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Bardella G, Franchini S, Pan L, Balzan R, Ramawat S, Brunamonti E, Pani P, Ferraina S. Neural Activity in Quarks Language: Lattice Field Theory for a Network of Real Neurons. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:495. [PMID: 38920504 DOI: 10.3390/e26060495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces have seen extraordinary surges in developments in recent years, and a significant discrepancy now exists between the abundance of available data and the limited headway made in achieving a unified theoretical framework. This discrepancy becomes particularly pronounced when examining the collective neural activity at the micro and meso scale, where a coherent formalization that adequately describes neural interactions is still lacking. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework to analyze systems of natural neurons and interpret the related empirical observations in terms of lattice field theory, an established paradigm from theoretical particle physics and statistical mechanics. Our methods are tailored to interpret data from chronic neural interfaces, especially spike rasters from measurements of single neuron activity, and generalize the maximum entropy model for neural networks so that the time evolution of the system is also taken into account. This is obtained by bridging particle physics and neuroscience, paving the way for particle physics-inspired models of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Bardella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Franchini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Liming Pan
- School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Riccardo Balzan
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601, UFR Biomédicale et des Sciences de Base, Université Paris Descartes-CNRS, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Surabhi Ramawat
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Emiliano Brunamonti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Pani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferraina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Carraro-Haddad I, Chafatinos DL, Kuznetsov AS, Papuccio-Fernández IA, Reynoso AA, Bruchhausen A, Biermann K, Santos PV, Usaj G, Fainstein A. Solid-state continuous time crystal in a polariton condensate with a built-in mechanical clock. Science 2024; 384:995-1000. [PMID: 38815032 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn7087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Time crystals (TCs) are many-body systems that display spontaneous breaking of time translation symmetry. We demonstrate a TC by using driven-dissipative condensates of microcavity exciton-polaritons, spontaneously formed from an incoherent particle bath. The TC phases are controlled by the power of a continuous-wave nonresonant optical drive exciting the condensate and the interaction with cavity phonons. Those phases are, for increasing power, Larmor-like precession of the condensate pseudo-spins-a signature of continuous TC; locking of the frequency of precession to self-sustained coherent phonons-stabilized TC; and doubling of TC's period by phonons-a discrete TC with continuous excitation. These results establish microcavity polaritons as a platform for the investigation of time-broken symmetry in nonhermitian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Carraro-Haddad
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCUYO), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN-Bariloche), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - D L Chafatinos
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCUYO), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN-Bariloche), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - A S Kuznetsov
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund 10117 Berlin e.V., 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - I A Papuccio-Fernández
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCUYO), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN-Bariloche), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - A A Reynoso
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCUYO), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN-Bariloche), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - A Bruchhausen
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCUYO), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN-Bariloche), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - K Biermann
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund 10117 Berlin e.V., 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - P V Santos
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund 10117 Berlin e.V., 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - G Usaj
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCUYO), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN-Bariloche), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Theorie van Kwantumsystemen en Complexe Systemen (TQC), Universiteit Antwerpen, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- CENOLI, Université Libre de Bruxelles-CP 231, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Fainstein
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCUYO), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN-Bariloche), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bariloche 8400, Argentina
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3
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Li Y, Wang C, Tang Y, Liu YC. Time Crystal in a Single-Mode Nonlinear Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:183803. [PMID: 38759188 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.183803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Time crystal is a class of nonequilibrium phases with broken time-translational symmetry. Here, we demonstrate the time crystal in a single-mode nonlinear cavity. The time crystal originates from the self-oscillation induced by a linear gain and is stabilized by a nonlinear damping. We show in the time crystal phase there are sharp dissipative gap closing and pure imaginary eigenvalues of the Liouvillian spectrum in the thermodynamic limit. Dynamically, we observe a metastable regime with the emergence of quantum oscillation, followed by a dissipative evolution with a timescale much longer than the oscillating period. Moreover, we show there is a dissipative phase transition at the Hopf bifurcation, which can be characterized by the photon number fluctuation in the steady state. These results pave a new promising way for further experiments and deepen our understanding of time crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanjiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Daviet R, Zelle CP, Rosch A, Diehl S. Nonequilibrium Criticality at the Onset of Time-Crystalline Order. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:167102. [PMID: 38701486 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.167102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
We explore the phase transitions at the onset of time-crystalline order in O(N) models driven out of equilibrium. The spontaneous breaking of time translation symmetry and its Goldstone mode are captured by an effective description with O(N)×SO(2) symmetry, where the emergent external SO(2) results from a transmutation of the internal symmetry of time translations. Using the renormalization group and the ε=4-d expansion in a leading two-loop analysis, we identify a new nonequilibrium universality class. Strikingly, it controls the long-distance physics no matter how small the microscopic breaking of equilibrium conditions is. The O(N=2)×SO(2) symmetry group is realized for magnon condensation in pumped yttrium iron garnet films and in exciton-polariton systems with a polarization degree of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Daviet
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carl Philipp Zelle
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Achim Rosch
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diehl
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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5
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Iadecola T, Sen S, Sivertsen L. Floquet Insulators and Lattice Fermions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:136601. [PMID: 38613269 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.136601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Floquet insulators are periodically driven quantum systems that can host novel topological phases as a function of the drive parameters. These new phases exhibit features reminiscent of fermion doubling in discrete-time lattice fermion theories. We make this suggestion concrete by mapping the spectrum of a noninteracting (1+1)D Floquet insulator for certain drive parameters onto that of a discrete-time lattice fermion theory with a time-independent Hamiltonian. The resulting Hamiltonian is distinct from the Floquet Hamiltonian that generates stroboscopic dynamics. It can take the form of a discrete-time Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model with half the number of spatial sites of the original model, or of a (1+1)D Wilson-Dirac theory with one quarter of the spatial sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Iadecola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Srimoyee Sen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Lars Sivertsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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6
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Martirosyan G, Ho CJ, Etrych J, Zhang Y, Cao A, Hadzibabic Z, Eigen C. Observation of Subdiffusive Dynamic Scaling in a Driven and Disordered Bose Gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:113401. [PMID: 38563934 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We explore the dynamics of a tuneable box-trapped Bose gas under strong periodic forcing in the presence of weak disorder. In absence of interparticle interactions, the interplay of the drive and disorder results in an isotropic nonthermal momentum distribution that shows subdiffusive dynamic scaling, with sublinear energy growth and the universal scaling function captured well by a compressed exponential. We explain that this subdiffusion in momentum space can naturally be understood as a random walk in energy space. We also experimentally show that for increasing interaction strength, the gas behavior smoothly crosses over to wave turbulence characterized by a power-law momentum distribution, which opens new possibilities for systematic studies of the interplay of disorder and interactions in driven quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gevorg Martirosyan
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Ho
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jiří Etrych
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alec Cao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Zoran Hadzibabic
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Eigen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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7
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Yu S, Liu W, Tao SJ, Li ZP, Wang YT, Zhong ZP, Patel RB, Meng Y, Yang YZ, Wang ZA, Guo NJ, Zeng XD, Chen Z, Xu L, Zhang N, Liu X, Yang M, Zhang WH, Zhou ZQ, Xu JS, Tang JS, Han YJ, Li CF, Guo GC. A von-Neumann-like photonic processor and its application in studying quantum signature of chaos. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:74. [PMID: 38485915 PMCID: PMC10940704 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Photonic quantum computation plays an important role and offers unique advantages. Two decades after the milestone work of Knill-Laflamme-Milburn, various architectures of photonic processors have been proposed, and quantum advantage over classical computers has also been demonstrated. It is now the opportune time to apply this technology to real-world applications. However, at current technology level, this aim is restricted by either programmability in bulk optics or loss in integrated optics for the existing architectures of processors, for which the resource cost is also a problem. Here we present a von-Neumann-like architecture based on temporal-mode encoding and looped structure on table, which is capable of multimode-universal programmability, resource-efficiency, phase-stability and software-scalability. In order to illustrate these merits, we execute two different programs with varying resource requirements on the same processor, to investigate quantum signature of chaos from two aspects: the signature behaviors exhibited in phase space (13 modes), and the Fermi golden rule which has not been experimentally studied in quantitative way before (26 modes). The maximal program contains an optical interferometer network with 1694 freely-adjustable phases. Considering current state-of-the-art, our architecture stands as the most promising candidate for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Si-Jing Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Zhong
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Raj B Patel
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, Oxford University, Parks Road OX1 3PU, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yuan-Ze Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhao-An Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Nai-Jie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Mu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Jin-Shi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Jian-Shun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Yong-Jian Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
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8
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Lin M, Ahmed S, Jamil M, Liang Z, Wang Q, Ouyang Z. Temporally-topological defect modes in photonic time crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9820-9836. [PMID: 38571207 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the properties of temporally-topological defect modes (TTDMs) (or temporally-topological interface states) in the topological photonic time crystal (PTC) systems. The PTC systems are constructed by the cascade of multiple sub-PTCs that possess temporal inversion symmetries and different topologies. The cases of two-, three-, and multiple-sub-PTC for the topological PTC system are studied. By transfer matrix method, we find that the TTDMs appear when the topological signs of the corresponding gaps in the sub-PTCs are different. The positions of TTDMs can be adjusted by changing the modulation strength of the refractive index, the time duration, and the period of the sub-PTCs. Moreover, the number of TTDMs is one less than the number of sub-PTCs. In addition, the robustness of the systems is also studied. We find that the topological PTC systems have good robustness, especially on the random configuration of the refractive index and time duration for the temporal slabs in the systems. Such research may provide a new degree of freedom for PTC applications, such as novel PTC lasers, tunable band-stop or band-suppression PTC filters, and many others, in the field of integrated photonic circuits for optical communications.
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9
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Fauseweh B. Quantum many-body simulations on digital quantum computers: State-of-the-art and future challenges. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2123. [PMID: 38459040 PMCID: PMC10923891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulating quantum many-body systems is a key application for emerging quantum processors. While analog quantum simulation has already demonstrated quantum advantage, its digital counterpart has recently become the focus of intense research interest due to the availability of devices that aim to realize general-purpose quantum computers. In this perspective, we give a selective overview of the currently pursued approaches, review the advances in digital quantum simulation by comparing non-variational with variational approaches and identify hardware and algorithmic challenges. Based on this review, the question arises: What are the most promising problems that can be tackled with digital quantum simulation? We argue that problems of a qualitative nature are much more suitable for near-term devices then approaches aiming purely for a quantitative accuracy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Fauseweh
- Institute for Software Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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10
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Sur S, Sen D. Effects of topological and non-topological edge states on information propagation and scrambling in a Floquet spin chain. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 36:125402. [PMID: 38061070 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The action of any local operator on a quantum system propagates through the system carrying the information of the operator. This is usually studied via the out-of-time-order correlator (OTOC). We numerically study the information propagation from one end of a periodically driven spin-1/2XYchain with open boundary conditions using the Floquet infinite-temperature OTOC. We calculate the OTOC for two different spin operators,σxandσz. For sinusoidal driving, the model can be shown to host different types of edge states, namely, topological (Majorana) edge states and non-topological edge states. We observe a localization of information at the edge for bothσzandσxOTOCs whenever edge states are present. In addition, in the case of non-topological edge states, we see oscillations of the OTOC in time near the edge, the oscillation period being inversely proportional to the gap between the Floquet eigenvalues of the edge states. We provide an analytical understanding of these effects due to the edge states. It was known earlier that the OTOC for the spin operator which is local in terms of Jordan-Wigner fermions (σz) shows no signature of information scrambling inside the light cone of propagation, while the OTOC for the spin operator which is non-local in terms of Jordan-Wigner fermions (σx) shows signatures of scrambling. We report a remarkable 'unscrambling effect' in theσxOTOC after reflections from the ends of the system. Finally, we demonstrate that the information propagates into the system mainly via the bulk states with the maximum value of the group velocity, and we show how this velocity is controlled by the driving frequency and amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samudra Sur
- Center for High Energy Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Diptiman Sen
- Center for High Energy Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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11
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Meyer-Hoppe B, Anders F, Feldmann P, Santos L, Klempt C. Excited-State Phase Diagram of a Ferromagnetic Quantum Gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:243402. [PMID: 38181136 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.243402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The ground-state phases of a quantum many-body system are characterized by an order parameter, which changes abruptly at quantum phase transitions when an external control parameter is varied. Interestingly, these concepts may be extended to excited states, for which it is possible to define equivalent excited-state quantum phase transitions. However, the experimental mapping of a phase diagram of excited quantum states has not yet been realized. Here we present the experimental determination of the excited-state phase diagram of an atomic ferromagnetic quantum gas, where, crucially, the excitation energy is one of the control parameters. The obtained phase diagram exemplifies how the extensive Hilbert state of quantum many-body systems can be structured by the measurement of well-defined order parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Meyer-Hoppe
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - F Anders
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - P Feldmann
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - L Santos
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Klempt
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Quintana M, Martín Valderrama C, Berger A. Metamagnetic fluctuation characteristics near dynamic phase transitions. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064121. [PMID: 38243458 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
We experimentally explore the magnetization dynamics of thin ferromagnetic Co films with uniaxial in-plane anisotropy near the dynamic phase transition (DPT) and, in particular, we study the temporal characteristics of anomalous metamagnetic fluctuations that occur in its vicinity, and for which no thermodynamic equivalent exists. For this purpose, we measure the real-time evolution of magnetization trajectories in the relevant dynamic phase space, conduct a Fourier analysis of these experimental results and compare it to a model, in which the fluctuating metamagnetic behavior occurs in a purely random manner, following individual state probability distributions. We find excellent quantitative agreement in between our experimental results and the random state model, clearly indicating that multiperiod time-correlations of magnetic states are not relevant in our DPT system, not even for the occurrence of the anomalous metamagnetic fluctuations that are nonetheless associated with nonperiodic magnetic state evolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quintana
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - C Martín Valderrama
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - A Berger
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
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13
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Yang P, Baggioli M, Cai Z, Tian Y, Zhang H. Holographic Dissipative Spacetime Supersolids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:221601. [PMID: 38101390 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.221601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Driving a system out of equilibrium enriches the paradigm of spontaneous symmetry breaking, which could then take place not only in space but also in time. The interplay between temporal and spatial symmetries, as well as symmetries from other internal degrees of freedom, can give rise to novel nonequilibrium phases of matter. In this Letter, we investigate a driven-dissipative superfluid model using holographic methods and reveal the existence of a spacetime supersolid (STS) phase that concomitantly breaks the time translation, spatial translation, and the internal U(1) symmetry. The holographic methods naturally include finite temperature effects, which enables us to explore the complex phase diagram of this model and observe a cascade of out-of-equilibrium phase transitions from the STS phase to a synchronized superfluid phase, and finally to a normal fluid phase, by increasing the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wilczek Quantum Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Matteo Baggioli
- Wilczek Quantum Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Zi Cai
- Wilczek Quantum Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongbao Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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14
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Wildman EJ, Lawrence GB, Walsh A, Morita K, Simpson S, Ritter C, Stenning GBG, Arevalo-Lopez AM, Mclaughlin AC. Observation of an exotic insulator to insulator transition upon electron doping the Mott insulator CeMnAsO. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7037. [PMID: 37923745 PMCID: PMC10624918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising route to discover exotic electronic states in correlated electron systems is to vary the hole or electron doping away from a Mott insulating state. Important examples include quantum criticality and high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates. Here, we report the surprising discovery of a quantum insulating state upon electron doping the Mott insulator CeMnAsO, which emerges below a distinct critical transition temperature, TII. The insulator-insulator transition is accompanied by a significant reduction in electron mobility as well as a colossal Seebeck effect and slow dynamics due to decoupling of the electrons from the lattice phonons. The origin of the transition is tentatively interpreted in terms of many-body localization, which has not been observed previously in a solid-state material.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Wildman
- The Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - G B Lawrence
- The Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - A Walsh
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - K Morita
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - S Simpson
- The Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - C Ritter
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 156, F-38042, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - G B G Stenning
- ISIS Experimental Operations Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - A M Arevalo-Lopez
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d'Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - A C Mclaughlin
- The Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK.
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15
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Machado F, Zhuang Q, Yao NY, Zaletel MP. Absolutely Stable Time Crystals at Finite Temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:180402. [PMID: 37977624 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.180402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We show that locally interacting, periodically driven (Floquet) Hamiltonian dynamics coupled to a Langevin bath support finite-temperature discrete time crystals (DTCs) with an infinite autocorrelation time. By contrast to both prethermal and many-body localized DTCs, the time crystalline order we uncover is stable to arbitrary perturbations, including those that break the time translation symmetry of the underlying drive. Our approach utilizes a general mapping from probabilistic cellular automata to open classical Floquet systems undergoing continuous-time Langevin dynamics. Applying this mapping to a variant of the Toom cellular automaton, which we dub the "π-Toom time crystal," leads to a 2D Floquet Hamiltonian with a finite-temperature DTC phase transition. We provide numerical evidence for the existence of this transition, and analyze the statistics of the finite temperature fluctuations. Finally, we discuss how general results from the field of probabilistic cellular automata imply the existence of discrete time crystals (with an infinite autocorrelation time) in all dimensions, d≥1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Machado
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Quntao Zhuang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Norman Y Yao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael P Zaletel
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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16
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Stanley LJ, Lin PV, Jaroszyński J, Popović D. Screening the Coulomb interaction leads to a prethermal regime in two-dimensional bad conductors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7004. [PMID: 37919297 PMCID: PMC10622453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The absence of thermalization in certain isolated many-body systems is of great fundamental interest. Many-body localization (MBL) is a widely studied mechanism for thermalization to fail in strongly disordered quantum systems, but it is still not understood precisely how the range of interactions affects the dynamical behavior and the existence of MBL, especially in dimensions D > 1. By investigating nonequilibrium dynamics in strongly disordered D = 2 electron systems with power-law interactions ∝ 1/rα and poor coupling to a thermal bath, here we observe MBL-like, prethermal dynamics for α = 3. In contrast, for α = 1, the system thermalizes, although the dynamics is glassy. Our results provide important insights for theory, especially since we obtained them on systems that are much closer to the thermodynamic limit than synthetic quantum systems employed in previous studies of MBL. Thus, our work is a key step towards further studies of ergodicity breaking and quantum entanglement in real materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Stanley
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Ping V Lin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - J Jaroszyński
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Dragana Popović
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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17
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Chen YH, Zhang X. Realization of an inherent time crystal in a dissipative many-body system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6161. [PMID: 37789006 PMCID: PMC10547780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Time crystals are many-body states that spontaneously break translation symmetry in time the way that ordinary crystals do in space. While experimental observations have confirmed the existence of discrete or continuous time crystals, these realizations have relied on the utilization of periodic forces or effective modulation through cavity feedback. The original proposal for time crystals is that they would represent self-sustained motions without any external periodicity, but realizing such purely self-generated behavior has not yet been achieved. Here, we provide theoretical and experimental evidence that many-body interactions can give rise to an inherent time crystalline phase. Following a calculation that shows an ensemble of pumped four-level atoms can spontaneously break continuous time translation symmetry, we observe periodic motions in an erbium-doped solid. The inherent time crystal produced by our experiment is self-protected by many-body interactions and has a measured coherence time beyond that of individual erbium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
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18
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He G, Ye B, Gong R, Liu Z, Murch KW, Yao NY, Zu C. Quasi-Floquet Prethermalization in a Disordered Dipolar Spin Ensemble in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:130401. [PMID: 37832016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.130401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Floquet (periodic) driving has recently emerged as a powerful technique for engineering quantum systems and realizing nonequilibrium phases of matter. A central challenge to stabilizing quantum phenomena in such systems is the need to prevent energy absorption from the driving field. Fortunately, when the frequency of the drive is significantly larger than the local energy scales of the many-body system, energy absorption is suppressed. The existence of this so-called prethermal regime depends sensitively on the range of interactions and the presence of multiple driving frequencies. Here, we report the observation of Floquet prethermalization in a strongly interacting dipolar spin ensemble in diamond, where the angular dependence of the dipolar coupling helps to mitigate the long-ranged nature of the interaction. Moreover, we extend our experimental observation to quasi-Floquet drives with multiple incommensurate frequencies. In contrast to a single-frequency drive, we find that the existence of prethermalization is extremely sensitive to the smoothness of the applied field. Our results open the door to stabilizing and characterizing nonequilibrium phenomena in quasiperiodically driven systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui He
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Bingtian Ye
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ruotian Gong
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Kater W Murch
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Norman Y Yao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chong Zu
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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19
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Gu Y, Zhuang WF, Chai X, Liu DE. Benchmarking universal quantum gates via channel spectrum. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5880. [PMID: 37735170 PMCID: PMC10514318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Noise remains the major obstacle to scalable quantum computation. Quantum benchmarking provides key information on noise properties and is an important step for developing more advanced quantum processors. However, current benchmarking methods are either limited to a specific subset of quantum gates or cannot directly describe the performance of the individual target gate. To overcome these limitations, we propose channel spectrum benchmarking (CSB), a method to infer the noise properties of the target gate, including process fidelity, stochastic fidelity, and some unitary parameters, from the eigenvalues of its noisy channel. Our CSB method is insensitive to state-preparation and measurement errors, and importantly, can benchmark universal gates and is scalable to many-qubit systems. Unlike standard randomized schemes, CSB can provide direct noise information for both target native gates and circuit fragments, allowing benchmarking and calibration of global entangling gates and frequently used modules in quantum algorithms like Trotterized Hamiltonian evolution operator in quantum simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Gu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Wei-Feng Zhuang
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xudan Chai
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dong E Liu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100184, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
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20
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Yue M, Cai Z. Prethermal Time-Crystalline Spin Ice and Monopole Confinement in a Driven Magnet. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:056502. [PMID: 37595219 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.056502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies of systems far from equilibrium open up new avenues for investigating exotic phases of matter. A driven-dissipative frustrated spin system is examined in this study, and we suggest an out-of-equilibrium nonmagnetic phase where the spins do not order but adhere to the ice rule in space and establish a long-range crystalline order in time. In contrast to the conventional spin ice, the dynamics of monopoles is confined due to the nonequilibrium feature of our model. Possible experimental realizations of our model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Yue
- Wilczek Quantum Center and Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zi Cai
- Wilczek Quantum Center and Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
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21
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Bai SY, An JH. Floquet Engineering to Overcome No-Go Theorem of Noisy Quantum Metrology. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:050801. [PMID: 37595225 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Permitting a more precise measurement to physical quantities than the classical limit by using quantum resources, quantum metrology holds a promise in developing many revolutionary technologies. However, the noise-induced decoherence forces its superiority to disappear, which is called no-go theorem of noisy quantum metrology and constrains its application. We propose a scheme to overcome the no-go theorem by Floquet engineering. It is found that, by applying a periodic driving on the atoms of the Ramsey spectroscopy, the ultimate sensitivity to measure their frequency characterized by quantum Fisher information returns to the ideal t^{2} scaling with the encoding time whenever a Floquet bound state is formed by the system consisting of each driven atom and its local noise. Combining with the optimal control, this mechanism also allows us to retrieve the ideal Heisenberg-limit scaling with the atom number N. Our result gives an efficient way to avoid the no-go theorem of noisy quantum metrology and to realize high-precision measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jun-Hong An
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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22
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Giachetti G, Defenu N. Entanglement propagation and dynamics in non-additive quantum systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12388. [PMID: 37524738 PMCID: PMC10390585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The prominent collective character of long-range interacting quantum systems makes them promising candidates for quantum technological applications. Yet, lack of additivity overthrows the traditional picture for entanglement scaling and transport, due to the breakdown of the common mechanism based on excitations propagation and confinement. Here, we describe the dynamics of the entanglement entropy in many-body quantum systems with a diverging contribution to the internal energy from the long-range two body potential. While in the strict thermodynamic limit entanglement dynamics is shown to be suppressed, a rich mosaic of novel scaling regimes is observed at intermediate system sizes, due to the possibility to trigger multiple resonant modes in the global dynamics. Quantitative predictions on the shape and timescales of entanglement propagation are made, paving the way to the observation of these phases in current quantum simulators. This picture is connected and contrasted with the case of local many body systems subject to Floquet driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Giachetti
- SISSA and INFN Sezione di Trieste, Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicolò Defenu
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Dong RY, Wang S, Zou JH, Zhang HF. Tunable and controllable multi-channel time-comb absorber based on continuous photonic time crystals. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2627-2630. [PMID: 37186725 DOI: 10.1364/ol.491783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To date there have been many studies on multi-channel absorbers for conventional photonic crystals (PCs). However, the number of absorption channels is small and uncontrollable, which cannot satisfy applications such as multispectral or quantitative narrowband selective filters. To address these issues, a tunable and controllable multi-channel time-comb absorber (TCA) based on continuous photonic time crystals (PTCs), is theoretically proposed. Compared with conventional PCs with fixed refractive index (RI), this system forms a stronger local electric field enhancement in the TCA by absorbing externally modulated energy, resulting in sharp multi-channel absorption peaks (APs). Tunability can be achieved by adjusting the RI, angle, and time period unit (T) of the PTCs. Diversified tunable methods allow the TCA to have more potential applications. In addition, changing T can adjust the number of multi-channels. More importantly, changing the primary term coefficient of n1(t) of PTC1 can control the number of time-comb absorption peaks (TCAPs) in multi-channels within a certain range, and the mathematical relationship between the coefficients and the number of multiple channels is summarized. This will have potential applications in the design of quantitative narrowband selective filters, thermal radiation detectors, optical detection instruments, etc.
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24
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Wang S, Qin C, Zhao L, Ye H, Longhi S, Lu P, Wang B. Photonic Floquet Landau-Zener tunneling and temporal beam splitters. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0415. [PMID: 37134159 PMCID: PMC10156109 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Landau-Zener tunneling (LZT), i.e., the nonadiabatic transition under strong parameter driving in multilevel systems, is ubiquitous in physics, providing a powerful tool for coherent wave control both in quantum and classical systems. While previous works mainly focus on LZT between two energy bands in time-invariant crystals, here, we construct synthetic time-periodic temporal lattices from two coupled fiber loops and demonstrate dc- and ac-driven LZTs between periodic Floquet bands. We show that dc- and ac-driven LZTs display distinctive tunneling and interference characteristics, which can be harnessed to realize fully reconfigurable LZT beam splitter arrangements. As a potential application to signal processing, we realize a 4-bit temporal beam encoder for classical light pulses using a reconfigurable LZT beam splitter network. Our work introduces and experimentally demonstrates a new class of reconfigurable linear optics circuits harnessing Floquet LZT, which may find versatile applications in temporal beam control, signal processing, quantum simulations, and information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chengzhi Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lange Zhao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Han Ye
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Stefano Longhi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- IFISC (UIB-CSIC), Instituto de Fisica Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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25
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Krishna M, Solanki P, Hajdušek M, Vinjanampathy S. Measurement-Induced Continuous Time Crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:150401. [PMID: 37115890 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.150401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Strong measurements usually restrict the dynamics of measured finite dimensional systems to the Zeno subspace, where subsequent evolution is unitary due to the suppression of dissipative terms. Here, we show qualitatively different behavior induced by the competition between strong measurements and the thermodynamic limit, inducing a time-translation symmetry breaking phase transition resulting in a continuous time crystal. We consider an undriven spin star model, where the central spin is subject to a strong continuous measurement, and qualify the dynamic behavior of the system in various parameter regimes. We show that above a critical value of measurement strength, the magnetization of the thermodynamically large ancilla spins, along with the central spin, develops limit-cycle oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhun Krishna
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Parvinder Solanki
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Michal Hajdušek
- Keio University Shonan Fujisawa Campus, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan
- Keio University Quantum Computing Center, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sai Vinjanampathy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Centre of Excellence in Quantum Information, Computation, Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Ito S, Schüler M, Meierhofer M, Schlauderer S, Freudenstein J, Reimann J, Afanasiev D, Kokh KA, Tereshchenko OE, Güdde J, Sentef MA, Höfer U, Huber R. Build-up and dephasing of Floquet-Bloch bands on subcycle timescales. Nature 2023; 616:696-701. [PMID: 37046087 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Strong light fields have created opportunities to tailor novel functionalities of solids1-5. Floquet-Bloch states can form under periodic driving of electrons and enable exotic quantum phases6-15. On subcycle timescales, lightwaves can simultaneously drive intraband currents16-29 and interband transitions18,19,30,31, which enable high-harmonic generation16,18,19,21,22,25,28-30 and pave the way towards ultrafast electronics. Yet, the interplay of intraband and interband excitations and their relation to Floquet physics have been key open questions as dynamical aspects of Floquet states have remained elusive. Here we provide this link by visualizing the ultrafast build-up of Floquet-Bloch bands with time-resolved and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We drive surface states on a topological insulator32,33 with mid-infrared fields-strong enough for high-harmonic generation-and directly monitor the transient band structure with subcycle time resolution. Starting with strong intraband currents, we observe how Floquet sidebands emerge within a single optical cycle; intraband acceleration simultaneously proceeds in multiple sidebands until high-energy electrons scatter into bulk states and dissipation destroys the Floquet bands. Quantum non-equilibrium calculations explain the simultaneous occurrence of Floquet states with intraband and interband dynamics. Our joint experiment and theory study provides a direct time-domain view of Floquet physics and explores the fundamental frontiers of ultrafast band-structure engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ito
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Schüler
- Laboratory for Materials Simulations, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - M Meierhofer
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Schlauderer
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Freudenstein
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Reimann
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Afanasiev
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K A Kokh
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics and V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - O E Tereshchenko
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics and V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - J Güdde
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M A Sentef
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - U Höfer
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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27
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Vu D, Das Sarma S. Dissipative Prethermal Discrete Time Crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:130401. [PMID: 37067309 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.130401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
An ergodic system subjected to an external periodic drive will be generically heated to infinite temperature. However, if the applied frequency is larger than the typical energy scale of the local Hamiltonian, this heating stops during a prethermal period that extends exponentially with the frequency. During this prethermal period, the system may manifest an emergent symmetry that, if spontaneously broken, will produce subharmonic oscillation of the discrete time crystal (DTC). We study the role of dissipation on the survival time of the prethermal DTC. On one hand, a bath coupling increases the prethermal period by slowing down the accumulation of errors that eventually destroy prethermalization. On the other hand, the spontaneous symmetry breaking is destabilized by interaction with environment. The result of this competition is a nonmonotonic variation, i.e., the survival time of the prethermal DTC first increases and then decreases as the environment coupling gets stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
- DinhDuy Vu
- Condensed Matter Theory Center and Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Sankar Das Sarma
- Condensed Matter Theory Center and Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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28
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Liu S, Zhang SX, Hsieh CY, Zhang S, Yao H. Discrete Time Crystal Enabled by Stark Many-Body Localization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:120403. [PMID: 37027857 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.120403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Discrete time crystals (DTCs) have recently attracted increasing attention, but most DTC models and their properties are only revealed after disorder average. In this Letter, we propose a simple disorder-free periodically driven model that exhibits nontrivial DTC order stabilized by Stark many-body localization (MBL). We demonstrate the existence of the DTC phase by analytical analysis from perturbation theory and convincing numerical evidence from observable dynamics. The new DTC model paves a new promising way for further experiments and deepens our understanding of DTCs. Since the DTC order does not require special quantum state preparation and the strong disorder average, it can be naturally realized on the noisy intermediate-scale quantum hardware with much fewer resources and repetitions. Moreover, in addition to the robust subharmonic response, there are other novel robust beating oscillations in the Stark-MBL DTC phase that are absent in random or quasiperiodic MBL DTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tencent Quantum Laboratory, Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhang
- Tencent Quantum Laboratory, Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Chang-Yu Hsieh
- Tencent Quantum Laboratory, Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- Tencent Quantum Laboratory, Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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29
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Sen R, Paul S, Krishnamurthy S, Devi A, Mani E, Gebbink RK, Roy S. Time gel and origin of matter. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Bakker LR, Bahovadinov MS, Kurlov DV, Gritsev V, Fedorov AK, Krimer DO. Driven-Dissipative Time Crystalline Phases in a Two-Mode Bosonic System with Kerr Nonlinearity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:250401. [PMID: 36608248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.250401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For the driven-dissipative system of two coupled bosonic modes in a nonlinear cavity resonator, we demonstrate a sequence of phase transitions from a trivial steady state to two distinct dissipative time crystalline phases. These effects are already anticipated at the level of the semiclassical analysis of the Lindblad equation using the theory of bifurcations and are further supported by the full quantum treatment. The system is predicted to exhibit different dynamical phases characterized by an oscillating nonequilibrium steady state with nontrivial periodicity, which is a hallmark of time crystals. We expect that these phases can be directly probed in various cavity QED experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Bakker
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - M S Bahovadinov
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 143025, Russia
- Physics Department, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - D V Kurlov
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - V Gritsev
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - A K Fedorov
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 143025, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Dmitry O Krimer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/136, A1040 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Disorder-assisted assembly of strongly correlated fluids of light. Nature 2022; 612:435-441. [PMID: 36517711 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Guiding many-body systems to desired states is a central challenge of modern quantum science, with applications from quantum computation1,2 to many-body physics3 and quantum-enhanced metrology4. Approaches to solving this problem include step-by-step assembly5,6, reservoir engineering to irreversibly pump towards a target state7,8 and adiabatic evolution from a known initial state9,10. Here we construct low-entropy quantum fluids of light in a Bose-Hubbard circuit by combining particle-by-particle assembly and adiabatic preparation. We inject individual photons into a disordered lattice for which the eigenstates are known and localized, then adiabatically remove this disorder, enabling quantum fluctuations to melt the photons into a fluid. Using our platform11, we first benchmark this lattice melting technique by building and characterizing arbitrary single-particle-in-a-box states, then assemble multiparticle strongly correlated fluids. Intersite entanglement measurements performed through single-site tomography indicate that the particles in the fluid delocalize, whereas two-body density correlation measurements demonstrate that they also avoid one another, revealing Friedel oscillations characteristic of a Tonks-Girardeau gas12,13. This work opens new possibilities for the preparation of topological and otherwise exotic phases of synthetic matter3,14,15.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore.
| | - Jiangbin Gong
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore; Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Raditya Weda Bomantara
- Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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33
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Krenn M, Pollice R, Guo SY, Aldeghi M, Cervera-Lierta A, Friederich P, dos Passos Gomes G, Häse F, Jinich A, Nigam A, Yao Z, Aspuru-Guzik A. On scientific understanding with artificial intelligence. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2022; 4:761-769. [PMID: 36247217 PMCID: PMC9552145 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-022-00518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An oracle that correctly predicts the outcome of every particle physics experiment, the products of every possible chemical reaction or the function of every protein would revolutionize science and technology. However, scientists would not be entirely satisfied because they would want to comprehend how the oracle made these predictions. This is scientific understanding, one of the main aims of science. With the increase in the available computational power and advances in artificial intelligence, a natural question arises: how can advanced computational systems, and specifically artificial intelligence, contribute to new scientific understanding or gain it autonomously? Trying to answer this question, we adopted a definition of 'scientific understanding' from the philosophy of science that enabled us to overview the scattered literature on the topic and, combined with dozens of anecdotes from scientists, map out three dimensions of computer-assisted scientific understanding. For each dimension, we review the existing state of the art and discuss future developments. We hope that this Perspective will inspire and focus research directions in this multidisciplinary emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Krenn
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), Erlangen, Germany
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Pollice
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Si Yue Guo
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Matteo Aldeghi
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Alba Cervera-Lierta
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Pascal Friederich
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gabriel dos Passos Gomes
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Florian Häse
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Adrian Jinich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - AkshatKumar Nigam
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for Future Materials, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Lebovic Fellow, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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34
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Park J, Cho H, Lee S, Lee K, Lee K, Park HC, Ryu JW, Park N, Jeon S, Min B. Revealing non-Hermitian band structure of photonic Floquet media. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6220. [PMID: 36206346 PMCID: PMC9544314 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Periodically driven systems are ubiquitously found in both classical and quantum regimes. In the field of photonics, these Floquet systems have begun to provide insight into how time periodicity can extend the concept of spatially periodic photonic crystals and metamaterials to the time domain. However, despite the necessity arising from the presence of nonreciprocal coupling between states in a photonic Floquet medium, a unified non-Hermitian band structure description remains elusive. We experimentally reveal the unique Bloch-Floquet and non-Bloch band structures of a photonic Floquet medium emulated in the microwave regime with a one-dimensional array of time-periodically driven resonators. These non-Hermitian band structures are shown to be two measurable distinct subsets of complex eigenfrequency surfaces of the photonic Floquet medium defined in complex momentum space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagang Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjoon Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seojoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghee Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chul Park
- Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Ryu
- Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyoo Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggeun Jeon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumki Min
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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35
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Wu X, Zhang Y, Peng J, Boscolo S, Finot C, Zeng H. Farey tree and devil's staircase of frequency-locked breathers in ultrafast lasers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5784. [PMID: 36184670 PMCID: PMC9527256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear systems with two competing frequencies show locking or resonances. In lasers, the two interacting frequencies can be the cavity repetition rate and a frequency externally applied to the system. Conversely, the excitation of breather oscillations in lasers naturally triggers a second characteristic frequency in the system, therefore showing competition between the cavity repetition rate and the breathing frequency. Yet, the link between breathing solitons and frequency locking is missing. Here we demonstrate frequency locking at Farey fractions of a breather laser. The winding numbers exhibit the hierarchy of the Farey tree and the structure of a devil’s staircase. Numerical simulations of a discrete laser model confirm the experimental findings. The breather laser may therefore serve as a simple test bed to explore ubiquitous synchronization dynamics of nonlinear systems. The locked breathing frequencies feature a high signal-to-noise ratio and can give rise to dense radio-frequency combs, which are attractive for applications. Fractal optical solitons were studied in theory while it is cumbersome their experimental realization in optics setups. Here, the authors find that breathing solitons in lasers constitute fractals―the devil’s staircases, which are around 3000 times more stable than classical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Sonia Boscolo
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Christophe Finot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21078, Dijon, Cedex, France
| | - Heping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, 401120, Chongqing, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 201315, Shanghai, China.
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36
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Li BW, Mei QX, Wu YK, Cai ML, Wang Y, Yao L, Zhou ZC, Duan LM. Observation of Non-Markovian Spin Dynamics in a Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard Model Using a Trapped-Ion Quantum Simulator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:140501. [PMID: 36240415 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard (JCH) model is a fundamental many-body model for light-matter interaction. As a leading platform for quantum simulation, the trapped ion system has realized the JCH model for two to three ions. Here, we report the quantum simulation of the JCH model using up to 32 ions. We verify the simulation results even for large ion numbers by engineering low excitations and thus low effective dimensions; then we extend to 32 excitations for an effective dimension of 2^{77}, which is difficult for classical computers. By regarding the phonon modes as baths, we explore Markovian or non-Markovian spin dynamics in different parameter regimes of the JCH model, similar to quantum emitters in a structured photonic environment. We further examine the dependence of the non-Markovian dynamics on the effective Hilbert space dimension. Our Letter demonstrates the trapped ion system as a powerful quantum simulator for many-body physics and open quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-W Li
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Q-X Mei
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-K Wu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - M-L Cai
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- HYQ Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Wang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - L Yao
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- HYQ Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Z-C Zhou
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - L-M Duan
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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37
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Bull K, Hallam A, Papić Z, Martin I. Tuning between Continuous Time Crystals and Many-Body Scars in Long-Range XYZ Spin Chains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:140602. [PMID: 36240421 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.140602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persistent oscillatory dynamics in nonequilibrium many-body systems is a tantalizing manifestation of ergodicity breakdown that continues to attract much attention. Recent works have focused on two classes of such systems: discrete time crystals and quantum many-body scars (QMBS). While both systems host oscillatory dynamics, its origin is expected to be fundamentally different: discrete time crystal is a phase of matter which spontaneously breaks the Z_{2} symmetry of the external periodic drive, while QMBS span a subspace of nonthermalizing eigenstates forming an su(2) algebra representation. Here, we ask a basic question: is there a physical system that allows us to tune between these two dynamical phenomena? In contrast to much previous work, we investigate the possibility of a continuous time crystal (CTC) in undriven, energy-conserving systems exhibiting prethermalization. We introduce a long-range XYZ spin model and show that it encompasses both a CTC phase as well as QMBS. We map out the dynamical phase diagram using numerical simulations based on exact diagonalization and time-dependent variational principle in the thermodynamic limit. We identify a regime where QMBS and CTC order coexist, and we discuss experimental protocols that reveal their similarities as well as key differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Bull
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hallam
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Zlatko Papić
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivar Martin
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 08540, USA
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38
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Huang B, Leung TH, Stamper-Kurn DM, Liu WV. Discrete Time Crystals Enforced by Floquet-Bloch Scars. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:133001. [PMID: 36206415 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We analytically identify a new class of quantum scars protected by spatiotemporal translation symmetries, dubbed Floquet-Bloch scars. They are distinguished from previous (quasi-)static scars by a rigid spectral pairing only possible in Floquet systems, where strong interaction and drivings equalize the quasienergy corrections to all scars and maintain their spectral spacings against generic bilinear perturbations. Scars then enforce the spatial localization and rigid discrete time crystal (DTC) oscillations as verified numerically in a trimerized kagome lattice model relevant to recent cold atom experiments. Our analytical solutions offer a potential scheme to understand the mechanisms for more generic translation-invariant DTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Huang
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tsz-Him Leung
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dan M Stamper-Kurn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Vincent Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and IQ Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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39
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Limit cycles and chaos in the hybrid atom-optomechanics system. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15288. [PMID: 36088462 PMCID: PMC9464193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider atoms in two different periodic potentials induced by different lasers, one of which is coupled to a mechanical membrane via radiation pressure force. The atoms are intrinsically two-level systems that can absorb or emit photons, but the dynamics of their position and momentum are treated classically. On the other hand, the membrane, the cavity field, and the intrinsic two-level atoms are treated quantum mechanically. We show that the mean excitation of the three systems can be stable, periodically oscillating, or in a chaotic state depending on the strength of the coupling between them. We define regular, limit cycle, and chaotic phases, and present a phase diagram where the three phases can be achieved by manipulating the field-membrane and field-atom coupling strengths. We also computed other observable quantities that can reflect the system’s phase such as position, momentum, and correlation functions. Our proposal offers a new way to generate and tune the limit cycle and chaotic phases in a well-established atom-optomechanics system.
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40
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LeBlanc LJ. Unleashing spontaneity in a time crystal. Science 2022; 377:576-577. [PMID: 35926056 DOI: 10.1126/science.add2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ordered patterns reoccur over time in an ultracold atomic gas trapped in light.
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41
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Karni O, Esin I, Dani KM. Through the Lens of a Momentum Microscope: Viewing Light-Induced Quantum Phenomena in 2D Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2204120. [PMID: 35817468 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) materials at their 2D limit are diverse, flexible, and unique laboratories to study fundamental quantum phenomena and their future applications. Their novel properties rely on their pronounced Coulomb interactions, variety of crystal symmetries and spin-physics, and the ease of incorporation of different vdW materials to form sophisticated heterostructures. In particular, the excited state properties of many 2D semiconductors and semi-metals are relevant for their technological applications, particularly those that can be induced by light. In this paper, the recent advances made in studying out-of-equilibrium, light-induced, phenomena in these materials are reviewed using powerful, surface-sensitive, time-resolved photoemission-based techniques, with a particular emphasis on the emerging multi-dimensional photoemission spectroscopy technique of time-resolved momentum microscopy. The advances this technique has enabled in studying the nature and dynamics of occupied excited states in these materials are discussed. Then, the future research directions opened by these scientific and instrumental advancements are projected for studying the physics of 2D materials and the opportunities to engineer their band-structure and band-topology by laser fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouri Karni
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Iliya Esin
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Keshav M Dani
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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42
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Daley AJ, Bloch I, Kokail C, Flannigan S, Pearson N, Troyer M, Zoller P. Practical quantum advantage in quantum simulation. Nature 2022; 607:667-676. [PMID: 35896643 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of quantum computing across several technologies and platforms has reached the point of having an advantage over classical computers for an artificial problem, a point known as 'quantum advantage'. As a next step along the development of this technology, it is now important to discuss 'practical quantum advantage', the point at which quantum devices will solve problems of practical interest that are not tractable for traditional supercomputers. Many of the most promising short-term applications of quantum computers fall under the umbrella of quantum simulation: modelling the quantum properties of microscopic particles that are directly relevant to modern materials science, high-energy physics and quantum chemistry. This would impact several important real-world applications, such as developing materials for batteries, industrial catalysis or nitrogen fixing. Much as aerodynamics can be studied either through simulations on a digital computer or in a wind tunnel, quantum simulation can be performed not only on future fault-tolerant digital quantum computers but also already today through special-purpose analogue quantum simulators. Here we overview the state of the art and future perspectives for quantum simulation, arguing that a first practical quantum advantage already exists in the case of specialized applications of analogue devices, and that fully digital devices open a full range of applications but require further development of fault-tolerant hardware. Hybrid digital-analogue devices that exist today already promise substantial flexibility in near-term applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Daley
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Immanuel Bloch
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany.,Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Kokail
- Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stuart Flannigan
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Natalie Pearson
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Peter Zoller
- Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
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43
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Zhang X, Jiang W, Deng J, Wang K, Chen J, Zhang P, Ren W, Dong H, Xu S, Gao Y, Jin F, Zhu X, Guo Q, Li H, Song C, Gorshkov AV, Iadecola T, Liu F, Gong ZX, Wang Z, Deng DL, Wang H. Digital quantum simulation of Floquet symmetry-protected topological phases. Nature 2022; 607:468-473. [PMID: 35859194 PMCID: PMC9300455 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantum many-body systems away from equilibrium host a rich variety of exotic phenomena that are forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics. A prominent example is that of discrete time crystals1–8, in which time-translational symmetry is spontaneously broken in periodically driven systems. Pioneering experiments have observed signatures of time crystalline phases with trapped ions9,10, solid-state spin systems11–15, ultracold atoms16,17 and superconducting qubits18–20. Here we report the observation of a distinct type of non-equilibrium state of matter, Floquet symmetry-protected topological phases, which are implemented through digital quantum simulation with an array of programmable superconducting qubits. We observe robust long-lived temporal correlations and subharmonic temporal response for the edge spins over up to 40 driving cycles using a circuit of depth exceeding 240 and acting on 26 qubits. We demonstrate that the subharmonic response is independent of the initial state, and experimentally map out a phase boundary between the Floquet symmetry-protected topological and thermal phases. Our results establish a versatile digital simulation approach to exploring exotic non-equilibrium phases of matter with current noisy intermediate-scale quantum processors21. Signatures of non-equilibrium Floquet SPT phases with a programmable superconducting quantum processor are observed in which the discrete time translational symmetry only breaks at the boundaries and not in the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Deng
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Chen
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Ren
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Dong
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shibo Xu
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feitong Jin
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuhao Zhu
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiujiang Guo
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Institute of Frontier Technologies, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hekang Li
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Institute of Frontier Technologies, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Institute of Frontier Technologies, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alexey V Gorshkov
- Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Iadecola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fangli Liu
- Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, MD, USA.,QuEra Computing Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhe-Xuan Gong
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Institute of Frontier Technologies, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dong-Ling Deng
- Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China.
| | - H Wang
- Department of Physics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Institute of Frontier Technologies, Hangzhou, China
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44
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Dumitrescu PT, Bohnet JG, Gaebler JP, Hankin A, Hayes D, Kumar A, Neyenhuis B, Vasseur R, Potter AC. Dynamical topological phase realized in a trapped-ion quantum simulator. Nature 2022; 607:463-467. [PMID: 35859195 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nascent platforms for programmable quantum simulation offer unprecedented access to new regimes of far-from-equilibrium quantum many-body dynamics in almost isolated systems. Here achieving precise control over quantum many-body entanglement is an essential task for quantum sensing and computation. Extensive theoretical work indicates that these capabilities can enable dynamical phases and critical phenomena that show topologically robust methods to create, protect and manipulate quantum entanglement that self-correct against large classes of errors. However, so far, experimental realizations have been confined to classical (non-entangled) symmetry-breaking orders1-5. In this work, we demonstrate an emergent dynamical symmetry-protected topological phase6, in a quasiperiodically driven array of ten 171Yb+ hyperfine qubits in Quantinuum's System Model H1 trapped-ion quantum processor7. This phase shows edge qubits that are dynamically protected from control errors, cross-talk and stray fields. Crucially, this edge protection relies purely on emergent dynamical symmetries that are absolutely stable to generic coherent perturbations. This property is special to quasiperiodically driven systems: as we demonstrate, the analogous edge states of a periodically driven qubit array are vulnerable to symmetry-breaking errors and quickly decohere. Our work paves the way for implementation of more complex dynamical topological orders8,9 that would enable error-resilient manipulation of quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp T Dumitrescu
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Ajesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Romain Vasseur
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Andrew C Potter
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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45
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Kongkhambut P, Skulte J, Mathey L, Cosme JG, Hemmerich A, Keßler H. Observation of a continuous time crystal. Science 2022; 377:670-673. [PMID: 35679353 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Time crystals are classified as discrete or continuous depending on whether they spontaneously break discrete or continuous time translation symmetry. While discrete time crystals have been extensively studied in periodically driven systems, the experimental realization of a continuous time crystal is still pending. We report the observation of a limit cycle phase in a continuously pumped dissipative atom-cavity system, that is characterized by emergent oscillations in the intracavity photon number. The phase of the oscillation found to be random for different realizations, and hence this dynamical many-body state breaks continuous time translation symmetry spontaneously. Furthermore, the observed limit cycles are robust against temporal perturbations and therefore demonstrate the realization of a continuous time crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatthamon Kongkhambut
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien and Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jim Skulte
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien and Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Mathey
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien and Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jayson G Cosme
- National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Andreas Hemmerich
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien and Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Keßler
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien and Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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46
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Sarkar S, Dubi Y. Emergence and Dynamical Stability of a Charge Time-Crystal in a Current-Carrying Quantum Dot Simulator. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4445-4451. [PMID: 35580301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Periodically driven open quantum systems that never thermalize exhibit a discrete time-crystal behavior, a nonequilibrium quantum phenomenon that has shown promise in quantum information processing applications. Measurements of time-crystallinity are currently limited to (magneto-) optical experiments in atom-cavity systems and spin-systems making it an indirect measurement. We theoretically show that time-crystallinity can be measured directly in the charge-current from a spin-less Hubbard ladder, which can be simulated on a quantum-dot array. We demonstrate that one can dynamically tune the system out and then back on a time-crystal phase, proving its robustness against external forcings. These findings motivate further theoretical and experimental efforts to simulate the time-crystal phenomena in current-carrying nanoscale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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47
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Abstract
A time crystal is a macroscopic quantum system in periodic motion in its ground state. In our experiments, two coupled time crystals consisting of spin-wave quasiparticles (magnons) form a macroscopic two-level system. The two levels evolve in time as determined intrinsically by a nonlinear feedback, allowing us to construct spontaneous two-level dynamics. In the course of a level crossing, magnons move from the ground level to the excited level driven by the Landau-Zener effect, combined with Rabi population oscillations. We demonstrate that magnon time crystals allow access to every aspect and detail of quantum-coherent interactions in a single run of the experiment. Our work opens an outlook for the detection of surface-bound Majorana fermions in the underlying superfluid system, and invites technological exploitation of coherent magnon phenomena – potentially even at room temperature. Recent work has reported a realization of a time crystal in the form of the Bose-Einstein condensate of magnons in superfluid 3He. Here, the authors study the dynamics of a pair of such quantum time crystals and show that it closely resembles the evolution of a two-level system, modified by nonlinear feedback.
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48
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Bloch J, Cavalleri A, Galitski V, Hafezi M, Rubio A. Strongly correlated electron-photon systems. Nature 2022; 606:41-48. [PMID: 35614214 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of modern condensed-matter physics involves the search for states of matter with emergent properties and desirable functionalities. Although the tools for material design remain relatively limited, notable advances have been recently achieved by controlling interactions at heterointerfaces, precise alignment of low-dimensional materials and the use of extreme pressures. Here we highlight a paradigm based on controlling light-matter interactions, which provides a way to manipulate and synthesize strongly correlated quantum matter. We consider the case in which both electron-electron and electron-photon interactions are strong and give rise to a variety of phenomena. Photon-mediated superconductivity, cavity fractional quantum Hall physics and optically driven topological phenomena in low dimensions are among the frontiers discussed in this Perspective, which highlights a field that we term here 'strongly correlated electron-photon science'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), Universite Paris Saclay - CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - Andrea Cavalleri
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victor Galitski
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Mohammad Hafezi
- Departments of Physics and ECE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
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49
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Roy S. Time-Gel. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Haldar A, Das A. Statistical mechanics of Floquet quantum matter: exact and emergent conservation laws. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:234001. [PMID: 34020440 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac03d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium statistical mechanics rests on the assumption of chaotic dynamics of a system modulo the conservation laws of local observables: extremization of entropy immediately gives Gibbs' ensemble (GE) for energy conserving systems and a generalized version of it (GGE) when the number of local conserved quantities is more than one. Through the last decade, statistical mechanics has been extended to describe the late-time behaviour of periodically driven (Floquet) quantum matter starting from a generic state. The structure built on the fundamental assumptions of ergodicity and identification of the relevant conservation laws in this inherently non-equilibrium setting. More recently, it has been shown that the statistical mechanics of Floquet systems has a much richer structure due to the existence ofemergentconservation laws: these are approximate but stable conservation laws arisingdue to the drive, and are not present in the undriven system. Extensive numerical and analytical results support perpetual stability of these emergent (though approximate) conservation laws, probably even in the thermodynamic limit. This banks on the recent finding of a sharp threshold for Floquet thermalization in clean, interacting non-integrable Floquet systems. This indicates to the possibility of stable Floquet phases of matter in disorder-free systems. This review intends to give a self-contained theoretical overview of these developments for a broad physics audience. We conclude by briefly surveying the current experimental scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmi Haldar
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arnab Das
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (School of Physical Sciences), 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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