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Relative Effects of the Greenhouse Gases and Stratospheric Ozone Increases on Temperature and Circulation in the Stratosphere over the Arctic. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14143447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Using a stratosphere-resolving general circulation model, the relative effects of stratospheric ozone and greenhouse gases (GHGs) increase on the temperature and circulation in the Arctic stratosphere are examined. Results show that stratospheric ozone or GHGs increase alone could result in a cooling and strengthening extratropical stratosphere during February, March and April. However, the contribution of stratospheric ozone increases alone on the cooling and strengthening Arctic stratosphere is approximately 2 fold that of the GHGs increase alone. Model simulations suggested that the larger responses of the Arctic stratosphere to the ozone increase alone are closely related to the wave fluxes in the stratosphere, rather than the wave activity in the stratosphere. In response to the ozone increase, the vertical propagation of planetary waves from the troposphere into the mid-latitude stratosphere weakens, mainly contributed by its wavenumber-1 component. The impeded planetary waves tend to result from the larger zonal wind shear and vertical gradient of the buoyancy frequency. The magnitudes of anomalies in the zonal wind shear and buoyancy frequency in response to GHGs increase alone are smaller than in response to the ozone increase, which is in accordance with the larger contribution of stratospheric ozone to the temperature and circulation in the Arctic stratosphere.
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Kumar C, Dogra A, Yadav S, Tandon A, Attri AK. Apportionment of long-term trends in different sections of total ozone column over tropical region. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:298. [PMID: 35347457 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The additive time-series decomposition analysis was performed on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument Merge satellite dataset version 8.6 for the period January 1979 to December 2019 with an objective to detect and apportion long-term trends present in the total ozone column (TOC) and the long-term trends exist in the respective ozone contents present in the vertical sub-columns constituting the TOC viz. upper, middle and lower stratosphere as well as near-surface for the tropical region. Linear regression analysis was performed on the deseasonalized monthly mean time series of TOC and corresponding ozone contents present in each partitioned layer for three different time spans, viz. 1979-2019 (complete time series), 1979-1998 (pre-inflection years), and 1999-2019 (post-inflection years), where 1998 was taken as inflection year. For the complete time-series, statistically significant negative trends were observed in TOC and corresponding ozone contents in the sub-columns over most of the tropical region. Expectedly, during pre-inflection years, strong negative trends were noted for TOC and ozone contents in the partitioned vertical layers. In contrast, during the post-inflection year time span, long-term trends in TOC were statistically insignificant over two-third of the tropical region, but one-third of the subtropical region exhibited negative trends in TOC. During this time span, positive trends were observed in the ozone contents present in the upper stratospheric sub-column. However, negative trends in ozone contents persisted in the middle and the lower stratosphere. It was interesting to note that the ozone contents confined in near-surface layer manifested strong negative trends during pre-inflection years and the same reversed into strong positive trends that in post-inflection span. The observed, contrasting, long-term trends and variability in the respective partitioned layer of the TOC confounded any clear sign of recovery in the TOC over the tropical region. The continuation of declining trends in the middle stratosphere and increasing trends in the near-surface layer of ozone contents is a matter of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhabeel Kumar
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, India, 176215
| | - Ashish Dogra
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, India, 176215
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, India, 181143
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, India, 176215.
| | - Arun K Attri
- The DLF Valley Panchkula, A-1/15, Panchkula, Haryana, India, 134107
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Recent Progress in Indacenodithiophene-Based Acceptor Materials for Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:18. [PMID: 35246763 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Domesticating solar energy by exploiting photovoltaic technology has become a quintessential strategy for future global energy production. Since 2015, non-fullerene organic solar cells (NF-OSC) have attracted a great deal of attention owing to the marvellous properties of non-fullerene acceptors (NFA) such as structural versability, broad absorption, suitable energy levels, tunable charge transport and morphology, leading to remarkable accomplishments in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 1% to nearly 20%. One class of materials is provided by the fused ring aromatic indacenodithiophene (IDT) and its derivatives, which are emerging continuously as promising next-generation building blocks to construct high performance photovoltaic materials. Encouraging PCEs of more than 15% have been achieved in their binary NF-OSCs, while careful device engineering and proper amalgamation of a third component have led to PCEs of almost 18% in ternary devices. This review surveys recent developments in the area of IDT-based materials for photovoltaic applications. Different strategies to develop efficient IDT-based NFA and factors influencing the bandgaps, molecular energy levels, charge transport properties, and film morphologies, as well as the photovoltaic performance of these materials, are discussed.
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Jiao X, He C, Yu H, He J, Wang C. Photo-generated hydroxyl radicals contribute to the formation of halogen radicals leading to ozone depletion on and within polar stratospheric clouds surface. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132816. [PMID: 34752833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), of which the surface is a dynamic liquid water layer and might consist of aqueous HNO3 and H2O2, is a well-known key meteorological condition contributing to the ozone hole in the polar stratosphere. PSCs has been considered to provide abundant surface for the heterogeneous reactions causing the formation of the Cl2 and HOCl, which are further photolyzed into Cl and ClO radicals leading to the ozone destruction. Here we demonstrated that the sunlight drives the massive and stable production of OH radicals in aqueous HNO3 and its main photo-induced byproduct HNO2. We also found that the photo-generated OH radicals in aqueous HNO3, HNO2 and H2O2 have the remarkable capability to react with the dissolved HCl, Cl- and Br- to form halogen radicals. In addition, we observed that the H2O2 can react with dissolved HCl and Br- in darkness to form and release Cl2 and Br2 gases, which could further be photolyzed into reactive halogen radicals whenever sunlight is available. All these findings suggest that, except for the well-known heterogeneous reactions, photochemical reactions involving the aqueous HNO3 and H2O2 on and within PSCs surface might constitute another important halogen activation pathway for ozone destruction. This study may shed deeper insights into the mechanism of halogen radicals resulting in ozone depletion in polar stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Congcong He
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Meng L, Liu J, Tarasick DW, Randel WJ, Steiner AK, Wilhelmsen H, Wang L, Haimberger L. Continuous rise of the tropopause in the Northern Hemisphere over 1980-2020. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi8065. [PMID: 34739322 PMCID: PMC8570593 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tropopause height (H) is a sensitive diagnostic for anthropogenic climate change. Previous studies showed increases in H over 1980–2000 but were inconsistent in projecting H trends after 2000. While H generally responds to temperature changes in the troposphere and stratosphere, the relative importance of these two contributions is uncertain. Here, we use radiosonde balloon observations in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) over 20°N to 80°N to reveal a continuous rise of H over 1980–2020. Over 2001–2020, H increases at 50 to 60 m/decade, which is comparable to the trend over 1980–2000. The GPS radio occultation measurements from satellites and homogenized radiosonde records are in good agreement with those results. The continuous rise of the tropopause in the NH after 2000 results primarily from tropospheric warming. A large trend in H remains after major natural forcings for H are removed, providing further observational evidence for anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Meng
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jane Liu
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - David W. Tarasick
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | | | - Andrea K. Steiner
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology/Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- FWF-DK Climate Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hallgeir Wilhelmsen
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology/Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- FWF-DK Climate Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
- Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leopold Haimberger
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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Ji Y, Gao K. Effects of climate change factors on marine macroalgae: A review. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2020; 88:91-136. [PMID: 34119047 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae, the main primary producers in coastal waters, play important roles in the fishery industry and global carbon cycles. With progressive ocean global changes, however, they are increasingly exposed to enhanced levels of multiple environmental drivers, such as ocean acidification, warming, heatwaves, UV radiation and deoxygenation. While most macroalgae have developed physiological strategies against variations of these drivers, their eco-physiological responses to each or combinations of the drivers differ spatiotemporally and species-specifically. Many freshwater macroalgae are tolerant of pH drop and its diel fluctuations and capable of acclimating to changes in carbonate chemistry. However, calcifying species, such as coralline algae, are very sensitive to acidification of seawater, which reduces their calcification, and additionally, temperature rise and UV further decrease their physiological performance. Except for these calcifying species, both economically important and harmful macroalgae can benefit from elevated CO2 concentrations and moderate temperature rise, which might be responsible for increasing events of harmful macroalgal blooms including green macroalgal blooms caused by Ulva spp. and golden tides caused by Sargassum spp. Upper intertidal macroalgae, especially those tolerant of dehydration during low tide, increase their photosynthesis under elevated CO2 concentrations during the initial dehydration period, however, these species might be endangered by heatwaves, which can expose them to high temperature levels above their thermal windows' upper limit. On the other hand, since macroalgae are distributed in shallow waters, they are inevitably exposed to solar UV radiation. The effects of UV radiation, depending on weather conditions and species, can be harmful as well as beneficial to many species. Moderate levels of UV-A (315-400nm) can enhance photosynthesis of green, brown and red algae, while UV-B (280-315nm) mainly show inhibitory impacts. Although little has been documented on the combined effects of elevated CO2, temperature or heatwaves with UV radiation, exposures to heatwaves during midday under high levels of UV radiation can be detrimental to most species, especially to their microscopic stages which are less tolerant of climate change induced stress. In parallel, reduced availability of dissolved O2 in coastal water along with eutrophication might favour the macroalgae's carboxylation process by suppressing their oxygenation or photorespiration. In this review, we analyse effects of climate change-relevant drivers individually and/or jointly on different macroalgal groups and different life cycle stages based on the literatures surveyed, and provide perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen, China; School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China.
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El-Sheekh MM, Alwaleed EA, Ibrahim A, Saber H. Detrimental effect of UV-B radiation on growth, photosynthetic pigments, metabolites and ultrastructure of some cyanobacteria and freshwater chlorophyta. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:265-275. [PMID: 33196340 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1851060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global warming directly influencing ozone layer depletion, which eventually is increasing ultraviolet radiation penetration having far-reaching impacts on living biota. This particularly influences the primary producer microalgae which are the basic unit of food webs in the aquatic habitats. Therefore, it is necessary to concentrate the research at this micro-level to understand the harmful impact of increased UV-B radiation ever before. Consequently, the present attempt aimed to focus on the influence of UV-B on growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments, some metabolites, and ultrastructure of the freshwater cyanobacteria, Planktothrix cryptovaginata (Microcoleaceae), Nostoc carneum (Nostocaceae), Microcystis aeruginosa (Microcystaceae), the Chlorophyte Scenedesmus acutus (Scenedesmaceae), and the marine Cyanobacterium Microcystis (Microcystaceae). METHODS The cultures of investigated algae were subjected directly to different duration periods (1, 3, 5, and 7 h) of artificial UV-B in addition to unirradiated control culture and allowed to grow for 10 days, after which the algal samples were analyzed for growth, photosynthetic activities, primary metabolities and cellular ultrastructure. RESULTS A remarkable inhibitory influence of UV-B was observed on growth criteria (measured as optical density and dry weight) and photosynthetic pigments of P. cryptovaginata, N. carneum, M. aeruginosa, S. acutus, and marine Microcystis. Where increasing the exposure time of UV-B was accompanied by increased inhibition. The variation in carbohydrate and protein contents under UV stress was based on the exposure periods and the algal species. The variation in algal ultrastructure by UV-B stress was noticed by an Electron Microscope. Cells damage and lysis, cell wall and cell membrane ruptured and release of intracellular substances, loss of cell inclusion, plasmolysis and necrosis, or apoptosis of the algal cells were observed by exposure to 7 h of UV-B. CONCLUSION Exposure to UV-B has a marked harmful impact on the growth, pigments, and metabolic activity, as well as the cellular ultrastructure of some cyanobacteria and chlorophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman A Alwaleed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Aml Ibrahim
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hani Saber
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Saber H, El-Sheekh MM, Ibrahim A, Alwaleed EA. Effect of UV-B radiation on amino acids profile, antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation of some cyanobacteria and green algae. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1192-1206. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1793025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Saber
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Aml Ibrahim
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Alwaleed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Mata MT, Palma A, García-Gómez C, López-Parages M, Vázquez V, Cheng-Sánchez I, Sarabia F, López-Figueroa F, Jiménez C, Segovia M. Type II-Metacaspases are involved in cell stress but not in cell death in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:494-508. [PMID: 31799323 PMCID: PMC6859423 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.11.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR; 280–400 nm) has a great impact on aquatic ecosystems by affecting ecophysiological and biogeochemical processes as a consequence of the global change scenario generated by anthropogenic activities. We studied the effect of PAR (P)+UVA (A)+UVB (B) i.e. PAB, on the molecular physiology of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta for six days. We assessed the relationship between the triggered UVR stress response and metacaspases and caspase-like (CL)activities, which are proteases denoted to participate in cell death (CD) in phytoplankton. UVR inhibited cell growth and in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence but did not cause cell death. Western blot analyses reflected that Type-II metacaspases (MCs) are present and appear to be involved in UVR induced-cell stress but not in dark-induced CD in D. tertiolecta. Enzyme kinetics revealed that cleavage of the MCs-reporter substrates RVRR, QRR, GRR, LKR, HEK, and VLK was 10-fold higher than WEHD, DEVD, IETD, and LETD CLs-substrates. The lowest apparent Michaelis-Menten constants (KMap) corresponded to RVRRase (37.5 μM) indicating a high affinity by the RVRR substrate. The inhibition of enzymatic activities by using inhibitors with different target sites for hydrolyses demonstrated that from all of the R/ Kase activities only RVRRase was a potential candidate for being a metacaspase. In parallel, zymograms and peptide-mass fingerprinting analyses revealed the identities of such Rase activities suggesting an indirect evidence of possible natural physiological substrates of MCs. We present evidence of type II-MCs not being involved in CD in D. tertiolecta, but rather in survival strategies under the stressful irradiance conditions applied in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Mata
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain.,Present address: Antofagasta Bioinnovation Center (CBIA), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources. University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Armando Palma
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - Candela García-Gómez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain.,Present address: Spanish Oceanographic Institute, Puerto Pesquero, 29640-Fuengirola, Málaga, Spain
| | - María López-Parages
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - Víctor Vázquez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - Iván Cheng-Sánchez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - Félix López-Figueroa
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - María Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Blvd. Louis Pasteur s / n, 29071-Málaga, Spain
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Lorenzo MR, Neale PJ, Sobrino C, León P, Vázquez V, Bresnan E, Segovia M. Effects of elevated CO 2 on growth, calcification, and spectral dependence of photoinhibition in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:775-788. [PMID: 31090939 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on cell growth, calcification, and spectral variation in the sensitivity of photosynthesis to inhibition by solar radiation in the globally important coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Growth rates and chlorophyll a content per cell showed no significant differences between elevated (800 ppmv) and ambient (400 ppmv) CO2 conditions. However, the production of organic carbon and the cell quotas for both carbon and nitrogen, increased under elevated CO2 conditions, whilst particulate inorganic carbon production rates decreased under the same conditions. Biometric analyses of cells showed that coccoliths only presented significant differences due to treatments in the central area width. Most importantly, the size of the coccosphere decreased under elevated CO2 conditions. The susceptibility of photosynthesis to inhibition by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was estimated using biological weighting functions (BWFs) and a model that predicts photosynthesis under photosynthetically active radiation and UVR exposures. BWF results demonstrated that the sensitivity of photosynthesis to UVR was not significantly different between E. huxleyi cells grown under elevated and present CO2 concentrations. We propose that the acclimation to elevated CO2 conditions involves a physiological mechanism of regulation and allocation of energy and metabolites in the cell, which is also responsible for altering the sensitivity to UVR. In coccolithophores, this mechanism might be affected by the decrease in the calcification rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosario Lorenzo
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Patrick J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - Cristina Sobrino
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pablo León
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Víctor Vázquez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - María Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
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11
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Vitt S, Mehlis-Rick M, Bakker TCM, Rick IP. Enhanced ambient UVB radiation affects post-mating, but not pre-mating sexual traits in a fish. Oecologia 2019; 190:355-366. [PMID: 31134331 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organisms inhabiting shallow aquatic habitats currently experience increasing levels of solar ultraviolet B radiation (UVB). UVB causes damage on cellular and molecular levels and can affect associated life-history traits either through direct exposure or indirectly through oxidative stress generation. We examined UVB effects on pre- and post-mating sexual traits in three-spined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Adult, reproductively non-active males were assigned to two exposure treatments under semi-natural conditions in an outdoor experiment; one group received natural radiation (UVBnormal) whilst the other group received additional UVB (UVBenhanced). After two months, colour metrics were used to quantify male breeding colouration as pre-mating trait. At the post-mating stage, sperm morphology, number and movement as well as testes mass were determined. Males did not significantly differ in sexual ornamentation between treatments, but UVBenhanced fish had smaller testes as well as fewer and shorter sperm than UVBnormal fish. Sperm movement was not significantly different between treatments. However, in UVBenhanced males, linear and progressive movement of sperm was positively correlated with sperm morphology (head-to-tail length ratio), whereas in UVBnormal males this relationship was negative (but not significant). Additionally, there was a significant treatment by body condition interaction concerning head-to-tail length ratio, i.e. head-to-tail length ratio increased with condition in UVBnormal males whereas there was no relationship in UVBenhanced fish. Our findings reveal that increased UVB levels influence post-mating fitness-relevant traits in males whilst having no significant impact on pre-mating sexual traits, suggesting selective UVB-effects at the gamete level with consequences for reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vitt
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marion Mehlis-Rick
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theo C M Bakker
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingolf P Rick
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Li J, He S, Zhang K, Quan Z, Shan Q, Sun Z, Wang B. UV Assisted High‐Efficient Synthesis of α‐Ketoamides using Air Promoted by A Non‐Metal Catalyst in Aqueous Solution. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of EducationHainan University Haikou 570228 P.R. China
| | - Shaopo He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of EducationHainan University Haikou 570228 P.R. China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of EducationHainan University Haikou 570228 P.R. China
| | - Ziyi Quan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of EducationHainan University Haikou 570228 P.R. China
| | - Qiheng Shan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of EducationHainan University Haikou 570228 P.R. China
| | - Zhongliang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of EducationHainan University Haikou 570228 P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of EducationHainan University Haikou 570228 P.R. China
- State Key Lab of Marine Resource Utilizations in South China SeaHainan University Haikou 570228 P.R. China
- Institute of Chemical Engineering College of Materials and Chemical EngineeringHainan University Haikou 570228 P.R. China
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Sweet LE, Revill AT, Strzelecki J, Hook SE, Morris JM, Roberts AP. Photo-induced toxicity following exposure to crude oil and ultraviolet radiation in 2 Australian fishes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1359-1366. [PMID: 29323733 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), components of crude oil, are known to cause increased toxicity when organisms are co-exposed with ultraviolet radiation, resulting in photo-induced toxicity. The photodynamic characteristics of some PAHs are of particular concern to places like Australia with high ultraviolet radiation levels. The objective of the present study was to characterize the photo-induced toxicity of an Australian North West Shelf oil to early life stage yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) and black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri). The fish were exposed to high-energy water accommodated fractions for 24 to 36 h. During the exposure, the fish were either co-exposed to full-intensity or filtered natural sunlight and then transferred to clean water. At 48 h, survival, cardiac effects, and spinal deformities were assessed. Yellowtail kingfish embryos co-exposed to oil and full-spectrum sunlight exhibited decreased hatching success and a higher incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, compared with filtered sunlight. A significant increase in the incidence of pericardial edema occurred in black bream embryos co-exposed to full-spectrum sunlight. These results highlight the need for more studies investigating the effects of PAHs and photo-induced toxicity under environmental conditions relevant to Australia. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1359-1366. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew T Revill
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joanna Strzelecki
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon E Hook
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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14
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Detecting recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. Nature 2018; 549:211-218. [PMID: 28905899 DOI: 10.1038/nature23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its amendments, the atmospheric loading of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances is decreasing. Accordingly, the stratospheric ozone layer is expected to recover. However, short data records and atmospheric variability confound the search for early signs of recovery, and climate change is masking ozone recovery from ozone-depleting substances in some regions and will increasingly affect the extent of recovery. Here we discuss the nature and timescales of ozone recovery, and explore the extent to which it can be currently detected in different atmospheric regions.
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15
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Stratospheric ozone loss over the Eurasian continent induced by the polar vortex shift. Nat Commun 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29335470 PMCID: PMC5768802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol has succeeded in limiting major ozone-depleting substance emissions, and consequently stratospheric ozone concentrations are expected to recover this century. However, there is a large uncertainty in the rate of regional ozone recovery in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we identify a Eurasia-North America dipole mode in the total column ozone over the Northern Hemisphere, showing negative and positive total column ozone anomaly centres over Eurasia and North America, respectively. The positive trend of this mode explains an enhanced total column ozone decline over the Eurasian continent in the past three decades, which is closely related to the polar vortex shift towards Eurasia. Multiple chemistry-climate-model simulations indicate that the positive Eurasia-North America dipole trend in late winter is likely to continue in the near future. Our findings suggest that the anticipated ozone recovery in late winter will be sensitive not only to the ozone-depleting substance decline but also to the polar vortex changes, and could be substantially delayed in some regions of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. Climate change can exert a significant effect on the ozone recovery. Here, the authors show that the Arctic polar vortex shift associated with Arctic sea-ice loss could slow down ozone recovery over the Eurasian continent.
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16
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Singh A, Tyagi MB, Kumar A. Cyanobacteria growing on tree barks possess high amount of sunscreen compound mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 119:110-120. [PMID: 28866233 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes cyanobacterial species composition and their dominance in biological crusts from barks of different trees, roof top of building and soil of agricultural field. An attempt was also made to explore the presence of photoprotective compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the crust samples. Microscopic examination and growth studies revealed the presence of Oscillatoria species in all the crust samples excluding the crust of roof top of a building. Study on the abundance of dominant genera showed marked differences among various crust samples but Hapalosiphon, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria and Scytonema sp. were the most dominant genera, Oscillatoria being dominant in three crust samples. Screening for the presence of photoprotective compounds showed the presence of major peaks in the range of 308-334 nm thereby pointing to the presence of MAAs in all the crust samples. The highest amount of MAAs was found in the crust of Borassus flabellifer (15,729 nmol g dry wt-1 of bark) followed by crust of roof top (14,543 nmol g dry wt-1 of crust). MAAs were separated and partially purified employing HPLC, the most common MAA present in all the crusts was identified as mycosporine-glycine. Presence of mycosporine-glycine (M-Gly) was further confirmed by FTIR and NMR. Test of in vitro colonization on the bark of Mangifera indica and Azadirachta indica by three isolates namely Hapalosiphon, Oscillatoria and Scytonema sp. showed sign of active colonization. It is felt that identification of all the MAAs other than M-Gly may prove useful in future studies especially for assessing their significance in the protection mechanism of cyanobacteria/algae against various types of abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India; Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Madhu Bala Tyagi
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
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17
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Suh SS, Lee SG, Youn UJ, Han SJ, Kim IC, Kim S. Comprehensive Expression Profiling and Functional Network Analysis of Porphyra-334, One Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid (MAA), in Human Keratinocyte Exposed with UV-radiation. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15070196. [PMID: 28672785 PMCID: PMC5532638 DOI: 10.3390/md15070196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) have been highlighted as pharmacologically active secondary compounds to protect cells from harmful UV-radiation by absorbing its energy. Previous studies have mostly focused on characterizing their physiological properties such as antioxidant activity and osmotic regulation. However, molecular mechanisms underlying their UV-protective capability have not yet been revealed. In the present study, we investigated the expression profiling of porphyra-334-modulated genes or microRNA (miRNAs) in response to UV-exposure and their functional networks, using cDNA and miRNAs microarray. Based on our data, we showed that porphyra-334-regulated genes play essential roles in UV-affected biological processes such as Wnt (Wingless/integrase-1) and Notch pathways which exhibit antagonistic relationship in various biological processes; the UV-repressed genes were in the Wnt signaling pathway, while the activated genes were in the Notch signaling. In addition, porphyra-334-regulated miRNAs can target many genes related with UV-mediated biological processes such as apoptosis, cell proliferation and translational elongation. Notably, we observed that functional roles of the target genes for up-regulated miRNAs are inversely correlated with those for down-regulated miRNAs; the former genes promote apoptosis and translational elongation, whereas the latter function as inhibitors in these processes. Taken together, these data suggest that porphyra-334 protects cells from harmful UV radiation through the comprehensive modulation of expression patterns of genes involved in UV-mediated biological processes, and that provide a new insight to understand its functional molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Suk Suh
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
| | - Sung Gu Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
- Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea.
| | - Ui Joung Youn
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
| | - Se Jong Han
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
- Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea.
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
- Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea.
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
- Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea.
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18
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Andrade TS, Henriques JF, Almeida AR, Soares AMVM, Scholz S, Domingues I. Zebrafish embryo tolerance to environmental stress factors-Concentration-dose response analysis of oxygen limitation, pH, and UV-light irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:682-690. [PMID: 27530196 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last century the increase in the mean global temperatures has been shown to impact on freshwater physicochemical parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, or ultraviolet (UV) light abundance. Changes in these parameters could modify the toxicity of environmental pollutants. Therefore, in the present study, the authors studied the tolerance (survival and sublethal endpoints) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to variations in pH (3-12), dissolved oxygen (3.9-237 μmol/L) and UV intensity (55-467 mW/m2 ) using selected endpoints. Sublethal endpoint assessment included the quantification of hatching success, developmental delay, reduction of body length, frequency of edema, and morphological abnormalities. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s; 96-h) of 3.68 and 10.21 were determined for acid and alkaline pH, respectively. Embryo survival appeared to be relatively resistant to oxygen depletion with a 96-h LC50 of 0.42 mg/L. However, concentrations of 6 mg/L and below caused edema and developmental retardations. Continuous exposure to UV radiation affected zebrafish development by reducing survival and hatching rate and triggering a series of developmental abnormalities such as pericardial edema and deformities. A 72-h LC50 of 227 mW/m2 was derived from intensity-response modeling. By generation of concentration-response parameters the authors' data provide a basis for the subsequent assessment of combined effect of environmental stress parameters and chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:682-690. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayres S Andrade
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge F Henriques
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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19
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Zhou J, Fan TY, Beardall J, Gao K. UV-A induced delayed development in the larvae of coral Seriatopora caliendrum. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 167:249-255. [PMID: 28088106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs are vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-400nm). Not only do the fluxes of UVR fluctuate daily, they are also increasing due to global ocean and atmospheric changes. The deleterious effects of UVR on scleractinian corals have been intensively studied, but much less is known about the response of corals in the early pre-settlement phase. In this study, we tested how UVR exposure affects survival and development of Seriatopora caliendrum larvae and examined the photophysiological changes induced in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. Results showed that the contents of chl c and carotenoids normalized to the number of algae cells in the larvae decreased significantly when larvae were exposed to UVR compared to those protected from UVR, while the cell density of Symbiodinium was higher in UVR-exposed larvae. The effective photochemical efficiency of the symbiotic algae increased when cultured under PAR plus UV-A (here taken as 320-395nm). We further present the novel finding that during the development experiment, presence of UV-A induced a decline in the rates of metamorphosis and settlement, which disappeared when the larvae were also exposed to UV-B (here defined as 295-320nm). However, UVR had no distinguishable effect on the numbers of larvae that either survived, metamorphosed or settled by the end of the culture period. Therefore, it is concluded from this study that UV-A radiation may extend the planktonic duration of coral larvae, but not have an overall inhibitory effect on developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Yung Fan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - John Beardall
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, Republic of China; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, Republic of China.
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20
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Klein SG, Pitt KA, Carroll AR. Surviving but not thriving: inconsistent responses of zooxanthellate jellyfish polyps to ocean warming and future UV-B scenarios. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28859. [PMID: 27374028 PMCID: PMC4931449 DOI: 10.1038/srep28859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex changes to UV radiation at the Earth’s surface are occurring concurrently with ocean warming. Despite few empirical tests, jellyfish are hypothesised to be increasing in some parts of the world because they are robust to environmental stressors. Here we examine the effects of UV-B and ocean warming projections on zooxanthellate jellyfish polyps. We exposed Cassiopea sp. polyps to three levels of UV-B (future-low (1.43 Wm2), current (1.60 Wm2), future-high (1.77 Wm2)) and two levels of temperature (current-day (25 °C) and future (28 °C)) over 6 weeks. The intensity of UV-B was varied throughout the day to mimic diel variation in UV-B irradiance. Polyp survival, asexual reproduction and YII were measured. In the current and future-high UV-B treatments, more polyps were produced in 25 °C than 28 °C. This pattern, however, was reversed under future-low UV-B conditions, where more polyps were produced at 28 °C. YII was highest under current summer conditions and future conditions of low UV-B and increased temperature. YII, however, was reduced under high UV-B conditions but was further reduced with warming. Our results suggest that although Cassiopea polyps may survive elevated UV-B and warming conditions, they are unlikely to thrive. If, however, UV-B radiation decreases then ocean warming may facilitate increases in Cassiopea populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon G Klein
- Australian Rivers Institute-Coasts and Estuaries, Griffith School of Environment, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Kylie A Pitt
- Australian Rivers Institute-Coasts and Estuaries, Griffith School of Environment, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
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21
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Song YL, Cui CX, Liu YJ. Theoretical study of the homolytic photolysis of hydrogen peroxide at the state-of-the-art level. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Nevzorov A, Bazhenov O, Burlakov V, Dolgii S. Certain Results of Measurements of Characteristics of Stratospheric Aerosol Layer and Total Ozone Content at Siberian Lidar Station in Tomsk. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611923007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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23
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Almeida AR, Andrade TS, Burkina V, Fedorova G, Loureiro S, Soares AMVM, Domingues I. Is UV radiation changing the toxicity of compounds to zebrafish embryos? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:145-152. [PMID: 26232041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
At ecosystems level, environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration and intensity of UV radiation (UVR) have an important role on the efficiency of organisms' physiological and behavioral performances and consequently on the capacity of response to contaminants. Insignificant alterations of these parameters may compromise this response. In addition, these parameters can additionally alter chemical compounds by inducing their degradation, producing thereafter other metabolites. Understanding the combined effects of chemicals and environmental parameters is absolutely necessary for an adequate prediction of risk in aquatic environments. According to this scenario, this work aims at studying the combined toxicity of UVR and three xenobiotics: the biocide triclosan (TCS), the metal chromium (as potassium dichromate, PD) and the fungicide prochloraz (PCZ). To achieve this goal zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos (3h post fertilization (hpf)) were exposed to several concentrations of each chemical combined with different UV intensities; mortality and eggs were recorded every 24h for the all test duration (96 h). Results showed different response patterns depending on the toxicant, stress levels and duration of exposure. The combination of UVR and TCS indicated a dose ratio deviation where synergism was observed when UVR was the dominant stressor (day 2). The combination of UVR and PD presented a dose level dependency at day 3 indicating antagonism at low stress levels, changing with time where at day 4, a dose ratio deviation showed statistically that synergism occurred at higher PD concentrations. Finally, UVR combined with PCZ indicated a dose ratio at day 3 and dose level deviation at day 4 of exposure, suggesting a synergistic response when PCZ is the dominant stressor in the combination. The obtained results in this study highlighted the importance of taking into account the possible interaction of stressors and time of exposure to better predict environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Portugal, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Thayres S Andrade
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Portugal, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Viktoriia Burkina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Portugal, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Portugal, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Rua Badejós, Zona Rural, Cx Postal 66, CEP 77402-970 Gurupi, TO, Brasil
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Portugal, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal
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Ou-Yang CF, Chang CC, Chen SP, Chew C, Lee BR, Chang CY, Montzka SA, Dutton GS, Butler JH, Elkins JW, Wang JL. Changes in the levels and variability of halocarbons and the compliance with the Montreal Protocol from an urban view. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:438-446. [PMID: 26160300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ambient levels and variability of major atmospheric halocarbons, i.e. CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113, CCl4, CH3CCl3, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4 in a major metropolis (Taipei, Taiwan) were re-investigated after fourteen years by flask sampling in 2012. Our data indicates that the variability expressed as standard deviations (SD) of CFC-113 and CCl4 remained small (2.0 ppt and 1.9 ppt, respectively) for the 10th-90th percentile range in both sampling periods; whereas the variability of CFC-12, CFC-11, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4 measured in 2012 became noticeably smaller than observed in 1998, suggesting their emissions were reduced over time. By comparing with the background data of a global network (NOAA/ESRL/GMD baseline observatories), the ambient levels and distribution of these major halocarbons in Taipei approximated those at a background site (Mauna Loa) in 2012, suggesting that the fingerprint of the major halocarbons in a used-to-be prominent source area has gradually approached to that of the background atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Feng Ou-Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Shen-Po Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Clock Chew
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ru Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Stephen A Montzka
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth Systems Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, United States
| | - Geoffrey S Dutton
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth Systems Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, United States; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - James H Butler
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth Systems Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, United States
| | - James W Elkins
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth Systems Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, United States
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
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25
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Cubillos VM, Burritt DJ, Lamare MD, Peake BM. The relationship between UV-irradiance, photoprotective compounds and DNA damage in two intertidal invertebrates with contrasting mobility characteristics. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 149:280-8. [PMID: 26117416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoprotective role of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA) against the generation of DNA cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) was studied in the sessile intertidal anemone Actinia tenebrosa and the mobile intertidal gastropod Diloma aethiops through 27months at a mid-latitude New Zealand location. MAA were sequestered by A. tenebrosa and D. aethiops from their diet, although maximum total MAA levels in both species were not correlated with seasonal variation in maximum ambient UV-B levels recorded at the collection site. Temporal changes in total MAA in A. tenebrosa showed a six months lag-time in their concentration regarding to the environmental UV-B levels. This lag period corresponded to an observed increase in CPD production from spring to summer; suggesting that MAA do not completely protect the anemone from UV-B during summer. For D. aethiops, total MAA concentrations did not change significantly during the study, although qualitative changes in MAA were apparent. A month lag-time in MAA concentration in D. aethiops and possibly the physical barrier that the shell confers to the animal, can explain reduced CPD levels in comparative terms with A. tenebrosa. Although MAA are used by invertebrates for photoprotection, contrasting mobility characteristics and the presence of physical adaptations can confer them important protection levels during temporal changes of UV-B at mid-latitude places of the Southern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mauricio Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - David J Burritt
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barrie M Peake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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26
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Rodil IF, Lucena-Moya P, Olabarria C, Arenas F. Alteration of Macroalgal Subsidies by Climate-Associated Stressors Affects Behavior of Wrack-Reliant Beach Consumers. Ecosystems 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Satanarachchi N, Mino T. A framework to observe and evaluate the sustainability of human-natural systems in a complex dynamic context. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:618. [PMID: 26034676 PMCID: PMC4447720 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to explore the prominent implications of the process of observing complex dynamics linked to sustainability in human-natural systems and to propose a framework for sustainability evaluation by introducing the concept of sustainability boundaries. Arguing that both observing and evaluating sustainability should engage awareness of complex dynamics from the outset, we try to embody this idea in the framework by two complementary methods, namely, the layer view- and dimensional view-based methods, which support the understanding of a reflexive and iterative sustainability process. The framework enables the observation of complex dynamic sustainability contexts, which we call observation metastructures, and enable us to map the contexts to sustainability boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranji Satanarachchi
- />Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Mino
- />Department of Socio-cultural Environmental Studies, Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Suh SS, Hwang J, Park M, Seo HH, Kim HS, Lee JH, Moh SH, Lee TK. Anti-inflammation activities of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in response to UV radiation suggest potential anti-skin aging activity. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5174-87. [PMID: 25317535 PMCID: PMC4210892 DOI: 10.3390/md12105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain photosynthetic marine organisms have evolved mechanisms to counteract UV-radiation by synthesizing UV-absorbing compounds, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). In this study, MAAs were separated from the extracts of marine green alga Chlamydomonas hedleyi using HPLC and were identified as porphyra-334, shinorine, and mycosporine-glycine (mycosporine-Gly), based on their retention times and maximum absorption wavelengths. Furthermore, their structures were confirmed by triple quadrupole MS/MS. Their roles as UV-absorbing compounds were investigated in the human fibroblast cell line HaCaT by analyzing the expression levels of genes associated with antioxidant activity, inflammation, and skin aging in response to UV irradiation. The mycosporine-Gly extract, but not the other MAAs, had strong antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Furthermore, treatment with mycosporine-Gly resulted in a significant decrease in COX-2 mRNA levels, which are typically increased in response to inflammation in the skin, in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, in the presence of MAAs, the UV-suppressed genes, procollagen C proteinase enhancer (PCOLCE) and elastin, which are related to skin aging, had increased expression levels equal to those in UV-mock treated cells. Interestingly, the increased expression of involucrin after UV exposure was suppressed by treatment with the MAAs mycosporine-Gly and shinorine, but not porphyra-334. This is the first report investigating the biological activities of microalgae-derived MAAs in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Suk Suh
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Korea.
| | - Jinik Hwang
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Korea.
| | - Mirye Park
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Korea.
| | - Hyo Hyun Seo
- Anti-Aging Research Institute of Bio-FD&C Co. Ltd, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
| | - Hyoung-Shik Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Institute of Bio-FD&C Co. Ltd, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hun Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Institute of Bio-FD&C Co. Ltd, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
| | - Sang Hyun Moh
- Anti-Aging Research Institute of Bio-FD&C Co. Ltd, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Korea.
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Al-Aidaroos AM, El-Sherbiny MMO, Satheesh S, Mantha G, Agustī S, Carreja B, Duarte CM. High mortality of Red Sea zooplankton under ambient solar radiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108778. [PMID: 25309996 PMCID: PMC4195651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High solar radiation along with extreme transparency leads to high penetration of solar radiation in the Red Sea, potentially harmful to biota inhabiting the upper water column, including zooplankton. Here we show, based on experimental assessments of solar radiation dose-mortality curves on eight common taxa, the mortality of zooplankton in the oligotrophic waters of the Red Sea to increase steeply with ambient levels of solar radiation in the Red Sea. Responses curves linking solar radiation doses with zooplankton mortality were evaluated by exposing organisms, enclosed in quartz bottles, allowing all the wavelengths of solar radiation to penetrate, to five different levels of ambient solar radiation (100%, 21.6%, 7.2%, 3.2% and 0% of solar radiation). The maximum mortality rates under ambient solar radiation levels averaged (±standard error of the mean, SEM) 18.4±5.8% h−1, five-fold greater than the average mortality in the dark for the eight taxa tested. The UV-B radiation required for mortality rates to reach ½of maximum values averaged (±SEM) 12±5.6 h−1% of incident UVB radiation, equivalent to the UV-B dose at 19.2±2.7 m depth in open coastal Red Sea waters. These results confirm that Red Sea zooplankton are highly vulnerable to ambient solar radiation, as a consequence of the combination of high incident radiation and high water transparency allowing deep penetration of damaging UV-B radiation. These results provide evidence of the significance of ambient solar radiation levels as a stressor of marine zooplankton communities in tropical, oligotrophic waters. Because the oligotrophic ocean extends across 70% of the ocean surface, solar radiation can be a globally-significant stressor for the ocean ecosystem, by constraining zooplankton use of the upper levels of the water column and, therefore, the efficiency of food transfer up the food web in the oligotrophic ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Al-Aidaroos
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohsen M. O. El-Sherbiny
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Marine Science Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sathianeson Satheesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gopikrishna Mantha
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susana Agustī
- The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Global Change Research and LINC Global, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Miquel Marqués, Esporles, Spain
| | - Beatriz Carreja
- Department of Global Change Research and LINC Global, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Miquel Marqués, Esporles, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Global Change Research and LINC Global, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Miquel Marqués, Esporles, Spain
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Fischer J, Phillips NE. Carry-over effects of multiple stressors on benthic embryos are mediated by larval exposure to elevated UVB and temperature. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:2108-2116. [PMID: 24259382 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Damaging effects of UVB in conjunction with other stressors associated with global change are well-established, with many studies focused on vulnerable early life stages and immediate effects (e.g., mortality, developmental abnormalities). However, for organisms with complex life cycles, experiences at one life stage can have carry-over effects on later life stages, such that sublethal effects may mediate later vulnerability to further stress. Here, we exposed embryos in benthic egg masses of the New Zealand intertidal gastropod Siphonaria australis to treatments of either periodic stress (e.g., elevated UVB, salinity, and water temperature mimicking tidepool conditions in which egg masses are commonly found during summer) or control conditions (low UVB, ambient salinity, and water temperatures). Although there was high mortality from stressed egg masses, 24% of larvae hatched successfully. We then exposed the hatching larvae from both egg mass treatments to different combinations of water temperature (15 or 20 °C) and light (high UVB or shade) 12 h per day for 10 days. The most stressful larval conditions of 20 °C/high UVB resulted in low survival and stunted growth. Carry-over effects on survival were apparent for shaded larvae exposed to elevated temperature, where those from stressed egg masses had 1.8× higher mortality than those from control egg masses. Shaded larvae were also larger and had longer velar cilia if they were from control egg masses, independent of larval temperature. These results demonstrate that previous experience of environmental stress can influence vulnerability of later life stages to further stress, and that focus on a single life stage will underestimate cumulative effects of agents of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Fischer
- School of Biological Sciences and Coastal Ecology Laboratory (VUCEL), Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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Qin H, Li D. Enhanced Resistance to UV-B Radiation in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (Cyanophyceae) by Repeated Exposure. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Teets NM, Denlinger DL. Surviving in a frozen desert: environmental stress physiology of terrestrial Antarctic arthropods. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:84-93. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is one of the primary constraints limiting the range and success of arthropods, and nowhere is this more apparent than Antarctica. Antarctic arthropods have evolved a suite of adaptations to cope with extremes in temperature and water availability. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the environmental physiology of terrestrial arthropods in Antarctica. To survive low temperatures, mites and Collembola are freeze-intolerant and rely on deep supercooling, in some cases supercooling below −30°C. Also, some of these microarthropods are capable of cryoprotective dehydration to extend their supercooling capacity and reduce the risk of freezing. In contrast, the two best-studied Antarctic insects, the midges Belgica antarctica and Eretmoptera murphyi, are freeze-tolerant year-round and rely on both seasonal and rapid cold-hardening to cope with decreases in temperature. A common theme among Antarctic arthropods is extreme tolerance of dehydration; some accomplish this by cuticular mechanisms to minimize water loss across their cuticle, while a majority have highly permeable cuticles but tolerate upwards of 50–70% loss of body water. Molecular studies of Antarctic arthropod stress physiology are still in their infancy, but several recent studies are beginning to shed light on the underlying mechanisms that govern extreme stress tolerance. Some common themes that are emerging include the importance of cuticular and cytoskeletal rearrangements, heat shock proteins, metabolic restructuring and cell recycling pathways as key mediators of cold and water stress in the Antarctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Teets
- Department of Entomology and Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David L. Denlinger
- Department of Entomology and Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Ding Y, Song L, Sedmak B. UVB radiation as a potential selective factor favoring microcystin producing bloom forming Cyanobacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73919. [PMID: 24058503 PMCID: PMC3772863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the stratospheric ozone depletion, several organisms will become exposed to increased biologically active UVB (280–320 nm) radiation, not only at polar but also at temperate and tropical latitudes. Bloom forming cyanobacteria are exposed to UVB radiation on a mass scale, particularly during the surface bloom and scum formation that can persist for long periods of time. All buoyant species of cyanobacteria are at least periodically exposed to higher irradiation during their vertical migration to the surface that usually occurs several times a day. The aim of this study is to assess the influence on cyanobacteria of UVB radiation at realistic environmental intensities. The effects of two UVB intensities of 0.5 and 0.99 W/m2 in up to 0.5 cm water depth were studied in vitro on Microcystis aeruginosa strains, two microcystin producing and one non-producing. After UVB exposure their ability to proliferate was estimated by cell counting, while cell fitness and integrity were evaluated using light microscopy, autofluorescence and immunofluorescence. Gene damage was assessed by TUNEL assay and SYBR Green staining of the nucleoide area. We conclude that UVB exposure causes damage to the genetic material, cytoskeletal elements, higher sedimentation rates and consequent cell death. In contrast to microcystin producers (PCC7806 and FACHB905), the microcystin non-producing strain PCC7005 is more susceptible to the deleterious effects of radiation, with weak recovery ability. The ecological relevance of the results is discussed using data from eleven years’ continuous UVB radiation measurements within the area of Ljubljana city (Slovenia, Central Europe). Our results suggest that increased solar radiation in temperate latitudes can have its strongest effect during cyanobacterial bloom formation in spring and early summer. UVB radiation in this period may significantly influence strain composition of cyanobacterial blooms in favor of microcystin producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Song
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bojan Sedmak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Environmental- and growth stage-related differences in the susceptibility of terrestrial isopods to UV radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 126:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Extremely cold and persistent stratospheric Arctic vortex in the winter of 2010–2011. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Coelho FJRC, Santos AL, Coimbra J, Almeida A, Cunha A, Cleary DFR, Calado R, Gomes NCM. Interactive effects of global climate change and pollution on marine microbes: the way ahead. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1808-18. [PMID: 23789087 PMCID: PMC3686211 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change has the potential to seriously and adversely affect marine ecosystem functioning. Numerous experimental and modeling studies have demonstrated how predicted ocean acidification and increased ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can affect marine microbes. However, researchers have largely ignored interactions between ocean acidification, increased UVR and anthropogenic pollutants in marine environments. Such interactions can alter chemical speciation and the bioavailability of several organic and inorganic pollutants with potentially deleterious effects, such as modifying microbial-mediated detoxification processes. Microbes mediate major biogeochemical cycles, providing fundamental ecosystems services such as environmental detoxification and recovery. It is, therefore, important that we understand how predicted changes to oceanic pH, UVR, and temperature will affect microbial pollutant detoxification processes in marine ecosystems. The intrinsic characteristics of microbes, such as their short generation time, small size, and functional role in biogeochemical cycles combined with recent advances in molecular techniques (e.g., metagenomics and metatranscriptomics) make microbes excellent models to evaluate the consequences of various climate change scenarios on detoxification processes in marine ecosystems. In this review, we highlight the importance of microbial microcosm experiments, coupled with high-resolution molecular biology techniques, to provide a critical experimental framework to start understanding how climate change, anthropogenic pollution, and microbiological interactions may affect marine ecosystems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J R C Coelho
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Seasonal fertility and combined effects of temperature and UV-radiation on Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae) from Spitsbergen. Polar Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-013-1325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Lee S, Feldstein SB. Detecting Ozone- and Greenhouse Gas–Driven Wind Trends with Observational Data. Science 2013; 339:563-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1225154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Modeling studies suggest that Antarctic ozone depletion and, to a lesser degree, greenhouse gas (GHG) increase have caused the observed poleward shift in the westerly jet during the austral summer. Similar studies have not been performed previously with observational data because of difficulties in separating the two contributions. By applying a cluster analysis to daily ERA-Interim data, we found two 7- to 11-day wind clusters, one resembling the models' responses to GHG forcing and the other resembling ozone depletion. The trends in the clusters' frequency of occurrence indicate that the ozone contributed about 50% more than GHG toward the jet shift, supporting the modeling results. Moreover, tropical convection apparently plays an important role for the GHG-driven trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukyoung Lee
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Steven B. Feldstein
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Bartsch I, Wiencke C, Laepple T. Global Seaweed Biogeography Under a Changing Climate: The Prospected Effects of Temperature. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28451-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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40
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Ossó A, Sola Y, Bech J, Lorente J. Evidence for the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the total ozone column at northern low latitudes and midlatitudes during winter and summer seasons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Hassler B, Daniel JS, Johnson BJ, Solomon S, Oltmans SJ. An assessment of changing ozone loss rates at South Pole: Twenty-five years of ozonesonde measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Hassler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. S. Daniel
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. J. Johnson
- Global Monitoring Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Solomon
- Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. J. Oltmans
- Global Monitoring Division; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
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Whiteman DN, Vermeesch KC, Oman LD, Weatherhead EC. The relative importance of random error and observation frequency in detecting trends in upper tropospheric water vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin C. Vermeesch
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 612; Greenbelt Maryland USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.; Lanham Maryland USA
| | - Luke D. Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614; Greenbelt Maryland USA
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43
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Tauchman E, Pomory C. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on growth and percent settlement of larvalLytechinus variegatus(Echinodermata: Echinoidea). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2011.573329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Balatoni T, Liszkay G, Miklós Z, Kásler M. [Epidemiology of malignant melanoma (Clinical experience at the National Institute of Oncology in Hungary)]. Orv Hetil 2011; 152:1000-6. [PMID: 21642052 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2011.29148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The National Cancer Registry, which has been running since 1999 in Hungary, supplies more and more precise data about the growing incidence of malignant melanoma although nationwide melanoma database currently does not exist. As in the National Institute of Oncology a notable percentage of patients (20-25%) were treated with newly diagnosed melanoma, conclusions may be drawn for the efficacy of primary prevention for the whole country. METHODS The recent study compares the data of patients presented in the Institute with cutaneous malignant melanoma in 1998 and ten years later, in 2008. The histology parameters of tumors were also analyzed. The two groups were compared according to age, gender, localization and histology parameters (histological types Breslow and Clark numbers). In case of continuous variables the Mann-Whitney test were used to determine significant differences. Categorical variables were checked by χ2 test. RESULTS 149 and 377 cutaneous melanomas were diagnosed in 1998 and in 2008, respectively, which accounts for 153% increase in ten years. The mean age of patients was 56.3 and 57.2 years in 1998 and in 2008, respectively. The per cent of males was 43% in 1998 and 49% in 2008. Trunk was the most frequent localization in both years: 39% and 46%, then lower limbs (28% and 22%), upper limbs (21% and 18%) and the head and neck region (12% and 14%). Superficial melanoma was found the most frequent histological type (52 and 54%) followed by nodular melanoma (31% and 23%). Rate of in situ melanoma changed from 10% to 15%. The mean of Breslow numbers was 2.2 mm in 1998 and 1.6 mm in 2008, the difference was highly significant (p = 0.0002). Clark numbers were also decreasing, although the difference was not significant (p = 0.08). The majority of patients were presented with Clark III depth melanoma in both years (38% and 32%). CONCLUSIONS It seems that forces emphasizing the importance of early recognition in medical education and in media are not futile considering that principally the early diagnosis can improve the melanoma's prognosis - which is represented mainly by Breslow tumor depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Balatoni
- Országos Onkológiai Intézet Onkodermatológiai Osztály Budapest Ráth Gy. u. 7-9. 1122.
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45
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Navarro MB, Balseiro E, Modenutti B. UV radiation simultaneously affects phototrophy and phagotrophy in nanoflagellate-dominated phytoplankton from an Andean shallow lake. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1318-25. [PMID: 21655620 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixotrophic nanoflagellates, that combine photosynthesis and phagotrophy, are important members of planktonic food webs in many aquatic environments depending on the balance among the different carbon and energy sources. We carried out field sampling and laboratory experiments with natural nanoflagellate assemblages from an Andean North-Patagonian lake exposing them or not to UVR, and measuring photosynthetic parameters and bacterivory. The effect of different light treatments on the photosynthetic efficiency was studied by the non-invasive, pulse amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorescence technique, and bacterivory was assessed with fluorescently labeled bacteria (FLB). Mixotrophic nanoflagellates were clearly dominant (up to 90% of total phytoplankton and 88% of total nanoflagellate abundance), and in the experiments labeled bacteria were observed in more than 75% of mixotrophic cells. These results support the idea that these phytoflagellates were never entirely photosynthetic. The high light : phosphorus ratio and the high C : N : P ratio suggest a strong nutrient limitation towards P. Our results show that both functions, photosynthesis and bacteria ingestion, were simultaneously reduced by the same level of UVR. We estimated that UVR exposure of mixotrophic nanoflagellates reduced photosystem II activity between 23% and 31% while ingestion rates were reduced between 23% and 28%. Therefore, our results suggest that the different cell functions could be concurrently impacted by UVR, implying that patterns and rates of C transfer would be substantially altered in the microbial food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Bastidas Navarro
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina.
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Aronson RB, Thatje S, McClintock JB, Hughes KA. Anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems in Antarctica. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1223:82-107. [PMID: 21449967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antarctica is the most isolated continent on Earth, but it has not escaped the negative impacts of human activity. The unique marine ecosystems of Antarctica and their endemic faunas are affected on local and regional scales by overharvesting, pollution, and the introduction of alien species. Global climate change is also having deleterious impacts: rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification already threaten benthic and pelagic food webs. The Antarctic Treaty System can address local- to regional-scale impacts, but it does not have purview over the global problems that impinge on Antarctica, such as emissions of greenhouse gases. Failure to address human impacts simultaneously at all scales will lead to the degradation of Antarctic marine ecosystems and the homogenization of their composition, structure, and processes with marine ecosystems elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Aronson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, USA.
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Bouvy M, Bettarel Y, Bouvier C, Domaizon I, Jacquet S, Le Floc'h E, Montanié H, Mostajir B, Sime-Ngando T, Torréton JP, Vidussi F, Bouvier T. Trophic interactions between viruses, bacteria and nanoflagellates under various nutrient conditions and simulated climate change. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:1842-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Dahms HU, Dobretsov S, Lee JS. Effects of UV radiation on marine ectotherms in polar regions. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 153:363-71. [PMID: 21300175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ozone-related increase in solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) during the last decades provided an important ecological stressor, particularly for polar ecosystems since these are less adapted to such changes. All life forms appear to be susceptible to UVR to a highly variable extent that depends on individual species and their environment. Differences in sensitivity between organisms may relate to efficiency differences of their protection mechanisms and repair systems. UVR impacts are masked by large seasonal and geographic differences even in confined areas like the polar regions. UVR has effects and responses on various integration levels: from genetics, physiology, biology, populations, communities, to functional changes as in food webs with consequences on material and energy circulations through ecosystems. Even at current levels, solar UV-B affects consumer organisms, such as ectotherms (invertebrates and fish), particularly through impediments on critical phases of their development (early life history stages such as gametes, zygotes and larvae). Despite the overall negative implications of UVR, effect sizes vary widely in, e.g., molecular damage, cell and tissue damage, survival, growth, behavior, histology, and at the level of populations, communities and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-U Dahms
- National Research Lab of Marine Molecular and Environmental Bioscience, Department of Chemistry, and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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Echeveste P, Agustí S, Dachs J. Cell size dependence of additive versus synergetic effects of UV radiation and PAHs on oceanic phytoplankton. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1307-1316. [PMID: 21330023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons' (PAHs) toxicity is enhanced by the presence of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which levels have arisen due to the thinning of the ozone layer. In this study, PAHs' phototoxicity for natural marine phytoplankton was tested. Different concentrations of a mixture of 16 PAHs were added to natural phytoplankton communities from the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic, Arctic and Southern Oceans and exposed to natural sunlight received in situ, including treatments where the UVR bands were removed. PAHs' toxicity was observed for all the phytoplankton groups studied in all the waters and treatments tested, but only for the pico-sized group a synergetic effect of the mixture and UVR was observed (p=0.009). When comparing phototoxicity in phytoplankton from oligotrophic and eutrophic waters, synergy was only observed at the oligotrophic communities (p=0.02) where pico-sized phytoplankton dominated. The degree of sensitivity was related to the trophic degree, decreasing as Chlorophyll a concentration increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Echeveste
- Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain.
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Zhang YL, Guo H, Wang XM, Simpson IJ, Barletta B, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Rowland FS, Cheng HR, Saunders SM, Lam SHM. Emission patterns and spatiotemporal variations of halocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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