1
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Jones TR, Cuffey KM, Roberts WHG, Markle BR, Steig EJ, Stevens CM, Valdes PJ, Fudge TJ, Sigl M, Hughes AG, Morris V, Vaughn BH, Garland J, Vinther BM, Rozmiarek KS, Brashear CA, White JWC. Seasonal temperatures in West Antarctica during the Holocene. Nature 2023; 613:292-297. [PMID: 36631651 PMCID: PMC9834049 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of long-term climate proxy records with seasonal resolution is rare because of natural smoothing processes, discontinuities and limitations in measurement resolution. Yet insolation forcing, a primary driver of multimillennial-scale climate change, acts through seasonal variations with direct impacts on seasonal climate1. Whether the sensitivity of seasonal climate to insolation matches theoretical predictions has not been assessed over long timescales. Here, we analyse a continuous record of water-isotope ratios from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core to reveal summer and winter temperature changes through the last 11,000 years. Summer temperatures in West Antarctica increased through the early-to-mid-Holocene, reached a peak 4,100 years ago and then decreased to the present. Climate model simulations show that these variations primarily reflect changes in maximum summer insolation, confirming the general connection between seasonal insolation and warming and demonstrating the importance of insolation intensity rather than seasonally integrated insolation or season duration2,3. Winter temperatures varied less overall, consistent with predictions from insolation forcing, but also fluctuated in the early Holocene, probably owing to changes in meridional heat transport. The magnitudes of summer and winter temperature changes constrain the lowering of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet surface since the early Holocene to less than 162 m and probably less than 58 m, consistent with geological constraints elsewhere in West Antarctica4-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Jones
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Kurt M Cuffey
- Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H G Roberts
- Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Bradley R Markle
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric J Steig
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Max Stevens
- Cryospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.,Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T J Fudge
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Sigl
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abigail G Hughes
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Valerie Morris
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bruce H Vaughn
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joshua Garland
- Center on Narrative, Disinformation and Strategic Influence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bo M Vinther
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kevin S Rozmiarek
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chloe A Brashear
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James W C White
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Buizert C, Fudge TJ, Roberts WHG, Steig EJ, Sherriff-Tadano S, Ritz C, Lefebvre E, Edwards J, Kawamura K, Oyabu I, Motoyama H, Kahle EC, Jones TR, Abe-Ouchi A, Obase T, Martin C, Corr H, Severinghaus JP, Beaudette R, Epifanio JA, Brook EJ, Martin K, Chappellaz J, Aoki S, Nakazawa T, Sowers TA, Alley RB, Ahn J, Sigl M, Severi M, Dunbar NW, Svensson A, Fegyveresi JM, He C, Liu Z, Zhu J, Otto-Bliesner BL, Lipenkov VY, Kageyama M, Schwander J. Antarctic surface temperature and elevation during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science 2021; 372:1097-1101. [PMID: 34083489 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Water-stable isotopes in polar ice cores are a widely used temperature proxy in paleoclimate reconstruction, yet calibration remains challenging in East Antarctica. Here, we reconstruct the magnitude and spatial pattern of Last Glacial Maximum surface cooling in Antarctica using borehole thermometry and firn properties in seven ice cores. West Antarctic sites cooled ~10°C relative to the preindustrial period. East Antarctic sites show a range from ~4° to ~7°C cooling, which is consistent with the results of global climate models when the effects of topographic changes indicated with ice core air-content data are included, but less than those indicated with the use of water-stable isotopes calibrated against modern spatial gradients. An altered Antarctic temperature inversion during the glacial reconciles our estimates with water-isotope observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Buizert
- College of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - T J Fudge
- Department of Earth and Space Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - William H G Roberts
- Geographical and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Eric J Steig
- Department of Earth and Space Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sam Sherriff-Tadano
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8568, Japan
| | - Catherine Ritz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Lefebvre
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Jon Edwards
- College of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kenji Kawamura
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Agency for Marine Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Ikumi Oyabu
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Emma C Kahle
- Department of Earth and Space Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tyler R Jones
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ayako Abe-Ouchi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8568, Japan
| | - Takashi Obase
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8568, Japan
| | | | - Hugh Corr
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Severinghaus
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ross Beaudette
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jenna A Epifanio
- College of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Edward J Brook
- College of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kaden Martin
- College of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Shuji Aoki
- Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takakiyo Nakazawa
- Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Todd A Sowers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Richard B Alley
- The Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jinho Ahn
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Michael Sigl
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Severi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff," University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Nelia W Dunbar
- New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Earth and Environmental Science Department, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Anders Svensson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John M Fegyveresi
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Chengfei He
- Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhengyu Liu
- Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | | | - Vladimir Y Lipenkov
- Climate and Environmental Research Laboratory, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg 199397, Russia
| | - Masa Kageyama
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement-IPSL, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jakob Schwander
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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3
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A 120,000-year long climate record from a NW-Greenland deep ice core at ultra-high resolution. Sci Data 2021; 8:141. [PMID: 34040008 PMCID: PMC8155095 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report high resolution measurements of the stable isotope ratios of ancient ice (δ18O, δD) from the North Greenland Eemian deep ice core (NEEM, 77.45° N, 51.06° E). The record covers the period 8–130 ky b2k (y before 2000) with a temporal resolution of ≈0.5 and 7 y at the top and the bottom of the core respectively and contains important climate events such as the 8.2 ky event, the last glacial termination and a series of glacial stadials and interstadials. At its bottom part the record contains ice from the Eemian interglacial. Isotope ratios are calibrated on the SMOW/SLAP scale and reported on the GICC05 (Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005) and AICC2012 (Antarctic Ice Core Chronology 2012) time scales interpolated accordingly. We also provide estimates for measurement precision and accuracy for both δ18O and δD. Measurement(s) | isotope analysis • water ice core | Technology Type(s) | cavity ring-down spectroscopy | Factor Type(s) | δ18O • δD | Sample Characteristic - Location | Greenland Ice Sheet |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14216441
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4
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Deshmukh V, Bradley E, Garland J, Meiss JD. Using curvature to select the time lag for delay reconstruction. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:063143. [PMID: 32611109 DOI: 10.1063/5.0005890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a curvature-based approach for choosing a good value for the time-delay parameter τ in delay reconstructions. The idea is based on the effects of the delay on the geometry of the reconstructions. If the delay is too small, the reconstructed dynamics are flattened along the main diagonal of the embedding space; too-large delays, on the other hand, can overfold the dynamics. Calculating the curvature of a two-dimensional delay reconstruction is an effective way to identify these extremes and to find a middle ground between them: both the sharp reversals at the extremes of an insufficiently unfolded reconstruction and the bends in an overfolded one create spikes in the curvature. We operationalize this observation by computing the mean Menger curvature of a trajectory segment on 2D reconstructions as a function of time delay. We show that the minimum of these values gives an effective heuristic for choosing the time delay. In addition, we show that this curvature-based heuristic is useful even in cases where the customary approach, which uses average mutual information, fails-e.g., noisy or filtered data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varad Deshmukh
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bradley
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | - James D Meiss
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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5
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Abstract
A conceptual model connecting seasonal loss of Arctic sea ice to midlatitude extreme weather events is applied to the 21st-century intensification of Central Pacific trade winds, emergence of Central Pacific El Nino events, and weakening of the North Pacific Aleutian Low Circulation. According to the model, Arctic Ocean warming following the summer sea-ice melt drives vertical convection that perturbs the upper troposphere. Static stability calculations show that upward convection occurs in annual 40- to 45-d episodes over the seasonally ice-free areas of the Beaufort-to-Kara Sea arc. The episodes generate planetary waves and higher-frequency wave trains that transport momentum and heat southward in the upper troposphere. Regression of upper tropospheric circulation data on September sea-ice area indicates that convection episodes produce wave-mediated teleconnections between the maximum ice-loss region north of the Siberian Arctic coast and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). These teleconnections generate oppositely directed trade-wind anomalies in the Central and Eastern Pacific during boreal winter. The interaction of upper troposphere waves with the ITCZ air-sea column may also trigger Central Pacific El Nino events. Finally, waves reflected northward from the ITCZ air column and/or generated by triggered El Nino events may be responsible for the late winter weakening of the Aleutian Low Circulation in recent years.
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6
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Abstract
Glacial-interglacial cycles have constituted a primary mode of climate variability over the last 2.6 million years of Earth's history. While glacial periods cannot be seen simply as a reverse analogue of future warming, they offer an opportunity to test our understanding of the response of precipitation patterns to a much wider range of conditions than we have been able to directly observe. This review explores key features of precipitation patterns associated with glacial climates, which include drying in large regions of the tropics and wetter conditions in substantial parts of the subtropics and midlatitudes. I describe the evidence for these changes and examine the potential causes of hydrological changes during glacial periods. Central themes that emerge include the importance of atmospheric circulation changes in determining glacial-interglacial precipitation changes at the regional scale, the need to take into account climatic factors beyond local precipitation amount when interpreting proxy data, and the role of glacial conditions in suppressing the strength of Northern Hemisphere monsoon systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McGee
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
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7
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Garland J, Jones TR, Neuder M, White JWC, Bradley E. An information-theoretic approach to extracting climate signals from deep polar ice cores. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2019; 29:101105. [PMID: 31675841 DOI: 10.1063/1.5127211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Paleoclimate records are rich sources of information about the past history of the Earth system. Information theory provides a new means for studying these records. We demonstrate that weighted permutation entropy of water-isotope data from the West Antarctica Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core reveals meaningful climate signals in this record. We find that this measure correlates with accumulation (meters of ice equivalent per year) and may record the influence of geothermal heating effects in the deepest parts of the core. Dansgaard-Oeschger and Antarctic Isotope Maxima events, however, do not appear to leave strong signatures in the information record, suggesting that these abrupt warming events may actually be predictable features of the climate's dynamics. While the potential power of information theory in paleoclimatology is significant, the associated methods require well-dated and high-resolution data. The WAIS Divide core is the first paleoclimate record that can support this kind of analysis. As more high-resolution records become available, information theory could become a powerful forensic tool in paleoclimate science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler R Jones
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Michael Neuder
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - James W C White
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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8
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Bornman JF, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Robinson SA, Jansen MAK, Ballaré CL, Flint SD. Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:681-716. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change: terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet F. Bornman
- College of Science
- Health
- Engineering and Education
- Murdoch University
- Perth
| | - Paul W. Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program
- Loyola University
- USA
| | - T. Matthew Robson
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology
- Viikki Plant Science Centre
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Sharon A. Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions
- School of Earth
- Atmosphere and Life Sciences and Global Challenges Program
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
| | - Marcel A. K. Jansen
- Plant Ecophysiology Group
- School of Biological
- Earth and Environmental Sciences
- UCC
- Cork
| | - Carlos L. Ballaré
- University of Buenos Aires
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, and IIB
- National University of San Martin
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Stephan D. Flint
- Department of Forest
- Rangeland and Fire Sciences
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
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9
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Anomaly Detection in Paleoclimate Records Using Permutation Entropy. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20120931. [PMID: 33266655 PMCID: PMC7512518 DOI: 10.3390/e20120931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Permutation entropy techniques can be useful for identifying anomalies in paleoclimate data records, including noise, outliers, and post-processing issues. We demonstrate this using weighted and unweighted permutation entropy with water-isotope records containing data from a deep polar ice core. In one region of these isotope records, our previous calculations (See Garland et al. 2018) revealed an abrupt change in the complexity of the traces: specifically, in the amount of new information that appeared at every time step. We conjectured that this effect was due to noise introduced by an older laboratory instrument. In this paper, we validate that conjecture by reanalyzing a section of the ice core using a more advanced version of the laboratory instrument. The anomalous noise levels are absent from the permutation entropy traces of the new data. In other sections of the core, we show that permutation entropy techniques can be used to identify anomalies in the data that are not associated with climatic or glaciological processes, but rather effects occurring during field work, laboratory analysis, or data post-processing. These examples make it clear that permutation entropy is a useful forensic tool for identifying sections of data that require targeted reanalysis—and can even be useful for guiding that analysis.
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10
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Blonder B, Enquist BJ, Graae BJ, Kattge J, Maitner BS, Morueta-Holme N, Ordonez A, Šímová I, Singarayer J, Svenning JC, Valdes PJ, Violle C. Late Quaternary climate legacies in contemporary plant functional composition. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4827-4840. [PMID: 30058198 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The functional composition of plant communities is commonly thought to be determined by contemporary climate. However, if rates of climate-driven immigration and/or exclusion of species are slow, then contemporary functional composition may be explained by paleoclimate as well as by contemporary climate. We tested this idea by coupling contemporary maps of plant functional trait composition across North and South America to paleoclimate means and temporal variation in temperature and precipitation from the Last Interglacial (120 ka) to the present. Paleoclimate predictors strongly improved prediction of contemporary functional composition compared to contemporary climate predictors, with a stronger influence of temperature in North America (especially during periods of ice melting) and of precipitation in South America (across all times). Thus, climate from tens of thousands of years ago influences contemporary functional composition via slow assemblage dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico
| | - Bente J Graae
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alejandro Ordonez
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- School of Biological Sciences, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Irena Šímová
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joy Singarayer
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CNRS, CEFE, Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry - EPHE, Montpellier, France
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