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Kizhedath A, Wilkinson S, Glassey J. Applicability of predictive toxicology methods for monoclonal antibody therapeutics: status Quo and scope. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1595-1612. [PMID: 27766364 PMCID: PMC5364268 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics in particular, have positively impacted millions of lives. MAbs and related therapeutics are highly desirable from a biopharmaceutical perspective as they are highly target specific and well tolerated within the human system. Nevertheless, several mAbs have been discontinued or withdrawn based either on their inability to demonstrate efficacy and/or due to adverse effects. Approved monoclonal antibodies and derived therapeutics have been associated with adverse effects such as immunogenicity, cytokine release syndrome, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, intravascular haemolysis, cardiac arrhythmias, abnormal liver function, gastrointestinal perforation, bronchospasm, intraocular inflammation, urticaria, nephritis, neuropathy, birth defects, fever and cough to name a few. The advances made in this field are also impeded by a lack of progress in bioprocess development strategies as well as increasing costs owing to attrition, wherein the lack of efficacy and safety accounts for nearly 60 % of all factors contributing to attrition. This reiterates the need for smarter preclinical development using quality by design-based approaches encompassing carefully designed predictive models during early stages of drug development. Different in vitro and in silico methods are extensively used for predicting biological activity as well as toxicity during small molecule drug development; however, their full potential has not been utilized for biological drug development. The scope of in vitro and in silico tools in early developmental stages of monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics production and how it contributes to lower attrition rates leading to faster development of potential drug candidates has been evaluated. The applicability of computational toxicology approaches in this context as well as the pitfalls and promises of extending such techniques to biopharmaceutical development has been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Kizhedath
- Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE17RU, UK. .,Medical Toxicology Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK.
| | - Simon Wilkinson
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Jarka Glassey
- Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE17RU, UK
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2
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Minardi S, Taraballi F, Pandolfi L, Tasciotti E. Patterning Biomaterials for the Spatiotemporal Delivery of Bioactive Molecules. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:45. [PMID: 27313997 PMCID: PMC4889608 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of tissue engineering is to promote the repair of functional tissues. For decades, the combined use of biomaterials, growth factors (GFs), and stem cells has been the base of several regeneration strategies. Among these, biomimicry emerged as a robust strategy to efficiently address this clinical challenge. Biomimetic materials, able to recapitulate the composition and architecture of the extracellular matrix, are the materials of choice, for their biocompatibility and higher rate of efficacy. In addition, it has become increasingly clear that restoring the complex biochemical environment of the target tissue is crucial for its regeneration. Toward this aim, the combination of scaffolds and GFs is required. The advent of nanotechnology significantly impacted the field of tissue engineering by providing new ways to reproduce the complex spatial and temporal biochemical patterns of tissues. This review will present the most recent approaches to finely control the spatiotemporal release of bioactive molecules for various tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Minardi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura Pandolfi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Kinetic Characterization of a Panel of High-Affinity Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Ricin and Recombinant Re-Formatting for Biosensor Applications. Antibodies (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/antib3020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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4
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Magy B, Tollet J, Laterre R, Boutry M, Navarre C. Accumulation of secreted antibodies in plant cell cultures varies according to the isotype, host species and culture conditions. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:457-67. [PMID: 24373507 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana tabacum suspension cells have been widely used to produce monoclonal antibodies, but the yield of secreted antibodies is usually low probably because of proteolytic degradation. Most IgGs that have been expressed in suspension cells have been of the human IgG1 isotype. In this study, we examined whether other isotypes displayed the same sensitivity to proteolytic degradation and whether the choice of plant host species mattered. Human serum IgG displayed different degradation profiles when incubated in spent culture medium from N. tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana or Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells. Zymography showed that the protease profile was host species dependent. Three human isotypes, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4, and a mouse IgG2a were provided with the same heavy- and light-chain variable regions from an anti-human IgM antibody and expressed in N. tabacum cv. BY-2 and A. thaliana cv. Col-0 cells. Although all tested isotypes were detected in the extracellular medium using SDS-PAGE and a functional ELISA, up to 10-fold differences in the level of intact antibody were found according to the isotype expressed, to the host species and to the culture conditions. In the best combination (BY-2 cells secreting human IgG1), we reported accumulation of more than 30 mg/L of intact antibody in culture medium. The possibility of using IgG constant regions as a scaffold to allow stable accumulation of antibodies with different variable regions was demonstrated for human IgG2 and mouse IgG2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Magy
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Yang S, Kuang Y, Li H, Liu Y, Hui X, Li P, Jiang Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Xu A, Li S, Liu P, Wu D. Enhanced production of recombinant secretory proteins in Pichia pastoris by optimizing Kex2 P1' site. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75347. [PMID: 24069404 PMCID: PMC3777899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pichiapastoris is one of the most widely used expression systems for the production of recombinant secretory proteins. Its universal application is, however, somewhat hampered by its unpredictable yields for different heterologous proteins, which is now believed to be caused in part by their varied efficiencies to traffic through the host secretion machinery. The yeast endoprotease Kex2 removes the signal peptides from pre-proteins and releases the mature form of secreted proteins, thus, plays a pivotal role in the yeast secretory pathways. In this study, we found that the yields of many recombinant proteins were greatly influenced by Kex2 P1' site residues and the optimized P1's amino acid residue could largely determine the final amount of secretory proteins synthesized and secreted. A further improvement of secretory yield was achieved by genomic integration of additional Kex2 copies, which again highlighted the importance of Kex2 cleavage to the production of recombinant secretory proteins in Pichia yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Department of Life Sciences, Huaihua College, Huaihua, China
| | - Yuehong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hui
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwu Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulai Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiwu Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pentao Liu
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Donghai Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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6
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Yamniuk AP, Ditto N, Patel M, Dai J, Sejwal P, Stetsko P, Doyle ML. Application of a Kosmotrope-Based Solubility Assay to Multiple Protein Therapeutic Classes Indicates Broad Use as a High-Throughput Screen for Protein Therapeutic Aggregation Propensity. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2424-39. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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8
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Kariolis MS, Kapur S, Cochran JR. Beyond antibodies: using biological principles to guide the development of next-generation protein therapeutics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:1072-7. [PMID: 23587963 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based biologics, which leverage the inherent affinity and specificity of protein-protein interactions, offer an effective strategy for targeting and modulating disease pathways. Despite the broad diversity of the proteome, monoclonal antibodies have been the major focus of such drug discovery efforts. While antibodies have shown great clinical value, the breadth and complexity of human disease highlight the need for alternatives that expand the therapeutic repertoire beyond this single class of proteins. The elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying human disease has provided new opportunities for protein-based drugs to address challenging clinical problems. Natural ligands and receptors, which inherently modulate complex biological processes, have emerged as promising candidates for protein-based drug discovery efforts. Protein engineering strategies, guided by biological principles, are allowing ligands and receptors to be developed as next-generation therapeutics with improved safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis S Kariolis
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, USA
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9
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Luu KT, Kraynov E, Kuang B, Vicini P, Zhong WZ. Modeling, simulation, and translation framework for the preclinical development of monoclonal antibodies. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:551-8. [PMID: 23408094 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The industry-wide biopharmaceutical (i.e., biologic, biotherapeutic) pipeline has been growing at an astonishing rate over the last decade with the proportion of approved new biological entities to new chemical entities on the rise. As biopharmaceuticals appear to be growing in complexity in terms of their structure and mechanism of action, so are interpretation, analysis, and prediction of their quantitative pharmacology. We present here a modeling and simulation (M&S) framework for the successful preclinical development of monoclonal antibodies (as an illustrative example of biopharmaceuticals) and discuss M&S strategies for its implementation. Critical activities during early discovery, lead optimization, and the selection of starting doses for the first-in-human study are discussed in the context of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) and M&S. It was shown that these stages of preclinical development are and should be reliant on M&S activities including systems biology (SB), systems pharmacology (SP), and translational pharmacology (TP). SB, SP, and TP provide an integrated and rationalized framework for decision making during the preclinical development phase. In addition, they provide increased target and systems understanding, describe and interpret data generated in vitro and in vivo, predict human PKPD, and provide a rationalized approach to designing the first-in-human study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T Luu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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10
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Miller MA, Rodrigues MA, Glass MA, Singh SK, Johnston KP, Maynard JA. Frozen-state storage stability of a monoclonal antibody: aggregation is impacted by freezing rate and solute distribution. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1194-208. [PMID: 23400717 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Freezing of protein solutions perturbs protein conformation, potentially leading to aggregate formation during long-term storage in the frozen state. Macroscopic protein concentration profiles in small cylindrical vessels were determined for a monoclonal antibody frozen in a trehalose-based formulation for various freezing protocols. Slow cooling rates led to concentration differences between outer edges of the tank and the center, up to twice the initial concentration. Fast cooling rates resulted in much smaller differences in protein distribution, likely due to the formation of dendritic ice, which traps solutes in micropockets, limiting their transport by convection and diffusion. Analysis of protein stability after more than 6 months storage at either -10°C or -20°C [above glass transition temperature (T'g )] or -80°C (below T'g ) revealed that aggregation correlated with the cooling rate. Slow-cooled vessels stored above T'g exhibited increased aggregation with time. In contrast, fast-cooled vessels and those stored below T'g showed small to no increase in aggregation at any position. Rapid entrapment of protein in a solute matrix by fast freezing results in improved stability even when stored above T'g . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:1194-1208, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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11
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Tang L, Sundaram S, Zhang J, Carlson P, Matathia A, Parekh B, Zhou Q, Hsieh MC. Conformational characterization of the charge variants of a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody using H/D exchange mass spectrometry. MAbs 2012; 5:114-25. [PMID: 23222183 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MAb1, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody produced in a NS0 cell line, exhibits charge heterogeneity because of the presence of variants formed by processes such as N-terminal glutamate cyclization, C-terminal lysine truncation, deamidation, aspartate isomerization and sialylation in the carbohydrate moiety. Four major charge variants of MAb1 were isolated and the conformations of these charge variants were studied using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, including the H/D exchange time course (HX-MS) and the stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H/D exchange (SUPREX) techniques. HX-MS was used to evaluate the conformation and solution dynamics of MAb1 charge variants by measuring their deuterium buildup over time at the peptide level. The SUPREX technique evaluated the unfolding profile and relative stability of the charge variants by measuring the exchange properties of globally protected amide protons in the presence of a chemical denaturant. The H/D exchange profiles from both techniques were compared among the four charge variants of MAb1. The two techniques together offered extensive understanding about the local and subglobal/global unfolding of the charge variants of MAb1. Our results demonstrated that all four charge variants of MAb1 were not significantly different in conformation, solution dynamics and chemical denaturant-induced unfolding profile and stability, which aids in understanding the biofunctions of the molecules. The analytical strategy used for conformational characterization may also be applicable to comparability studies done for antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Tang
- BioAnalytical Sciences, ImClone Systems Corporation, Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ, USA
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12
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Full automation and validation of a flexible ELISA platform for host cell protein and protein A impurity detection in biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:580-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Fornelli L, Damoc E, Thomas PM, Kelleher NL, Aizikov K, Denisov E, Makarov A, Tsybin YO. Analysis of intact monoclonal antibody IgG1 by electron transfer dissociation Orbitrap FTMS. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1758-67. [PMID: 22964222 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary structural information of proteins employed as biotherapeutics is essential if one wishes to understand their structure-function relationship, as well as in the rational design of new therapeutics and for quality control. Given both the large size (around 150 kDa) and the structural complexity of intact immunoglobulin G (IgG), which includes a variable number of disulfide bridges, its extensive fragmentation and subsequent sequence determination by means of tandem mass spectrometry (MS) are challenging. Here, we applied electron transfer dissociation (ETD), implemented on a hybrid Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FTMS), to analyze a commercial recombinant IgG in a liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) top-down experiment. The lack of sensitivity typically observed during the top-down MS of large proteins was addressed by averaging time-domain transients recorded in different LC-MS/MS experiments before performing Fourier transform signal processing. The results demonstrate that an improved signal-to-noise ratio, along with the higher resolution and mass accuracy provided by Orbitrap FTMS (relative to previous applications of top-down ETD-based proteomics on IgG), is essential for comprehensive analysis. Specifically, ETD on Orbitrap FTMS produced about 33% sequence coverage of an intact IgG, signifying an almost 2-fold increase in IgG sequence coverage relative to prior ETD-based analysis of intact monoclonal antibodies of a similar subclass. These results suggest the potential application of the developed methodology to other classes of large proteins and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fornelli
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Love KR, Politano TJ, Panagiotou V, Jiang B, Stadheim TA, Love JC. Systematic single-cell analysis of Pichia pastoris reveals secretory capacity limits productivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37915. [PMID: 22685548 PMCID: PMC3369916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals represent the fastest growing sector of the global pharmaceutical industry. Cost-efficient production of these biologic drugs requires a robust host organism for generating high titers of protein during fermentation. Understanding key cellular processes that limit protein production and secretion is, therefore, essential for rational strain engineering. Here, with single-cell resolution, we systematically analysed the productivity of a series of Pichia pastoris strains that produce different proteins both constitutively and inducibly. We characterized each strain by qPCR, RT-qPCR, microengraving, and imaging cytometry. We then developed a simple mathematical model describing the flux of folded protein through the ER. This combination of single-cell measurements and computational modelling shows that protein trafficking through the secretory machinery is often the rate-limiting step in single-cell production, and strategies to enhance the overall capacity of protein secretion within hosts for the production of heterologous proteins may improve productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Routenberg Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Politano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vasiliki Panagiotou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bo Jiang
- GlycoFi, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck and Co., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Terrance A. Stadheim
- GlycoFi, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck and Co., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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FDA Review Divisions: Performance Levels and the Impact on Drug Sponsors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 91:393-404. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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A novel, high-sensitivity and drug-tolerant sandwich immunoassay for the quantitative measurement of circulating proteins. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:241-8. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accurate measurement of a total protein target (free plus bound) is essential to optimize dose selection for monoclonal antibody drugs. Herein, we describe a novel sandwich immunoassay format in which the biotherapeutic antibody itself serves as the primary detection antibody. A signal is then generated through the addition of a labeled secondary antibody that recognizes the biotherapeutic antibody. The secondary antibody is conjugated with ruthenium to facilitate electrochemiluminescent analysis. Results: Data are presented from the analysis of two protein biomarkers having disparate size and structure; a 4.5 kDa peptide and a 60 kDa protein. In both cases, validated, highly specific assays were developed and shown to be tolerant to elevated levels of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody in question. Conclusion: Our novel format allows drug-tolerant measurement of soluble protein biomarkers targeted by monoclonal antibodies when only two independent epitopes for antibody binding are available and one is recognized by the therapeutic antibody.
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Tsybin YO, Fornelli L, Stoermer C, Luebeck M, Parra J, Nallet S, Wurm FM, Hartmer R. Structural Analysis of Intact Monoclonal Antibodies by Electron Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8919-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201293m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yury O. Tsybin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Julien Parra
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Nallet
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian M. Wurm
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Staub A, Zurlino D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Analysis of peptides and proteins using sub-2 μm fully porous and sub 3-μm shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8903-14. [PMID: 21831381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of sub-2 μm totally porous particles and sub-3 μm shell particles for peptide and protein analysis. Specific analytical strategies must be developed for these biomolecules as their importance in the pharmaceutical industry increases and as their structural complexity involves some issues when classical LC conditions are employed. Attention was paid on comparing these different columns in various LC conditions (different temperatures, gradient times, and mobile phase flow rates). The comparison of the different supports was assessed considering columns characteristics (quality of packing, silanol activity, pore size, totally porous or shell particles). In this article, peptides were first analyzed with both column technologies. Similar results to those achieved with low molecular weight compounds were obtained (peak capacity >100 for t(grad) around 3 min and columns dimensions of 2.1 mm id × 50 mm), but specific conditions were required (elevated temperature and the use of a volatile ion-pairing reagent, namely TFA). For peptide analysis following tryptic digestion, the goal was to improve peak capacity and resolution because of the large number of generated peptides. For this purpose, longer columns packed with porous sub-2 μm or shell sub-3 μm particles (i.e., 150 mm) and gradient times (i.e., up to 30 min) were tested. On the other hand, proteins in their intact forms have higher molecular weights (MW>5000 Da) and a tertiary structure, thus requiring different conditions in terms of stationary phase hydrophobicity (C(4)vs. C(18)) and pore size (300 vs. 120 Å). In addition, there were issues with adsorption onto the LC system and/or the column itself. This study showed that proteins with MWs lower than 40,000 Da required chromatographic conditions close to those employed for peptide analysis. For larger proteins, a C(4) 300 Å stationary phase gave the best results, confirming theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Staub
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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19
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Varadaraju H, Schneiderman S, Zhang L, Fong H, Menkhaus TJ. Process and economic evaluation for monoclonal antibody purification using a membrane-only process. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1297-305. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mroz P, Hashmi JT, Huang YY, Lange N, Hamblin MR. Stimulation of anti-tumor immunity by photodynamic therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 7:75-91. [PMID: 21162652 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a rapidly developing cancer treatment that utilizes the combination of nontoxic dyes and harmless visible light to destroy tumors by generating reactive oxygen species. PDT produces tumor-cell destruction in the context of acute inflammation that acts as a 'danger signal' to the innate immune system. Activation of the innate immune system increases the priming of tumor-specific T lymphocytes that have the ability to recognize and destroy distant tumor cells and, in addition, lead to the development of an immune memory that can combat recurrence of the cancer at a later point in time. PDT may be also successfully combined with immunomodulating strategies that are capable of overcoming or bypassing the escape mechanisms employed by the progressing tumor to evade immune attack. This article will cover the role of the immune response in PDT anti-tumor effectiveness. It will highlight the milestones in the development of PDT-mediated anti-tumor immunity and emphasize the combination strategies that may improve this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Macdonald ML, Samuel RE, Shah NJ, Padera RF, Beben YM, Hammond PT. Tissue integration of growth factor-eluting layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte multilayer coated implants. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1446-53. [PMID: 21084117 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug eluting coatings that can direct the host tissue response to implanted medical devices have the potential to ameliorate both the medical and financial burden of complications from implantation. However, because many drugs useful in this arena are biologic in nature, a paucity of delivery strategies for biologics, including growth factors, currently limits the control that can be exerted on the implantation environment. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte multilayer films are highly attractive as ultrathin biologic reservoirs, due to the capability to conformally coat difficult geometries, the use of aqueous processing likely to preserve fragile protein function, and the tunability of incorporation and release profiles. Herein, we describe the first LbL films capable of microgram-scale release of the biologic Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2), which is capable of directing the host tissue response to create bone from native progenitor cells. Ten micrograms of BMP-2 are released over a period of two weeks in vitro; less than 1% is released in the first 3 h (compared with commercial collagen matrices which can release up to 60% of BMP-2, too quickly to induce differentiation). BMP-2 released from LbL films retains its ability to induce bone differentiation in MC3T3 E1S4 pre-osteoblasts, as measured by induction of alkaline phosphatase and stains for calcium (via Alizarin Red) and calcium matrix (via Von Kossa). In vivo, BMP-2 film coated scaffolds were compared with film coated scaffolds lacking BMP-2. BMP-2 coatings implanted intramuscularly were able to initiate host progenitor cells to differentiate into bone, which matured and expanded from four to 9 weeks as measured by MicroCT and histology. Such LbL films represent new steps towards controlling and tuning host response to implanted medical devices, which may ultimately increase the success of implanted devices, provide alternative new approaches toward bone wound healing, and lay the foundation for development of a multi-therapeutic release coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara L Macdonald
- Harvard MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Authier S, Haefner P, Fournier S, Troncy E, Moon LB. Combined cardiopulmonary assessments with implantable telemetry device in conscious freely moving cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:6-11. [PMID: 20570745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Female cynomolgus monkeys were surgically implanted with telemetry transmitters recording ECG (DII), arterial pressure, physical activity, body temperature, and tidal volume. Respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (TV) were monitored simultaneously with the telemetry transmitter using impedance. Impedance-based monitoring of RR and TV by telemetry correlated with controlled TV and with pneumotachometer (>98%) in restrained animals. Control drugs with cardiovascular and respiratory effects, including saline, medetomidine (0.01, 0.02 and 0.04mg/kg) and cocaine (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) were administered intravenously. An averaging epoch of 5min was used for analysis of respiratory data. Medetomidine induced significant respiratory depression with decrease in RR and TV in freely moving animals while cocaine increased TV, RR and minute ventilation (MV) with concomitant increase in heart rate when compared with time matched values from saline-treated animals. The onset, duration and magnitude of cardiovascular and respiratory changes were correlated. This highlights the dependency of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The use of cardiopulmonary monitoring can allow continuous monitoring including during night time when variability of respiratory parameters is lower. Monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters in the same animals could also help to decrease the number of animals used in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Authier
- LAB Research Inc., 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 4B3.
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