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Chen H, Xing Y, Tan H, Huang L, Zheng Q, Huang Z, Han X, Hu B, Ye Y, Li Y, Xiao Y, Lei H, Qiu X, Liu E, Yang H, Wang Z, Yan B, Gao HJ. Atomically precise engineering of spin-orbit polarons in a kagome magnetic Weyl semimetal. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2301. [PMID: 38485746 PMCID: PMC10940584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise defect engineering is essential to manipulate the properties of emerging topological quantum materials for practical quantum applications. However, this remains challenging due to the obstacles in modifying the typically complex crystal lattice with atomic precision. Here, we report the atomically precise engineering of the vacancy-localized spin-orbit polarons in a kagome magnetic Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2, using scanning tunneling microscope. We achieve the step-by-step repair of the selected vacancies, leading to the formation of artificial sulfur vacancies with elaborate geometry. We find that that the bound states localized around these vacancies undergo a symmetry dependent energy shift towards Fermi level with increasing vacancy size. As the vacancy size increases, the localized magnetic moments of spin-orbit polarons become tunable and eventually become itinerantly negative due to spin-orbit coupling in the kagome flat band. These findings provide a platform for engineering atomic quantum states in topological quantum materials at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Yuqing Xing
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hengxin Tan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Li Huang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zihao Huang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xianghe Han
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuhan Ye
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hechang Lei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, PR China
| | - Xianggang Qiu
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Enke Liu
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
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Duan L, Zhou T, Mu W, Deng Z, Guo M, Wang Q, Yang H, Liu J. Liquid-Metal Molecular Scissors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4212-4221. [PMID: 38215272 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecules are the smallest units of matter that can exist independently, relatively stable, maintaining their physical and chemical activities. The key factors that dominate the structures and properties of molecules include atomic species, alignment commands, and chemical bonds. Herein, we reported a generalized effect in which liquid metals can directly cut off oxygen-containing groups in molecular matter at room temperature, allowing the remaining groups to recombine to form functional materials. Thus, we propose basic liquid-metal scissors for molecular directional clipping and functional transformations. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the capabilities of liquid-metal scissors and reveal that the gallium on the surface of liquid metals directly extracts oxygen atoms from H2O or CH3OH molecules to form oxides. After clipping, the remaining hydrogen atoms from the H2O molecules recombine to form H2, while the remaining fragments of CH3OH produce H2, carbon materials, and carboxylates. This finding refreshes our basic understanding of chemistry and should lead to the development of straightforward molecular weaving techniques, which can help to overcome the limitations of molecular substances with single purposes. It also opens a universal route for realizing future innovations in molecular chemical engineering, life sciences, energy and environment research, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfei Duan
- School of Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Weihua Mu
- School of Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhongshan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Minghui Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huiqin Yang
- School of Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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3
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Deng B, Göb M, Stickler BA, Masuhr M, Singer K, Wang D. Amplifying a Zeptonewton Force with a Single-Ion Nonlinear Oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:153601. [PMID: 37897755 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear mechanical resonators display rich and complex dynamics and are important in many areas of fundamental and applied sciences. Here, we present a general strategy to generate mechanical nonlinearities for trapped particles by transverse driving in a funnel-shaped potential. Employing a trapped ion platform, we study the nonlinear oscillation, bifurcation, and hysteresis of a single calcium ion and demonstrate a 20-fold enhancement of the signal from a zeptonewton-magnitude harmonic force through the effect of vibrational resonance. Our results represent a first step in combining the rich nonlinear dynamics with the precision control over mechanical motions offered by atomic physics and open up possibilities for exploiting nonlinear mechanical phenomena in the quantum regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Moritz Göb
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- Institute for Complex Quantum Systems, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Max Masuhr
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Kilian Singer
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Daqing Wang
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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4
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Schwegler N, Holzapfel D, Stadler M, Mitjans A, Sergachev I, Home JP, Kienzler D. Trapping and Ground-State Cooling of a Single H_{2}^{+}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:133003. [PMID: 37831997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.133003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate co-trapping and sideband cooling of a H_{2}^{+}-^{9}Be^{+} ion pair in a cryogenic Paul trap. We study the chemical lifetime of H_{2}^{+} and its dependence on the apparatus temperature, achieving lifetimes of up to 11_{-3}^{+6} h at 10 K. We demonstrate cooling of two of the modes of translational motion to an average phonon number of 0.07(1) and 0.05(1), corresponding to a temperature of 22(1) and 55(3) μK, respectively. Our results provide a basis for quantum logic spectroscopy experiments of H_{2}^{+}, as well as other light ions such as HD^{+}, H_{3}^{+}, and He^{+}.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schwegler
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Holzapfel
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Stadler
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Mitjans
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I Sergachev
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J P Home
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Kienzler
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Calvin A, Eierman S, Peng Z, Brzeczek M, Satterthwaite L, Patterson D. Single molecule infrared spectroscopy in the gas phase. Nature 2023; 621:295-299. [PMID: 37380028 PMCID: PMC10499601 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopy is a key analytical tool that provides valuable insight into molecular structure and is widely used to identify chemical samples. Tagging spectroscopy is a form of action spectroscopy in which the absorption of a single photon by a molecular ion is detected via the loss of a weakly attached, inert 'tag' particle (for example, He, Ne, N2)1-3. The absorption spectrum is derived from the tag loss rate as a function of incident radiation frequency. So far, all spectroscopy of gas phase polyatomic molecules has been restricted to large molecular ensembles, thus complicating spectral interpretation by the presence of multiple chemical and isomeric species. Here we present a novel tagging spectroscopic scheme to analyse the purest possible sample: a single gas phase molecule. We demonstrate this technique with the measurement of the infrared spectrum of a single gas phase tropylium (C7H7+) molecular ion. The high sensitivity of our method revealed spectral features not previously observed using traditional tagging methods4. Our approach, in principle, enables analysis of multicomponent mixtures by identifying constituent molecules one at a time. Single molecule sensitivity extends action spectroscopy to rare samples, such as those of extraterrestrial origin5,6, or to reactive reaction intermediates formed at number densities that are too low for traditional action methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Calvin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Scott Eierman
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Zeyun Peng
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Merrell Brzeczek
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lincoln Satterthwaite
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - David Patterson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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6
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He D, Li W, Li Q, Chen S, Wang L, Liu Y, Wang M. The impact of non-adiabatic effects on reaction dynamics: a study based on the adiabatic and non-adiabatic potential energy surfaces of CaH 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22744-22754. [PMID: 37605513 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02416d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The two-state non-adiabatic potential energy matrices of the CaH2+ system are calculated via a diabatization approach by using a neural network model. Subsequently, the adiabatic and non-adiabatic potential energy surfaces (PESs) are constructed based on these non-adiabatic potential energy matrices. Furthermore, based on the adiabatic and non-adiabatic PESs, the Ca+(4s2S) + H2(X1Σ+g) → H(2S) + CaH+(X1Σ+) reaction is studied using the time-dependent wave packet method. Comparative analysis of the experimental and theoretical integral reaction cross-sections (ICSs) indicates that the maximum deviation between the results obtained from the adiabatic PES and the corresponding experimental value is 12.7 bohr2; in contrast, the maximum discrepancy between the theoretical result derived from the non-adiabatic PES and the experimental value is merely 0.42 bohr2. The potential well along the reaction path acts as a 'filter', selectively guiding intermediates with longer lifetimes in the potential well back to the reactant channel. This phenomenon indicates that the non-adiabatic effects significantly influence the reaction dynamics of the CaH2+ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di He
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Wentao Li
- Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
| | - Quanjiang Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Shenghui Chen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Li Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yanli Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Meishan Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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7
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Srinivas R, Löschnauer CM, Malinowski M, Hughes AC, Nourshargh R, Negnevitsky V, Allcock DTC, King SA, Matthiesen C, Harty TP, Ballance CJ. Coherent Control of Trapped-Ion Qubits with Localized Electric Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:020601. [PMID: 37505962 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method for coherent control of trapped ion qubits in separate interaction regions of a multizone trap by simultaneously applying an electric field and a spin-dependent gradient. Both the phase and amplitude of the effective single-qubit rotation depend on the electric field, which can be localized to each zone. We demonstrate this interaction on a single ion using both laser-based and magnetic-field gradients in a surface-electrode ion trap, and measure the localization of the electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srinivas
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - A C Hughes
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - D T C Allcock
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - S A King
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | | | - T P Harty
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | - C J Ballance
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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8
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Fan M, Jayich A. Probing fundamental particles with molecules. Science 2023; 381:28-29. [PMID: 37410845 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi8499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular spectroscopy constrains the size of the electron's electric dipole moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Fan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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9
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Collopy AL, Schmidt J, Leibfried D, Leibrandt DR, Chou CW. Effects of an Oscillating Electric Field on and Dipole Moment Measurement of a Single Molecular Ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:223201. [PMID: 37327411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.223201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We characterize and model the Stark effect due to the radio-frequency (rf) electric field experienced by a molecular ion in an rf Paul trap, a leading systematic in the uncertainty of the field-free rotational transition. The ion is deliberately displaced to sample different known rf electric fields and measure the resultant shifts in transition frequencies. With this method, we determine the permanent electric dipole moment of CaH^{+}, and find close agreement with theory. The characterization is performed by using a frequency comb which probes rotational transitions in the molecular ion. With improved coherence of the comb laser, a fractional statistical uncertainty for a transition line center of as low as 4.6×10^{-13} was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra L Collopy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Julian Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dietrich Leibfried
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - David R Leibrandt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Chin-Wen Chou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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10
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Holik FH. Non-Kolmogorovian Probabilities and Quantum Technologies. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1666. [PMID: 36421520 PMCID: PMC9689320 DOI: 10.3390/e24111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we focus on the philosophical aspects and technical challenges that underlie the axiomatization of the non-Kolmogorovian probability framework, in connection with the problem of quantum contextuality. This fundamental feature of quantum theory has received a lot of attention recently, given that it might be connected to the speed-up of quantum computers-a phenomenon that is not fully understood. Although this problem has been extensively studied in the physics community, there are still many philosophical questions that should be properly formulated. We analyzed different problems from a conceptual standpoint using the non-Kolmogorovian probability approach as a technical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Hernán Holik
- Instituto de Física La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Diagonal 113 e/63 y 64, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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11
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Hirzler H, Lous RS, Trimby E, Pérez-Ríos J, Safavi-Naini A, Gerritsma R. Observation of Chemical Reactions between a Trapped Ion and Ultracold Feshbach Dimers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:103401. [PMID: 35333077 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We measure chemical reactions between a single trapped ^{174}Yb^{+} ion and ultracold Li_{2} dimers. This produces LiYb^{+} molecular ions that we detect via mass spectrometry. We explain the reaction rates by modeling the dimer density as a function of the magnetic field and obtain excellent agreement when we assume the reaction to follow the Langevin rate. Our results present a novel approach towards the creation of cold molecular ions and point to the exploration of ultracold chemistry in ion molecule collisions. What is more, with a detection sensitivity below molecule densities of 10^{14} m^{-3}, we provide a new method to detect low-density molecular gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hirzler
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R S Lous
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Trimby
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Pérez-Ríos
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - A Safavi-Naini
- QuSoft, Science Park 123, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Gerritsma
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- QuSoft, Science Park 123, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Miossec C, Hejduk M, Pandey R, Coughlan NJA, Heazlewood BR. Design and characterization of a cryogenic linear Paul ion trap for ion-neutral reaction studies. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:033201. [PMID: 35364974 DOI: 10.1063/5.0080458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high vacuum conditions are ideal for the study of trapped ions. They offer an almost perturbation-free environment, where ions confined in traps can be studied for extended periods of time-facilitating precision measurements and allowing infrequent events to be observed. However, if one wishes to study processes involving molecular ions, it is important to consider the effect of blackbody radiation (BBR). The vast majority of molecular ions interact with BBR. At 300 K, state selection in trapped molecular ions can be rapidly lost (in a matter of seconds). To address this issue, and to maintain state selectivity in trapped molecular ions, a cryogenic ion trap chamber has been constructed and characterized. At the center of the apparatus is a linear Paul ion trap, where Coulomb crystals can be formed for ion-neutral reaction studies. Optical access is provided, for lasers and for imaging of the crystals, alongside ion optics and a flight tube for recording time-of-flight mass spectra. The ion trap region, encased within two nested temperature stages, reaches temperatures below 9 K. To avoid vibrations from the cryocooler impeding laser cooling or imaging of the ions, vibration-damping elements are explicitly included. These components successfully inhibit the coupling of vibrations from the cold head to the ion trap-confirmed by accelerometer measurements and by the resolution of images recorded at the trap center (at 9 and 295 K). These results confirm that the cryogenic ion trap apparatus meets all requirements for studying ion-neutral reactions under cold, controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Miossec
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Oxford Street, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Hejduk
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Pandey
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Oxford Street, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - Neville J A Coughlan
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Brianna R Heazlewood
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Oxford Street, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
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13
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Yang Z, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen M. Neural network potential energy surface and quantum dynamics studies for the Ca +( 2S) + H 2 → CaH + + H reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19209-19217. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive collisions of Ca+ ion with H2 molecule play a crucial role in ultracold chemistry, quantum information and other cutting-edge fields, and have been widely concerned experimentally, but the corresponding...
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14
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Asvany O, Schlemmer S. Rotational action spectroscopy of trapped molecular ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26602-26622. [PMID: 34817492 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03975j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rotational action spectroscopy is an experimental method in which rotational spectra of molecules, typically in the microwave to sub-mm-wave domain of the electromagnetic spectrum (∼1-1000 GHz), are recorded by action spectroscopy. Action spectroscopy means that the spectrum is recorded not by detecting the absorption of light by the molecules, but by the action of the light on the molecules, e.g., photon-induced dissociation of a chemical bond, a photon-triggered reaction, or photodetachment of an electron. Typically, such experiments are performed on molecular ions, which can be well controlled and mass-selected by guiding and storage techniques. Though coming with many advantages, the application of action schemes to rotational spectroscopy was hampered for a long time by the small energy content of a corresponding photon. Therefore, the first rotational action spectroscopic methods emerged only about one decade ago. Today, there exists a toolbox full of different rotational action spectroscopic schemes which are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Asvany
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schlemmer
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany.
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15
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Wellers C, Schenkel MR, Giri GS, Brown KR, Schiller S. Controlled preparation and vibrational excitation of single ultracold molecular hydrogen ions. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.2001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wellers
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Magnus R. Schenkel
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gouri S. Giri
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kenneth R. Brown
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephan Schiller
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Burchesky S, Anderegg L, Bao Y, Yu SS, Chae E, Ketterle W, Ni KK, Doyle JM. Rotational Coherence Times of Polar Molecules in Optical Tweezers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:123202. [PMID: 34597100 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.123202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Qubit coherence times are critical to the performance of any robust quantum computing platform. For quantum information processing using arrays of polar molecules, a key performance parameter is the molecular rotational coherence time. We report a 93(7) ms coherence time for rotational state qubits of laser cooled CaF molecules in optical tweezer traps, over an order of magnitude longer than previous systems. Inhomogeneous broadening due to the differential polarizability between the qubit states is suppressed by tuning the tweezer polarization and applied magnetic field to a "magic" angle. The coherence time is limited by the residual differential polarizability, implying improvement with further cooling. A single spin-echo pulse is able to extend the coherence time to nearly half a second. The measured coherence times demonstrate the potential of polar molecules as high fidelity qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Burchesky
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Yicheng Bao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Scarlett S Yu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Eunmi Chae
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Wolfgang Ketterle
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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17
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Srinivas R, Burd SC, Knaack HM, Sutherland RT, Kwiatkowski A, Glancy S, Knill E, Wineland DJ, Leibfried D, Wilson AC, Allcock DTC, Slichter DH. High-fidelity laser-free universal control of trapped ion qubits. Nature 2021; 597:209-213. [PMID: 34497396 PMCID: PMC11165722 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Universal control of multiple qubits-the ability to entangle qubits and to perform arbitrary individual qubit operations1-is a fundamental resource for quantum computing2, simulation3 and networking4. Qubits realized in trapped atomic ions have shown the highest-fidelity two-qubit entangling operations5-7 and single-qubit rotations8 so far. Universal control of trapped ion qubits has been separately demonstrated using tightly focused laser beams9-12 or by moving ions with respect to laser beams13-15, but at lower fidelities. Laser-free entangling methods16-20 may offer improved scalability by harnessing microwave technology developed for wireless communications, but so far their performance has lagged the best reported laser-based approaches. Here we demonstrate high-fidelity laser-free universal control of two trapped-ion qubits by creating both symmetric and antisymmetric maximally entangled states with fidelities of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively (68 per cent confidence level), corrected for initialization error. We use a scheme based on radiofrequency magnetic field gradients combined with microwave magnetic fields that is robust against multiple sources of decoherence and usable with essentially any trapped ion species. The scheme has the potential to perform simultaneous entangling operations on multiple pairs of ions in a large-scale trapped-ion quantum processor without increasing control signal power or complexity. Combining this technology with low-power laser light delivered via trap-integrated photonics21,22 and trap-integrated photon detectors for qubit readout23,24 provides an opportunity for scalable, high-fidelity, fully chip-integrated trapped-ion quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srinivas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - S C Burd
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H M Knaack
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R T Sutherland
- Physics Division, Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Kwiatkowski
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Glancy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Knill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D J Wineland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - D Leibfried
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A C Wilson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D T C Allcock
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - D H Slichter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
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18
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Anderegg L, Burchesky S, Bao Y, Yu SS, Karman T, Chae E, Ni KK, Ketterle W, Doyle JM. Observation of microwave shielding of ultracold molecules. Science 2021; 373:779-782. [PMID: 34385393 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg9502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the potential wide-ranging quantum science applications of molecules will require control of their interactions. Here, we used microwave radiation to directly engineer and tune the interaction potentials between ultracold calcium monofluoride (CaF) molecules. By merging two optical tweezers, each containing a single molecule, we probed collisions in three dimensions. The correct combination of microwave frequency and power created an effective repulsive shield, which suppressed the inelastic loss rate by a factor of six, in agreement with theoretical calculations. The demonstrated microwave shielding shows a general route to the creation of long-lived, dense samples of ultracold polar molecules and evaporative cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean Burchesky
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yicheng Bao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scarlett S Yu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tijs Karman
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heijendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eunmi Chae
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Ketterle
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
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19
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Cairncross WB, Zhang JT, Picard LRB, Yu Y, Wang K, Ni KK. Assembly of a Rovibrational Ground State Molecule in an Optical Tweezer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:123402. [PMID: 33834818 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.123402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the coherent creation of a single NaCs molecule in its rotational, vibrational, and electronic (rovibronic) ground state in an optical tweezer. Starting with a weakly bound Feshbach molecule, we locate a two-photon transition via the |c^{3}Σ_{1},v^{'}=26⟩ excited state and drive coherent Rabi oscillations between the Feshbach state and a single hyperfine level of the NaCs rovibronic ground state |X^{1}Σ,v^{''}=0,N^{''}=0⟩ with a binding energy of D_{0}=h×147044.63(11) GHz. We measure a lifetime of 3.4±1.6 s for the rovibronic ground state molecule, which possesses a large molecule-frame dipole moment of 4.6D and occupies predominantly the motional ground state. These long-lived, fully quantum-state-controlled individual dipolar molecules provide a key resource for molecule-based quantum simulation and information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Cairncross
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jessie T Zhang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Lewis R B Picard
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Yichao Yu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kenneth Wang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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20
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Yu P, Hutzler NR. Probing Fundamental Symmetries of Deformed Nuclei in Symmetric Top Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:023003. [PMID: 33512225 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.023003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Precision measurements of Schiff moments in heavy, deformed nuclei are sensitive probes of beyond standard model T, P violation in the hadronic sector. While the most stringent limits on Schiff moments to date are set with diamagnetic atoms, polar polyatomic molecules can offer higher sensitivities with unique experimental advantages. In particular, symmetric top molecular ions possess K doublets of opposite parity with especially small splittings, leading to full polarization at low fields, internal comagnetometer states useful for rejection of systematic effects, and the ability to perform sensitive searches for T, P violation using a small number of trapped ions containing heavy exotic nuclei. We consider the symmetric top cation ^{225}RaOCH_{3}^{+} as a prototypical and candidate platform for performing sensitive nuclear Schiff measurements and characterize in detail its internal structure using relativistic ab initio methods. The combination of enhancements from a deformed nucleus, large polarizability, and unique molecular structure make this molecule a promising platform to search for fundamental symmetry violation even with a single trapped ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phelan Yu
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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21
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Huang P, Kain S, de Oliveira-Filho AGS, Odom BC. Protocol for optically pumping AlH + to a pure quantum state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:24423-24430. [PMID: 33084668 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04036c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose an optical pumping scheme to prepare trapped AlH+ molecules in a pure state, the stretched hyperfine state of the rovibronic ground manifold |X2Σ+, v = 0, N = 0 . Our scheme utilizes linearly-polarized and circularly-polarized fields of a broadband pulsed laser to cool the rotational degree of freedom and drive the population to the hyperfine state, respectively. We simulate the population dynamics by solving a representative system of rate equations that accounts for the laser fields, blackbody radiation, and spontaneous emission. In order to model the hyperfine structure, new hyperfine constants of the A2Π excited state were computed using a RASSCF wavefunction. We find that adding an infrared laser to drive the 1-0 vibrational transition within the X2Σ+ manifold accelerates the cooling process. The results show that, under optimal conditions, the population in the target state of the rovibronic ground manifold can reach 63% after 68 μs (330 ms) and 95% after 25 ms (1.2 s) with (without) the infrared laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Schuyler Kain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Antonio G S de Oliveira-Filho
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório Computacional de Espectroscopia e Cinética, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Brian C Odom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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22
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Blackburn L, Keller M. The effect of the electric trapping field on state-selective loading of molecules into rf ion traps. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18449. [PMID: 33116215 PMCID: PMC7595205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trapped molecular ions in pure rovibronic states are desirable in experiments ranging from cold chemistry to searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI) can be used to prepare molecular ions in specific internal states with high fidelities. However, in the presence of electric fields, ionisation spectra exhibit frequency shifts and the ionisation thresholds are broadened. For this reason, REMPI studies are normally conducted in low and highly homogeneous electric fields, whereas the operating principle of rf ion traps requires electric fields that vary in space and time. In order to investigate the impact of this on the state-selectivity of REMPI in ion traps, we have simulated the expected broadening of the ionisation threshold under various operating conditions of a typical linear Paul trap. In many cases, the width of the ionisation threshold exceeds the separation between rotational energy levels, preventing state-selective ionisation. Careful choice of the trapping and laser parameters during loading can reduce this broadening, enabling state-selective ionisation in some instances. Where this strategy is not sufficient, the broadening can be reduced further by rapidly switching the trapping voltages off and on again during loading. This has been demonstrated experimentally for a Coulomb crystal of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{40}\hbox {Ca}^+$$\end{document}40Ca+ ions without descrystallising it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blackburn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, UK.
| | - Matthias Keller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, UK
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23
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Najafian K, Meir Z, Willitsch S. From megahertz to terahertz qubits encoded in molecular ions: theoretical analysis of dipole-forbidden spectroscopic transitions in N 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23083-23098. [PMID: 33048077 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03906c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in quantum technologies have enabled the precise control of single trapped molecules on the quantum level. Exploring the scope of these new technologies, we studied theoretically the implementation of qubits and clock transitions in the spin, rotational, and vibrational degrees of freedom of molecular nitrogen ions including the effects of magnetic fields. The relevant spectroscopic transitions span six orders of magnitude in frequency, illustrating the versatility of the molecular spectrum for encoding quantum information. We identified two types of magnetically insensitive qubits with very low ("stretched"-state qubits) or even zero ("magic" magnetic-field qubits) linear Zeeman shifts. The corresponding spectroscopic transitions are predicted to shift by as little as a few mHz for an amplitude of magnetic-field fluctuations on the order of a few mG, translating into Zeeman-limited coherence times of tens of minutes encoded in the rotations and vibrations of the molecule. We also found that the Q(0) line of the fundamental vibrational transition is magnetic-dipole allowed by interaction with the first excited electronic state of the molecule. The Q(0) transitions, which benefit from small systematic shifts for clock operation and is thus well suited for testing a possible variation in the proton-to-electron mass ratio, were so far not considered in single-photon spectra. Finally, we explored possibilities to coherently control the nuclear-spin configuration of N2+ through the magnetically enhanced mixing of nuclear-spin states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Najafian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Schmidt J, Hönig D, Weckesser P, Thielemann F, Schaetz T, Karpa L. Mass-selective removal of ions from Paul traps using parametric excitation. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2020; 126:176. [PMID: 33088025 PMCID: PMC7547030 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-020-07491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study a method for mass-selective removal of ions from a Paul trap by parametric excitation. This can be achieved by applying an oscillating electric quadrupole field at twice the secular frequency ω sec using pairs of opposing electrodes. While excitation near the resonance with the secular frequency ω sec only leads to a linear increase of the amplitude with excitation duration, parametric excitation near 2 ω sec results in an exponential increase of the amplitude. This enables efficient removal of ions from the trap with modest excitation voltages and narrow bandwidth, therefore, substantially reducing the disturbance of ions with other charge-to-mass ratios. We numerically study and compare the mass selectivity of the two methods. In addition, we experimentally show that the barium isotopes with 136 and 137 nucleons can be removed from small ion crystals and ejected out of the trap while keeping 138 Ba + ions Doppler cooled, corresponding to a mass selectivity of better than Δ m / m = 1 / 138 . This method can be widely applied to ion trapping experiments without major modifications since it only requires modulating the potential of the ion trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schmidt
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Daniel Hönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Weckesser
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Thielemann
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schaetz
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leon Karpa
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Abstract
This article proposes a new method for sensing THz waves that can allow electric field measurements traceable to the International System of Units and to the fundamental physical constants by using the comparison between precision measurements with cold trapped HD+ ions and accurate predictions of molecular ion theory. The approach exploits the lightshifts induced on the two-photon rovibrational transition at 55.9 THz by a THz wave around 1.3 THz, which is off-resonantly coupled to the HD+ fundamental rotational transition. First, the direction and the magnitude of the static magnetic field applied to the ion trap is calibrated using Zeeman spectroscopy of HD+. Then, a set of lightshifts are converted into the amplitudes and the phases of the THz electric field components in an orthogonal laboratory frame by exploiting the sensitivity of the lightshifts to the intensity, the polarization and the detuning of the THz wave to the HD+ energy levels. The THz electric field measurement uncertainties are estimated for quantum projection noise-limited molecular ion frequency measurements with the current accuracy of molecular ion theory. The method has the potential to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of electric field metrology and may be extended to THz magnetic fields and to optical fields.
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26
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Campbell WC, Hudson ER. Dipole-Phonon Quantum Logic with Trapped Polar Molecular Ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:120501. [PMID: 33016736 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the electric dipole moment of a trapped molecular ion and the phonon modes of the confined Coulomb crystal couples the orientation of the molecule to its motion. We consider the practical feasibility of harnessing this interaction to initialize, process, and read out quantum information encoded in molecular ion qubits without ever optically illuminating the molecules. We present two schemes wherein a molecular ion can be entangled with a cotrapped atomic ion qubit, providing, among other things, a means for molecular state preparation and measurement. We also show that virtual phonon exchange can significantly boost the range of the intermolecular dipole-dipole interaction, allowing strong coupling between widely separated molecular ion qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Campbell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and UCLA Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Eric R Hudson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and UCLA Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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27
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Stollenwerk PR, Antonov IO, Venkataramanababu S, Lin YW, Odom BC. Cooling of a Zero-Nuclear-Spin Molecular Ion to a Selected Rotational State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:113201. [PMID: 32975973 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate rotational cooling of the silicon monoxide cation via optical pumping by a spectrally filtered broadband laser. Compared with diatomic hydrides, SiO^{+} is more challenging to cool because of its smaller rotational interval. However, the rotational level spacing and the large dipole moment of SiO^{+} allows for direct manipulation by microwaves, and the absence of hyperfine structure in its dominant isotopologue greatly reduces demands for pure quantum state preparation. These features make ^{28}Si^{16}O^{+} a good candidate for future applications such as quantum information processing. Cooling to the ground rotational state is achieved on a 100 ms timescale and attains a population of 94(3)%, with an equivalent temperature T=0.53(6) K. We also describe a novel spectral-filtering approach to cool into arbitrary rotational states and use it to demonstrate a narrow rotational population distribution (N±1) around a selected state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan O Antonov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | | | - Yen-Wei Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Brian C Odom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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28
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Identification of molecular quantum states using phase-sensitive forces. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4470. [PMID: 32901016 PMCID: PMC7478981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum-logic techniques used to manipulate quantum systems are now increasingly being applied to molecules. Previous experiments on single trapped diatomic species have enabled state detection with excellent fidelities and highly precise spectroscopic measurements. However, for complex molecules with a dense energy-level structure improved methods are necessary. Here, we demonstrate an enhanced quantum protocol for molecular state detection using state-dependent forces. Our approach is based on interfering a reference and a signal force applied to a single atomic and molecular ion. By changing the relative phase of the forces, we identify states embedded in a dense molecular energy-level structure and monitor state-to-state inelastic scattering processes. This method can also be used to exclude a large number of states in a single measurement when the initial state preparation is imperfect and information on the molecular properties is incomplete. While the present experiments focus on N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}_{2}^{+}$$\end{document}2+, the method is general and is expected to be of particular benefit for polyatomic systems. The identification of molecular quantum states becomes challenging with increasing complexity of the molecular level structure. Here, the authors non-destructively identified excited molecular states of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}^{+}$$\end{document}N2+ by interfering forces applied to both the molecular ion and to a co-trapped atomic ion.
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29
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Hughes AC, Schäfer VM, Thirumalai K, Nadlinger DP, Woodrow SR, Lucas DM, Ballance CJ. Benchmarking a High-Fidelity Mixed-Species Entangling Gate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:080504. [PMID: 32909787 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.080504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We implement a two-qubit logic gate between a ^{43}Ca^{+} hyperfine qubit and a ^{88}Sr^{+} Zeeman qubit. For this pair of ion species, the S-P optical transitions are close enough that a single laser of wavelength 402 nm can be used to drive the gate but sufficiently well separated to give good spectral isolation and low photon scattering errors. We characterize the gate by full randomized benchmarking, gate set tomography, and Bell state analysis. The latter method gives a fidelity of 99.8(1)%, comparable to that of the best same-species gates and consistent with known sources of error.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hughes
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - V M Schäfer
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - K Thirumalai
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D P Nadlinger
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S R Woodrow
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D M Lucas
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - C J Ballance
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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30
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Li H, Lötstedt E, Li H, Zhou Y, Dong N, Deng L, Lu P, Ando T, Iwasaki A, Fu Y, Wang S, Wu J, Yamanouchi K, Xu H. Giant Enhancement of Air Lasing by Complete Population Inversion in N_{2}^{+}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:053201. [PMID: 32794853 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.053201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fine manipulation of population transfer among molecular quantum levels is a key technology for control of molecular processes. When a light field intensity is increased to the TW-PW cm^{-2} level, it becomes possible to transfer a population to specific excited levels through nonlinear light-molecule interaction, but it has been a challenge to control the extent of the population transfer. We deplete the population in the X^{2}Σ_{g}^{+}(v=0) state of N_{2}^{+} almost completely by focusing a dual-color (800 nm and 1.6 μm) intense femtosecond laser pulse in a nitrogen gas, and make the intensity of N_{2}^{+} lasing at 391 nm enhanced by 5-6 orders of magnitude. By solving a time-dependent Schrödinger equation describing the population transfer among the three lowest electronic states of N_{2}^{+}, we reveal that the X^{2}Σ_{g}^{+}(v=0) population is depleted by the vibrational Raman excitation followed by the electronic excitation A^{2}Π_{u}(v=2,3,4)←X^{2}Σ_{g}^{+}(v=1)←X^{2}Σ_{g}^{+}(v=0), resulting in the excessive population inversion between the B^{2}Σ_{u}^{+}(v=0) and X^{2}Σ_{g}^{+}(v=0) states. Our results offer a promising route to efficient population transfer among vibrational and electronic levels of molecules by a precisely designed intense laser field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Erik Lötstedt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Helong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Nana Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lunhua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Peifen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Toshiaki Ando
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Kaoru Yamanouchi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Huailiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
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31
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Cheuk LW, Anderegg L, Bao Y, Burchesky S, Yu SS, Ketterle W, Ni KK, Doyle JM. Observation of Collisions between Two Ultracold Ground-State CaF Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:043401. [PMID: 32794819 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.043401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We measure inelastic collisions between ultracold CaF molecules by combining two optical tweezers, each containing a single molecule. We observe collisions between ^{2}Σ CaF molecules in the absolute ground state |X,v=0,N=0,F=0⟩, and in excited hyperfine and rotational states. In the absolute ground state, we find a two-body loss rate of 7(4)×10^{-11} cm^{3}/s, which is below, but close to, the predicted universal loss rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W Cheuk
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Yicheng Bao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sean Burchesky
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Scarlett S Yu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Wolfgang Ketterle
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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32
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Zhang JT, Yu Y, Cairncross WB, Wang K, Picard LRB, Hood JD, Lin YW, Hutson JM, Ni KK. Forming a Single Molecule by Magnetoassociation in an Optical Tweezer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:253401. [PMID: 32639768 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.253401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation of a single NaCs molecule in an optical tweezer by magnetoassociation through an s-wave Feshbach resonance at 864.11(5) G. Starting from single atoms cooled to their motional ground states, we achieve conversion efficiencies of 47(1)%, and measure a molecular lifetime of 4.7(7) ms. By construction, the single molecules are predominantly [77(5)%] in the center-of-mass motional ground state of the tweezer. Furthermore, we produce a single p-wave molecule near 807 G by first preparing one of the atoms with one quantum of motional excitation. Our creation of a single weakly bound molecule in a designated internal state in the motional ground state of an optical tweezer is a crucial step towards coherent control of single molecules in optical tweezer arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie T Zhang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Yichao Yu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - William B Cairncross
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kenneth Wang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Lewis R B Picard
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jonathan D Hood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Yen-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jeremy M Hutson
- Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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33
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Quantum entanglement between an atom and a molecule. Nature 2020; 581:273-277. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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34
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Alighanbari S, Giri GS, Constantin FL, Korobov VI, Schiller S. Precise test of quantum electrodynamics and determination of fundamental constants with HD+ ions. Nature 2020; 581:152-158. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Sinhal M, Meir Z, Najafian K, Hegi G, Willitsch S. Quantum-nondemolition state detection and spectroscopy of single trapped molecules. Science 2020; 367:1213-1218. [PMID: 32165581 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Trapped atoms and ions, which are among the best-controlled quantum systems, find widespread applications in quantum science. For molecules, a similar degree of control is currently lacking owing to their complex energy-level structure. Quantum-logic protocols in which atomic ions serve as probes for molecular ions are a promising route for achieving this level of control, especially for homonuclear species that decouple from blackbody radiation. Here, a quantum-nondemolition protocol on single trapped [Formula: see text] molecules is demonstrated. The spin-rovibronic state of the molecule is detected with >99% fidelity, and a spectroscopic transition is measured without destroying the quantum state. This method lays the foundations for new approaches to molecular spectroscopy, state-to-state chemistry, and the implementation of molecular qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Sinhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ziv Meir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaveh Najafian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hegi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Willitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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36
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Chou CW, Collopy AL, Kurz C, Lin Y, Harding ME, Plessow PN, Fortier T, Diddams S, Leibfried D, Leibrandt DR. Frequency-comb spectroscopy on pure quantum states of a single molecular ion. Science 2020; 367:1458-1461. [PMID: 32217722 PMCID: PMC10652508 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying molecules and is commonly performed on large thermal molecular ensembles that are perturbed by motional shifts and interactions with the environment and one another, resulting in convoluted spectra and limited resolution. Here, we use quantum-logic techniques to prepare a trapped molecular ion in a single quantum state, drive terahertz rotational transitions with an optical frequency comb, and read out the final state nondestructively, leaving the molecule ready for further manipulation. We can resolve rotational transitions to 11 significant digits and derive the rotational constant of 40CaH+ to be B R = 142 501 777.9(1.7) kilohertz. Our approach is suited for a wide range of molecular ions, including polyatomics and species relevant for tests of fundamental physics, chemistry, and astrophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Chou
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
| | - A L Collopy
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C Kurz
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Y Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - M E Harding
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P N Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Fortier
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - S Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - D Leibfried
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - D R Leibrandt
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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37
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Schmidt J, Weckesser P, Thielemann F, Schaetz T, Karpa L. Optical Traps for Sympathetic Cooling of Ions with Ultracold Neutral Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:053402. [PMID: 32083894 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.053402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the trapping of ultracold neutral Rb atoms and Ba^{+} ions in a common optical potential in absence of any radio frequency (rf) fields. We prepare Ba^{+} at 370 μK and demonstrate efficient sympathetic cooling by 100 μK after one collision. Our approach is currently limited by the Rb density and related three-body losses, but it overcomes the fundamental limitation in rf traps set by rf-driven, micromotion-induced heating. It is applicable to a wide range of ion-atom species, and may enable novel ultracold chemistry experiments and complex many-body dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmidt
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Weckesser
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Thielemann
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - T Schaetz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Karpa
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Micke P, Leopold T, King SA, Benkler E, Spieß LJ, Schmöger L, Schwarz M, Crespo López-Urrutia JR, Schmidt PO. Coherent laser spectroscopy of highly charged ions using quantum logic. Nature 2020; 578:60-65. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Kienzler D, Wan Y, Erickson SD, Wu JJ, Wilson AC, Wineland DJ, Leibfried D. Quantum Logic Spectroscopy with Ions in Thermal Motion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. X 2020; 10:10.1103/PhysRevX.10.021012. [PMID: 34136310 PMCID: PMC8204399 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.10.021012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A mixed-species geometric phase gate has been proposed for implementing quantum logic spectroscopy on trapped ions, which combines probe and information transfer from the spectroscopy to the logic ion in a single pulse. We experimentally realize this method, show how it can be applied as a technique for identifying transitions in currently intractable atoms or molecules, demonstrate its reduced temperature sensitivity, and observe quantum-enhanced frequency sensitivity when it is applied to multi-ion chains. Potential applications include improved readout of trapped-ion clocks and simplified error syndrome measurements for quantum error correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kienzler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Time and Frequency Division 688, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y. Wan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Time and Frequency Division 688, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S. D. Erickson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Time and Frequency Division 688, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J. J. Wu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Time and Frequency Division 688, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - A. C. Wilson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Time and Frequency Division 688, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. J. Wineland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Time and Frequency Division 688, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - D. Leibfried
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Time and Frequency Division 688, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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40
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Detection of the 5p - 4f orbital crossing and its optical clock transition in Pr 9. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5651. [PMID: 31827086 PMCID: PMC6906385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent theoretical works have proposed atomic clocks based on narrow optical transitions in highly charged ions. The most interesting candidates for searches of physics beyond the Standard Model are those which occur at rare orbital crossings where the shell structure of the periodic table is reordered. There are only three such crossings expected to be accessible in highly charged ions, and hitherto none have been observed as both experiment and theory have proven difficult. In this work we observe an orbital crossing in a system chosen to be tractable from both sides: Pr\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}^{9+}$$\end{document}9+. We present electron beam ion trap measurements of its spectra, including the inter-configuration lines that reveal the sought-after crossing. With state-of-the-art calculations we show that the proposed nHz-wide clock line has a very high sensitivity to variation of the fine-structure constant, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\alpha$$\end{document}α, and violation of local Lorentz invariance; and has extremely low sensitivity to external perturbations. Atomic clocks are based on the frequency of optical transitions and offer high precision. Here the authors demonstrate a configuration crossing in the highly charged ion praseodymium (Pr\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}^{9+}$$\end{document}9+) and determine the frequency of a potential reference transition for a highly charged ion clock.
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41
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Obšil P, Lešundák A, Pham T, Lakhmanskiy K, Podhora L, Oral M, Číp O, Slodička L. A room-temperature ion trapping apparatus with hydrogen partial pressure below 10 -11 mbar. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:083201. [PMID: 31472618 DOI: 10.1063/1.5104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime of trapped ion ensembles corresponds to a crucial parameter determining the potential scalability of their prospective applications and is often limited by the achievable vacuum level in the apparatus. We report on the realization of a room-temperature 40Ca+ ion trapping vacuum apparatus with unprecedentedly low reaction rates of ions with a dominant vacuum contaminant: hydrogen. We present our trap assembly procedures and hydrogen pressure characterization by analysis of the CaH+ molecule formation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Obšil
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - A Lešundák
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T Pham
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Lakhmanskiy
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Podhora
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Oral
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - O Číp
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - L Slodička
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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42
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Bisognin R, Marguerite A, Roussel B, Kumar M, Cabart C, Chapdelaine C, Mohammad-Djafari A, Berroir JM, Bocquillon E, Plaçais B, Cavanna A, Gennser U, Jin Y, Degiovanni P, Fève G. Quantum tomography of electrical currents. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3379. [PMID: 31358764 PMCID: PMC6662746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In quantum nanoelectronics, time-dependent electrical currents are built from few elementary excitations emitted with well-defined wavefunctions. However, despite the realization of sources generating quantized numbers of excitations, and despite the development of the theoretical framework of time-dependent quantum electronics, extracting electron and hole wavefunctions from electrical currents has so far remained out of reach, both at the theoretical and experimental levels. In this work, we demonstrate a quantum tomography protocol which extracts the generated electron and hole wavefunctions and their emission probabilities from any electrical current. It combines two-particle interferometry with signal processing. Using our technique, we extract the wavefunctions generated by trains of Lorentzian pulses carrying one or two electrons. By demonstrating the synthesis and complete characterization of electronic wavefunctions in conductors, this work offers perspectives for quantum information processing with electrical currents and for investigating basic quantum physics in many-body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bisognin
- Laboratoire de Physique de l' Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75005, France
| | - A Marguerite
- Laboratoire de Physique de l' Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75005, France
| | - B Roussel
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342, Lyon, France
- European Space Agency-Advanced Concepts Team, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - M Kumar
- Laboratoire de Physique de l' Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75005, France
| | - C Cabart
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - C Chapdelaine
- Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes, CNRS, Centrale-Supélec-Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
| | - A Mohammad-Djafari
- Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes, CNRS, Centrale-Supélec-Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
| | - J-M Berroir
- Laboratoire de Physique de l' Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75005, France
| | - E Bocquillon
- Laboratoire de Physique de l' Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75005, France
| | - B Plaçais
- Laboratoire de Physique de l' Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75005, France
| | - A Cavanna
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - U Gennser
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Y Jin
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - P Degiovanni
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - G Fève
- Laboratoire de Physique de l' Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75005, France.
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43
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Leibscher M, Giesen TF, Koch CP. Principles of enantio-selective excitation in three-wave mixing spectroscopy of chiral molecules. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:014302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5097406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Leibscher
- Theoretische Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Giesen
- Experimentalphysik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Christiane P. Koch
- Theoretische Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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44
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Fan M, Holliman CA, Wang AL, Jayich AM. Laser Cooling of Radium Ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:223001. [PMID: 31283282 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The unstable radium nucleus is appealing for probing new physics due to its high mass, octupole deformation, and energy level structure. Ion traps, with long hold times and low particle numbers, are excellent for work with radioactive species, such as radium and radium-based molecular ions, where low activity, and hence low total numbers, is desirable. We address the challenges associated with the lack of stable isotopes in a tabletop experiment with a low-activity (∼10 μCi) source where we laser-cool trapped radium ions. With a laser-cooled radium ion we measured the 7p^{2}P_{1/2}^{o} state's branching fractions to the ground state, 7s^{2}S_{1/2}, and a metastable excited state, 6d^{2}D_{3/2}, to be p=0.9104(7) and 0.0896(7), respectively. With a nearby tellurium reference line we measured the 7s^{2}S_{1/2}→7p^{2}P_{1/2}^{o} transition frequency, 640.096 63(6) THz.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - C A Holliman
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A L Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A M Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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45
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Gardner A, Softley T, Keller M. Multi-photon ionisation spectroscopy for rotational state preparation of [Formula: see text]. Sci Rep 2019; 9:506. [PMID: 30679634 PMCID: PMC6345942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the 2 + 1' resonance enhanced multi-photon ionisation (REMPI) of molecular nitrogen via the a1Πg(v = 6) intermediate state and analyse its feasibility to generate molecular nitrogen ions in a well defined ro-vibrational state. This is an important tool for high precision experiments based on trapped molecular ions, and is crucial for studying the time variation of the fundamental constant mp/me using [Formula: see text]. The transition is not reported in the literature and detailed spectral analysis has been conducted to extract the molecular constants of the intermediate state. By carefully choosing the intermediate ro-vibrational state, the ionisation laser wavelength and controlling the excitation laser pulse energy, unwanted formation of rotationally excited molecular ions can be suppressed and ro-vibrational ground state ions can be generated with high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gardner
- ITCM Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Softley
- University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Keller
- ITCM Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH United Kingdom
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna R. Heazlewood
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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47
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Meir Z, Hegi G, Najafian K, Sinhal M, Willitsch S. State-selective coherent motional excitation as a new approach for the manipulation, spectroscopy and state-to-state chemistry of single molecular ions. Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:561-583. [PMID: 31041946 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We present theoretical and experimental progress towards a new approach for the precision spectroscopy, coherent manipulation and state-to-state chemistry of single isolated molecular ions in the gas phase. Our method uses a molecular beam for creating packets of rotationally cold neutrals from which a single molecule is state-selectively ionized and trapped inside a radiofrequency ion trap. In addition to the molecular ion, a single co-trapped atomic ion is used to cool the molecular external degrees of freedom to the ground state of the trap and to detect the molecular state using state-selective coherent motional excitation from a modulated optical-dipole force acting on the molecule. We present a detailed discussion and theoretical characterization of the present approach. We simulate the molecular signal experimentally using a single atomic ion, indicating that different rovibronic molecular states can be resolved and individually detected with our method. The present approach for the coherent control and non-destructive detection of the quantum state of a single molecular ion opens up new perspectives for precision spectroscopies relevant for, e.g., tests of fundamental physical theories and the development of new types of clocks based on molecular vibrational transitions. It will also enable the observation and control of chemical reactions of single particles on the quantum level. While focusing on N2+ as a prototypical example in the present work, our method is applicable to a wide range of diatomic and polyatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Meir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Gregor Hegi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Kaveh Najafian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Mudit Sinhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Willitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
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48
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Two-Photon Vibrational Transitions in 16O2+ as Probes of Variation of the Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio. ATOMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrational overtones in deeply-bound molecules are sensitive probes for variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio μ . In nonpolar molecules, these overtones may be driven as two-photon transitions. Here, we present procedures for experiments with 16 O 2 + , including state-preparation through photoionization, a two-photon probe, and detection. We calculate transition dipole moments between all X 2 Π g vibrational levels and those of the A 2 Π u excited electronic state. Using these dipole moments, we calculate two-photon transition rates and AC-Stark-shift systematics for the overtones. We estimate other systematic effects and statistical precision. Two-photon vibrational transitions in 16 O 2 + provide multiple routes to improved searches for μ variation.
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49
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Collopy AL, Ding S, Wu Y, Finneran IA, Anderegg L, Augenbraun BL, Doyle JM, Ye J. 3D Magneto-Optical Trap of Yttrium Monoxide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:213201. [PMID: 30517816 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.213201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report three-dimensional trapping of an oxide molecule (YO), using a radio-frequency magneto-optical trap (MOT). The total number of molecules trapped is ∼1.5×10^{4}, with a temperature of 4.1(5) mK. This diversifies the frontier of molecules that are laser coolable and paves the way for the second-stage narrow-line cooling in this molecule to the microkelvin regime. Futhermore, the new challenges of creating a 3D MOT of YO resolved here indicate that MOTs of more complex nonlinear molecules should be feasible as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra L Collopy
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Shiqian Ding
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yewei Wu
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Ian A Finneran
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics and Center for Ultracold Atoms, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin L Augenbraun
- Department of Physics and Center for Ultracold Atoms, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics and Center for Ultracold Atoms, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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50
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Abstract
In this Perspective, we examine the use of laser-cooled atomic ions and sympathetically cooled molecular ions in Coulomb crystals for molecular spectroscopy. Coulomb crystals are well-isolated environments that provide localization and long storage times for sensitive measurements of weak signals and cold temperatures for precise spectroscopy. Coulomb crystals of molecular and atomic ions enable the detection of single-photon molecular ion transitions at a range of wavelengths by a change in atomic ion fluorescence at visible wavelengths. We give an overview of the state of the art from action spectroscopy to quantum logic spectroscopy for a wide range of molecular transitions from rotational sublevels separated by 10-7 cm-1 to rovibronic transitions at 25 000 cm-1. We emphasize how this system allows for unparalleled control of the molecular ion state for precision spectroscopy with applications in astrochemistry and fundamental physics. We conclude with an outlook of the use of this control in cold molecular ion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Calvin
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Kenneth R Brown
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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