1
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Pallan PS, Lybrand TP, Rozners E, Abramov M, Schepers G, Eremeeva E, Herdewijn P, Egli M. Conformational Morphing by a DNA Analogue Featuring 7-Deazapurines and 5-Halogenpyrimidines and the Origins of Adenine-Tract Geometry. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2854-2867. [PMID: 37694722 PMCID: PMC11062489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Several efforts are currently directed at the creation and cellular implementation of alternative genetic systems composed of pairing components that are orthogonal to the natural dA/dT and dG/dC base pairs. In an alternative approach, Watson-Crick-type pairing is conserved, but one or all of the four letters of the A, C, G, and T alphabet are substituted by modified components. Thus, all four nucleobases were altered to create halogenated deazanucleic acid (DZA): dA was replaced by 7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine (dzA), dG by 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine (dzG), dC by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdC), and dT by 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (CldU). This base-pairing system was previously shown to retain function in Escherichia coli. Here, we analyze the stability, hydration, structure, and dynamics of a DZA Dickerson-Drew Dodecamer (DDD) of sequence 5'-FdC-dzG-FdC-dzG-dzA-dzA-CldU-CldU-FdC-dzG-FdC-dzG-3'. Contrary to similar stabilities of DDD and DZA-DDD, osmotic stressing revealed a dramatic loss of hydration for the DZA-DDD relative to that for the DDD. The parent DDD 5'-d(CGCGAATTCGCG)-3' features an A-tract, a run of adenosines uninterrupted by a TpA step, and exhibits a hallmark narrow minor groove. Crystal structures─in the presence of RNase H─and MD simulations show increased conformational plasticity ("morphing") of DZA-DDD relative to that of the DDD. The narrow dzA-tract minor groove in one structure widens to resemble that in canonical B-DNA in a second structure. These changes reflect an indirect consequence of altered DZA major groove electrostatics (less negatively polarized compared to that in DNA) and hydration (reduced compared to that in DNA). Therefore, chemical modifications outside the minor groove that lead to collapse of major groove electrostatics and hydration can modulate A-tract geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S Pallan
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Terry P Lybrand
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Eriks Rozners
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Mikhail Abramov
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Guy Schepers
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Elena Eremeeva
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Martin Egli
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Saito-Tarashima N, Murai A, Minakawa N. Rewriting the Central Dogma with Synthetic Genetic Polymers. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:310-315. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akiho Murai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University
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3
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Kubo T, Nishimura Y, Sato Y, Yanagihara K, Seyama T. Sixteen Different Types of Lipid-Conjugated siRNAs Containing Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Exhibiting Enhanced RNAi Potency. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:150-164. [PMID: 33346648 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SiRNAs are strong gene-silencing agents that function in a target sequence-specific manner. Although siRNAs might one day be used in therapy for intractable diseases such as cancers, a number of problems with siRNAs must first be overcome. In this study, we developed 16 different types of lipid-conjugated siRNAs (lipid-siRNAs) that could effectively inhibit the expression of target genes. We determined the hybridization properties, cellular uptake efficacies, and RNAi potencies of the resulting lipid-siRNAs. The lipid-siRNAs exhibited a mild interaction with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (LFRNAi) as a transfection reagent, and a high membrane permeability was observed in all lipid-siRNAs-LFRNAi complexes; the conjugate siRNAs composed of 16-18 carbon chains as fatty acids showed an especially good cellular uptake efficacy. The in vitro RNAi effect of lipid-siRNAs targeted to a β-catenin gene exhibited a strong RNAi potency compared with those of unmodified siRNAs. In particular, the conjugate siRNAs composed of 16-18 carbon chains as fatty acids showed excellent RNAi potencies with prolonged effectivities. Interestingly, the RNAi potencies of conjugate siRNAs containing 18 carbon chains with a trans-form (elaidic acid and trans-vaccenic acid) were inferior to those of the carbon chains with a cis-form (oleic acid and cis-vaccenic acid). These lipid-siRNAs can solve the many problems hindering the clinical application of siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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4
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Saito-Tarashima N. [Chemical Approaches for RNAi Drug Development]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:1259-1268. [PMID: 32999205 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is the standard method of suppressing gene expression because of its target specificity, potency, and ability to silence the expression of virtually any gene. Using 21-mer small interfering RNA (siRNA) is the general approach for inducing RNAi, as siRNA can be easily prepared using a DNA/RNA synthesizer. Synthetic siRNA can be chemically modified to increase the potency of RNAi activity and abrogate innate immune stimulation. However, designing chemically modified siRNA requires substantial experimentation. A practical method for understanding the interaction of siRNA and RNAi-related proteins and how modifications affect RNA-protein interactions is therefore needed. Plasmid DNA (pDNA) expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) can also be used to induce RNAi. pDNA produces numerous shRNAs that induce RNAi with potent and longterm RNAi activity, even if only one pDNA molecule is delivered to the nucleus. However, this approach has some drawbacks with regard to its therapeutic application, such as a low pDNA transfection efficiency due to its huge molecular size and innate immune responses induced by extra genes, such as CpG motifs. To overcome these issues with RNAi inducers (siRNA and pDNA), our group developed some chemical approaches using chemically modified oligonucleotides. This article focuses on our two original approaches. The first involves the groove modification of siRNA duplexes to understand siRNA-protein interactions using 7-bromo-7-deazaadenosine and 3-bromo-3-deazaadenosine as chemical probes, while the second involves the generation of RNAi medicine using chemically modified DNA, known as an intelligent shRNA expression device (iRed).
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Tarashima NS, Matsuo A, Minakawa N. Gene Expression of 4'-Thioguanine DNA via 4'-Thiocytosine RNA. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17255-17259. [PMID: 33016701 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA and RNA nucleotides are ubiquitous molecules that store and transmit genetic information. The emergence of synthetic elements that fulfill the function of DNA and RNA provides an alternative gene expression system. Herein, we demonstrate the gene expression of 4'-thioguanine DNA (dSG DNA) via 4'-thiocytosine RNA (dSC RNA) to give green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) in a single test tube. In replication, transcription, and translation, DNA/RNA polymerases and Escherichia coli (E. coli) ribosome can tolerate the replacement of O4' with S4' in the nucleotide, despite the fact that sulfur has a larger atomic radius than oxygen. Additionally, dSG DNA and dSC RNA acted as alternative genetic polymers to natural DNA and RNA for protein synthesis in artificial cells comprising a reconstituted E. coli gene expression machinery. This work involved simple experiments that are widely used in molecular biology, but which underscore the feasibility of life control by substances other than DNA/RNA nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko S Tarashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Ayako Matsuo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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6
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Ando H, Ishida T. An RNAi therapeutic, DFP-10825, for intraperitoneal and intrapleural malignant cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:27-36. [PMID: 32781056 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), a potent post-transcriptional gene-silencing action, has received considerable attentions as a novel therapeutic tool to treat intractable cancers. In recent days, we have developed a novel RNAi-based therapeutic formulation, DFP-10825, for the treatment of intractable advanced cancers developed in coelomic cavities. DFP-10825 was composed of chemically synthesized short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against thymidylate synthase (TS), a key enzyme for cancer proliferation, and cationic liposomes, and achieved high therapeutic effect on the mouse models of peritoneally disseminated gastric and ovarian cancers and malignant pleural mesothelioma without severe side effects by intracoelomic direct treatment. We further designed a freeze-dried DFP-10825 formulation for mass industrial production. DFP-10825 is undergoing in pre-clinical phase and goes to clinical trials. This review introduces a DFP-10825 formulation, a potent novel RNAi-based therapeutic maximizing the benefit of RNAi molecule (shRNA).
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7
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Ota M, Saito-Tarashima N, Minakawa N. Chemistry for Nucleic Acid Analogs Having Sulfur and Selenium Atoms in Place of Furanose Ring Oxygen. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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A Unique Gene-Silencing Approach, Using an Intelligent RNA Expression Device (iRed), Results in Minimal Immune Stimulation When Given by Local Intrapleural Injection in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071725. [PMID: 32283709 PMCID: PMC7181240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We have recently introduced an intelligent RNA expression device (iRed), comprising the minimum essential components needed to transcribe short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in cells. Use of iRed efficiently produced shRNA molecules after transfection into cells and alleviated the innate immune stimulation following intravenous injection. Methods: To study the usefulness of iRed for local injection, the engineered iRed encoding luciferase shRNA (Luc iRed), complexed with cationic liposomes (Luc iRed/liposome-complexes), was intrapleurally injected into an orthotopic mesothelioma mouse model. Results: Luc iRed/liposome-complexes markedly suppressed the expression of a luciferase marker gene in pleurally disseminated mesothelioma cells. The suppressive efficiency was correlated with the expression level of shRNA within the mesothelioma cells. In addition, intrapleural injection of iRed/liposome-complexes did not induce IL-6 production in the pleural space and consequently in the blood compartment, although plasmid DNA (pDNA) or dsDNA (the natural construct for iRed) in the formulation did. Conclusion: Local delivery of iRed could augment the in vivo gene silencing effect without eliciting pronounced innate immune stimulation. Our results might hold promise for widespread utilization of iRed as an RNAi-based therapeutic for intracelial malignant cancers.
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Begum AA, Toth I, Hussein WM, Moyle PM. Advances in Targeted Gene Delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:588-608. [PMID: 31142250 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190529072914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has the potential to treat both acquired and inherited genetic diseases. Generally, two types of gene delivery vectors are used - viral vectors and non-viral vectors. Non-viral gene delivery systems have attracted significant interest (e.g. 115 gene therapies approved for clinical trials in 2018; clinicaltrials.gov) due to their lower toxicity, lack of immunogenicity and ease of production compared to viral vectors. To achieve the goal of maximal therapeutic efficacy with minimal adverse effects, the cell-specific targeting of non-viral gene delivery systems has attracted research interest. Targeting through cell surface receptors; the enhanced permeability and retention effect, or pH differences are potential means to target genes to specific organs, tissues, or cells. As for targeting moieties, receptorspecific ligand peptides, antibodies, aptamers and affibodies have been incorporated into synthetic nonviral gene delivery vectors to fulfill the requirement of active targeting. This review provides an overview of different potential targets and targeting moieties to target specific gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjuman A Begum
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
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10
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Abstract
To increase the scope of natural biosystem, nucleic acids have been intensively modified. One direction includes the development of a synthetic alternative to the native DNA and RNA, denoted Xenobiotic nucleic acids (XNAs) that are able to store and transfer genetic information either by base-modification or backbone-modification. Another line of research aims to develop alternative third base pair additional to natural A:T and G:C. These unnatural base pairs (UBPs) can store increased information content encoded in three base pairs. This review outlines the recent progress made towards XNA and UBP applications as new components of the genomic DNA as well as biostable aptamers. New achievements in the replacement of a bacterial genome by unnatural non-canonical nucleotides are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Eremeeva
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Non canonical genetic material. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 57:25-33. [PMID: 30554069 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To increase the scope of natural biosystem, nucleic acids have been intensively modified. One direction includes the development of a synthetic alternative to the native DNA and RNA, denoted Xenobiotic nucleic acids (XNAs) that are able to store and transfer genetic information either by base-modification or backbone-modification. Another line of research aims to develop alternative third base pair additional to natural A:T and G:C. These unnatural base pairs (UBPs) can store increased information content encoded in three base pairs. This review outlines the recent progress made towards XNA and UBP applications as new components of the genomic DNA as well as biostable aptamers. New achievements in the replacement of a bacterial genome by unnatural non-canonical nucleotides are also described.
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12
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Eremeeva E, Abramov M, Margamuljana L, Herdewijn P. Base-Modified Nucleic Acids as a Powerful Tool for Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology. Chemistry 2017; 23:9560-9576. [PMID: 28513881 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ability of various nucleoside triphosphate analogues of deoxyguanosine and deoxycytidine with 7-deazadeoxyadenosine (A1 ) and 5-chlorodeoxyuridine (T1 ) to serve as substrates for Taq DNA polymerase was evaluated. The triphosphate set composed of A1 , T1 , and 7-deazadeoxyguanosine with either 5-methyldeoxycytidine or 5-fluorodeoxycytidine was successfully employed in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of 1.5 kb fragments as well as random oligonucleotide libraries. Another effective combination of triphosphates for the synthesis of a 1 kb PCR product was A1 , T1 , deoxyinosine, and 5-bromodeoxycytidine. In vivo experiments using an antibiotic-resistant gene containing the latter set demonstrated that the bacterial machinery accepts fully modified sequences as genetic templates. Moreover, the ability of the base-modified segments to selectively protect DNA from cleavage by restriction endonucleases was shown. This approach can be used to regulate the endonuclease cleavage pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Eremeeva
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michail Abramov
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lia Margamuljana
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Université d'évry, CNRS-UMR8030/ Laboratoire iSSB, CEA, DRF, IG, Genoscope, Université Paris-Saclay, évry, 91000, Paris, France
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13
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Eremeeva E, Abramov M, Marlière P, Herdewijn P. The 5-chlorouracil:7-deazaadenine base pair as an alternative to the dT:dA base pair. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:168-176. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02274j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 5-Cl-dU:7-deaza-dA base pair can be a substitute for the dT:dA base pair in an enzymatic replication process of 2 kb DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Eremeeva
- KU Leuven
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Medicinal Chemistry
- BE-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - M. Abramov
- KU Leuven
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Medicinal Chemistry
- BE-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - P. Herdewijn
- KU Leuven
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Medicinal Chemistry
- BE-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
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14
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Ishii K, Saito-Tarashima N, Ota M, Yamamoto S, Okamoto Y, Tanaka Y, Minakawa N. Practical synthesis of 4′-selenopurine nucleosides by combining chlorinated purines and ‘armed’ 4-selenosugar. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Hasan M, Tarashima N, Fujikawa K, Ohgita T, Hama S, Tanaka T, Saito H, Minakawa N, Kogure K. The novel functional nucleic acid iRed effectively regulates target genes following cytoplasmic delivery by faint electric treatment. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2016; 17:554-562. [PMID: 27877903 PMCID: PMC5111564 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2016.1221726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An intelligent shRNA expression device (iRed) contains the minimum essential components needed for shRNA production in cells, and could be a novel tool to regulate target genes. However, general delivery carriers consisting of cationic polymers/lipids could impede function of a newly generated shRNA via electrostatic interaction in the cytoplasm. Recently, we found that faint electric treatment (fET) of cells enhanced delivery of siRNA and functional nucleic acids into the cytoplasm in the absence of delivery carriers. Here, we examined fET of cells stably expressing luciferase in the presence of iRed encoding anti-luciferase shRNA. Transfection of lipofectamine 2000 (LFN)/iRed lipoplexes showed an RNAi effect, but fET-mediated iRed transfection did not, likely because of the endosomal localization of iRed after delivery. However, fET in the presence of lysosomotropic agent chloroquine significantly improved the RNAi effect of iRed/fET to levels that were higher than those for the LFN/iRed lipoplexes. Furthermore, the amount of lipid droplets in adipocytes significantly decreased following fET with iRed against resistin in the presence of chloroquine. Thus, iRed could be a useful tool to regulate target genes following fET-mediated cytoplasmic delivery with endosomal escape devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadi Hasan
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Tarashima
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koki Fujikawa
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohgita
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Hama
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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