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Ahmed T, Yamanishi C, Kojima T, Takayama S. Aqueous Two-Phase Systems and Microfluidics for Microscale Assays and Analytical Measurements. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:231-255. [PMID: 33950741 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation is a common occurrence in nature. Synthetic and natural polymers, salts, ionic liquids, surfactants, and biomacromolecules phase separate in water, resulting in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). This review discusses the properties, handling, and uses of ATPSs. These systems have been used for protein, nucleic acid, virus, and cell purification and have in recent years found new uses for small organics, polysaccharides, extracellular vesicles, and biopharmaceuticals. Analytical biochemistry applications such as quantifying protein-protein binding, probing for conformational changes, or monitoring enzyme activity have been performed with ATPSs. Not only are ATPSs biocompatible, they also retain their properties at the microscale, enabling miniaturization experiments such as droplet microfluidics, bacterial quorum sensing, multiplexed and point-of-care immunoassays, and cell patterning. ATPSs include coacervates and may find wider interest in the context of intracellular phase separation and origin of life. Recent advances in fundamental understanding and in commercial application are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasdiq Ahmed
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA;
| | - Cameron Yamanishi
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA;
| | - Taisuke Kojima
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA;
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA;
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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2
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Patil R, Walther J. Continuous Manufacturing of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Upstream and Downstream Technologies. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:277-322. [PMID: 28265699 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous biomanufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins offers several potential advantages over conventional batch processing, including reduced cost of goods, more flexible and responsive manufacturing facilities, and improved and consistent product quality. Although continuous approaches to various upstream and downstream unit operations have been considered and studied for decades, in recent years interest and application have accelerated. Researchers have achieved increasingly higher levels of process intensification, and have also begun to integrate different continuous unit operations into larger, holistically continuous processes. This review first discusses approaches for continuous cell culture, with a focus on perfusion-enabling cell separation technologies including gravitational, centrifugal, and acoustic settling, as well as filtration-based techniques. We follow with a review of various continuous downstream unit operations, covering categories such as clarification, chromatography, formulation, and viral inactivation and filtration. The review ends by summarizing case studies of integrated and continuous processing as reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Patil
- Bioprocess Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Jason Walther
- Bioprocess Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.
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3
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McQueen L, Lai D. Ionic Liquid Aqueous Two-Phase Systems From a Pharmaceutical Perspective. Front Chem 2019; 7:135. [PMID: 30931300 PMCID: PMC6428778 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPSs) have been extensively studied for their ability to simultaneously separate and purify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and key intermediates with high yields and high purity. Depending on the ATPS composition, it can be adapted for the separation and purification of cells, nucleic acids, proteins, antibodies, and small molecules. This method has been shown to be scalable, allowing it to be used in the milliliter scale for early drug development to thousands of liters in manufacture for commercial supply. The benefits of ATPS in pharmaceutical separations is increasingly being recognized and investigated by larger pharmaceutical companies. ATPSs use identical instrumentation and similar methodology, therefore a change from traditional methods has a theoretical low barrier of adoption. The cost of typical components used to form an ATPS at large scale, particularly that of polymer-polymer systems, is the primary challenge to widespread use across industry. However, there are a few polymer-salt examples where the increase in yield at commercial scale justifies the cost of using ATPSs for macromolecule purification. More recently, Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been used for ATPS separations that is more sustainable as a solvent, and more economical than polymers often used in ATPSs for small molecule applications. Such IL-ATPSs still retain much of the attractive characteristics such as customizable chemical and physical properties, stability, safety, and most importantly, can provide higher yield separations of organic compounds, and efficient solvent recycling to lower financial and environmental costs of large scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McQueen
- Drug Product Design and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - David Lai
- Product and Process Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States.,Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States
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4
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Torres-Acosta MA, Mayolo-Deloisa K, González-Valdez J, Rito-Palomares M. Aqueous Two-Phase Systems at Large Scale: Challenges and Opportunities. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800117. [PMID: 29878648 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) have proved to be an efficient and integrative operation to enhance recovery of industrially relevant bioproducts. After ATPS discovery, a variety of works have been published regarding their scaling from 10 to 1000 L. Although ATPS have achieved high recovery and purity yields, there is still a gap between their bench-scale use and potential industrial applications. In this context, this review paper critically analyzes ATPS scale-up strategies to enhance the potential industrial adoption. In particular, large-scale operation considerations, different phase separation procedures, the available optimization techniques (univariate, response surface methodology, and genetic algorithms) to maximize recovery and purity and economic modeling to predict large-scale costs, are discussed. ATPS intensification to increase the amount of sample to process at each system, developing recycling strategies and creating highly efficient predictive models, are still areas of great significance that can be further exploited with the use of high-throughput techniques. Moreover, the development of novel ATPS can maximize their specificity increasing the possibilities for the future industry adoption of ATPS. This review work attempts to present the areas of opportunity to increase ATPS attractiveness at industrial levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Torres-Acosta
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - Karla Mayolo-Deloisa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - José González-Valdez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Morones Prieto 3000 Pte, Col. Los Doctores, Monterrey, NL, 64710, México
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Yu KM, Yiu-Nam Lau J, Fok M, Yeung YK, Fok SP, Shek F, Wong WT, Choo QL. Efficient expression and isolation of recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 146:69-77. [PMID: 29408294 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current source of recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) is isolated from a fusion protein expressed by E. coli that requires additional enterokinase to remove linked protein, resulting in product heterogeneity of N-terminal sequence. Due to lack of glycosylation, rhIL-11 is suitable to be expressed by yeast cells. However, the only available yeast-derived rhIL-11 presents an obstacle in low production yield, as well as an unamiable process, such as the use of reverse-phase chromatography employing plenty of toxic organic solvents. Our findings showed that the low yield was due to self-aggregation of rhIL-11. A novel process recovering bioactive rhIL-11 from the yeast secretory medium therefore has been developed and demonstrated, involving fermentation from Pichia pastoris, followed by a two-phase extraction to precipitate rhIL-11. After renaturing, the protein of interest was purified by a two-column step, comprising a cation-exchanger, and a hydrophobic interaction chromatography in tandem at high sample loads that was facile and cost-effective in future scale-up. Identity and quality assessments confirmed the expected amino acid sequence without N-terminal heterogeneity, as well as high quality in potency and purity. Such a process provides an alternative and adequate supply of the starting material for the PEGylated rhIL-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ming Yu
- Nansha Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited, Unit 608-613, IC Development Centre, No.6 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Johnson Yiu-Nam Lau
- Nansha Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited, Unit 608-613, IC Development Centre, No.6 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Manson Fok
- Nansha Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited, Unit 608-613, IC Development Centre, No.6 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuk-Keung Yeung
- Nansha Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited, Unit 608-613, IC Development Centre, No.6 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Siu-Ping Fok
- Nansha Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited, Unit 608-613, IC Development Centre, No.6 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Felix Shek
- Nansha Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited, Unit 608-613, IC Development Centre, No.6 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qui-Lim Choo
- Nansha Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited, Unit 608-613, IC Development Centre, No.6 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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6
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Kress C, Sadowski G, Brandenbusch C. Solubilization of proteins in aqueous two-phase extraction through combinations of phase-formers and displacement agents. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 112:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Wurm DJ, Slouka C, Bosilj T, Herwig C, Spadiut O. How to trigger periplasmic release in recombinant Escherichia coli: A comparative analysis. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:215-222. [PMID: 32624769 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli usually leads to accumulation of the product inside the cells. To capture the product, cells are harvested, resuspended, and lysed. However, in cases where the product is transported to the periplasm, selective disruption of the outer membrane leads to much purer crude extracts compared to complete cell lysis, as only 4-8% of the native E. coli host cell proteins are located in the periplasmic space. A variety of different strategies to enable selective release of the product from the periplasm is available. However, in most of these studies cells are harvested before they are resuspended in permeabilization agent and no differentiation between leakiness and lysis is made. Here, we tested and compared different strategies to trigger leakiness. In contrast to other studies, we performed these experiments during cultivation and quantified both leakiness and lysis. In summary, we recommend incubation with 350 mM TRIS at constant pH for several hours followed by a mild heat treatment up to 38°C to trigger leakiness with only minimal lysis. This study represents a comparative summary of different strategies to trigger E. coli leakiness and describes a solid basis for further experiments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wurm
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Institute of Chemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Slouka
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Institute of Chemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
| | - Tadej Bosilj
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Institute of Chemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Institute of Chemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses Institute of Chemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Institute of Chemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses Institute of Chemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
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8
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Soares RRG, Azevedo AM, Van Alstine JM, Aires-Barros MR. Partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems: Analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Biotechnol J 2015. [PMID: 26213222 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For half a century aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) have been applied for the extraction and purification of biomolecules. In spite of their simplicity, selectivity, and relatively low cost they have not been significantly employed for industrial scale bioprocessing. Recently their ability to be readily scaled and interface easily in single-use, flexible biomanufacturing has led to industrial re-evaluation of ATPSs. The purpose of this review is to perform a SWOT analysis that includes a discussion of: (i) strengths of ATPS partitioning as an effective and simple platform for biomolecule purification; (ii) weaknesses of ATPS partitioning in regard to intrinsic problems and possible solutions; (iii) opportunities related to biotechnological challenges that ATPS partitioning may solve; and (iv) threats related to alternative techniques that may compete with ATPS in performance, economic benefits, scale up and reliability. This approach provides insight into the current status of ATPS as a bioprocessing technique and it can be concluded that most of the perceived weakness towards industrial implementation have now been largely overcome, thus paving the way for opportunities in fermentation feed clarification, integration in multi-stage operations and in single-step purification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben R G Soares
- IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M Azevedo
- IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - James M Van Alstine
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,JMVA Biotech, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Raquel Aires-Barros
- IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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9
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PEG–salt aqueous two-phase systems: an attractive and versatile liquid–liquid extraction technology for the downstream processing of proteins and enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6599-616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Angarita M, Arosio P, Müller-Späth T, Baur D, Falkenstein R, Kuhne W, Morbidelli M. Role of urea on recombinant Apo A-I stability and its utilization in anion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1354:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Refolding techniques for recovering biologically active recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies. Biomolecules 2014; 4:235-51. [PMID: 24970214 PMCID: PMC4030991 DOI: 10.3390/biom4010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologically active proteins are useful for studying the biological functions of genes and for the development of therapeutic drugs and biomaterials in a biotechnology industry. Overexpression of recombinant proteins in bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, often results in the formation of inclusion bodies, which are protein aggregates with non-native conformations. As inclusion bodies contain relatively pure and intact proteins, protein refolding is an important process to obtain active recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies. However, conventional refolding methods, such as dialysis and dilution, are time consuming and, often, recovered yields of active proteins are low, and a trial-and-error process is required to achieve success. Recently, several approaches have been reported to refold these aggregated proteins into an active form. The strategies largely aim at reducing protein aggregation during the refolding procedure. This review focuses on protein refolding techniques using chemical additives and laminar flow in microfluidic chips for the efficient recovery of active proteins from inclusion bodies.
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12
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Emerging technologies for the integration and intensification of downstream bioprocesses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Molino JVD, Viana Marques DDA, Júnior AP, Mazzola PG, Gatti MSV. Different types of aqueous two-phase systems for biomolecule and bioparticle extraction and purification. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1343-53. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Vitor Dutra Molino
- Dept. of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Block 16, Cidade Universitária; São Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Daniela de Araújo Viana Marques
- Dept. of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Block 16, Cidade Universitária; São Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa Júnior
- Dept. of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Block 16, Cidade Universitária; São Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Priscila Gava Mazzola
- Dept. of Clinical Patology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Campinas, Rua: Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz, Campinas; São Paulo 13083-887 Brazil
| | - Maria Silvia Viccari Gatti
- Genetics; Evolution and Bioagents Dept.; Biology Institute; University of Campinas, Rua: Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz,” Campinas; São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
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14
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Isolation of monoclonal antibody from a Chinese hamster ovary supernatant. I: Assessment of different separation concepts. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1305:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Asenjo JA, Andrews BA. Aqueous two-phase systems for protein separation: Phase separation and applications. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1238:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Selvakumar P, Ling TC, Walker S, Lyddiatt A. Recovery of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from an unclarified disrupted yeast using aqueous two-phase systems facilitated by distribution analysis of radiolabelled analytes. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Chemical assistance in refolding of bacterial inclusion bodies. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2011:631607. [PMID: 21822494 PMCID: PMC3148444 DOI: 10.1155/2011/631607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most widely used hosts for the production of recombinant proteins but insoluble expression of heterologous proteins is a major bottleneck in production of recombinant proteins in E. coli. In vitro refolding of inclusion body into proteins with native conformations is a solution for this problem but there is a need for optimization of condition for each protein specifically. Several approaches have been described for in vitro refolding; most of them involve the use of additives for assisting correct folding. Cosolutes play a major role in refolding process and can be classified according to their function as aggregation suppressors and folding enhancers. This paper presents a review of additives that are used in refolding process of insoluble recombinant proteins in small scale and industrial processes.
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Asenjo JA, Andrews BA. Aqueous two-phase systems for protein separation: a perspective. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8826-35. [PMID: 21752387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) that are formed by mixing a polymer (usually polyethylene glycol, PEG) and a salt (e.g. phosphate, sulphate or citrate) or two polymers and water can be effectively used for the separation and purification of proteins. The partitioning between both phases is dependent on the surface properties of the proteins and on the properties of the two phase system. The mechanism of partitioning is complex and not very easy to predict but, as this review paper shows, some very clear trends can be established. Hydrophobicity is the main determinant in the partitioning of proteins and can be measured in many different ways. The two methods that are more attractive, depending on the ATPS used (PEG/salt, PEG/polymer), are those that consider the 3-D structure and the hydrophobicity of AA on the surface and the one based on precipitation with ammonium sulphate (parameter 1/m*). The effect of charge has a relatively small effect on the partitioning of proteins in PEG/salt systems but is more important in PEG/dextran systems. Protein concentration has an important effect on the partitioning of proteins in ATPS. This depends on the higher levels of solubility of the protein in each of the phases and hence the partitioning observed at low protein concentrations can be very different to that observed at high concentrations. In virtually all cases the partition coefficient is constant at low protein concentration (true partitioning) and changes to a different constant value at a high overall protein concentration. Furthermore, true partitioning behavior, which is independent of the protein concentration, only occurs at relatively low protein concentration. As the concentration of a protein exceeds relatively low values, precipitation at the interface and in suspension can be observed. This protein precipitate is in equilibrium with the protein solubilized in each of the phases. Regarding the effect of protein molecular weight, no clear trend of the effect on partitioning has been found, apart from PEG/dextran systems where proteins with higher molecular weights partitioned more readily to the bottom phase. Bioaffinity has been shown in many cases to have an important effect on the partitioning of proteins. The practical application of ATPS has been demonstrated in many cases including a number of industrial applications with excellent levels of purity and yield. This separation and purification has also been successfully used for the separation of virus and virus-like particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Asenjo
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology: A Centre for Systems Biology, University of Chile, Beauchef 850, Santiago, Chile.
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Selvakumar P, Ling TC, Walker S, Lyddiatt A. A practical implementation and exploitation of ATPS for intensive processing of biological feedstock: A novel approach for heavily biological feedstock loaded ATPS. Sep Purif Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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A descriptive model and methods for up-scaled process routes for interfacial partition of bioparticles in aqueous two-phase systems. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Aguilar O, Rito-Palomares M. Aqueous two-phase systems strategies for the recovery and characterization of biological products from plants. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1385-1392. [PMID: 20549787 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest of the biopharmaceutical industry to exploit plants as economically viable production systems is demanding the development of new downstream strategies to maximize product recovery. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) are a primary recovery technique that has shown great potential for the efficient extraction and purification of biological compounds. The present paper gives an overview of the efficient use of ATPS-based strategies for the isolation and partial purification of bioparticles from plant origin. Selected examples highlight the main advantages of this technique, i.e. scaling-up feasibility, process integration capability and biocompatibility. An overview of the recent approach of coupling ATPSs with traditional techniques to increase bioseparation process performance is discussed. A novel approach to characterization protein from plants combining ATPSs and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) is introduced as a tool for process development. In the particular case of products from plant origin, early success has demonstrated the potential application of ATPS-based strategies to address the major disadvantages of the traditional recovery and purification techniques. This literature review discloses the relevant contribution of ATPSs to facilitate the establishment of bioprocesses in the growing field of high-value products from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Aguilar
- Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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Ross KC, Zhang C. Separation of recombinant β-glucuronidase from transgenic tobacco by aqueous two-phase extraction. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rosa P, Ferreira I, Azevedo A, Aires-Barros M. Aqueous two-phase systems: A viable platform in the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2296-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Casales E, Aranda A, Quetglas JI, Ruiz-Guillen M, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Prieto J, Smerdou C. A novel system for the production of high levels of functional human therapeutic proteins in stable cells with a Semliki Forest virus noncytopathic vector. N Biotechnol 2010; 27:138-48. [PMID: 20188220 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vectors lead to high protein expression in mammalian cells, but expression is transient due to vector cytopathic effects, inhibition of host cell proteins and RNA-based expression. We have used a noncytopathic SFV mutant (ncSFV) RNA vector to generate stable cell lines expressing two human therapeutic proteins: insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1). Therapeutic genes were fused at the carboxy-terminal end of Puromycin N-acetyl-transferase gene by using as a linker the sequence coding for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A autoprotease. These cassettes were cloned into the ncSFV vector. Recombinant ncSFV vectors allowed rapid and efficient selection of stable BHK cell lines with puromycin. These cells expressed IGF-I and CT-1 in supernatants at levels reaching 1.4 and 8.6 microg/10(6)cells/24 hours, respectively. Two cell lines generated with each vector were passaged ten times during 30 days, showing constant levels of protein expression. Recombinant proteins expressed at different passages were functional by in vitro signaling assays. Stability at RNA level was unexpectedly high, showing a very low mutation rate in the CT-1 sequence, which did not increase at high passages. CT-1 was efficiently purified from supernatants of ncSFV cell lines, obtaining a yield of approximately 2mg/L/24 hours. These results indicate that the ncSFV vector has a great potential for the production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkuden Casales
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Platis D, Labrou NE. Application of a PEG/salt aqueous two-phase partition system for the recovery of monoclonal antibodies from unclarified transgenic tobacco extract. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:1320-7. [PMID: 19557796 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase partition systems (ATPS) have been widely used for the separation of a large variety of biomolecules. In the present report, the application of a polyethylene glycol/phosphate (PEG/phosphate) ATPS for the separation of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies 2G12 (mAb 2G12) and 4E10 (mAb 4E10) from unclarified transgenic tobacco crude extract was investigated. Optimal conditions that favor opposite phase partitioning of plant debris/mAb as well as high recovery and purification were found to be 13.1% w/w (PEG 1500), 12.5% w/w (phosphate) at pH 5 with a phase ratio of 1.3 and 8.25% w/w unclarified tobacco extract load. Under these conditions, mAb 2G12 and mAb 4E10 were partitioned at the bottom phosphate phase with 85 and 84% yield and 2.4- and 2.1-fold purification, respectively. The proposed ATPS was successfully integrated in an affinity-based purification protocol, using Protein A, yielding antibodies of high purity and yield. In this study, ATPS was shown to be suitable for initial protein recovery and partial purification of mAb from unclarified transgenic tobacco crude extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Platis
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Chromatography-free recovery of biopharmaceuticals through aqueous two-phase processing. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rosa P, Azevedo A, Sommerfeld S, Mutter M, Aires-Barros M, Bäcker W. Application of aqueous two-phase systems to antibody purification: A multi-stage approach. J Biotechnol 2009; 139:306-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Recombinant protein expression has become a standard laboratory tool, and a wide variety of systems and techniques are now in use. Because there are so many systems to choose from, the investigator has to be careful to use the combination that will give the best results for the protein being studied. This overview unit discusses expression and production choices, including post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation, acylation, sulfation, and removal of N-terminal methionine), in vivo and in vitro folding, and influence of downstream elements on expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gray
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California, USA
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Meagher RJ, Light YK, Singh AK. Rapid, continuous purification of proteins in a microfluidic device using genetically-engineered partition tags. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:527-32. [PMID: 18369506 DOI: 10.1039/b716462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening assays of native and recombinant proteins are increasingly crucial in life science research, including fields such as drug screening and enzyme engineering. These assays are typically highly parallel, and require minute amounts of purified protein per assay. To address this need, we have developed a rapid, automated microscale process for isolating specific proteins from sub-microlitre volumes of E. Coli cell lysate. Recombinant proteins are genetically tagged to drive partitioning into the PEG-rich phase of a flowing aqueous two-phase system, which removes approximately 85% of contaminating proteins, as well as unwanted nucleic acids and cell debris, on a simple microfluidic device. Inclusion of the genetic tag roughly triples recovery of the autofluorescent protein AcGFP1, and also significantly improves recovery of the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST), from nearly zero recovery for the wild-type enzyme, up to 40% with genetic tagging. The extraction process operates continuously, with only a single step from cell lysate to purified protein, and does not require expensive affinity reagents or troublesome chromatographic steps. The two-phase system is mild and does not disrupt protein function, as evidenced by recovery of active enzymes and functional fluorescent protein from our microfluidic process. The microfluidic aqueous two-phase extraction forms the core component of an integrated lab-on-a-chip device comprising cell culture, lysis, purification and analysis on a single device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Meagher
- Sandia National Laboratories, Biosystems Research Department, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, CA 95391, USA
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Low D, O'Leary R, Pujar NS. Future of antibody purification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 848:48-63. [PMID: 17134947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody purification seems to be safely ensconced in a platform, now well-established by way of multiple commercialized antibody processes. However, natural evolution compels us to peer into the future. This is driven not only by a large, projected increase in the number of antibody therapies, but also by dramatic improvements in upstream productivity, and process economics. Although disruptive technologies have yet escaped downstream processes, evolution of the so-called platform is already evident in antibody processes in late-stage development. Here we perform a wide survey of technologies that are competing to be part of that platform, and provide our [inherently dangerous] assessment of those that have the most promise.
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Rahimpour F, Mamo G, Feyzi F, Maghsoudi S, Hatti-Kaul R. Optimizing refolding and recovery of active recombinant Bacillus halodurans xylanase in polymer–salt aqueous two-phase system using surface response analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141:32-40. [PMID: 17196600 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An experimental design was used to determine optimal conditions for refolding of a recombinant thermostable and alkaline active xylanase from Bacillus halodurans in PEG-phosphate two-phase system. The influence of different experimental variables on the enzyme recovery has been evaluated. To build the mathematical model and minimize the number of experiments for the design parameters, response surface methodology with a face-centered central composite design (CCF) was defined based on the conditions found by preliminary tests that resulted in the highest refolding yield. The adequacy of the calculated model for the response was confirmed by means of variance analysis and additional experiments. Analysis of contours of constant response as a function of pH, polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight and concentration, and salt concentration for different enzyme loads revealed different effects of these five factors on the studied parameters. Recovery of more than 92% active xylanase was predicted for a system with 18.3% (w/w) PEG 1000, 14.4% (w/w) phosphate at pH 8.5, and enzyme load corresponding to a protein concentration of about 0.05 mg/g system. The yield of the refolded enzyme was found to be optimal at 22 degrees C. The validity of the response model was verified by a good agreement between predicted and experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Rahimpour
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Hunter AK, Suda EJ, Das TK, Shell RE, Herberg JT, Ramasubramanyan N, Gustafson ME, Ho SV. Impact of denaturation with urea on recombinant apolipoprotein A-IMilano ion-exchange adsorption: Equilibrium uptake behavior and protein mass transfer kinetics. Biotechnol J 2007; 2:110-20. [PMID: 17136731 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200600165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the equilibrium uptake behavior and mass transfer rate of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I(Milano) (apo A-I(M)) on Q Sepharose HP under non-denaturing, partially denaturing, and fully denaturing conditions. The protein of interest in this study is composed of amphipathic alpha helices that serve to solubilize and transport lipids. The dual nature of this molecule leads to the formation of micellar-like structures and self association in solution. Under non-denaturing conditions equilibrium uptake is 134 mg/mL media and the isotherm is essentially rectangular. When fully denatured with 6 M urea, the equilibrium binding capacity decreases to 25 mg/mL media and the isotherm becomes less favorable. The decrease in both binding affinity and media capacity when the protein is completely denatured with 6 M urea can be explained by the loss of all alpha helical structure. The rate of apo A-I(M) mass transfer on Q Sepharose HP was characterized using a macropore diffusion model. Results of modeling studies indicate that effective pore diffusivity increases from 4.5 x 10(-9) cm2/s in the absence of urea to 6.0 x 10(-8) cm2/s when apo A-I(M) is fully denatured with 6 M urea. Based on light-scattering data reported for apo A-I, protein self association appears to be the dominant cause of slow protein mass transfer observed under non-denaturing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Hunter
- Pfizer Inc., Global Biologics, Chesterfield, MO, USA.
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Koschorreck M, Fischer M, Barth S, Pleiss J. How to find soluble proteins: a comprehensive analysis of alpha/beta hydrolases for recombinant expression in E. coli. BMC Genomics 2005; 6:49. [PMID: 15804363 PMCID: PMC1079826 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In screening of libraries derived by expression cloning, expression of active proteins in E. coli can be limited by formation of inclusion bodies. In these cases it would be desirable to enrich gene libraries for coding sequences with soluble gene products in E. coli and thus to improve the efficiency of screening. Previously Wilkinson and Harrison showed that solubility can be predicted from amino acid composition (Biotechnology 1991, 9(5):443–448). We have applied this analysis to members of the alpha/beta hydrolase fold family to predict their solubility in E. coli. alpha/beta hydrolases are a highly diverse family with more than 1800 proteins which have been grouped into homologous families and superfamilies. Results The predicted solubility in E. coli depends on hydrolase size, phylogenetic origin of the host organism, the homologous family and the superfamily, to which the hydrolase belongs. In general small hydrolases are predicted to be more soluble than large hydrolases, and eukaryotic hydrolases are predicted to be less soluble in E. coli than prokaryotic ones. However, combining phylogenetic origin and size leads to more complex conclusions. Hydrolases from prokaryotic, fungal and metazoan origin are predicted to be most soluble if they are of small, medium and large size, respectively. We observed large variations of predicted solubility between hydrolases from different homologous families and from different taxa. Conclusion A comprehensive analysis of all alpha/beta hydrolase sequences allows more efficient screenings for new soluble alpha/beta hydrolases by the use of libraries which contain more soluble gene products. Screening of hydrolases from families whose members are hard to express as soluble proteins in E. coli should first be done in coding sequences of organisms from phylogenetic groups with the highest average of predicted solubility for proteins of this family. The tools developed here can be used to identify attractive target genes for expression using protein sequences published in databases. This analysis also directs the design of degenerate, family- specific primers to amplify new members from homologous families or superfamilies with a high probability of soluble alpha/beta hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Koschorreck
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Gemany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Gemany
| | - Sandra Barth
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Gemany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Gemany
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Persson J, Andersen DC, Lester PM. Evaluation of different primary recovery methods forE. coli-derived recombinant human growth hormone and compatibility with further down-stream purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:442-51. [PMID: 15772949 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to advances in fermentation technology, it is now possible to obtain fermentation broth with over 30% solids. The high solid content makes the clarification step difficult, especially at large scale. The primary protein recovery step is challenging due to the heterogeneous solution of soluble and insoluble material. In this study, we compare different primary recovery routes and the compatibility with the initial capture chromatography step. The primary recovery routes studied are standard clarification by centrifugation and extraction in aqueous two-phase systems. The compatibility of the feed streams from the different primary recovery steps with the first chromatography step is addressed. An anion-exchange column was used as the first capture column in the purification process. The aqueous two-phase system was composed of a random copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (EOPO) in combination with a waxy starch. The target protein in this study was human growth hormone (hGH) produced in recombinant Escherichia coli. The purity of hGH in the top phase after aqueous two-phase extraction was found to be significantly higher than in clarified homogenate supernatant and increased as the EOPO polymer concentration in the aqueous two-phase system increased. Stability of the supernatant and EOPO top phases and hGH were determined by turbidity measurements and LC-MS assay. All of the feed-streams from the primary recovery steps were compatible with the anion-exchange chromatography step; however, the capacity of the resin was strongly dependent on the purity of the load. Different process aspects, e.g., resin capacity, viscosity, purification, and yield of hGH and scalability are compared.
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Vallejo LF, Rinas U. Strategies for the recovery of active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2004; 3:11. [PMID: 15345063 PMCID: PMC517725 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in generating active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins are summarized in conjunction with a short overview on inclusion body isolation and solubilization procedures. In particular, the pros and cons of well-established robust refolding techniques such as direct dilution as well as less common ones such as diafiltration or chromatographic processes including size exclusion chromatography, matrix- or affinity-based techniques and hydrophobic interaction chromatography are discussed. Moreover, the effect of physical variables (temperature and pressure) as well as the presence of buffer additives on the refolding process is elucidated. In particular, the impact of protein stabilizing or destabilizing low- and high-molecular weight additives as well as micellar and liposomal systems on protein refolding is illustrated. Also, techniques mimicking the principles encountered during in vivo folding such as processes based on natural and artificial chaperones and propeptide-assisted protein refolding are presented. Moreover, the special requirements for the generation of disulfide bonded proteins and the specific problems and solutions, which arise during process integration are discussed. Finally, the different strategies are examined regarding their applicability for large-scale production processes or high-throughput screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Vallejo
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Abstract
The rapid provision of purified native protein underpins both structural biology and the development of new biopharmaceuticals. The dominance of Escherichia coli as a cellular biofactory depends on technology for solubilizing and refolding proteins that are expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies. Such technology must be scale invariant, easily automated, generic for a broad range of similar proteins and economical. Refolding methods relying on denaturant dilution and column-based approaches meet these criteria. Recent developments, particularly in column-based methods, promise to extend the range of proteins that can be refolded successfully. Developments in preparing denatured purified protein and in the analysis of protein refolding products promise to remove bottlenecks in the overall process. Combined, these developments promise to facilitate the rapid and automated determination of appropriate refolding conditions and to simplify scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P J Middelberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK.
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Srinivas N, Barhate R, Raghavarao K. Aqueous two-phase extraction in combination with ultrafiltration for downstream processing of Ipomoea peroxidase. J FOOD ENG 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0260-8774(01)00170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Asenjo JA, Mistry SL, Andrews BA, Merchuk JC. Phase separation rates of aqueous two-phase systems: correlation with system properties. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 79:217-23. [PMID: 12115438 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of phase separation in aqueous two-phase systems have been investigated as a function of the physical properties of the system. Two distinct situations for the settling velocities were found, one in which the light, organic-rich (PEG) phase is continuous and the other in which the heavier, salt-rich (phosphate) phase is continuous. The settling rate of a particular system is a crucial parameter for equipment design, and it was studied as a function of measured viscosity and density of each of the phases as well as the interfacial tension between the phases. Interfacial tension increases with increasing tie line length. A correlation that describes the rate of phase separation was investigated. This correlation, which is a function of the system parameters mentioned above, described the behavior of the system successfully. Different values of the parameters in the correlation were fitted for bottom-phase-continuous and top-phase-continuous systems. These parameters showed that density and viscosity play a role in the rate of separation in both top continuous- and bottom continuous-phase regions but are more dominant in the continuous top-phase region. The composition of the two-phase system was characterized by the tie line length. The rate of separation increased with increasing tie line length in both cases but at a faster rate when the bottom (less viscous) phase was the continuous phase. These results show that working in a continuous bottom-phase region is advantageous to ensure fast separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Asenjo
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology, University of Chile, Beauchef 861, Santiago, Chile
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Kamei DT, Liu CL, Haase-Pettingell C, King JA, Wang DIC, Blankschtein D. Understanding viral partitioning in two-phase aqueous nonionic micellar systems: 1. Role of attractive interactions between viruses and micelles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 78:190-202. [PMID: 11870610 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning behavior of viruses in the two-phase aqueous nonionic n-decyl tetra(ethylene oxide) (C10E4) micellar system cannot be fully explained by considering solely the repulsive, steric, excluded-volume interactions that operate between the viruses and the nonionic C10E4 micelles. Specifically, an excluded-volume theory developed recently by our group is not able to quantitatively predict the observed viral partition coefficients, even though this theory is capable of providing reasonable quantitative predictions of protein partition coefficients. To shed light on the discrepancy between the theoretically predicted and the experimentally measured viral partition coefficients, a central assumption underlying the excluded-volume theory that the viruses and the C10E4 micelles interact solely through repulsive, excluded-volume interactions was challenged in this study. In particular, utilizing bacteriophage P22 as a model virus, a competitive inhibition test and a partitioning study of the capsids of bacteriophage P22 were conducted. Based on the results of these two experimental studies, it was concluded that any attractive interactions between the tailspikes of bacteriophage P22 and the C10E4 micelles are negligible. Another experimental study was carried out wherein the partition coefficients of the model viruses, bacteriophages P22 and T4, were measured at various temperatures, and compared with those previously obtained for bacteriophage phiX174. This comparison also indicated that possible attractive, electromagnetic-induced interactions between the bacteriophage particles and the C10E4 micelles cannot be invoked to rationalize the observed discrepancy between the theoretically predicted and the experimentally measured viral partition coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Kamei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 66-444, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Kamei DT, King JA, Wang DIC, Blankschtein D. Understanding viral partitioning in two-phase aqueous nonionic micellar systems: 2. Effect of entrained micelle-poor domains. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 78:203-16. [PMID: 11870611 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the partitioning behavior of hydrophilic, water-soluble proteins, the partitioning behavior of viruses in the two-phase aqueous nonionic n-decyl tetra(ethylene oxide) (C10E4) micellar system cannot be fully explained using the excluded-volume theory developed recently by our group. A central assumption underlying the excluded-volume theory--that macroscopic phase separation equilibrium is attained--was therefore challenged experimentally and theoretically. Photographs of the two-phase aqueous C10E4 micellar system were taken for different volume ratios to demonstrate that the entrainment of micelle-poor (virus-rich) domains in the macroscopic, top, micelle-rich phase decreases with a decrease in the volume ratio. Partitioning experiments were then conducted with the model virus bacteriophage P22 and the model protein cytochrome c at different operating temperatures for different volume ratios. For bacteriophage P22, the measured viral partition coefficient at each temperature decreased by about an order of magnitude when the volume ratio was decreased from 10 to 0.1, which clearly indicated that entrainment is an important factor influencing viral partitioning. For cytochrome c, the measured protein partition coefficient did not change, which demonstrated that this entrainment effect negligibly influences protein partitioning. A new theoretical description of partitioning was also developed that combines the excluded-volume theory with this entrainment effect. In this theory, one fitted parameter--the volume fraction of entrained micelle-poor domains in the macroscopic, top, micelle-rich phase--is used to account for the entrainment. To fit this parameter, only a single partitioning experiment is required for a given volume ratio, irrespectively of the partitioning solute. The new theoretical description of partitioning yielded very good quantitative predictions of the viral partition coefficients. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the primary mechanisms governing viral partitioning in the two-phase aqueous C10E4 micellar system are the entrainment of micelle-poor (virus-rich) domains in the macroscopic, top, micelle-rich phase and the excluded-volume interactions that operate between the viruses and the micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Kamei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 66-444, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Choe W, Clemmitt R, Rito-Palomares M, Chase H, Middelberg A. Bioprocess Intensification: A Radical New Process for Recovering Inclusion Body Protein. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2002. [DOI: 10.1205/096030802753479106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lebreton B, Walker SG, Lyddiatt A. Characterization of aqueous two-phase partition systems by distribution analysis of radiolabeled analytes (DARA): application to process definition and control in biorecovery. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 77:329-39. [PMID: 11753942 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a characterization method applicable to aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) heavily loaded with complex biological feed-stocks. We also studied the partition behavior of mixtures of traceable and quantifiable radiolabeled amino acids, selected on the basis of their relative hydrophobicity A unique linear relation was established between the tie-line length (TLL: commonly determined by graphical methods) and the hydrophobic factor (HF) for ATPS comprising potassium phosphate and PEG alone, and validated for polymer molecular weights from 300 to 8000 Da in systems operated at an apparent pH value of 7.5. Radiolabeled amino acids were subsequently applied to the characterization of ATPS loaded with whole bovine blood by the determination of effective tie-line lengths (TLL(e)). The addition of biomass to ATPS increased TLL(e) relative to that of blank ATPS of equivalent original composition of PEG and phosphate. In addition, an increase of biomass loading (variously sourced from blood, yeast, and E. coli) contributed to phase formation and stabilization of loaded ATPS in respect of system sensitivity toward operational conditions. The controlled application of sensitive ATPS (adjacent to the binodal curve) could thus be reconsidered for further application of aqueous two-phase partitioning as a primary purification process. The application of effective tie-line determinations by distribution analysis of radiolabeled analytes (DARA) as a process-aid in the design and operation of ATPS in biorecovery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Lebreton
- Biochemical Recovery Group, Centre for Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom.
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Collén A, Persson J, Linder M, Nakari-Setälä T, Penttilä M, Tjerneld F, Sivars U. A novel two-step extraction method with detergent/polymer systems for primary recovery of the fusion protein endoglucanase I-hydrophobin I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1569:139-50. [PMID: 11853968 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extraction systems for hydrophobically tagged proteins have been developed based on phase separation in aqueous solutions of non-ionic detergents and polymers. The systems have earlier only been applied for separation of membrane proteins. Here, we examine the partitioning and purification of the amphiphilic fusion protein endoglucanase I(core)-hydrophobin I (EGI(core)-HFBI) from culture filtrate originating from a Trichoderma reesei fermentation. The micelle extraction system was formed by mixing the non-ionic detergent Triton X-114 or Triton X-100 with the hydroxypropyl starch polymer, Reppal PES100. The detergent/polymer aqueous two-phase systems resulted in both better separation characteristics and increased robustness compared to cloud point extraction in a Triton X-114/water system. Separation and robustness were characterized for the parameters: temperature, protein and salt additions. In the Triton X-114/Reppal PES100 detergent/polymer system EGI(core)-HFBI strongly partitioned into the micelle-rich phase with a partition coefficient (K) of 15 and was separated from hydrophilic proteins, which preferably partitioned to the polymer phase. After the primary recovery step, EGI(core)-HFBI was quantitatively back-extracted (K(EGIcore-HFBI)=150, yield=99%) into a water phase. In this second step, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EOPO) copolymers were added to the micelle-rich phase and temperature-induced phase separation at 55 degrees C was performed. Total recovery of EGI(core)-HFBI after the two separation steps was 90% with a volume reduction of six times. For thermolabile proteins, the back-extraction temperature could be decreased to room temperature by using a hydrophobically modified EOPO copolymer, with slightly lower yield. The addition of thermoseparating co-polymer is a novel approach to remove detergent and effectively releases the fusion protein EGI(core)-HFBI into a water phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Collén
- Depqartment of Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
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Choe WS, Middelberg AP. Direct chemical extraction of a recombinant viral coat protein from Escherichia coli at high cell density. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:451-5. [PMID: 11668444 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The release of protein and DNA from nonrecombinant E. coli JM101 and recombinant E. coli HMS174(DE3) expressing L1 (the major viral coat protein of human papillomavirus type 16) as an inclusion body was demonstrated at high cell density (OD(600) = 160). For the nonrecombinant strain, extraction efficiency decreased significantly as cell mass increased, with a high viscosity increase in the postextraction broth. A different dependence on cell concentration was observed for the recombinant strain, with total protein extraction efficiency exceeding 85% for both uninduced and induced cells. Almost complete release of the recombinant L1 protein was achieved at high cell concentration (OD(600) = 80 approximately 160) without the use of reducing agent. This greatly extends the concentration range for chemical extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Choe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
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Pinto JM, Montagna JM, Vecchietti AR, Iribarren OA, Asenjo JA. Process performance models in the optimization of multiproduct protein production plants. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 74:451-65. [PMID: 11494212 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work we propose a model that simultaneously optimizes the process variables and the structure of a multiproduct batch plant for the production of recombinant proteins. The complete model includes process performance models for the unit stages and a posynomial representation for the multiproduct batch plant. Although the constant time and size factor models are the most commonly used to model multiproduct batch processes, process performance models describe these time and size factors as functions of the process variables selected for optimization. These process performance models are expressed as algebraic equations obtained from the analytical integration of simplified mass balances and kinetic expressions that describe each unit operation. They are kept as simple as possible while retaining the influence of the process variables selected to optimize the plant. The resulting mixed-integer nonlinear program simultaneously calculates the plant structure (parallel units in or out of phase, and allocation of intermediate storage tanks), the batch plant decision variables (equipment sizes, batch sizes, and operating times of semicontinuous items), and the process decision variables (e.g., final concentration at selected stages, volumetric ratio of phases in the liquid-liquid extraction). A noteworthy feature of the proposed approach is that the mathematical model for the plant is the same as that used in the constant factor model. The process performance models are handled as extra constraints. A plant consisting of eight stages operating in the single product campaign mode (one fermentation, two microfiltrations, two ultrafiltrations, one homogenization, one liquid-liquid extraction, and one chromatography) for producing four different recombinant proteins by the genetically engineered yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was modeled and optimized. Using this example, it is shown that the presence of additional degrees of freedom introduced by the process performance models, with respect to a fixed size and time factor model, represents an important development in improving plant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pinto
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ban T, Shibata M, Kawaizumi F, Nii S, Takahashi K. Enhancement of phase separation using a drop coalescer in an aqueous two-phase system. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 760:65-72. [PMID: 11522067 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a drop coalescer on phase separation in a PEG/salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) in the absence and presence of protein has been investigated. Raschig rings of ceramic, PTFE and glass were used as a drop coalescer in order to separate the mixture into two phases. Among the three materials PTFE is the most effective in coalescing the dispersed drops, with the throughput with PTFE being twice that without the coalescer. Random packing gives good results for phase separation. Two types of fiber mesh coated with PTFE were also used as drop coalescers, one in a spirally folded form and the other in a three-dimensional lattice-form. Throughput in the PEG/salt system with the three-dimensional lattice-form is 1.2 times as high as that with the spirally folded form. Throughput with the coalescer formed by compiling PTFE Raschig rings and fiber mesh in lattice form is 1.6 and 1.2 times as high as the case of separate use of the fiber mesh and the PTFE Raschig rings, respectively. The hydrophobic surface of PTFE in the compiled coalescer has no significant effect on the recovery fraction of the protein in ATPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ban
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University, Japan.
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Rito-Palomares M, Cueto L. Effect of biological suspensions on the position of the binodal curve in aqueous two-phase systems. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 743:5-12. [PMID: 10942267 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This study is concerned with the influence of biological suspension on the position of the binodal curve in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs). Three different biological suspensions (i.e., disrupted yeast, E. coli homogenate and fermentation broth from Trichoderma harzianum) were selected and their impact upon ATPS performance was evaluated on the basis of changing volume ratio (Vr) and the position of the binodal curve of biological ATPSs (added with biomass). Biological ATPSs with initial Vr greater than 1 and long (>40%, w/w) tie-line length (TLL), exhibited significant changes in Vr when compared with that from non-biological systems. Such behaviour was associated with the top phase biomass accumulation. It was shown that the addition of the biological suspensions used in this study to ATPSs caused the binodal curve to displace towards the origin, which was associated with the critical contribution of the bio-polymer (present in the systems) to the phase formation. The practical implementation of ATPSs for the purification of biological materials exploiting the information reported in this study is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rito-Palomares
- Centro de Biotecnología, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico.
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Bailey SM, Meagher MM. Separation of soluble protein from inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli lysate using crossflow microfiltration. J Memb Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(99)00256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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