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Tsujino N, Yamazaki D, Nishihara Y, Yoshino T, Higo Y, Tange Y. Viscosity of bridgmanite determined by in situ stress and strain measurements in uniaxial deformation experiments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm1821. [PMID: 35353572 PMCID: PMC8967219 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To understand mantle dynamics, it is important to determine the rheological properties of bridgmanite, the dominant mineral in Earth's mantle. Nevertheless, experimental data on the viscosity of bridgmanite are quite limited due to experimental difficulties. Here, we report viscosity and deformation mechanism maps of bridgmanite at the uppermost lower mantle conditions obtained through in situ stress-strain measurements of bridgmanite using deformation apparatuses with the Kawai-type cell. Bridgmanite would be the hardest among mantle constituent minerals even under nominally dry conditions in the dislocation creep region, consistent with the observation that the lower mantle is the hardest layer. Deformation mechanism maps of bridgmanite indicate that grain size of bridgmanite and stress conditions at top of the lower mantle would be several millimeters and ~105 Pa to realize viscosity of 1021-22 Pa·s, respectively. This grain size of bridgmanite suggests that the main part of the lower mantle is isolated from the convecting mantle as primordial reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Tsujino
- Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, 27 Yamada, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamazaki
- Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, 27 Yamada, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Yu Nishihara
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshino
- Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, 27 Yamada, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Yuji Higo
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tange
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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Chandler B, Bernier J, Diamond M, Kunz M, Wenk HR. Exploring microstructures in lower mantle mineral assemblages with synchrotron x-rays. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabd3614. [PMID: 33523845 PMCID: PMC7775751 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding dynamics across phase transformations and the spatial distribution of minerals in the lower mantle is crucial for a comprehensive model of the evolution of the Earth's interior. Using the multigrain crystallography technique (MGC) with synchrotron x-rays at pressures of 30 GPa in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell to study the formation of bridgmanite [(Mg,Fe)SiO3] and ferropericlase [(Mg,Fe)O], we report an interconnected network of a smaller grained ferropericlase, a configuration that has been implicated in slab stagnation and plume deflection in the upper part of the lower mantle. Furthermore, we isolated individual crystal orientations with grain-scale resolution, provide estimates on stress evolutions on the grain scale, and report {110} twinning in an iron-depleted bridgmanite, a mechanism that appears to aid stress relaxation during grain growth and likely contributes to the lack of any appreciable seismic anisotropy in the upper portion of the lower mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chandler
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel Bernier
- Engineering Technologies Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Matthew Diamond
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martin Kunz
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Wenk
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Liang H, Fang L, Guan S, Peng F, Zhang Z, Chen H, Zhang W, Lu C. Insights into the Bond Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Hafnium Carbide under High Pressure and High Temperature. Inorg Chem 2020; 60:515-524. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- School of Science, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Leiming Fang
- Key Laboratory for Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
| | - Shixue Guan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Fang Peng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhengang Zhang
- Department of Basic Education, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P. R. China
| | - Haihua Chen
- Department of Basic Education, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Science, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Lu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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Geng M, Jónsson H. Density functional theory calculations and thermodynamic analysis of bridgmanite surface structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1009-1013. [PMID: 30525142 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06702c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bridgmanite, a high temperature and pressure form of MgSiO3, is believed to be Earth's most abundant mineral and responsible for the observed seismic anisotropy in the mantle. Little is known about surfaces of bridgmanite but knowledge of the most stable surface terminations is important for understanding various geochemical processes as well as likely slip planes. A density functional theory based thermodynamic approach is used here to establish the range of stability of bridgmanite as well as possible termination structures of the (001), (010), (100) and (011) surfaces as a function of the chemical potential of oxygen and magnesium. The vibrational contribution to the Gibbs free energy is found to be essential for obtaining a stability region of bridgmanite in the phase diagram. The most stable surface termination of bridgmanite varies between three different atomic structures depending on the chemical potential of oxygen and magnesium. The results presented provide a basis for further theoretical studies of the chemical processes on bridgmanite surfaces in the Earth's mantle and slip plane analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Geng
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Toroidal diamond anvil cell for detailed measurements under extreme static pressures. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2913. [PMID: 30046093 PMCID: PMC6060175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 60 years, the diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been developed into a widespread high static pressure device. The adaptation of laboratory and synchrotron analytical techniques to DAC enables a detailed exploration in the 100 GPa range. The strain of the anvils under high load explains the 400 GPa limit of the conventional DAC. Here we show a toroidal shape for a diamond anvil tip that enables to extend the DAC use toward the terapascal pressure range. The toroidal-DAC keeps the assets for a complete, reproducible, and accurate characterization of materials, from solids to gases. Raman signal from the diamond anvil or X-ray signal from the rhenium gasket allow measurement of pressure. Here, the equations of state of gold, aluminum, and argon are measured with X-ray diffraction. The data are compared with recent measurements under similar conditions by two other approaches, the double-stage DAC and the dynamic ramp compression. Extreme static pressures exceeding a million atmospheres exist in a variety of natural environments, but obtaining such pressures in a laboratory is still a challenge. Here, the authors develop a toroidal diamond anvil design that allows for the generation of 600 GPa (6 million atmospheres) in routinely used diamond anvil cells.
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Fei H, Yamazaki D, Sakurai M, Miyajima N, Ohfuji H, Katsura T, Yamamoto T. A nearly water-saturated mantle transition zone inferred from mineral viscosity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603024. [PMID: 28630912 PMCID: PMC5462500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An open question for solid-earth scientists is the amount of water in Earth's interior. The uppermost mantle and lower mantle contain little water because their dominant minerals, olivine and bridgmanite, have limited water storage capacity. In contrast, the mantle transition zone (MTZ) at a depth of 410 to 660 km is considered to be a potential water reservoir because its dominant minerals, wadsleyite and ringwoodite, can contain large amounts of water [up to 3 weight % (wt %)]. However, the actual amount of water in the MTZ is unknown. Given that water incorporated into mantle minerals can lower their viscosity, we evaluate the water content of the MTZ by measuring dislocation mobility, a property that is inversely proportional to viscosity, as a function of temperature and water content in ringwoodite and bridgmanite. We find that dislocation mobility in bridgmanite is faster by two orders of magnitude than in anhydrous ringwoodite but 1.5 orders of magnitude slower than in water-saturated ringwoodite. To fit the observed mantle viscosity profiles, ringwoodite in the MTZ should contain 1 to 2 wt % water. The MTZ should thus be nearly water-saturated globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhan Fei
- Institute for Study of the Earth’s Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth D95440, Germany
| | - Daisuke Yamazaki
- Institute for Study of the Earth’s Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Moe Sakurai
- Institute for Study of the Earth’s Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Ohfuji
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoo Katsura
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth D95440, Germany
| | - Takafumi Yamamoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Shen G, Mao HK. High-pressure studies with x-rays using diamond anvil cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:016101. [PMID: 27873767 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/1/016101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pressure profoundly alters all states of matter. The symbiotic development of ultrahigh-pressure diamond anvil cells, to compress samples to sustainable multi-megabar pressures; and synchrotron x-ray techniques, to probe materials' properties in situ, has enabled the exploration of rich high-pressure (HP) science. In this article, we first introduce the essential concept of diamond anvil cell technology, together with recent developments and its integration with other extreme environments. We then provide an overview of the latest developments in HP synchrotron techniques, their applications, and current problems, followed by a discussion of HP scientific studies using x-rays in the key multidisciplinary fields. These HP studies include: HP x-ray emission spectroscopy, which provides information on the filled electronic states of HP samples; HP x-ray Raman spectroscopy, which probes the HP chemical bonding changes of light elements; HP electronic inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy, which accesses high energy electronic phenomena, including electronic band structure, Fermi surface, excitons, plasmons, and their dispersions; HP resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy, which probes shallow core excitations, multiplet structures, and spin-resolved electronic structure; HP nuclear resonant x-ray spectroscopy, which provides phonon densities of state and time-resolved Mössbauer information; HP x-ray imaging, which provides information on hierarchical structures, dynamic processes, and internal strains; HP x-ray diffraction, which determines the fundamental structures and densities of single-crystal, polycrystalline, nanocrystalline, and non-crystalline materials; and HP radial x-ray diffraction, which yields deviatoric, elastic and rheological information. Integrating these tools with hydrostatic or uniaxial pressure media, laser and resistive heating, and cryogenic cooling, has enabled investigations of the structural, vibrational, electronic, and magnetic properties of materials over a wide range of pressure-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Shen
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuhua Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Jilin University, Changchun 130015, China, and Center for the Study of Matter at Extreme Conditions, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Girard J, Amulele G, Farla R, Mohiuddin A, Karato SI. Shear deformation of bridgmanite and magnesiowüstite aggregates at lower mantle conditions. Science 2015; 351:144-7. [PMID: 26721681 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rheological properties of the lower mantle have strong influence on the dynamics and evolution of Earth. By using the improved methods of quantitative deformation experiments at high pressures and temperatures, we deformed a mixture of bridgmanite and magnesiowüstite under the shallow lower mantle conditions. We conducted experiments up to about 100% strain at a strain rate of about 3 × 10(-5) second(-1). We found that bridgmanite is substantially stronger than magnesiowüstite and that magnesiowüstite largely accommodates the strain. Our results suggest that strain weakening and resultant shear localization likely occur in the lower mantle. This would explain the preservation of long-lived geochemical reservoirs and the lack of seismic anisotropy in the majority of the lower mantle except the boundary layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Girard
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George Amulele
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert Farla
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anwar Mohiuddin
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shun-ichiro Karato
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract
This paper aims at reviewing the current advancements of high pressure experimental geosciences. The angle chosen is that of in situ measurements at the high pressure (P) and high temperature (T) conditions relevant of the deep Earth and planets, measurements that are often carried out at large facilities (X-ray synchrotrons and neutron sources). Rather than giving an exhaustive catalogue, four main active areas of research are chosen: the latest advancements on deep Earth mineralogy, how to probe the properties of melts, how to probe Earth dynamics, and chemical reactivity induced by increased P-T conditions. For each area, techniques are briefly presented and selected examples illustrate their potentials, and what that tell us about the structure and dynamics of the planet.
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Miyajima N, Walte N. Burgers vector determination in deformed perovskite and post-perovskite of CaIrO3 using thickness fringes in weak-beam dark-field images. Ultramicroscopy 2009; 109:683-92. [PMID: 19268461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Electronic transitions and spin states in the lower mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/174gm06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Singh AK, Liermann HP, Saxena SK, Mao HK, Devi SU. Nonhydrostatic compression of gold powder to 60 GPa in a diamond anvil cell: estimation of compressive strength from x-ray diffraction data. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2006; 18:S969-S978. [PMID: 22611106 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/18/25/s05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two gold powder samples, one with average crystallite size of ≈30 nm (n-Au) and another with ≈120 nm (c-Au), were compressed under nonhydrostatic conditions in a diamond anvil cell to different pressures up to ≈60 GPa and the x-ray diffraction patterns recorded. The difference between the axial and radial stress components (a measure of the compressive strength) was estimated from the shifts of the diffraction lines. The maximum micro-stress in the crystallites (another measure of the compressive strength) and grain size (crystallite size) were obtained from analysis of the line-width data. The strengths obtained by the two methods agreed well and increased with increasing pressure. Over the entire pressure range, the strength of n-Au was found to be significantly higher than that of c-Au. The grain sizes of both n-Au and c-Au decreased under pressure. This decrease was much larger than expected from the compressibility effect and was found to be reversible. An equation derived from the dislocation theory that predicts the dependence of strength on the grain size and the shear modulus was used to interpret the strength data. The strength derived from the published grain size versus hardness data agreed well with the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- Materials Science Division, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore 560 017, India
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Cordier P, Ungár T, Zsoldos L, Tichy G. Dislocation creep in MgSiO3 perovskite at conditions of the Earth's uppermost lower mantle. Nature 2004; 428:837-40. [PMID: 15103372 DOI: 10.1038/nature02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Seismic anisotropy provides an important observational constraint on flow in the Earth's deep interior. The quantitative interpretation of anisotropy, however, requires knowledge of the slip geometry of the constitutive minerals that are responsible for producing rock fabrics. The Earth's lower mantle is mostly composed of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 perovskite, but as MgSiO3 perovskite is not stable at high temperature under ambient pressure, it has not been possible to investigate its mechanical behaviour with conventional laboratory deformation experiments. To overcome this limitation, several attempts were made to infer the mechanical properties of MgSiO3 perovskite on the basis of analogue materials. But perovskites do not constitute an analogue series for plastic deformation, and therefore the direct investigation of MgSiO3 perovskite is necessary. Here we have taken advantage of recent advances in experimental high-pressure rheology to perform deformation experiments on coarse-grained MgSiO3 polycrystals under pressure and temperature conditions of the uppermost lower mantle. We show that X-ray peak broadening measurements developed in metallurgy can be adapted to low-symmetry minerals to identify the elementary deformation mechanisms activated under these conditions. We conclude that, under uppermost lower-mantle conditions, MgSiO3 perovskite deforms by dislocation creep and may therefore contribute to producing seismic anisotropy in rocks at such depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cordier
- Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés de l'Etat Solide, UMR CNRS 8008, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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