1
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Parekh BS, Srivastava A, Sundaram S, Ching-Heish M, Goldstein J, Barry M, Zhou Q. Correlating charge heterogeneity data generated by agarose gel isoelectric focusing and ion exchange chromatography methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1073:1-9. [PMID: 29232605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An isoelectric focusing method (IEF) has been used to assess the charge heterogeneity profile of a monoclonal antibody during the early stages of product development. A more precise and sensitive ion exchange chromatography (IEC/CEX) method was developed and implemented as development progressed and was used concurrently with IEF for lot release and to monitor charge heterogeneity. Charge variants resolved by both methods (IEC and IEF) were purified and characterized. Tryptic peptide mapping and N- linked oligosaccharide profile analyses of the IEC and IEF fractions indicated a structural correlation between the charge variants separated by these two methods. The major sources of molecular heterogeneity were due to the variation in the sialyated carbohydrate structure and heavy chain C-terminal lysine truncation. By monitoring the rates of change in the charge heterogeneity profiles of the monoclonal antibody stored at elevated temperatures by the IEC and IEF methods, a positive correlation between the two methods was established. This approach enabled replacement of the IEF method with the more precise IEC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Saxena Parekh
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, United States
| | - Arvind Srivastava
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, United States
| | - Shanmuuga Sundaram
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, United States.
| | - Ming Ching-Heish
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, United States
| | - Joel Goldstein
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, United States
| | - Michael Barry
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, United States
| | - Qinwei Zhou
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, United States
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2
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Jiang G, Yu C, Yadav DB, Hu Z, Amurao A, Duenas E, Wong M, Iverson M, Zheng K, Lam X, Chen J, Vega R, Ulufatu S, Leddy C, Davis H, Shen A, Wong PY, Harris R, Wang YJ, Li D. Evaluation of Heavy-Chain C-Terminal Deletion on Product Quality and Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2066-72. [PMID: 27262204 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to their potential influence on stability, pharmacokinetics, and product consistency, antibody charge variants have attracted considerable attention in the biotechnology industry. Subtle to significant differences in the level of charge variants and new charge variants under various cell culture conditions are often observed during routine manufacturing or process changes and pose a challenge when demonstrating product comparability. To explore potential solutions to control charge heterogeneity, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with native, wild-type C-termini, and mutants with C-terminal deletions of either lysine or lysine and glycine were constructed, expressed, purified, and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Analytical and physiological characterization demonstrated that the mAb mutants had greatly reduced levels of basic variants without decreasing antibody biologic activity, structural stability, pharmacokinetics, or subcutaneous bioavailability in rats. This study provides a possible solution to mitigate mAb heterogeneity in C-terminal processing, improve batch-to-batch consistency, and facilitate the comparability study during process changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Jiang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080.
| | - Christopher Yu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Daniela B Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Zhilan Hu
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Annamarie Amurao
- Purification Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Eileen Duenas
- Purification Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Marc Wong
- Purification Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Mark Iverson
- Purification Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kai Zheng
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Xanthe Lam
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jia Chen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Roxanne Vega
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Cecilia Leddy
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Helen Davis
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Amy Shen
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Pin Y Wong
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Reed Harris
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Y John Wang
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Dongwei Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
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3
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Hu Z, Zhang H, Haley B, Macchi F, Yang F, Misaghi S, Elich J, Yang R, Tang Y, Joly JC, Snedecor BR, Shen A. Carboxypeptidase D is the only enzyme responsible for antibody C-terminal lysine cleavage in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2100-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilan Hu
- Department of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Henry Zhang
- Department of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - Frank Macchi
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Department of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Joseph Elich
- Department of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Renee Yang
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - Yun Tang
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - John C. Joly
- Department of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Bradley R. Snedecor
- Department of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Amy Shen
- Department of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
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4
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Dada OO, Jaya N, Valliere-Douglass J, Salas-Solano O. Characterization of acidic and basic variants of IgG1 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies based on non-denaturing IEF fractionation. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2695-2702. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nomalie Jaya
- Department of Analytical Sciences; Seattle Genetics Inc; Bothell WA USA
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5
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Yip V, Palma E, Tesar DB, Mundo EE, Bumbaca D, Torres EK, Reyes NA, Shen BQ, Fielder PJ, Prabhu S, Khawli LA, Boswell CA. Quantitative cumulative biodistribution of antibodies in mice: effect of modulating binding affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor. MAbs 2014; 6:689-96. [PMID: 24572100 PMCID: PMC4011913 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays an important and well-known role in antibody recycling in endothelial and hematopoietic cells and thus it influences the systemic pharmacokinetics (PK) of immunoglobulin G (IgG). However, considerably less is known about FcRn's role in the metabolism of IgG within individual tissues after intravenous administration. To elucidate the organ distribution and gain insight into the metabolism of humanized IgG1 antibodies with different binding affinities FcRn, comparative biodistribution studies in normal CD-1 mice were conducted. Here, we generated variants of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D-specific antibody (humanized anti-gD) with increased and decreased FcRn binding affinity by genetic engineering without affecting antigen specificity. These antibodies were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines, purified and paired radiolabeled with iodine-125 and indium-111. Equal amounts of I-125-labeled and In-111-labeled antibodies were mixed and intravenously administered into mice at 5 mg/kg. This approach allowed us to measure both the real-time IgG uptake (I-125) and cumulative uptake of IgG and catabolites (In-111) in individual tissues up to 1 week post-injection. The PK and distribution of the wild-type IgG and the variant with enhanced binding for FcRn were largely similar to each other, but vastly different for the rapidly cleared low-FcRn-binding variant. Uptake in individual tissues varied across time, FcRn binding affinity, and radiolabeling method. The liver and spleen emerged as the most concentrated sites of IgG catabolism in the absence of FcRn protection. These data provide an increased understanding of FcRn's role in antibody PK and catabolism at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yip
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Enzo Palma
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Devin B Tesar
- Drug Delivery Department; Pharma Technical Development, Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Eduardo E Mundo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Daniela Bumbaca
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth K Torres
- Non-Clinical Operations; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Noe A Reyes
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Ben Q Shen
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Paul J Fielder
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Leslie A Khawli
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics; Genentech Research & Early Development; South San Francisco, CA USA
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6
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Paduch M, Koide A, Uysal S, Rizk SS, Koide S, Kossiakoff AA. Generating conformation-specific synthetic antibodies to trap proteins in selected functional states. Methods 2012; 60:3-14. [PMID: 23280336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of phage display sorting strategies and validation methodologies are presented that are capable of producing high performance synthetic antibodies (sABs) with customized properties. Exquisite control of antigen and conditions during the phage display selection process can yield sABs that: (1) recognize conformational states, (2) target specific regions of the surface of a protein, (3) induce conformational changes, and (4) capture and stabilize multi-protein complexes. These unique capabilities open myriad opportunities to study complex macromolecular processes inaccessible to traditional affinity reagent technology. We present detailed protocols for de novo isolation of binders, as well as examples of downstream biophysical characterization. The methods described are generalizable and can be adapted to other in vitro direct evolution approaches based on yeast or mRNA display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Paduch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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7
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Miersch S, Sidhu SS. Synthetic antibodies: concepts, potential and practical considerations. Methods 2012; 57:486-98. [PMID: 22750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The last 100 years of enquiry into the fundamental basis of humoral immunity has resulted in the identification of antibodies as key molecular sentinels responsible for the in vivo surveillance, neutralization and clearance of foreign substances. Intense efforts aimed at understanding and exploiting their exquisite molecular specificity have positioned antibodies as a cornerstone supporting basic research, diagnostics and therapeutic applications [1]. More recently, efforts have aimed to circumvent the limitations of developing antibodies in animals by developing wholly in vitro techniques for designing antibodies of tailored specificity. This has been realized with the advent of synthetic antibody libraries that possess diversity outside the scope of natural immune repertoires and are thus capable of yielding specificities not otherwise attainable. This review examines the convergence of technologies that have contributed to the development of combinatorial phage-displayed antibody libraries. It further explores the practical concepts that underlie phage display, antibody diversity and the methods used in the generation of and selection from phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries, highlighting specific applications in which design approaches gave rise to specificities that could not easily be obtained with libraries based upon natural immune repertories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miersch
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Zheng Y, Tesar DB, Benincosa L, Birnböck H, Boswell CA, Bumbaca D, Cowan KJ, Danilenko DM, Daugherty AL, Fielder PJ, Grimm HP, Joshi A, Justies N, Kolaitis G, Lewin-Koh N, Li J, McVay S, O'Mahony J, Otteneder M, Pantze M, Putnam WS, Qiu ZJ, Ruppel J, Singer T, Stauch O, Theil FP, Visich J, Yang J, Ying Y, Khawli LA, Richter WF. Minipig as a potential translatable model for monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics after intravenous and subcutaneous administration. MAbs 2012; 4:243-55. [PMID: 22453096 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.2.19387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous (SC) delivery is a common route of administration for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) properties requiring long-term or frequent drug administration. An ideal in vivo preclinical model for predicting human PK following SC administration may be one in which the skin and overall physiological characteristics are similar to that of humans. In this study, the PK properties of a series of therapeutic mAbs following intravenous (IV) and SC administration in Göttingen minipigs were compared with data obtained previously from humans. The present studies demonstrated: (1) minipig is predictive of human linear clearance; (2) the SC bioavailabilities in minipigs are weakly correlated with those in human; (3) minipig mAb SC absorption rates are generally higher than those in human and (4) the SC bioavailability appears to correlate with systemic clearance in minipigs. Given the important role of the neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn) in the PK of mAbs, the in vitro binding affinities of these IgGs against porcine, human and cynomolgus monkey FcRn were tested. The result showed comparable FcRn binding affinities across species. Further, mAbs with higher isoelectric point tended to have faster systemic clearance and lower SC bioavailability in both minipig and human. Taken together, these data lend increased support for the use of the minipig as an alternative predictive model for human IV and SC PK of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zheng
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Devin B Tesar
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lisa Benincosa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Pharma Research and Early Development; Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; Nutley, NJ USA
| | - Herbert Birnböck
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Daniela Bumbaca
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kyra J Cowan
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Ann L Daugherty
- Drug Delivery, Pharma Technical Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Paul J Fielder
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Hans Peter Grimm
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amita Joshi
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Nicole Justies
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerry Kolaitis
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Pharma Research and Early Development; Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; Nutley, NJ USA
| | | | - Jing Li
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Sami McVay
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jennifer O'Mahony
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Michael Otteneder
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Pantze
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wendy S Putnam
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Zhihua J Qiu
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jane Ruppel
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Thomas Singer
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Stauch
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank-Peter Theil
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jennifer Visich
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jihong Yang
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Yong Ying
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Leslie A Khawli
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Wolfgang F Richter
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Li CZ, Liang ZK, Chen ZR, Lou HB, Zhou Y, Zhang ZH, Yu F, Liu S, Zhou Y, Wu S, Zheng W, Tan W, Jiang S, Zhou C. Identification of HBsAg-specific antibodies from a mammalian cell displayed full-length human antibody library of healthy immunized donor. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 9:184-90. [PMID: 22179672 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) is important in the management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Aiming to develop recombinant monoclonal antibodies as an alternative to HBIG, we report the successful identification of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific antibodies from a full-length human antibody library displayed on mammalian cell surface. Using total RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a natively immunized donor as template, the antibody repertoire was amplified. Combining four-way ligation and the Flp recombinase-mediated integration (Flp-In) system, we constructed a mammalian cell-based, fully human, full-length antibody display library in which each cell displayed only one kind of antibody molecule. By screening the cell library using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), eight cell clones that displayed HBsAg-specific antibodies on cell surfaces were identified. DNA sequence analysis of the antibody genes revealed three unique antibodies. FACS data indicated that fluorescent strength of expression (FSE), fluorescent strength of binding (FSB) and relative binding ability (RBA) were all different among them. These results demonstrated that by using our antibody mammalian display and screening platform, we can successfully identify antigen-specific antibodies from an immunized full-length antibody library. Therefore, this platform is very useful for the development of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zheng Li
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Khawli LA, Goswami S, Hutchinson R, Kwong ZW, Yang J, Wang X, Yao Z, Sreedhara A, Cano T, Tesar D, Nijem I, Allison DE, Wong PY, Kao YH, Quan C, Joshi A, Harris RJ, Motchnik P. Charge variants in IgG1: Isolation, characterization, in vitro binding properties and pharmacokinetics in rats. MAbs 2010; 2:613-24. [PMID: 20818176 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.6.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody charge variants have gained considerable attention in the biotechnology industry due to their potential influence on stability and biological activity. Subtle differences in the relative proportions of charge variants are often observed during routine biomanufacture or process changes and pose a challenge to demonstrating product comparability. To gain further insights into the impact on biological activity and pharmacokinetics (PK) of monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge heterogeneity, we isolated the major charge forms of a recombinant humanized IgG1 and compared their in vitro properties and in vivo PK. The mAb starting material had a pI range of 8.7-9.1 and was composed of about 20% acidic variants, 12% basic variants, and 68% main peak. Cation exchange displacement chromatography was used to isolate the acidic, basic, and main peak fractions for animal studies. Detailed analyses were performed on the isolated fractions to identify specific chemical modification contributing to the charge differences, and were also characterized for purity and in vitro potency prior to being administered either subcutaneously (SC) or intravenously (IV) in rats. All isolated materials had similar potency and rat FcRn binding relative to the starting material. Following IV or SC administration (10 mg/kg) in rats, no difference in serum PK was observed, indicating that physiochemical modifications and pI differences among charge variants were not sufficient to result in PK changes. Thus, these results provided meaningful information for the comparative evaluation of charge-related heterogeneity of mAbs, and suggested that charge variants of IgGs do not affect the in vitro potency, FcRn binding affinity, or the PK properties in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Khawli
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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Negi SS, Braun W. Automated detection of conformational epitopes using phage display Peptide sequences. Bioinform Biol Insights 2009; 3:71-81. [PMID: 20140073 PMCID: PMC2808184 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Precise determination of conformational epitopes of neutralizing antibodies represents a key step in the rational design of novel vaccines. A powerful experimental method to gain insights on the physical chemical nature of conformational epitopes is the selection of linear peptides that bind with high affinities to a monoclonal antibody of interest by phage display technology. However, the structural characterization of conformational epitopes from these mimotopes is not straightforward, and in the past the interpretation of peptide sequences from phage display experiments focused on linear sequence analysis to find a consensus sequence or common sequence motifs. Results: We present a fully automated search method, EpiSearch that predicts the possible location of conformational epitopes on the surface of an antigen. The algorithm uses peptide sequences from phage display experiments as input, and ranks all surface exposed patches according to the frequency distribution of similar residues in the peptides and in the patch. We have tested the performance of the EpiSearch algorithm for six experimental data sets of phage display experiments, the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu), the antibody mAb Bo2C11 targeting the C2 domain of FVIII, antibodies mAb 17b and mAb b12 of the HIV envelope protein gp120, mAb 13b5 targeting HIV-1 capsid protein and 80R of the SARS coronavirus spike protein. In all these examples the conformational epitopes as determined by the X-ray crystal structures of the antibody-antigen complexes, were found within the highest scoring patches of EpiSearch, covering in most cases more than 50% residues of experimental observed conformational epitopes. Input options of the program include mapping of a single peptide or a set of peptides on the antigen structure, and the results of the calculation can be visualized on our interactive web server. Availability: Users can access the EpiSearch from our web server http://curie.utmb.edu/episearch.html
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra S Negi
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, 77555-0857, USA.
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