1
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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Ullah A, Yin X, Naveed M, Aslam S, Chan MWH, Bo S, Wang F, Xu B, Xu B, Yu Z. Study of selenium enrichment metabolomics in Bacillus subtilis BSN313 via transcriptome analysis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024; 71:609-626. [PMID: 38311980 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the transcriptome analysis was practiced to identify potential genes of probiotic Bacillus subtilis BSN313 involved in selenium (Se) enrichment metabolism. The transcriptomic variation of the strain was deliberated in presence of three different sodium selenite concentrations (0, 3, and 20 μg/mL). The samples were taken at 1 and 13 h subsequent to inoculation of selenite and gene expression profiles in Se metabolism were analyzed through RNA sequencing. The gene expression levels of the pre log phase were lower than the stationary phase. It is because, the bacteria has maximum grown with high concentration of Se (enriched with organic Se), at stationary phase. Bacterial culture containing 3 μg/mL concentration of inorganic Se (sodium selenite) has shown highest gene expression as compared to no or high concentration of Se. This concentration (3 μg/mL) of sodium selenite (as Se) in the medium promoted the upregulation of thioredoxin reductase expression, whereas its higher Se concentration inhibited the formation of selenomethionine (SeMet). The result of 5 L bioreactor fermentation showed that SeMet was also detected in the fermentation supernatant as the growth entered in the late stationary phase and reached up to 857.3 ng/mL. The overall intracellular SeMet enriched content in BSN313 was extended up to 23.4 μg/g dry cell weight. The other two selenoamino acids (Se-AAs), methyl-selenocysteine, and selenocysteine were hardly detected in medium supernatant. From this study, it was concluded that SeMet was the highest content of organic Se byproduct biosynthesized by B. subtilis BSN313 strain in Se-enriched medium during stationary phase. Thus, B. subtilis BSN313 can be considered a commercial probiotic strain that can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This is because it can meet the commercial demand for Se-AAs (SeMet) in both industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Food and Marine Resources Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Xian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Sadar Aslam
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Malik Wajid Hussain Chan
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Bo
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Fenghuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xu
- McIntire School of Commerce, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Baocai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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3
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Mori T, Abe I. Lincosamide Antibiotics: Structure, Activity, and Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300840. [PMID: 38165257 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lincosamides are naturally occurring antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces sp. Currently, lincomycin A and its semisynthetic analogue clindamycin are used as clinical drugs. Due to their unique structures and remarkable biological activities, derivatizations of lincosamides via semi-synthesis and biosynthetic studies have been reported. This review summarizes the structures and biological activities of lincosamides, and the recent studies of lincosamide biosynthetic enzymes.
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Grants
- JP20H00490 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan
- JP22H05126 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan
- JP23H00393 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan
- JP23H02641 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan
- JPNP20011 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
- JP21ak0101164 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
- JP23ama121027 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
- JPMJPR20DA Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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4
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Vasseur CM, Karunasegaram D, Seebeck FP. Structure and Substrate Specificity of S-Methyl Thiourocanate Hydratase. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:718-724. [PMID: 38389448 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a common cofactor in enzyme-catalyzed reactions that involve hydride transfers. In contrast, urocanase and urocanase-like enzymes use NAD+ for covalent electrophilic catalysis. Deciphering avenues by which this unusual catalytic strategy has diversified by evolution may point to approaches for the design of novel enzymes. In this report, we describe the S-methyl thiourocanate hydratase (S-Me-TUC) from Variovorax sp. RA8 as a novel member of this small family of NAD+-dependent hydratases. This enzyme catalyzes the 1,4-addition of water to S-methyl thiourocanate as the second step in the catabolism of S-methyl ergothioneine. The crystal structure of this enzyme in complex with the cofactor and a product analogue identifies critical sequence motifs that explain the narrow and nonoverlapping substrate scopes of S-methyl thiourocanate-, urocanate-, thiourocanate-, and Nτ-methyl urocanate-specific hydratases. The discovery of a S-methyl ergothioneine catabolic pathway also suggests that S-methylation or alkylation may be a significant activity in the biology of ergothioneine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Vasseur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Dishani Karunasegaram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel 4002, Switzerland
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5
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Cai X, Xu W, Zheng Y, Wu S, Zhao R, Wang N, Tang Y, Ke M, Kang Q, Bai L, Zhang B, Wu H. Coupled strategy based on regulator manipulation and medium optimization empowers the biosynthetic overproduction of lincomycin. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:134-143. [PMID: 38318491 PMCID: PMC10840354 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites, specifically antibiotics, is of great scientific and economic importance. The control of antibiotic production typically involves different processes and molecular mechanism. Despite numerous efforts to improve antibiotic yields, joint engineering strategies for combining genetic manipulation with fermentation optimization remain finite. Lincomycin A (Lin-A), a lincosamide antibiotic, is industrially fermented by Streptomyces lincolnensis. Herein, the leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp)-type regulator SLCG_4846 was confirmed to directly inhibit the lincomycin biosynthesis, whereas indirectly controlled the transcription of SLCG_2919, the first reported repressor in S. lincolnensis. Inactivation of SLCG_4846 in the high-yield S. lincolnensis LA219X (LA219XΔ4846) increases the Lin-A production and deletion of SLCG_2919 in LA219XΔ4846 exhibits superimposed yield increment. Given the effect of the double deletion on cellular primary metabolism of S. lincolnensis, Plackett-Burman design, steepest ascent and response surface methodologies were utilized and employed to optimize the seed medium of this double mutant in shake flask, and Lin-A yield using optimal seed medium was significantly increased over the control. Above strategies were performed in a 15-L fermenter. The maximal yield of Lin-A in LA219XΔ4846-2919 reached 6.56 g/L at 216 h, 55.1 % higher than that in LA219X at the parental cultivation (4.23 g/L). This study not only showcases the potential of this strategy to boost lincomycin production, but also could empower the development of high-performance actinomycetes for other antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Wanlian Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Sendi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Rundong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Nian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yaqian Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Meilan Ke
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qianjin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Linquan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Buchang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Hang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
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6
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Mao Y, Zhang X, Zhou T, Hou B, Ye J, Wu H, Wang R, Zhang H. Three new LmbU targets outside lmb cluster inhibit lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:3. [PMID: 38172890 PMCID: PMC10763038 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics biosynthesis is usually regulated by the cluster-situated regulatory gene(s) (CSRG(s)), which directly regulate the genes within the corresponding biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). Previously, we have demonstrated that LmbU functions as a cluster-situated regulator (CSR) of lincomycin. And it has been found that LmbU regulates twenty non-lmb genes through comparative transcriptomic analysis. However, the regulatory mode of CSRs' targets outside the BGC remains unknown. RESULTS We screened the targets of LmbU in the whole genome of Streptomyces lincolnensis and found fourteen candidate targets, among which, eight targets can bind to LmbU by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Reporter assays in vivo revealed that LmbU repressed the transcription of SLINC_0469 and SLINC_1037 while activating the transcription of SLINC_8097. In addition, disruptions of SLINC_0469, SLINC_1037, and SLINC_8097 promoted the production of lincomycin, and qRT-PCR showed that SLINC_0469, SLINC_1037, and SLINC_8097 inhibited transcription of the lmb genes, indicating that all the three regulators can negatively regulate lincomycin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS LmbU can directly regulate genes outside the lmb cluster, and these genes can affect both lincomycin biosynthesis and the transcription of lmb genes. Our results first erected the cascade regulatory circuit of LmbU and regulators outside lmb cluster, which provides the theoretical basis for the functional research of LmbU family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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7
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Dumitrescu DG, Hatzios SK. Emerging roles of low-molecular-weight thiols at the host-microbe interface. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102322. [PMID: 37201290 PMCID: PMC10524283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols are an abundant class of cysteine-derived small molecules found in all forms of life that maintain reducing conditions within cells. While their contributions to cellular redox homeostasis are well established, LMW thiols can also mediate other aspects of cellular physiology, including intercellular interactions between microbial and host cells. Here we discuss emerging roles for these redox-active metabolites at the host-microbe interface. We begin by providing an overview of chemical and computational approaches to LMW-thiol discovery. Next, we highlight mechanisms of virulence regulation by LMW thiols in infected cells. Finally, we describe how microbial metabolism of these compounds may influence host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Dumitrescu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Stavroula K Hatzios
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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8
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Dai Y, Cheng Y, Ding W, Qiao H, Zhang D, Zhong G, Xia M, Tao J, Sun P, Fang P, Liu W. Structural Basis of Low-Molecular-Weight Thiol Glycosylation in Lincomycin A Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1271-1277. [PMID: 37272735 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of low-molecular-weight thiols in the biosynthesis of natural products is rarely reported. During lincomycin A biosynthesis, ergothioneine (EGT) is incorporated in the S-glycosylation catalyzed by LmbT. In contrast to the widely reported glycosylation of nitrogen and oxygen atoms, the glycosylation of sulfur atoms is less studied. In particular, the crystal structure of enzymes that glycosylate thiols on small molecules rather than peptides has not been reported. Here, we report the crystal structures of LmbT in apo form and in complex with GDP and EGT S-conjugated lincosamine. We found that LmbT has a characteristic glycosyltransferase type B fold, which forms a symmetric homotetramer. The substrates are bound deeply in the catalytic cleft. Consistent with the substrate structure, LmbT does not have the large peptide binding groove of the previously reported S-glycosyltransferase. Combined with site-directed mutagenesis, we propose a catalytic mechanism for the unusual EGT-mediated S-glycosylation in natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Dai
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weizhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Derundong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guannan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiang Tao
- Department of General Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Tu B, Mao Y, Wang R, Kang Y, Ye J, Zhang H, Wu H. An alternative σ factor σ Lsl regulates lincomycin production in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:190-199. [DOI: doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLincomycin produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis is a critical antibacterial antibiotic in the clinical. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of lincomycin biosynthesis, we identified an alternative σ factor, σLsl, in Streptomyces lincolnensis NRRL 2936. Deletion of sigLsl resulted in an increase in cell growth but a decrease in lincomycin production. σLsl boosted lincomycin biosynthesis by directly stimulating the transcription of four genes (lmbD, lmbV, lmrC, and lmbU) within the lincomycin biosynthetic lmb gene cluster. Besides, σLsl participated in lincomycin biosynthesis by directly stimulating the transcription of mshC, a gene responsible for MSH synthesis. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that σLsl plays a direct regulatory role in lincomycin biosynthesis. This study extends the understanding of molecular mechanisms of lincomycin biosynthetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yue Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yajing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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10
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Tu B, Mao Y, Wang R, Kang Y, Ye J, Zhang H, Wu H. An alternative σ factor σ L sl regulates lincomycin production in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:190-199. [PMID: 36453540 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lincomycin produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis is a critical antibacterial antibiotic in the clinical. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of lincomycin biosynthesis, we identified an alternative σ factor, σL sl , in Streptomyces lincolnensis NRRL 2936. Deletion of sigLsl resulted in an increase in cell growth but a decrease in lincomycin production. σL sl boosted lincomycin biosynthesis by directly stimulating the transcription of four genes (lmbD, lmbV, lmrC, and lmbU) within the lincomycin biosynthetic lmb gene cluster. Besides, σL sl participated in lincomycin biosynthesis by directly stimulating the transcription of mshC, a gene responsible for MSH synthesis. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that σL sl plays a direct regulatory role in lincomycin biosynthesis. This study extends the understanding of molecular mechanisms of lincomycin biosynthetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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11
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Beliaeva M, Seebeck FP. Discovery and Characterization of the Metallopterin-Dependent Ergothioneine Synthase from Caldithrix abyssi. JACS AU 2022; 2:2098-2107. [PMID: 36186560 PMCID: PMC9516567 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a histidine derivative with a 2-mercaptoimidazole side chain and a trimethylated α-amino group. Although the physiological function of this natural product is not yet understood, the facts that many bacteria, some archaea, and most fungi produce ergothioneine and that plants and animals have specific mechanisms to absorb and distribute ergothioneine in specific tissues suggest a fundamental role in cellular life. The observation that ergothioneine biosynthesis has emerged multiple times in molecular evolution points to the same conclusion. Aerobic bacteria and fungi attach sulfur to the imidazole ring of trimethylhistidine via an O2-dependent reaction that is catalyzed by a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme. Green sulfur bacteria and archaea use a rhodanese-like sulfur transferase to attach sulfur via oxidative polar substitution. In this report, we describe a third unrelated class of enzymes that catalyze sulfur transfer in ergothioneine production. The metallopterin-dependent ergothioneine synthase from Caldithrix abyssi contains an N-terminal module that is related to the tungsten-dependent acetylene hydratase and a C-terminal domain that is a functional cysteine desulfurase. The two modules cooperate to transfer sulfur from cysteine onto trimethylhistidine. Inactivation of the C-terminal desulfurase blocks ergothioneine production but maintains the ability of the metallopterin to exchange sulfur between ergothioneine and trimethylhistidine. Homologous bifunctional enzymes are encoded exclusively in anaerobic bacterial and archaeal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia
A. Beliaeva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular
Systems Engineering, National Competence
Center in Research (NCCR), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular
Systems Engineering, National Competence
Center in Research (NCCR), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Vobruba S, Kadlcik S, Janata J, Kamenik Z. TldD/TldE peptidases and N-deacetylases: A structurally unique yet ubiquitous protein family in the microbial metabolism. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127186. [PMID: 36155963 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we provide a review on TldD/TldE family proteins, summarizing current knowledge and outlining further research perspectives. Despite being widely distributed in bacteria and archaea, TldD/TldE proteins have been escaping attention for a long time until several recent reports pointed to their unique features. Specifically, TldD/TldE generally act as peptidases, though some of them turned out to be N-deacetylases. Biological function of TldD/TldE has been extensively described in bacterial specialized metabolism, in which they participate in the biosynthesis of lincosamide antibiotics (as N-deacetylases), and in the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified bioactive peptides (as peptidases). These enzymes possess special position in the relevant biosynthesis since they convert non-bioactive intermediates into bioactive metabolites. Further, based on a recent study of Escherichia coli TldD/TldE, these heterodimeric metallopeptidases possess a new protein fold exhibiting several structural features with no precedent in the Protein Data Bank. The most interesting ones are structural elements forming metal-containing active site on the inner surface of the catalytically active subunit TldD, in which substrates bind through β sheet interactions in the sequence-independent manner. It results in relaxed substrate specificity of TldD/TldE, which is counterbalanced by enclosing the active centre within the hollow core of the heterodimer and only appropriate substrates can entry through a narrow channel. Based on the published data, we hypothesize a yet unrecognized central metabolic function of TldD/TldE in the degradation of (partially) unfolded proteins, i.e., in protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vobruba
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kadlcik
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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13
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Wang S, Cheng Y, Wang X, Yang Q, Liu W. Tracing of Acyl Carrier Protein-channeled Mitomycin Intermediates in Streptomyces caespitosus Facilitates Characterization of the Biosynthetic Steps for AHBA-GlcN Formation and Processing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14945-14956. [PMID: 35943208 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitomycins are a family of naturally occurring, potent alkylating agents in which the C member has been clinically used for cancer chemotherapy for over 5 decades. In Streptomyces caespitosus, mitomycins are derived from an N-glycoside composed of a 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA) unit and a d-glucosamine (GlcN) unit; however, how this N-glycoside is formed and rearranged to a mitosane, for example, the compact polycyclic ring system of mitomycin C, remains elusive. Benefiting from the development of a method used to trace the mitomycin intermediates that accumulate on an acyl carrier protein (ACP), we here dissect the enzymatic steps for AHBA-GlcN formation and processing to underlie the mitosane structure. Following the N-glycosylation of AHBA with activated N-acetyl-GlcN, deacetylation occurs on ACP to provide AHBA-GlcN. Then, the sugar portion of this N-glycoside is transformed into a linear aminodiol that terminates with an epoxyethane, yielding an ACP-channeled intermediate that is ready for mitosane formation through crosslinking between the AHBA and linearized sugar units. This transformation is unusual and relies on the functional association of a dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)-dependent protein with a radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine protein. Characterization of these ACP-based enzymatic steps for AHBA-GlcN formation and processing sheds light on the poorly understood biosynthetic pathway of mitomycins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Abstract
Significance: Ergothioneine (ET) is an unusual sulfur-containing amino acid derived from histidine, acquired predominantly from food. Its depletion is associated with deleterious consequences in response to stress stimuli in cell culture models, prompting us to classify it as a vitamin in 2010, which was later supported by in vivo studies. ET is obtained from a variety of foods and is taken up by a selective transporter. ET possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that confer cytoprotection. ET crosses the blood-brain barrier and has been reported to have beneficial effects in the brain. In this study, we discuss the cytoprotective and neuroprotective properties of ET, which may be harnessed for combating neurodegeneration and decline during aging. Recent Advances: The designation of ET as a stress vitamin is gaining momentum, opening a new field of investigation involving small molecules that are essential for optimal physiological functioning and maintenance of health span. Critical Issues: Although ET was discovered more than a century ago, its physiological functions are still being elucidated, especially in the brain. As ET is present in most foods, toxicity associated with its deprivation has been difficult to assess. Future Directions: Using genetically engineered cells and mice, it may now be possible to elucidate roles of ET. This coupled with advances in genomics and metabolomics may lead to identification of ET function. As ET is a stable antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties, whose levels decline during aging, supplementing ET in the diet or consuming an ET-rich diet may prove beneficial. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1306-1317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu D Paul
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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A Fluorescent Probe to Detect Quick Disulfide Reductase Activity in Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020377. [PMID: 35204259 PMCID: PMC8868778 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trx and Grx systems, two disulfide reductase systems, play critical roles in various cell activities. There are great differences between the thiol redox systems in prokaryotes and mammals. Though fluorescent probes have been widely used to detect these systems in mammalian cells. Very few methods are available to detect rapid changes in the redox systems of prokaryotes. Here we investigated whether Fast-TRFS, a disulfide-containing fluorescent probe utilized in analysis of mammalian thioredoxin reductase, could be used to detect cellular disulfide reducibility in bacteria. Fast-TRFS exhibited good substrate qualities for both bacterial thioredoxin and GSH-glutaredoxin systems in vitro, with Trx system having higher reaction rate. Moreover, the Fast-TRFS was used to detect the disulfide reductase activity in various bacteria and redox-related gene null E. coli. Some glutaredoxin-deficient bacteria had stronger fast disulfide reducibility. The Trx system was shown to be the predominant disulfide reductase for fast disulfide reduction rather than the Grx system. These results demonstrated that Fast-TRFS is a viable probe to detect thiol-dependent disulfide reductases in bacteria. It also indicated that cellular disulfide reduction could be classified into fast and slow reaction, which are predominantly catalyzed by E. coli Trx and Grx system, respectively.
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16
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Xiong T, Xie R, Huang C, Lan X, Huang N, Yao H. Recent advances in the synthesis of thiosugars using glycal donors. J Carbohydr Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2022.2027433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. China
| | - Cai Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. China
| | - Nianyu Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. China
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17
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Kumar H, Dubey A, Prajapati G, Kant R, Ampapathi RS, Mandal PK. Regioselective direct sulfenylation of glycals using arylsulfonyl chlorides in the presence of triphenylphosphine: access to C2-thioaryl glycosides. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05228d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cheap and easily available arylsulfonyl chlorides as a sulfur source reductively couple with glycals in the presence of triphenylphosphine to afford C2-thioaryl glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikesh Kumar
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Atul Dubey
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Gurudayal Prajapati
- NMR Centre, SAIF, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ravi S. Ampapathi
- NMR Centre, SAIF, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Pintu Kumar Mandal
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad-201002, India
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18
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Deng MR, Li Y, Luo X, Zheng XL, Chen Y, Zhang YL, Zhang W, Zhou H, Zhu H. Discovery of Mycothiogranaticins from Streptomyces vietnamensis GIMV4.0001 and the Regulatory Effect of Mycothiol on the Granaticin Biosynthesis. Front Chem 2021; 9:802279. [PMID: 35004619 PMCID: PMC8733708 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.802279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Granaticins are benzoisochromanequinone polyketides with remarkable antibacterial and anticancer activities. Three sulfur-containing granaticin congeners, mycothiogranaticins A (1), B (2) and granaticin MA (3) were discovered from a granaticin-producing strain of Streptomyces vietnamensis GIMV4.0001. Two of them were structurally determined with mycothiol or N-acetylcysteine moieties and found to be bio-actively reluctant. Disruption of the mshA gene (SVTN_RS20640) that encodes the D-inositol-3-phosphate glycosyltransferase crucial for mycothiol biosynthesis, fully abolished the production of mycothiogranaticins. The result substantiated that the newly discovered mycothiogranaticins are consequences of the combination of the granaticin and mycothiol biosynthetic pathways. The overall granaticin production of the ΔmshA mutant strain was unexpectedly decreased by at least more than 50%, while similar production level of granaticins to that of the wild type strain was observed in an mycothiol-S transferase gene (SVTN_RS22215) disruptant Δmst. These results indicated that the mycothiol deficiency was responsible for the decreased production of granaticins. Mycothiol may positively regulate the biosynthesis of granaticin possibly by maintaining the cellular redox balance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that mycothiol can not only be a direct building block of polyketides but also play a regulatory role in the polyketide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yu-Lian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Yadan JC. Matching chemical properties to molecular biological activities opens a new perspective on L-ergothioneine. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:1299-1312. [PMID: 34928499 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
L-ergothioneine is a low-molecular weight natural product, the chemical structure of which comprises oxygen-, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing functional groups. This gives L-ergothioneine specific physicochemical properties and allows to better understanding its chemical reactivity, which is primarily due to the 2-thio-imidazole group. Here, I review how different modes of chemical reactivity account for the reported molecular biological activities of L-ergothioneine. By matching the physicochemical properties to the biological properties of L-ergothioneine, a new perspective of the function and the mode of action of this enigmatic molecule emerges into the limelight.
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20
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C-Glycoside metabolism in the gut and in nature: Identification, characterization, structural analyses and distribution of C-C bond-cleaving enzymes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6294. [PMID: 34728636 PMCID: PMC8563793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
C-Glycosides, in which a sugar moiety is linked via a carbon-carbon (C-C) bond to a non-sugar moiety (aglycone), are found in our food and medicine. The C-C bond is cleaved by intestinal microbes and the resulting aglycones exert various bioactivities. Although the enzymes responsible for the reactions have been identified, their catalytic mechanisms and the generality of the reactions in nature remain to be explored. Here, we present the identification and structural basis for the activation of xenobiotic C-glycosides by heterocomplex C-deglycosylation enzymes from intestinal and soil bacteria. They are found to be metal-dependent enzymes exhibiting broad substrate specificity toward C-glycosides. X-ray crystallographic and cryo-electron microscopic analyses, as well as structure-based mutagenesis, reveal the structural details of these enzymes and the detailed catalytic mechanisms of their remarkable C-C bond cleavage reactions. Furthermore, bioinformatic and biochemical analyses suggest that the C-deglycosylation enzymes are widely distributed in the gut, soil, and marine bacteria.
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21
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Thiocysteine lyases as polyketide synthase domains installing hydropersulfide into natural products and a hydropersulfide methyltransferase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5672. [PMID: 34584078 PMCID: PMC8479088 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature forms S-S bonds by oxidizing two sulfhydryl groups, and no enzyme installing an intact hydropersulfide (-SSH) group into a natural product has been identified to date. The leinamycin (LNM) family of natural products features intact S-S bonds, and previously we reported an SH domain (LnmJ-SH) within the LNM hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-polyketide synthase (PKS) assembly line as a cysteine lyase that plays a role in sulfur incorporation. Here we report the characterization of an S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent hydropersulfide methyltransferase (GnmP) for guangnanmycin (GNM) biosynthesis, discovery of hydropersulfides as the nascent products of the GNM and LNM hybrid NRPS-PKS assembly lines, and revelation of three SH domains (GnmT-SH, LnmJ-SH, and WsmR-SH) within the GNM, LNM, and weishanmycin (WSM) hybrid NRPS-PKS assembly lines as thiocysteine lyases. Based on these findings, we propose a biosynthetic model for the LNM family of natural products, featuring thiocysteine lyases as PKS domains that directly install a -SSH group into the GNM, LNM, or WSM polyketide scaffold. Genome mining reveals that SH domains are widespread in Nature, extending beyond the LNM family of natural products. The SH domains could also be leveraged as biocatalysts to install an -SSH group into other biologically relevant scaffolds. Enzymes installing an intact hydropersulfide (-SSH) group into natural products have so far not been identified. Here, the authors report the characterization of an S-adenosyl methionine-dependent hydropersulfide methyltransferase (GnmP) for guangnanmycin biosynthesis, and identification of three SH domains within several NRPS-PKS assembly lines as thiocysteine lyases.
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22
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Hou B, Wang R, Zou J, Zhang F, Wu H, Ye J, Zhang H. A putative redox‐sensing regulator Rex regulates lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:772-781. [DOI: doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLincomycin is an important antimicrobial agent which is widely used in clinical and animal husbandry. The biosynthetic pathway of lincomycin comes to light in the past 10 years, however, the regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In this study, a redox‐sensing regulator Rex from Streptomyces lincolnensis (Rexlin) was identified and characterized to affect cell growth and lincomycin biosynthesis. Disruption of rex resulted in an increase in cell growth, but a decrease in lincomycin production. The results of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed that Rexlin can promote transcription of the regulatory gene lmbU and the structural genes lmbA, lmbC, lmbJ, lmbV, and lmbW. However, electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis demonstrated that Rexlin can not bind to the promoter regions of these genes above. Findings in this study broadened our horizons in the regulatory mechanism of lincomycin production and laid a foundation for strain improvement of antibiotic producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jingyun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Feixue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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23
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Hou B, Wang R, Zou J, Zhang F, Wu H, Ye J, Zhang H. A putative redox-sensing regulator Rex regulates lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:772-781. [PMID: 34313330 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lincomycin is an important antimicrobial agent which is widely used in clinical and animal husbandry. The biosynthetic pathway of lincomycin comes to light in the past 10 years, however, the regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In this study, a redox-sensing regulator Rex from Streptomyces lincolnensis (Rexlin ) was identified and characterized to affect cell growth and lincomycin biosynthesis. Disruption of rex resulted in an increase in cell growth, but a decrease in lincomycin production. The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that Rexlin can promote transcription of the regulatory gene lmbU and the structural genes lmbA, lmbC, lmbJ, lmbV, and lmbW. However, electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis demonstrated that Rexlin can not bind to the promoter regions of these genes above. Findings in this study broadened our horizons in the regulatory mechanism of lincomycin production and laid a foundation for strain improvement of antibiotic producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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24
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Liu Y, Jiao Y, Luo H, Huang N, Lai M, Zou K, Yao H. Catalyst-Controlled Regiodivergent Synthesis of 1- and 3-Thiosugars with High Stereoselectivity and Chemoselectivity. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Nianyu Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Mengnan Lai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
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25
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26
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Beliaeva MA, Burn R, Lim D, Seebeck FP. In Vitro Production of Ergothioneine Isotopologues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5209-5212. [PMID: 32996678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is an emerging component of the redox homeostasis system in human cells and in microbial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Burkholderia pseudomallei. The synthesis of stable isotope-labeled ergothioneine derivatives may provide important tools for deciphering the distribution, function, and metabolism of this compound in vivo. We describe a general protocol for the production of ergothioneine isotopologues with programmable 2 H, 15 N, 13 C, 34 S, and 33 S isotope labeling patterns. This enzyme-based approach makes efficient use of commercial isotope reagents and is also directly applicable to the synthesis of radio-isotopologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia A Beliaeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Burn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Mohamed OG, Khalil ZG, Salim AA, Cui H, Blumenthal A, Capon RJ. Lincolnenins A-D: Isomeric Bactericidal Bianthracenes from Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Org Chem 2020; 86:11011-11018. [PMID: 33320674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation profiling followed by chemical analysis of Streptomyces lincolnensis yielded four new isomeric bianthracenes, lincolnenins A-D (1-4), with relative stereostructures assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. Lincolnenins A (1) and B (2) exhibit restricted rotation about alternate bianthracene 9-9' and 9-8' bridges, respectively, and exist as single atropisomers, whereas C (3) and D (4) are thermally interconvertible atropisomers sharing a common 8-8' bianthracene bridge. Absolute configurations were assigned to 1-4 on the basis of diagnostic ROESY correlations and ECD calculations, whereas acid-mediated dehydration of 1 led to formation and revision of the absolute configuration of the biosynthetically related known Streptomyces antibiotic, setomimycin (5). Lincolnenin A (1) exhibited significant bactericidal activity against multiple susceptible and drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens (MIC99 < 2.0 μM), including Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MIC99 = 0.9 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama G Mohamed
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zeinab G Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Angela A Salim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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Fang Z, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Zhang W, Yang C, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Zhang C. S-Bridged Thioether and Structure-Diversified Angucyclinone Derivatives from the South China Sea-Derived Micromonospora echinospora SCSIO 04089. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3122-3130. [PMID: 32970433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Angucyclinces belong to the class of aromatic polyketides and display a wide variety of structure diversity and pharmaceutical significance. Herein we report the isolation, structure elucidation, and bioactivity evaluation of structure-diversified angucyclinone derivatives and anthracene from the South China Sea-derived Micromonospora echinospora SCSIO 04089, including a thioether, gephysulfuromycin (1), two new benzo[b]phenanthridines, homophenanthroviridone (2) and homophenanthridonamide (3), a new benzo[b]fluorene, homostealthin D (4), a new naphtho[2,3-b]benzofuran, nenesfuran (5), a new naphthoquinone, WS-5995 D (6) and a new anthracene, nenesophanol (7), together with three known compounds (8-10). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses. The structures of 1-3 and 5-8 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analyses. Gephysulfuromycin (1) featured a rare single S-bridged 3,12a-epithiotetraphene skeleton. Homophenanthroviridone (2) was found to be cytotoxic to SF-268, MCF-7, and HepG2 cell lines with IC50 values of 5.4 ± 0.4, 6.8 ± 0.3, and 1.4 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. Compound 2 was also active against Gram-positive bacteria with MIC (minimal inhibition concentration) values ranging 2-4 μg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangjie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Chunfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
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30
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Maurer A, Seebeck FP. Reexamination of the Ergothioneine Biosynthetic Methyltransferase EgtD from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a Protein Kinase Substrate. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2908-2911. [PMID: 32614492 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine has emerged as a crucial cytoprotectant in the pathogenic lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Production of this antioxidant from primary metabolites may be regulated by phosphorylation of Thr213 in the active site of the methyltransferase EgtD. The structure of mycobacterial EgtD suggests that this post-translational modification would require a large-scale change in conformation to make the active-site residue accessible to a protein kinase. In this report, we show that, under in vitro conditions, EgtD is not a substrate of protein kinase PknD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maurer
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Studies of lincosamide formation complete the biosynthetic pathway for lincomycin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24794-24801. [PMID: 32958639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009306117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of lincomycin A consists of the unusual eight-carbon thiosugar core methyllincosamide (MTL) decorated with a pendent N-methylprolinyl moiety. Previous studies on MTL biosynthesis have suggested GDP-ᴅ-erythro-α-ᴅ-gluco-octose and GDP-ᴅ-α-ᴅ-lincosamide as key intermediates in the pathway. However, the enzyme-catalyzed reactions resulting in the conversion of GDP-ᴅ-erythro-α-ᴅ-gluco-octose to GDP-ᴅ-α-ᴅ-lincosamide have not yet been elucidated. Herein, a biosynthetic subpathway involving the activities of four enzymes-LmbM, LmbL, CcbZ, and CcbS (the LmbZ and LmbS equivalents in the closely related celesticetin pathway)-is reported. These enzymes catalyze the previously unknown biosynthetic steps including 6-epimerization, 6,8-dehydration, 4-epimerization, and 6-transamination that convert GDP-ᴅ-erythro-α-ᴅ-gluco-octose to GDP-ᴅ-α-ᴅ-lincosamide. Identification of these reactions completes the description of the entire lincomycin biosynthetic pathway. This work is significant since it not only resolves the missing link in octose core assembly of a thiosugar-containing natural product but also showcases the sophistication in catalytic logic of enzymes involved in carbohydrate transformations.
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32
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Lim D, Wen X, Seebeck FP. Selenoimidazolium Salts as Supramolecular Reagents for Protein Alkylation. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3515-3520. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lim
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Xiaojin Wen
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
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Vobruba S, Kamenik Z, Kadlcik S, Janata J. N-Deacetylation in Lincosamide Biosynthesis Is Catalyzed by a TldD/PmbA Family Protein. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2048-2054. [PMID: 32786288 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lincosamides are clinically important antibiotics originally produced as microbial specialized metabolites. The complex biosynthesis of lincosamides is coupled to the metabolism of mycothiol as a sulfur donor. Here, we elucidated the N-deacetylation of the mycothiol-derived N-acetyl-l-cysteine residue of a lincosamide intermediate, which is comprised of an amino acid and an aminooctose connected via an amide bond. We purified this intermediate from the culture broth of a deletion mutant strain and tested it as a substrate of recombinant lincosamide biosynthetic proteins in the in vitro assays that were monitored via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our findings showed that the N-deacetylation reaction is catalyzed by CcbIH/CcbQ or LmbIH/LmbQ proteins in celesticetin and lincomycin biosynthesis, respectively. These are the first N-deacetylases from the TldD/PmbA protein family, from which otherwise only several proteases and peptidases were functionally characterized. Furthermore, we present a sequence similarity network of TldD/PmbA proteins, which suggests that the lincosamide N-deacetylases are unique among these widely distributed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vobruba
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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34
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Yu LB, Hao XL, Zhang C, He TF, Ren AM. The theory of cysteine two-photon fluorescence probes of coumarinocoumarin derivatives and kinetics of ICT and PET mechanisms of probe molecules. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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35
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Synthesis of 3-S- and 3-Se-glycals by using R-S-S-R and R-Se-Se-R as the nucleophile precursors promoted by Hf(OTf)4 and the temperature-dependent formation of the above-mentioned 3-S- and 3-Se products. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Lin CY, Pang AP, Zhang Y, Qiao J, Zhao GR. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the significant pleiotropic regulatory effects of LmbU on lincomycin biosynthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:30. [PMID: 32050973 PMCID: PMC7014725 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lincomycin, produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis, is a lincosamide antibiotic and widely used for the treatment of the infective diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The mechanisms of lincomycin biosynthesis have been deeply explored in recent years. However, the regulatory effects of LmbU that is a transcriptional regulator in lincomycin biosynthetic (lmb) gene cluster have not been fully addressed. Results LmbU was used to search for homologous LmbU (LmbU-like) proteins in the genomes of actinobacteria, and the results showed that LmbU-like proteins are highly distributed regulators in the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of secondary metabolites or/and out of the BGCs in actinomycetes. The overexpression, inactivation and complementation of the lmbU gene indicated that LmbU positively controls lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis. Comparative transcriptomic analysis further revealed that LmbU activates the 28 lmb genes at whole lmb cluster manner. Furthermore, LmbU represses the transcription of the non-lmb gene hpdA in the biosynthesis of l-tyrosine, the precursor of lincomycin. LmbU up-regulates nineteen non-lmb genes, which would be involved in multi-drug flux to self-resistance, nitrate and sugar transmembrane transport and utilization, and redox metabolisms. Conclusions LmbU is a significant pleiotropic transcriptional regulator in lincomycin biosynthesis by entirely activating the lmb cluster and regulating the non-lmb genes in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Our results first revealed the pleiotropic regulatory function of LmbU, and shed new light on the transcriptional effects of LmbU-like family proteins on antibiotic biosynthesis in actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Lin
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ai-Ping Pang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guang-Rong Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Steiningerova L, Kamenik Z, Gazak R, Kadlcik S, Bashiri G, Man P, Kuzma M, Pavlikova M, Janata J. Different Reaction Specificities of F 420H 2-Dependent Reductases Facilitate Pyrrolobenzodiazepines and Lincomycin To Fit Their Biological Targets. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3440-3448. [PMID: 31944685 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs), lincosamide antibiotics, quorum-sensing molecule hormaomycin, and antimicrobial griselimycin are structurally and functionally diverse groups of actinobacterial metabolites. The common feature of these compounds is the incorporation of l-tyrosine- or l-leucine-derived 4-alkyl-l-proline derivatives (APDs) in their structures. Here, we report that the last reaction in the biosynthetic pathway of APDs, catalyzed by F420H2-dependent Apd6 reductases, contributes to the structural diversity of APD precursors. Specifically, the heterologous overproduction of six Apd6 enzymes demonstrated that Apd6 from the biosynthesis of PBDs and hormaomycin can reduce only an endocyclic imine double bond, whereas Apd6 LmbY and partially GriH from the biosyntheses of lincomycin and griselimycin, respectively, also reduce the more inert exocyclic double bond of the same 4-substituted Δ1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid substrate, making LmbY and GriH unusual, if not unique, among reductases. Furthermore, the differences in the reaction specificity of the Apd6 reductases determine the formation of the fully saturated APD moiety of lincomycin versus the unsaturated APD moiety of PBDs, providing molecules with optimal shapes to bind their distinct biological targets. Moreover, the Apd6 reductases establish the first F420H2-dependent enzymes from the luciferase-like hydride transferase protein superfamily in the biosynthesis of bioactive molecules. Finally, our bioinformatics analysis demonstrates that Apd6 and their homologues, widely distributed within several bacterial phyla, play a role in the formation of novel yet unknown natural products with incorporated l-proline-like precursors and likely in the microbial central metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Steiningerova
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences , Videnska 1083 , 142 20 Praha 4 , Czech Republic.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University in Prague , Vinicna 5 , 128 00 Praha 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences , Videnska 1083 , 142 20 Praha 4 , Czech Republic.,Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Czech Academy of Sciences , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Radek Gazak
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences , Videnska 1083 , 142 20 Praha 4 , Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences , Videnska 1083 , 142 20 Praha 4 , Czech Republic
| | - Ghader Bashiri
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Maurice Wilkins Center for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Czech Academy of Sciences , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences , Videnska 1083 , 142 20 Praha 4 , Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Pavlikova
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences , Videnska 1083 , 142 20 Praha 4 , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences , Videnska 1083 , 142 20 Praha 4 , Czech Republic
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Xu Y, Tang Y, Wang N, Liu J, Cai X, Cai H, Li J, Tan G, Liu R, Bai L, Zhang L, Wu H, Zhang B. Transcriptional regulation of a leucine-responsive regulatory protein for directly controlling lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2575-2587. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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39
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Yang J, Ye R, Zhang H, Liu Y. Amplification of lmbB1 gene in Streptomyces lincolnensis improves quantity and quality of lincomycin A fermentation. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:529-537. [PMID: 31916478 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1710714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As a lincosamide antibiotic, lincomycin is still important for treating diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Manufacturing of lincomycin needs efforts to, e.g. maximize desirable species and minimizing unwanted fermentation byproducts. Analysis of the lincomycin biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces lincolnensis, lmbB1, was shown to catalyze the conversion of L-dopa but not of L-tyrosine and then further generated the precursor of lincomycin A. Based on the principle of directed breeding, a strain termed as S. lincolnensis 24-2, was obtained in this work. By overexpressing the lmbB1 gene, this strain produces efficacious lincomycin A and suppresses melanin generation, whereas contains unwanted lincomycin B. The good fermentation performance of the mutant-lmbB1 (M-lmbB1) was also confirmed in a 15 L-scale bioreactor, which increased the lincomycin A production by 37.6% compared with control of 6435 u/mL and reduced the accumulation of melanin by 29.9% and lincomycin B by 73.4%. This work demonstrated that the amplification of lmbB1 gene mutation and metabolic engineering could promote lincomycin biosynthesis and might be helpful for reducing the production of other industrially unnecessary byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruifang Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yan Liu
- Topfond Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Henan, China
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40
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Abstract
Natural nonproteinogenic amino acids vastly outnumber the well-known 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Such amino acids are generated in specialized metabolic pathways. In these pathways, diverse biosynthetic transformations, ranging from isomerizations to the stereospecific functionalization of C-H bonds, are employed to generate structural diversity. The resulting nonproteinogenic amino acids can be integrated into more complex natural products. Here we review recently discovered biosynthetic routes to freestanding nonproteinogenic α-amino acids, with an emphasis on work reported between 2013 and mid-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Hedges
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Shielding the Next Generation: Symbiotic Bacteria from a Reproductive Organ Protect Bobtail Squid Eggs from Fungal Fouling. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02376-19. [PMID: 31662458 PMCID: PMC6819662 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02376-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms must have strategies to ensure successful reproduction. Some animals that deposit eggs protect their embryos from fouling/disease with the help of microorganisms. Although beneficial bacteria are hypothesized to contribute to egg defense in some organisms, the mechanisms of this protection remain largely unknown, with the exception of a few recently described systems. Using both experimental and analytical approaches, we demonstrate that symbiotic bacteria associated with a cephalopod reproductive gland and eggs inhibit fungi. Chemical analyses suggest that these bacteria produce antimicrobial compounds that may prevent overgrowth from fungi and other microorganisms. Given the distribution of these symbiotic glands among many cephalopods, similar defensive relationships may be more common in aquatic environments than previously realized. Such defensive symbioses may also be a rich source for the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds. The importance of defensive symbioses, whereby microbes protect hosts through the production of specific compounds, is becoming increasingly evident. Although defining the partners in these associations has become easier, assigning function to these relationships often presents a significant challenge. Here, we describe a functional role for a bacterial consortium in a female reproductive organ in the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes. Bacteria from the accessory nidamental gland (ANG) are deposited into the egg jelly coat (JC), where they are hypothesized to play a defensive role during embryogenesis. Eggs treated with an antibiotic cocktail developed a microbial biomass primarily composed of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium keratoplasticum that infiltrated the JC, resulting in severely reduced hatch rates. Experimental manipulation of the eggs demonstrated that the JC was protective against this fungal fouling. A large proportion of the bacterial strains isolated from the ANG or JC inhibited F. keratoplasticum in culture (87.5%), while a similar proportion of extracts from these strains also exhibited antifungal activity against F. keratoplasticum and/or the human-pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (72.7%). Mass spectral network analyses of active extracts from bacterial isolates and egg clutches revealed compounds that may be involved in preventing microbial overgrowth. Several secondary metabolites were identified from ANG/JC bacteria and egg clutches, including the known antimicrobial lincomycin as well as a suite of glycerophosphocholines and mycinamicin-like compounds. These results shed light on a widely distributed but poorly understood symbiosis in cephalopods and offer a new source for exploring bacterial secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity.
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Kang Y, Wang Y, Hou B, Wang R, Ye J, Zhu X, Wu H, Zhang H. AdpAlin, a Pleiotropic Transcriptional Regulator, Is Involved in the Cascade Regulation of Lincomycin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10. [DOI: doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
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43
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Kang Y, Wang Y, Hou B, Wang R, Ye J, Zhu X, Wu H, Zhang H. AdpA lin, a Pleiotropic Transcriptional Regulator, Is Involved in the Cascade Regulation of Lincomycin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2428. [PMID: 31708899 PMCID: PMC6819324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lincomycin is one of the most important antibiotics in clinical practice. To further understand the regulatory mechanism on lincomycin biosynthesis, we investigated a pleiotropic transcriptional regulator AdpAlin in the lincomycin producer Streptomyces lincolnensis NRRL 2936. Deletion of adpA lin (which generated ΔadpA lin ) interrupted lincomycin biosynthesis and impaired the morphological differentiation. We also found that putative AdpA binding sites were unusually scattered in the promoters of all the 8 putative operons in the lincomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). In ΔadpA lin , transcript levels of structural genes in 8 putative operons were decreased with varying degrees, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) confirmed that AdpAlin activated the overall putative operons via directly binding to their promoter regions. Thus, we speculated that the entire lincomycin biosynthesis is under the control of AdpAlin. Besides, AdpAlin participated in lincomycin biosynthesis by binding to the promoter of lmbU which encoded a cluster sited regulator (CSR) LmbU of lincomycin biosynthesis. Results of qRT-PCR and catechol dioxygenase activity assay showed that AdpAlin activated the transcription of lmbU. In addition, AdpAlin activated the transcription of the bldA by binding to its promoter, suggesting that AdpAlin indirectly participated in lincomycin biosynthesis and morphological differentiation. Uncommon but understandable, AdpAlin auto-activated its own transcription via binding to its own promoter region. In conclusion, we provided a molecular mechanism around the effect of AdpAlin on lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis, and revealed a cascade regulation of lincomycin biosynthesis by AdpAlin, LmbU, and BldA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Ye
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Li J, Wang N, Tang Y, Cai X, Xu Y, Liu R, Wu H, Zhang B. Developmental regulator BldD directly regulates lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:548-553. [PMID: 31447118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanism of lincomycin biosynthesis remains largely unknown, although lincomycin and its derivatives have been of great application in pharmaceutical industry. As a global regulator, BldD is widespread in Streptomyces, and functions as an on-off switch to regulate the transition from morphological differentiation to secondary metabolism, inspiring us to explore scarcely regulatory realm of lincomycin biosynthesis. In this work, deletion of bldD gene (SLCG_1664) in Streptomyces lincolnensis blocked the sporulation and nearly abolished lincomycin production, while the morphological phenotype and lincomycin production were restored when introducing a functional bldD gene into the ΔbldD mutant. S. lincolnensis BldD (BldDSL) was validated to bind to upstream regions of lincomycin biosynthetic structural genes lmbA, lmbC-lmbD, lmbE, lmbV-lmbW, resistant genes lmrA, lmrB, lmrC, and regulatory gene lmbU. Disruption of bldD significantly decreased the transcription of genes in lincomycin biosynthetic cluster, thus resulting in the sharply loss of lincomycin production. These findings indicate that BldDSL, similar to Saccharopolyspora erythraea BldD (BldDSE), directly regulates the biosynthesis of lincomycin. What's more, we discovered that BldDSE could bind to upstream regions of lmbA, lmbV-lmbW, lmrA and lmrC. Corresponding to this, S. lincolnensis BldD can bind to upstream region of eryAI-eryBIV, revealing an interactional regulation of the two BldDs. In summary, our data indicated that the developmental regulator BldD played a vital role in directly regulating the biosynthesis of lincomycin, and expanded the knowledge on lincomycin biosynthetic regulation in S. lincolnensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Nian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yaqian Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xinlu Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yurong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- Xinyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Hang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Buchang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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45
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Zhuang Z, Zhang L, Yang C, Zhu D, Mao Q, Wang Q, Gao S. Enhanced lincomycin A production by calcium gluconate feeding in fermentation of Streptomyces lincolnensis. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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46
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Ulrich K, Jakob U. The role of thiols in antioxidant systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:14-27. [PMID: 31201851 PMCID: PMC7041647 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur biochemistry of the thiol group endows cysteines with a number of highly specialized and unique features that enable them to serve a variety of different functions in the cell. Typically highly conserved in proteins, cysteines are predominantly found in functionally or structurally crucial regions, where they act as stabilizing, catalytic, metal-binding and/or redox-regulatory entities. As highly abundant low molecular weight thiols, cysteine thiols and their oxidized disulfide counterparts are carefully balanced to maintain redox homeostasis in various cellular compartments, protect organisms from oxidative and xenobiotic stressors and partake actively in redox-regulatory and signaling processes. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein thiols as scavengers of hydrogen peroxide in antioxidant enzymes, use thiol peroxidases to exemplify how protein thiols contribute to redox signaling, provide an overview over the diverse set of low molecular weight thiol-based redox systems found in biology, and illustrate how thiol-based redox systems have evolved not only to protect against but to take full advantage of a world full of molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ulrich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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47
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A diversity-oriented rhodamine library for wide-spectrum bactericidal agents with low inducible resistance against resistant pathogens. Nat Commun 2019; 10:258. [PMID: 30651565 PMCID: PMC6335415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a public health emergency and warrants coordinated global efforts. Challenge is that no alternative molecular platform has been identified for discovery of abundant antimicrobial hit compounds. Xanthene libraries have been screened for bioactive compounds. However, the potentially accessible chemistry space of xanthene dyes is limited by the existing xanthene synthesis. Herein we report a mild one-step synthesis, which permits late-stage introduction of a xanthene moiety onto i.e. natural products, pharmaceuticals, and bioactive compounds and construction of a focused library of rhodamine dyes exhibiting facile functional, topographical and stereochemical diversity. In vitro screening yields 37 analogs with mid-to-high bactericidal activity against WHO priority drug-resistant pathogens. These findings suggest that synthetic dye libraries exhibiting high structural diversity is a feasible chemical space combating antibacterial resistance, to complement the natural sources. Preparation of xanthene-containing compounds has been limited due to structural bias existing methods pose. Here, the authors developed a mild, diversity-oriented method for rhodamines synthesis, leading to the finding of compounds with antibacterial potency against a variety of bacterial species.
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48
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Abstract
J. Hiras, S. V. Sharma, V. Raman, R. A. J. Tinson, et al. (mBio 9:e01603-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01603-18) report on the identification of a novel thiol, N-methyl-bacillithiol (N-Me-BSH), in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum In N-methyl-bacillithiol, the amine of the cysteine is methylated by a novel S-adenosylmethioneine transferase designated N-methyl-bacillithiol synthase A (NmbA). The Hiras et al. study is significant because it is the first report of the presence of N-Me-BSH in anaerobic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L Newton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mamta Rawat
- Department of Biology, California State University-Fresno, Fresno, California, USA
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TetR-Type Regulator SLCG_2919 Is a Negative Regulator of Lincomycin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 85:AEM.02091-18. [PMID: 30341075 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02091-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lincomycin A (Lin-A) is a widely used antibacterial antibiotic fermented by Streptomyces lincolnensis However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying lincomycin biosynthesis have seldom been investigated. Here, we first identified a TetR family transcriptional regulator (TFR), SLCG_2919, which negatively modulates lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis LCGL. SLCG_2919 was found to specifically bind to promoter regions of the lincomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (lin cluster), including 25 structural genes, three resistance genes, and one regulatory gene, and to inhibit the transcription of these genes, demonstrating a directly regulatory role in lincomycin biosynthesis. Furthermore, we found that SLCG_2919 was not autoregulated, but directly repressed its adjacent gene, SLCG_2920, which encodes an ATP/GTP binding protein whose overexpression increased resistance against lincomycin and Lin-A yields in S. lincolnensis The precise SLCG_2919 binding site within the promoter region of SLCG_2920 was determined by a DNase I footprinting assay and by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) based on base substitution mutagenesis, with the internal 10-nucleotide (nt) AT-rich sequence (AAATTATTTA) shown to be essential for SLCG_2919 binding. Our findings indicate that SLCG_2919 is a negative regulator for controlling lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis The present study improves our understanding of molecular regulation for lincomycin biosynthesis.IMPORTANCE TetR family transcriptional regulators (TFRs) are generally found to regulate diverse cellular processes in bacteria, especially antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces species. However, knowledge of their function in lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis remains unknown. The present study provides a new insight into the regulation of lincomycin biosynthesis through a TFR, SLCG_2919, that directly modulates lincomycin production and resistance. Intriguingly, SLCG_2919 and its adjoining gene, SLCG_2920, which encodes an ATP/GTP binding protein, were extensively distributed in diverse Streptomyces species. In addition, we revealed a new TFR binding motif, in which SLCG_2919 binds to the promoter region of SLCG_2920, dependent on the intervening AT-rich sequence rather than on the flanking inverted repeats found in the binding sites of other TFRs. These insights into transcriptional regulation of lincomycin biosynthesis by SLCG_2919 will be valuable in paving the way for genetic engineering of regulatory elements in Streptomyces species to improve antibiotic production.
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50
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Tung QN, Linzner N, Loi VV, Antelmann H. Application of genetically encoded redox biosensors to measure dynamic changes in the glutathione, bacillithiol and mycothiol redox potentials in pathogenic bacteria. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:84-96. [PMID: 29454879 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria utilize glutathione (GSH) as their major LMW thiol. However, most Gram-positive bacteria do not encode enzymes for GSH biosynthesis and produce instead alternative LMW thiols, such as bacillithiol (BSH) and mycothiol (MSH). BSH is utilized by Firmicutes and MSH is the major LMW thiol of Actinomycetes. LMW thiols are required to maintain the reduced state of the cytoplasm, but are also involved in virulence mechanisms in human pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. Infection conditions often cause perturbations of the intrabacterial redox balance in pathogens, which is further affected under antibiotics treatments. During the last years, novel glutaredoxin-fused roGFP2 biosensors have been engineered in many eukaryotic organisms, including parasites, yeast, plants and human cells for dynamic live-imaging of the GSH redox potential in different compartments. Likewise bacterial roGFP2-based biosensors are now available to measure the dynamic changes in the GSH, BSH and MSH redox potentials in model and pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In this review, we present an overview of novel functions of the bacterial LMW thiols GSH, MSH and BSH in pathogenic bacteria in virulence regulation. Moreover, recent results about the application of genetically encoded redox biosensors are summarized to study the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, persistence and antibiotics resistance. In particularly, we highlight recent biosensor results on the redox changes in the intracellular food-borne pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium as well as in the Gram-positive pathogens S. aureus and M. tuberculosis during infection conditions and under antibiotics treatments. These studies established a link between ROS and antibiotics resistance with the intracellular LMW thiol-redox potential. Future applications should be directed to compare the redox potentials among different clinical isolates of these pathogens in relation to their antibiotics resistance and to screen for new ROS-producing drugs as promising strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Linzner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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