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Li YR, Dunn ZS, Yu Y, Li M, Wang P, Yang L. Advancing cell-based cancer immunotherapy through stem cell engineering. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:592-610. [PMID: 36948187 PMCID: PMC10164150 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cell-based therapy, particularly CAR-T cell therapy, have transformed the treatment of hematological malignancies. Although an important step forward for the field, autologous CAR-T therapies are hindered by high costs, manufacturing challenges, and limited efficacy against solid tumors. With ongoing progress in gene editing and culture techniques, engineered stem cells and their application in cell therapy are poised to address some of these challenges. Here, we review stem cell-based immunotherapy approaches, stem cell sources, gene engineering and manufacturing strategies, therapeutic platforms, and clinical trials, as well as challenges and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zachary Spencer Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yanqi Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Brault J, Liu T, Liu S, Lawson A, Choi U, Kozhushko N, Bzhilyanskaya V, Pavel-Dinu M, Meis RJ, Eckhaus MA, Burkett SS, Bosticardo M, Kleinstiver BP, Notarangelo LD, Lazzarotto CR, Tsai SQ, Wu X, Dahl GA, Porteus MH, Malech HL, De Ravin SS. CRISPR-Cas9-AAV versus lentivector transduction for genome modification of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency hematopoietic stem cells. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1067417. [PMID: 36685559 PMCID: PMC9846165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1067417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ex vivo gene therapy for treatment of Inborn errors of Immunity (IEIs) have demonstrated significant clinical benefit in multiple Phase I/II clinical trials. Current approaches rely on engineered retroviral vectors to randomly integrate copy(s) of gene-of-interest in autologous hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) genome permanently to provide gene function in transduced HSPCs and their progenies. To circumvent concerns related to potential genotoxicities due to the random vector integrations in HSPCs, targeted correction with CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing offers improved precision for functional correction of multiple IEIs. Methods We compare the two approaches for integration of IL2RG transgene for functional correction of HSPCs from patients with X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID-X1 or XSCID); delivery via current clinical lentivector (LV)-IL2RG versus targeted insertion (TI) of IL2RG via homology-directed repair (HDR) when using an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-IL2RG donor following double-strand DNA break at the endogenous IL2RG locus. Results and discussion In vitro differentiation of LV- or TI-treated XSCID HSPCs similarly overcome differentiation block into Pre-T-I and Pre-T-II lymphocytes but we observed significantly superior development of NK cells when corrected by TI (40.7% versus 4.1%, p = 0.0099). Transplants into immunodeficient mice demonstrated robust engraftment (8.1% and 23.3% in bone marrow) for LV- and TI-IL2RG HSPCs with efficient T cell development following TI-IL2RG in all four patients' HSPCs. Extensive specificity analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 editing with rhAmpSeq covering 82 predicted off-target sites found no evidence of indels in edited cells before (in vitro) or following transplant, in stark contrast to LV's non-targeted vector integration sites. Together, the improved efficiency and safety of IL2RG correction via CRISPR-Cas9-based TI approach provides a strong rationale for a clinical trial for treatment of XSCID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brault
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Taylor Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Amanda Lawson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Uimook Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nikita Kozhushko
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vera Bzhilyanskaya
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mara Pavel-Dinu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Michael A. Eckhaus
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sandra S. Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetic Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cicera R. Lazzarotto
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Shengdar Q. Tsai
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Matthew H. Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Suk See De Ravin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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3
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Kenarkoohi A, Bamdad T, Soleimani M, Soleimanjahi H, Fallah A, Falahi S. HSV-TK Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exert Inhibitory Effect on Cervical Cancer Model. Int J Mol Cell Med 2020; 9:146-154. [PMID: 32934952 PMCID: PMC7489112 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.9.2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing area of research is focused on cancer therapy, and new therapeutic approaches are welcomed. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based gene therapy is a promising strategy in oncology. Intrinsic tropism and migration to tumor microenvironment with off lights are attractive features of this type of cell carrier. In this way, suicide genes have also found a good platform for better performance and have shown a stronger anti-tumor mechanism by riding on mesenchymal cells. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of intratumoral injected MSCs transduced with a lentivector expressing the HSV/TK in a mouse cervical cancer model. Following the injection of MSCs transduced with lentivector carrying TK, MSCs alone or PBS into the mice tumor, ganciclovir was administered intraperitoneally during 14 days, and tumor size, survival time, natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activities were assessed. We demonstrated that combination of suicide therapy and cell therapy leading m,to successful tumor inhibition. Significant reduction in tumor size was detected in test group in comparison with controls. Also, potent antitumor NK and CTL activity was seen in treatment group in comparison with controls. Our data demonstrated that the mesenchymal cells expressing TK had inhibitory effect on cervical cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Kenarkoohi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Taravat Bamdad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahab Falahi
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Munis AM, Mattiuzzo G, Bentley EM, Collins MK, Eyles JE, Takeuchi Y. Use of Heterologous Vesiculovirus G Proteins Circumvents the Humoral Anti-envelope Immunity in Lentivector-Based In Vivo Gene Delivery. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2019; 17:126-137. [PMID: 31254925 PMCID: PMC6599914 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana strain glycoprotein (VSVind.G) mediates broad tissue tropism and efficient cellular uptake. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are particularly promising, as they can efficiently transduce non-dividing cells and facilitate stable genomic transgene integration; therefore, LVs have an enormous untapped potential for gene therapy applications, but the development of humoral and cell-mediated anti-vector responses may restrict their efficacy. We hypothesized that G proteins from different members of the vesiculovirus genus might allow the generation of a panel of serotypically distinct LV pseudotypes with potential for repeated in vivo administration. We found that mice hyperimmunized with VSVind.G were not transduced to any significant degree following intravenous injection of LVs with VSVind.G envelopes, consistent with the thesis that multiple LV administrations would likely be blunted by an adaptive immune response. Excitingly, bioluminescence imaging studies demonstrated that the VSVind-neutralizing response could be evaded by LV pseudotyped with Piry and, to a lesser extent, Cocal virus glycoproteins. Heterologous dosing regimens using viral vectors and oncolytic viruses with Piry and Cocal envelopes could represent a novel strategy to achieve repeated vector-based interventions, unfettered by pre-existing anti-envelope antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Mary K Collins
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - James E Eyles
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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5
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Tijani M, Munis AM, Perry C, Sanber K, Ferraresso M, Mukhopadhyay T, Themis M, Nisoli I, Mattiuzzo G, Collins MK, Takeuchi Y. Lentivector Producer Cell Lines with Stably Expressed Vesiculovirus Envelopes. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 10:303-312. [PMID: 30182034 PMCID: PMC6118154 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral and lentiviral vectors often use the envelope G protein from the vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana strain (VSVind.G). However, lentivector producer cell lines that stably express VSVind.G have not been reported, presumably because of its cytotoxicity, preventing simple scale-up of vector production. Interestingly, we showed that VSVind.G and other vesiculovirus G from the VSV New Jersey strain (VSVnj), Cocal virus (COCV), and Piry virus (PIRYV) could be constitutively expressed and supported lentivector production for up to 10 weeks. All G-enveloped particles were robust, allowing concentration and freeze-thawing. COCV.G and PIRYV.G were resistant to complement inactivation, and, using chimeras between VSVind.G and COCV.G, the determinant for complement inactivation of VSVind.G was mapped to amino acid residues 136-370. Clonal packaging cell lines using COCV.G could be generated; however, during attempts to establish LV producer cells, vector superinfection was observed following the introduction of a lentivector genome. This could be prevented by culturing the cells with the antiviral drug nevirapine. As an alternative countermeasure, we demonstrated that functional lentivectors could be reconstituted by admixing supernatant from stable cells producing unenveloped virus with supernatant containing envelopes harvested from cells stably expressing VSVind.G, COCV.G, or PIRYV.G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Tijani
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Altar M. Munis
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher Perry
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Khaled Sanber
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marta Ferraresso
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tarit Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Michael Themis
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Ilaria Nisoli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Mary K. Collins
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Renaud-Gabardos E, Tatin F, Hantelys F, Lebas B, Calise D, Kunduzova O, Masri B, Pujol F, Sicard P, Valet P, Roncalli J, Chaufour X, Garmy-Susini B, Parini A, Prats AC. Therapeutic Benefit and Gene Network Regulation by Combined Gene Transfer of Apelin, FGF2, and SERCA2a into Ischemic Heart. Mol Ther 2017; 26:902-916. [PMID: 29249393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in cardiovascular disease treatment, heart failure remains a public health challenge. In this context, gene therapy appears as an attractive approach, but clinical trials using single therapeutic molecules result in moderate benefit. With the objective of improving ischemic heart failure therapy, we designed a combined treatment, aimed to simultaneously stimulate angiogenesis, prevent cardiac remodeling, and restore contractile function. We have previously validated IRES-based vectors as powerful tools to co-express genes of interest. Mono- and multicistronic lentivectors expressing fibroblast growth factor 2 (angiogenesis), apelin (cardioprotection), and/or SERCA2a (contractile function) were produced and administrated by intramyocardial injection into a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Data reveal that combined treatment simultaneously improves vessel number, heart function parameters, and fibrosis prevention, due to FGF2, SERCA2a, and apelin, respectively. Furthermore, addition of SERCA2a in the combination decreases cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Large-scale transcriptome analysis reveals that the triple treatment is the most efficient in restoring angiogenic balance as well as expression of genes involved in cardiac function and remodeling. Our study validates the concept of combined treatment of ischemic heart disease with apelin, FGF2, and SERCA2a and shows that such therapeutic benefit is mediated by a more effective recovery of gene network regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Tatin
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Fransky Hantelys
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Benoît Lebas
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Calise
- UMS 006, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Masri
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Pujol
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Sicard
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Roncalli
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Chaufour
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Garmy-Susini
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Angelo Parini
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Prats
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France.
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Sutton KS, Dasgupta A, McCarty D, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Bioengineering and serum free expansion of blood-derived γδ T cells. Cytotherapy 2017; 18:881-92. [PMID: 27260209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cellular immunotherapy relies on several highly variable patient-specific parameters, such as (i) cell number before and after expansion, (ii) targeting of cells to tumors, (iii) cell survival and function after infusion, and (iv) on- and off-target adverse events. Cellular approaches such as the specific expansion of γδ T cells as opposed to αβ T cells are being pursued. γδ T cells are reasonable candidates for immunotherapy because they (i) possess intrinsic anti-tumorigenicity, (ii) require no priming, (iii) direct tumor killing via recognition of stress-responsive ligands, and (iv), as we now show, can be expanded to clinical cell doses in current Good Manufacturing Practice serum-free media (SFM). METHODS γδ T-cell expansion was evaluated in several SFMs. Additionally, the expanded γδ T cells were evaluated for their transduction efficiency using lentiviral vectors (LV). RESULTS Of the SFM cultures, robust expansion was only observed in OpTmizer supplemented with high-dose interleukin-2. γδ T-cell percentages and numbers were sufficient for clinical use. Using cells from several donors, transduction efficiencies ranged from 13 to 33%, which is similar to transduction levels observed using αβ T cells with similar multiplicity of infection. DISCUSSION An optimized method of γδT-cell expansion and transduction was developed that can be tested in early-phase clinical trials. With appropriate elimination of the αβT cell-component, the absence of MHC-restriction affords the opportunity for use in the allogeneic setting with limited risk of graft versus host disease. Finally, the use of SFM provides clinically safer, widely applicable and potentially more efficacious cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Sutton
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anindya Dasgupta
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David McCarty
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Rossowska J, Anger N, Szczygieł A, Mierzejewska J, Pajtasz-Piasecka E. Intratumoral Lentivector-Mediated TGF-β1 Gene Downregulation As a Potent Strategy for Enhancing the Antitumor Effect of Therapy Composed of Cyclophosphamide and Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:713. [PMID: 28713366 PMCID: PMC5492852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated with tumor antigens can induce specific cellular immune response that recognizes a high spectrum of tumor antigens. However, the ability of cancer cells to produce immunosuppressive factors drastically decreases the antitumor activity of DCs. The main purpose of the study was to improve the effectiveness of DC-based immunotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy composed of cyclophosphamide (CY) and DCs by application of lentivectors (LVs)-encoding short hairpin RNA specific for TGF-β1 (shTGFβ1 LVs). We observed that s.c. inoculation of both MC38 cells with silenced expression of TGF-β1 (MC38/shTGF-β1) and direct intratumoral application of shTGFβ1 LVs contributed to reduction of suppressor activity of myeloid cells and Tregs in tumor. Contrary to expectations, in mice bearing wild tumor, the application of shTGFβ1 LVs prior to vaccination with bone marrow-derived DC stimulated with tumor antigens (BMDC/TAg) did not influence myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) infiltration into tumor. As a result, we observed only minor MC38 tumor growth inhibition (TGI) accompanied by systemic antitumor response activation comparable to that obtained for negative control (shN). However, when the proposed scheme was complemented by pretreatment with a low dose of CY, we noticed high MC38 TGI together with decreased number of MDSCs in tumor and induction of Th1-type response. Moreover, in both schemes of treatment, LVs (shTGFβ1 as well as shN) induced high influx of CTLs into tumor associated probably with the viral antigen introduction into tumor microenvironment. Concluding, the application of shTGFβ1 LVs alone or in combination with DC-based vaccines is not sufficient for long-lasting elimination of suppression in tumor. However, simultaneous reduction of TGF-β1 in tumor microenvironment and its remodeling by pretreatment with a low dose of CY facilitates the settlement of peritumorally inoculated DCs and supports them in restoration and activation of a potent antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rossowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Anger
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szczygieł
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jagoda Mierzejewska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Au BC, Lee CJ, Lopez-Perez O, Foltz W, Felizardo TC, Wang JCM, Huang J, Fan X, Madden M, Goldstein A, Jaffray DA, Moloo B, McCart JA, Medin JA. Direct Lymph Node Vaccination of Lentivector/Prostate-Specific Antigen is Safe and Generates Tissue-Specific Responses in Rhesus Macaques. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4010006. [PMID: 28536373 PMCID: PMC5344243 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer immunotherapy is emerging from a nadir and demonstrating tangible benefits to patients. A variety of approaches are now employed. We are invoking antigen (Ag)-specific responses through direct injections of recombinant lentivectors (LVs) that encode sequences for tumor-associated antigens into multiple lymph nodes to optimize immune presentation/stimulation. Here we first demonstrate the effectiveness and antigen-specificity of this approach in mice challenged with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-expressing tumor cells. Next we tested the safety and efficacy of this approach in two cohorts of rhesus macaques as a prelude to a clinical trial application. Our vector encodes the cDNA for rhesus macaque PSA and a rhesus macaque cell surface marker to facilitate vector titering and tracking. We utilized two independent injection schemas demarcated by the timing of LV administration. In both cohorts we observed marked tissue-specific responses as measured by clinical evaluations and magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate gland. Tissue-specific responses were sustained for up to six months-the end-point of the study. Control animals immunized against an irrelevant Ag were unaffected. We did not observe vector spread in test or control animals or perturbations of systemic immune parameters. This approach thus offers an "off-the-shelf" anti-cancer vaccine that could be made at large scale and injected into patients-even on an out-patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Au
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Chyan-Jang Lee
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | | | - Warren Foltz
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, UHN, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | | | - James C M Wang
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Ju Huang
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Xin Fan
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Melissa Madden
- Animal Resources Centre, UHN, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | | | - David A Jaffray
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, UHN, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Badru Moloo
- Animal Resources Centre, UHN, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - J Andrea McCart
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Britton G, MacDonald DC, Brown JS, Collins MK, Goodman AL. Using a prime and pull approach, lentivector vaccines expressing Ag85A induce immunogenicity but fail to induce protection against Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin challenge in mice. Immunology 2015; 146:264-70. [PMID: 26095282 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an established vaccine with excellent efficacy against disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in young children, efficacy in adults suffering from respiratory tuberculosis (TB) is suboptimal. Prime-boost viral vectored vaccines have been shown to induce effective immune responses and lentivectors (LV) have been shown to improve mucosal immunity in the lung. A mucosal boost to induce local immunogenicity is also referred to as a 'pull' in a prime and pull approach, which has been found to be a promising vaccine strategy. The majority of infants worldwide receive BCG immunization through current vaccine protocols. We therefore aimed to investigate the role of a boost (or pull) immunization with an LV vaccine expressing the promising TB antigen (Ag85A). We immunized BALB/c mice subcutaneously with BCG or an LV vaccine expressing a nuclear factor-κB activator vFLIP together with Ag85A (LV vF/85A), then boosted with intranasal LV vF/85A. Prime and pull immunization with LV85A induced significantly enhanced CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses in the lung, but did not protect against intranasal BCG challenge. In contrast, little T-cell response in the lung was seen when the prime vaccine was BCG, and intranasal vF/85A provided no additional protection against mucosal BCG infection. Our study demonstrates that not all LV prime and pull approaches may be successful against TB in man and careful antigen and immune activator selection is therefore required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Britton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jeremy S Brown
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mary K Collins
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.,National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Herts, UK
| | - Anna L Goodman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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11
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Hong Y, Peng Y, Guo ZS, Guevara-Patino J, Pang J, Butterfield LH, Mivechi N, Munn DH, Bartlett DL, He Y. Epitope-optimized alpha-fetoprotein genetic vaccines prevent carcinogen-induced murine autochthonous hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2014; 59:1448-58. [PMID: 24122861 PMCID: PMC4151349 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Immunization with effective cancer vaccines can offer a much needed adjuvant therapy to fill the treatment gap after liver resection to prevent relapse of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, current HCC cancer vaccines are mostly based on native shared-self/tumor antigens that are only able to induce weak immune responses. In this study we investigated whether the HCC-associated self/tumor antigen of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) could be engineered to create an effective vaccine to break immune tolerance and potently activate CD8 T cells to prevent clinically relevant carcinogen-induced autochthonous HCC in mice. We found that the approach of computer-guided methodical epitope-optimization created a highly immunogenic AFP and that immunization with lentivector expressing the epitope-optimized AFP, but not wild-type AFP, potently activated CD8 T cells. Critically, the activated CD8 T cells not only cross-recognized short synthetic wild-type AFP peptides, but also recognized and killed tumor cells expressing wild-type AFP protein. Immunization with lentivector expressing optimized AFP, but not native AFP, completely protected mice from tumor challenge and reduced the incidence of carcinogen-induced autochthonous HCC. In addition, prime-boost immunization with the optimized AFP significantly increased the frequency of AFP-specific memory CD8 T cells in the liver that were highly effective against emerging HCC tumor cells, further enhancing the tumor prevention of carcinogen-induced autochthonous HCC. CONCLUSIONS Epitope-optimization is required to break immune tolerance and potently activate AFP-specific CD8 T cells, generating effective antitumor effect to prevent clinically relevant carcinogen-induced autochthonous HCC in mice. Our study provides a practical roadmap to develop effective human HCC vaccines that may result in an improved outcome compared to the current HCC vaccines based on wild-type AFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hong
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA
| | - Yibing Peng
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA
| | - Z. Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jose Guevara-Patino
- Depart of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University, Maywood, IL
| | - Junfeng Pang
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Chaperone Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA
| | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nahid Mivechi
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Chaperone Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA
| | - David H Munn
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yukai He
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
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12
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Jiang Y, Wang H, Culp D, Yang Z, Fotheringham L, Flannery J, Hammond S, Kafri T, Hartnett ME. Targeting Müller cell-derived VEGF164 to reduce intravitreal neovascularization in the rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:824-31. [PMID: 24425851 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether knockdown of Müller cell-derived VEGFA-splice variant, VEGF164, which is upregulated in the rat retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) model, safely inhibits intravitreal neovascularization (IVNV). METHODS Short hairpin RNAs for VEGF164 (VEGF164.shRNAs) or luciferase.shRNA control were cloned into lentivectors with CD44 promoters that specifically target Müller cells. Knockdown efficiency, off-target effects, and specificity were tested in HEK reporter cell lines that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged VEGF164 or VEGF120 with flow cytometry or in rat Müller cells (rMC-1) by real-time PCR. In the rat oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) ROP model, pups received 1 μL subretinal lentivector-driven luciferase.shRNA, VEGFA.shRNA, or VEGF164.shRNA at postnatal day 8 (P8). Analyses at P18 and P25 included: IVNV and avascular retina (AVA); retinal and serum VEGF (ELISA); density of phosphorylated VEGFR2 (p-VEGFR2) in lectin-labeled retinal endothelial cells (ECs; immunohistochemistry); TUNEL staining and thickness of inner nuclear (INL) and outer nuclear layers (ONL) in retinal cryosections; and pup weight gain. RESULTS In HEK reporter and in rMC-1 cells and in comparison to lucifferase.shRNA, VEGFA.shRNA reduced both VEGF120 and VEGF164, but VEGF164.shRNA only reduced VEGF164 and not VEGF120. Compared with luciferase.shRNA, VEGFA.shRNA and VEGF164.shRNA reduced retinal VEGF and IVNV without affecting AVA at P18 and P25. At P25, VEGF164.shRNA more effectively maintained IVNV inhibition than VEGFA.shRNA. VEGFA.shRNA and VEGF164.shRNA reduced pVEGFR2 in retinal ECs at P18, but VEGFA.shRNA increased it at P25. VEGFA.shRNA increased TUNEL+ cells at P18 and decreased ONL thickness at P18 and P25. VEGFA.shRNA and VEGF164.shRNA did not affect pup weight gain and serum VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Short hairpin RNA to Müller cell VEGF164 maintained long-term inhibition of IVNV and limited cell death compared with shRNA to VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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13
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Aronoff R, Petersen C. Layer- and column-specific knockout of NMDA receptors in pyramidal neurons of the mouse barrel cortex. Front Integr Neurosci 2007; 1:1. [PMID: 18958229 PMCID: PMC2526007 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.07.001.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors injected into the mouse brain offer the possibility for localized genetic modifications in a highly controlled manner. Lentivector injection into mouse neocortex transduces cells within a diameter of approximately 200μm, which closely matches the lateral scale of a column in barrel cortex. The depth and volume of the injection determines which cortical layer is transduced. Furthermore, transduced gene expression from the lentivector can be limited to predominantly pyramidal neurons by using a 1.3kb fragment of the αCaMKII promoter. This technique therefore allows genetic manipulation of a specific cell type in defined columns and layers of the neocortex. By expressing Cre recombinase from such a lentivector in gene-targeted mice carrying a floxed gene, highly specific genetic lesions can be induced. Here, we demonstrate the utility of this approach by specifically knocking out NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in pyramidal neurons in the somatosensory barrel cortex of gene-targeted mice carrying floxed NMDAR 1 genes. Neurons transduced with lentivector encoding GFP and Cre recombinase exhibit not only reductions in NMDAR 1 mRNA levels, but reduced NMDAR-dependent currents and pairing-induced synaptic potentiation. This technique for knockout of NMDARs in a cell type, column- and layer-specific manner in the mouse somatosensory cortex may help further our understanding of the functional roles of NMDARs in vivo during sensory perception and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Aronoff
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Switzerland
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