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Kasap EY, Parfenova ОK, Kurkin RV, Grishin DV. Bioinformatic analysis of the coding region of the melatonin receptor 1b gene as a reliable DNA marker to resolve interspecific mammal phylogenetic relationships. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:5430-5447. [PMID: 36896552 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This research looks into the main DNA markers and the limits of their application in molecular phylogenetic analysis. Melatonin 1B (MTNR1B) receptor genes were analyzed from various biological sources. Based on the coding sequences of this gene, using the class Mammalia as example, phylogenetic reconstructions were made to study the potential of mtnr1b as a DNA marker for phylogenetic relationships investigating. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using NJ, ME and ML methods that establish the evolutionary relationships between different groups of mammals. The resulting topologies were generally in good agreement with topologies established on the basis of morphological and archaeological data as well as with other molecular markers. The present divergences provided a unique opportunity for evolutionary analysis. These results suggest that the coding sequence of the MTNR1B gene can be used as a marker to study the relationships of lower evolutionary levels (order, species) as well as to resolve deeper branches of the phylogenetic tree at the infraclass level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Y Kasap
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 10 Pogodinskaya St, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Оlga K Parfenova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 10 Pogodinskaya St, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Roman V Kurkin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 10 Pogodinskaya St, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Grishin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 10 Pogodinskaya St, Moscow, 119121, Russia
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Desch SJ, Jackson AP, Noviello JL, Anbar AD. The breakup of a long-period comet is not a likely match to the Chicxulub impactor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10415. [PMID: 35729176 PMCID: PMC9213478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Desch
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1404, USA.
| | - Alan P Jackson
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1404, USA
| | - Jessica L Noviello
- NASA Postdoctoral Management Fellow, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Ariel D Anbar
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1404, USA.,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
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Reply to: The breakup of a long-period comet is not a likely match to the Chicxulub impactor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10427. [PMID: 35729331 PMCID: PMC9213458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
It has recently been suggested that a gravitational transition of the effective Newton’s constant Geff by about 10%, 50–150 Myrs ago could lead to the resolution of both the Hubble crisis and the growth tension of the standard ΛCDM model. Hints for such an abrupt transition with weaker gravity at times before the transition, have recently been identified in Tully–Fisher galactic mass-velocity data, and also in Cepheid SnIa calibrator data. Here we use Monte-Carlo simulations to show that such a transition could significantly increase (by a factor of 3 or more) the number of long period comets (LPCs) impacting the solar system from the Oort cloud (semi-major axis of orbits ≳104AU). This increase is consistent with observational evidence from the terrestrial and lunar cratering rates, indicating that the impact flux of kilometer sized objects increased by at least a factor of 2 over that last 100 Myrs compared to the long term average. This increase may also be connected with the Chicxulub impactor event that produced the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K-T) extinction of 75% of life on Earth (including dinosaurs) about 66 Myrs ago. We use Monte-Carlo simulations to show that for isotropic Oort cloud comet distribution with initially circular orbits, random velocity perturbations (induced e.g., by passing stars and/or galactic tidal effects), lead to a deformation of the orbits that increases significantly when Geff increases. A 10% increase in Geff leads to an increase in the probability of the comets to enter the loss cone and reach the planetary region (pericenter of less than 10 AU) by a factor that ranges from 5% (for velocity perturbation much smaller than the comet initial velocity) to more than 300% (for total velocity perturbations comparable with the initial comet velocity).
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Abstract
The standard view of meteorite delivery to Earth is that of the cascading model where large asteroid break-ups generate new fragment populations that feed the inner solar system with material for extended time periods. Our investigated time windows, stretching from the Cambrian to the present, do not support this model. In fact, of 70 major family-forming break-ups the past ∼500 Ma, only 1 appears to have given rise to a strongly enhanced flux to Earth. We argue that meteorites and small asteroids delivered to Earth in deep time are not primarily linked to the sequence of asteroid family-forming events. Another, as yet unknown, delivery process appears to be associated with a very restricted region in the asteroid belt. The meteoritic material falling on Earth is believed to derive from large break-up or cratering events in the asteroid belt. The flux of extraterrestrial material would then vary in accordance with the timing of such asteroid family-forming events. In order to validate this, we investigated marine sediments representing 15 time-windows in the Phanerozoic for content of micrometeoritic relict chrome-spinel grains (>32 μm). We compare these data with the timing of the 15 largest break-up events involving chrome-spinel–bearing asteroids (S- and V-types). Unexpectedly, our Phanerozoic time windows show a stable flux dominated by ordinary chondrites similar to today’s flux. Only in the mid-Ordovician, in connection with the break-up of the L-chondrite parent body, do we observe an anomalous micrometeorite regime with a two to three orders-of-magnitude increase in the flux of L-chondritic chrome-spinel grains to Earth. This corresponds to a one order-of-magnitude excess in the number of impact craters in the mid-Ordovician following the L-chondrite break-up, the only resolvable peak in Phanerozoic cratering rates indicative of an asteroid shower. We argue that meteorites and small (<1-km-sized) asteroids impacting Earth mainly sample a very small region of orbital space in the asteroid belt. This selectiveness has been remarkably stable over the past 500 Ma.
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Breakup of a long-period comet as the origin of the dinosaur extinction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3803. [PMID: 33589634 PMCID: PMC7884440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of the Chicxulub impactor, which is attributed as the cause of the K/T mass extinction event, is an unsolved puzzle. The background impact rates of main-belt asteroids and long-period comets have been previously dismissed as being too low to explain the Chicxulub impact event. Here, we show that a fraction of long-period comets are tidally disrupted after passing close to the Sun, each producing a collection of smaller fragments that cross the orbit of Earth. This population could increase the impact rate of long-period comets capable of producing Chicxulub impact events by an order of magnitude. This new rate would be consistent with the age of the Chicxulub impact crater, thereby providing a satisfactory explanation for the origin of the impactor. Our hypothesis explains the composition of the largest confirmed impact crater in Earth's history as well as the largest one within the last million years. It predicts a larger proportion of impactors with carbonaceous chondritic compositions than would be expected from meteorite falls of main-belt asteroids.
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Mazrouei S, Ghent RR, Bottke WF, Parker AH, Gernon TM. Earth and Moon impact flux increased at the end of the Paleozoic. Science 2019; 363:253-257. [PMID: 30655437 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The terrestrial impact crater record is commonly assumed to be biased, with erosion thought to eliminate older craters, even on stable terrains. Given that the same projectile population strikes Earth and the Moon, terrestrial selection effects can be quantified by using a method to date lunar craters with diameters greater than 10 kilometers and younger than 1 billion years. We found that the impact rate increased by a factor of 2.6 about 290 million years ago. The terrestrial crater record shows similar results, suggesting that the deficit of large terrestrial craters between 300 million and 650 million years ago relative to more recent times stems from a lower impact flux, not preservation bias. The almost complete absence of terrestrial craters older than 650 million years may indicate a massive global-scale erosion event near that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mazrouei
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Rebecca R Ghent
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas M Gernon
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Strang KD. Investment Selection in Complex Multinational Projects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.4018/ijitpm.2014040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Project executives believe complex multinational investment selection is complicated because there are many criteria to evaluate and the decision-making theories are difficult to implement in practice. The 2008 global recession has forced companies to rebalance existing programs and products. Thus, project selection is not merely a go/no-go decision for a single project but instead it is a multiple-criteria factor analysis of multiple new proposals – and whether to continue existing projects. Different selection approaches can produce opposite outcomes when applied to the same situation. Qualitative techniques such as managerial preferences or Delphi consensus building are subjective. Objective quantitative methods such as Markov analysis, linear programming and search heuristics are grounded on rigorous calculus theory, but they produce a single result (not priorities). Also, quantitative techniques may omit important managerial insight. This study demonstrates how qualitative and quantitative selection techniques can be combined for complex multinational investment decision making at a Virginia-USA-based coal mine company that generates electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth David Strang
- School of Business and Economics, State University of New York, Plattsburgh, NY, USA & APPC Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Etienne RS, Haegeman B. A Conceptual and Statistical Framework for Adaptive Radiations with a Key Role for Diversity Dependence. Am Nat 2012; 180:E75-89. [DOI: 10.1086/667574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
In this article, the pattern learned from the classic or conventional rotating circular genetic code is transferred to a 64-grid model. In this non-static representation, the codons for the same amino acid within each quadrant could be exchanged, wobbling or rotating in a quantic way similar to the electrons within an atomic orbit. Represented in this 64-grid format are the three rules of variation encompassing 4, 2, or 1 quadrant, respectively: 1) same position in four quadrants for the essential hydrophobic amino acids that have U at the center, 2) same or contiguous position for the same or related amino acids in two quadrants, and 3) equivalent amino acids within one quadrant. Also represented is the mathematical balance of the odd and even codons, and the most used codons per amino acid in humans compared to one diametrically opposed organism: the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a comparison that depicts the difference in third nucleotide preferences: a C/U exchange for 11 amino acids, a G/A exchange for 2 amino acids, and G/U or C/A exchanges for one amino acid, respectively; by studying these codon usage preferences per amino acid we present our two hypotheses: 1) A slower translation in vertebrates and 2) a faster translation in invertebrates, possibly due to the aqueous environments where they live. These codon usage preferences may also be able to determine genomic compatibility by comparing individual mRNAs and their functional third dimensional structure, transport and translation within cells and organisms. These observations are aimed to the design of bioinformatics computational tools to compare human genomes and to determine the exchange between compatible codons and amino acids, to preserve and/or to bring back extinct biodiversity, and for the early detection of incompatible changes that lead to genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Castro-Chavez
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Wilf P. Insect-damaged fossil leaves record food web response to ancient climate change and extinction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:486-502. [PMID: 18331425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants and herbivorous insects have dominated terrestrial ecosystems for over 300 million years. Uniquely in the fossil record, foliage with well-preserved insect damage offers abundant and diverse information both about producers and about ecological and sometimes taxonomic groups of consumers. These data are ideally suited to investigate food web response to environmental perturbations, and they represent an invaluable deep-time complement to neoecological studies of global change. Correlations between feeding diversity and temperature, between herbivory and leaf traits that are modulated by climate, and between insect diversity and plant diversity can all be investigated in deep time. To illustrate, I emphasize recent work on the time interval from the latest Cretaceous through the middle Eocene (67-47 million years ago (Ma)), including two significant events that affected life: the end-Cretaceous mass extinction (65.5 Ma) and its ensuing recovery; and globally warming temperatures across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (55.8 Ma). Climatic effects predicted from neoecology generally hold true in these deep-time settings. Rising temperature is associated with increased herbivory in multiple studies, a result with major predictive importance for current global warming. Diverse floras are usually associated with diverse insect damage; however, recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction reveals uncorrelated plant and insect diversity as food webs rebuilt chaotically from a drastically simplified state. Calibration studies from living forests are needed to improve interpretation of the fossil data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Brumfiel G. Killer asteroid fingered. Nature 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/news070903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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