple plasmids. We report here a method to rapidly generate such producer cell lines from 293T cells by stable transfection of a single DNA construct encoding all lentiviral vector components. The resulting suspension cell lines yield titers as high as can be achieved with transient transfection, can be readily scaled up in single-use stirred-tank bioreactors, and are genetically and functionally stable in extended cell culture. By removing the requirement for efficient transient transfection during upstream processing of lentiviral vectors and switching to an inherently scalable suspension cell culture format, we believe that this approach will result in significantly higher batch yields than are possible with current manufacturing processes and enable better patient access to medicines based on lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hua Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Celeste Pallant
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Alessia Boiti
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sabine Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Pijus Brazauskas
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Philip Hardwicke
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Michela Marongiu
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Vanesa M Marinova
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Marlene Carmo
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nathan P Sweeney
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ashkenaz Richard
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Anthony Shillings
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter Archibald
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Eva Puschmann
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Bernadette Mouzon
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Grose
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Miriam Mendez-Tavio
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Mao Xiang Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Stephen R C Warr
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tarik Senussi
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Paul S Carter
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sean Baker
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Cindy Jung
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Steven J Howe
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Conrad A Vink
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
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9
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Ferreira MV, Cabral ET, Coroadinha AS. Progress and Perspectives in the Development of Lentiviral Vector Producer Cells. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000017. [PMID: 32686901 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After two decades of clinical trials, gene therapy demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of a series of diseases. Currently, several gene therapy products are approved and used in the clinic. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are one of the most used transfer vehicles to deliver genetic material and the vector of choice to modify hematopoietic cells to correct primary immunodeficiencies, hemoglobinopathies, and leukodystrophies. LVs are also widely used to modify T cells to treat cancers in immunotherapies (e.g., chimeric antigen receptors T cell therapies, CAR-T). In genome editing, LVs are used to deliver sequence-specific designer nucleases and DNA templates. The approval LV gene therapy products (e.g., Kymriah, for B-cell Acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment; LentiGlobin, for β-thalassemia treatment) reinforced the need to improve their bioprocess manufacturing. The production has been mostly dependent on transient transfection. Production from stable cell lines facilitate GMP compliant processes, providing an easier scale-up, reproducibility and cost-effectiveness. The establishment of stable LV producer cell lines presents, however, several difficulties, with the cytotoxicity of some of the vector proteins being a major challenge. Genome editing technologies pose additional challenges to LV producer cells. Herein the major bottlenecks, recent achievements, and perspectives in the development of LV stable cell lines are revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana V Ferreira
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elisa T Cabral
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Coroadinha
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,The Discoveries centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Nova University Lisbon, Oeiras Campus, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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10
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Bauler M, Roberts JK, Wu CC, Fan B, Ferrara F, Yip BH, Diao S, Kim YI, Moore J, Zhou S, Wielgosz MM, Ryu B, Throm RE. Production of Lentiviral Vectors Using Suspension Cells Grown in Serum-free Media. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:58-68. [PMID: 31890741 PMCID: PMC6931067 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are increasingly utilized in cell and gene therapy applications because they efficiently transduce target cells such as hematopoietic stem cells and T cells. Large-scale production of current Good Manufacturing Practices-grade lentiviral vectors is limited because of the adherent, serum-dependent nature of HEK293T cells used in the manufacturing process. To optimize large-scale clinical-grade lentiviral vector production, we developed an improved production scheme by adapting HEK293T cells to grow in suspension using commercially available and chemically defined serum-free media. Lentiviral vectors with titers equivalent to those of HEK293T cells were produced from SJ293TS cells using optimized transfection conditions that reduced the required amount of plasmid DNA by 50%. Furthermore, purification of SJ293TS-derived lentiviral vectors at 1 L yielded a recovery of 55% ± 14% (n = 138) of transducing units in the starting material, more than a 2-fold increase over historical yields from adherent HEK293T serum-dependent lentiviral vector preparations. SJ293TS cells were stable to produce lentiviral vectors over 4 months of continuous culture. SJ293TS-derived lentiviral vectors efficiently transduced primary hematopoietic stem cells and T cells from healthy donors. Overall, our SJ293TS cell line enables high-titer vector production in serum-free conditions while reducing the amount of input DNA required, resulting in a highly efficient manufacturing option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bauler
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jessica K Roberts
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chang-Chih Wu
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Baochang Fan
- Therapeutics Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bon Ham Yip
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shiyong Diao
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Young-In Kim
- Experimental Cell Therapeutics Lab, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jennifer Moore
- Experimental Cell Therapeutics Lab, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Experimental Cell Therapeutics Lab, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matthew M Wielgosz
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Byoung Ryu
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert E Throm
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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11
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Mekkaoui L, Ferrari M, Mattiuzzo G, Ma B, Nannini F, Onuoha S, Kotsopoulou E, Takeuchi Y, Pule M. Generation of a neutralizing antibody against RD114-pseudotyped viral vectors. J Gen Virol 2019; 101:1008-1018. [PMID: 31702531 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The feline endogenous RD114 glycoprotein has proved to be an attractive envelope to pseudotype both retroviral and lentiviral vectors. As a surface protein, its detection on packaging cells as well as viral particles would be useful in different fields of its use. To address this, we generated a monoclonal antibody against RD114 by immunization of rats, termed 22F10. Once seroconversion was confirmed, purified 22F10 was cloned into murine Fc and characterized with a binding affinity of 10nM. The antibody was used to detect RD114 and its variant envelopes on different stable viral packaging cell lines (FLYRD18 and WinPac-RD). 22F10 was also shown to prevent the infections of different strains of RD-pseudotyped vectors but not related envelope glycoproteins by blocking cell surface receptor binding. We are the first to report the neutralization of viral particles by a monoclonal αRD114 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mekkaoui
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - M Ferrari
- Autolus Limited, Forest House, 58 Wood Lane, W12 7RZ, UK
| | - G Mattiuzzo
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QC, UK
| | - B Ma
- Autolus Limited, Forest House, 58 Wood Lane, W12 7RZ, UK
| | - F Nannini
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - S Onuoha
- Autolus Limited, Forest House, 58 Wood Lane, W12 7RZ, UK
| | - E Kotsopoulou
- Autolus Limited, Forest House, 58 Wood Lane, W12 7RZ, UK
| | - Y Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, UK.,National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QC, UK
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12
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Tomás HA, Mestre DA, Rodrigues AF, Guerreiro MR, Carrondo MJT, Coroadinha AS. Improved GaLV-TR Glycoproteins to Pseudotype Lentiviral Vectors: Impact of Viral Protease Activity in the Production of LV Pseudotypes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:1-8. [PMID: 31528654 PMCID: PMC6742969 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are excellent tools for gene transfer into mammalian cells. It is noteworthy that the first gene therapy treatment using LVs was approved for commercialization in 2017. The G glycoprotein from rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) is the glycoprotein most used to pseudotype LVs, due to its high efficiency in transducing several cell types and its resistance to viral vector purification and storage conditions. However, VSV-G expression induces cytotoxicity, which limits LV production to short periods. As alternative to VSV-G, γ-retrovirus glycoproteins (4070A derived, GaLV derived, and RD114 derived) have been used to pseudotype both γ-retroviral vectors (RVs) and LVs. These glycoproteins do not induce cytotoxicity, allowing the development of stable LV producer cells. Additionally, these LV pseudotypes present higher transduction efficiencies of hematopoietic stem cells when compared to VSV-G. Here, new 4070A-, RD114-TR-, and GaLV-TR-derived glycoproteins were developed with the aim of improving its cytoplasmic tail R-peptide cleavage and thus increase LV infectious titers. The new glycoproteins were tested in transient LV production using the wild-type or the less active T26S HIV-1 protease. The GaLV-TR-derived glycoproteins were able to overcome titer differences observed between LV production using wild-type and T26S protease. Additionally, these glycoproteins were even able to increase LV titers, evidencing its potential as an alternative glycoprotein to pseudotype LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio A Tomás
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Mestre
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana F Rodrigues
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel R Guerreiro
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Coroadinha
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Park J, Inwood S, Kruthiventi S, Jenkins J, Shiloach J, Betenbaugh M. Progressing from transient to stable packaging cell lines for continuous production of lentiviral and gammaretroviral vectors. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Tijani M, Munis AM, Perry C, Sanber K, Ferraresso M, Mukhopadhyay T, Themis M, Nisoli I, Mattiuzzo G, Collins MK, Takeuchi Y. Lentivector Producer Cell Lines with Stably Expressed Vesiculovirus Envelopes. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 10:303-312. [PMID: 30182034 PMCID: PMC6118154 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral and lentiviral vectors often use the envelope G protein from the vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana strain (VSVind.G). However, lentivector producer cell lines that stably express VSVind.G have not been reported, presumably because of its cytotoxicity, preventing simple scale-up of vector production. Interestingly, we showed that VSVind.G and other vesiculovirus G from the VSV New Jersey strain (VSVnj), Cocal virus (COCV), and Piry virus (PIRYV) could be constitutively expressed and supported lentivector production for up to 10 weeks. All G-enveloped particles were robust, allowing concentration and freeze-thawing. COCV.G and PIRYV.G were resistant to complement inactivation, and, using chimeras between VSVind.G and COCV.G, the determinant for complement inactivation of VSVind.G was mapped to amino acid residues 136-370. Clonal packaging cell lines using COCV.G could be generated; however, during attempts to establish LV producer cells, vector superinfection was observed following the introduction of a lentivector genome. This could be prevented by culturing the cells with the antiviral drug nevirapine. As an alternative countermeasure, we demonstrated that functional lentivectors could be reconstituted by admixing supernatant from stable cells producing unenveloped virus with supernatant containing envelopes harvested from cells stably expressing VSVind.G, COCV.G, or PIRYV.G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Tijani
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Altar M. Munis
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher Perry
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Khaled Sanber
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marta Ferraresso
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tarit Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Michael Themis
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Ilaria Nisoli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Mary K. Collins
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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15
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Iyer RK, Bowles PA, Kim H, Dulgar-Tulloch A. Industrializing Autologous Adoptive Immunotherapies: Manufacturing Advances and Challenges. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:150. [PMID: 29876351 PMCID: PMC5974219 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has proven to be a burgeoning field of investigation, evidenced by hundreds of clinical trials being conducted worldwide across a variety of cell types and indications. Many cell therapies have been shown to be efficacious in humans, such as modified T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Adoptive immunotherapy has shown the most promise in recent years, with particular emphasis on autologous cell sources. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-based T-cell therapy targeting CD19-expressing B-cell leukemias has shown remarkable efficacy and reproducibility in numerous clinical trials. Recent marketing approval of Novartis' Kymriah™ (tisagenlecleucel) and Gilead/Kite's Yescarta™ (axicabtagene ciloleucel) by the FDA further underscores both the promise and legwork to be done if manufacturing processes are to become widely accessible. Further work is needed to standardize, automate, close, and scale production to bring down costs and democratize these and other cell therapies. Given the multiple processing steps involved, commercial-scale manufacturing of these therapies necessitates tighter control over process parameters. This focused review highlights some of the most recent advances used in the manufacturing of therapeutic immune cells, with a focus on T-cells. We summarize key unit operations and pain points around current manufacturing solutions. We also review emerging technologies, approaches and reagents used in cell isolation, activation, transduction, expansion, in-process analytics, harvest, cryopreservation and thaw, and conclude with a forward-look at future directions in the manufacture of adoptive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohin K Iyer
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,General Electric Healthcare, Cell and Gene Therapy, Marlborough, MA, United States
| | - Paul A Bowles
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,General Electric Healthcare, Cell and Gene Therapy, Marlborough, MA, United States
| | - Howard Kim
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Dulgar-Tulloch
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,General Electric Healthcare, Cell and Gene Therapy, Marlborough, MA, United States
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16
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Vectofusin-1 Promotes RD114-TR-Pseudotyped Lentiviral Vector Transduction of Human HSPCs and T Lymphocytes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 5:22-30. [PMID: 28480301 PMCID: PMC5415310 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo transduction of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (hCD34+ HSPCs) and T lymphocytes is a key process that requires high efficiency and low toxicity to achieve effective clinical results. So far, several enhancers have been used to improve this process. Among them, Retronectin highly meliorates VSV-G and RD114-TR pseudotyped lentiviral vector delivery in hCD34+ HSPCs and T lymphocytes. However, Retronectin is expensive and requires pre-coating of culture dishes or bags before cell seeding, resulting in a cumbersome procedure. Recently, an alternative transduction adjuvant has been developed, named Vectofusin-1, whose effect has been demonstrated on gene delivery to cell lines and primary hCD34+ HSPCs by lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with different envelope glycoproteins. In this study, we have focused our analysis on the effect of Vectofusin-1 on the transduction of hCD34+ HSPCs and T lymphocytes by using mostly RD114-TR pseudotyped lentivectors and clinical transduction protocols. Here, we have proved that Vectofusin-1 reproducibly enhances gene delivery to hCD34+ HSPCs and activated T cells without cell toxicity and with efficacy comparable to that of Retronectin. The use of Vectofusin-1 will therefore help to shorten and simplify clinical cell manipulation, especially if automated systems are planned for transducing large-scale clinical lots.
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17
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Codon Optimization Leads to Functional Impairment of RD114-TR Envelope Glycoprotein. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 4:102-114. [PMID: 28344996 PMCID: PMC5363313 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are a highly valuable tool for gene transfer currently exploited in basic, applied, and clinical studies. Their optimization is therefore very important for the field of vectorology and gene therapy. A key molecule for LV function is the envelope because it guides cell entry. The most commonly used in transiently produced LVs is the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) envelope, whose continuous expression is, however, toxic for stable LV producer cells. In contrast, the feline endogenous retroviral RD114-TR envelope is suitable for stable LV manufacturing, being well tolerated by producer cells under constitutive expression. We have previously reported successful, transient and stable production of LVs pseudotyped with RD114-TR for good transduction of T lymphocytes and CD34+ cells. To further improve RD114-TR-pseudotyped LV cell entry by increasing envelope expression, we codon-optimized the RD114-TR open reading frame (ORF). Here we show that, despite the RD114-TRco precursor being produced at a higher level than the wild-type counterpart, it is unexpectedly not duly glycosylated, exported to the cytosol, and processed. Correct cleavage of the precursor in the functional surface and transmembrane subunits is prevented in vivo, and, consequently, the unprocessed precursor is incorporated into LVs, making them inactive.
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18
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Merten OW, Hebben M, Bovolenta C. Production of lentiviral vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16017. [PMID: 27110581 PMCID: PMC4830361 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LV) have seen considerably increase in use as gene therapy vectors for the treatment of acquired and inherited diseases. This review presents the state of the art of the production of these vectors with particular emphasis on their large-scale production for clinical purposes. In contrast to oncoretroviral vectors, which are produced using stable producer cell lines, clinical-grade LV are in most of the cases produced by transient transfection of 293 or 293T cells grown in cell factories. However, more recent developments, also, tend to use hollow fiber reactor, suspension culture processes, and the implementation of stable producer cell lines. As is customary for the biotech industry, rather sophisticated downstream processing protocols have been established to remove any undesirable process-derived contaminant, such as plasmid or host cell DNA or host cell proteins. This review compares published large-scale production and purification processes of LV and presents their process performances. Furthermore, developments in the domain of stable cell lines and their way to the use of production vehicles of clinical material will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara Bovolenta
- New Technologies Unit, Research Division, MolMed S.p.A. , Milan, Italy
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