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Ravindran P, Püschel AW. An isoform-specific function of Cdc42 in regulating mammalian Exo70 during axon formation. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:6/3/e202201722. [PMID: 36543541 PMCID: PMC9772827 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved GTPase Cdc42 is an essential regulator of cell polarity and promotes exocytosis through the exocyst complex in budding yeast and Drosophila In mammals, this function is performed by the closely related GTPase TC10, whereas mammalian Cdc42 does not interact with the exocyst. Axon formation is facilitated by the exocyst complex that tethers vesicles before their fusion to expand the plasma membrane. This function depends on the recruitment of the Exo70 subunit to the plasma membrane. Alternative splicing generates two Cdc42 isoforms that differ in their C-terminal 10 amino acids. Our results identify an isoform-specific function of Cdc42 in neurons. We show that the brain-specific Cdc42b isoform, in contrast to the ubiquitous isoform Cdc42u, can interact with Exo70. Inactivation of Arhgef7 or Cdc42b interferes with the exocytosis of post-Golgi vesicles in the growth cone. Cdc42b regulates exocytosis and axon formation downstream of its activator Arhgef7. Thus, the function of Cdc42 in regulating exocytosis is conserved in mammals but specific to one isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Ravindran
- Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany .,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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2
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CdGAP maintains podocyte function and modulates focal adhesions in a Src kinase-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18657. [PMID: 36333327 PMCID: PMC9636259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and their activity is modulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchanging factors (GEFs). Glomerular podocytes have numerous actin-based projections called foot processes and their alteration is characteristic of proteinuric kidney diseases. We reported previously that Rac1 hyperactivation in podocytes causes proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in mice. However, which GAP and GEF modulate Rac1 activity in podocytes remains unknown. Here, using a proximity-based ligation assay, we identified CdGAP (ARHGAP31) and β-PIX (ARHGEF7) as the major regulatory proteins interacting with Rac1 in human podocytes. CdGAP interacted with β-PIX through its basic region, and upon EGF stimulation, they both translocated to the plasma membrane in podocytes. CdGAP-depleted podocytes had altered cell motility and increased basal Rac1 and Cdc42 activities. When stimulated with EGF, CdGAP-depleted podocytes showed impaired β-PIX membrane-translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation, and reduced activities of Src kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and paxillin. Systemic and podocyte-specific CdGAP-knockout mice developed mild but significant proteinuria, which was exacerbated by Adriamycin. Collectively, these findings show that CdGAP contributes to maintain podocyte function and protect them from injury.
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3
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Kawase N, Sugihara A, Kajiwara K, Hiroshima M, Akamatsu K, Nada S, Matsumoto K, Ueda M, Okada M. SRC kinase activator CDCP1 promotes hepatocyte growth factor-induced cell migration/invasion of a subset of breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101630. [PMID: 35085554 PMCID: PMC8867115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis are the major causes of cancer patient mortality. Various growth factors, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), are known to promote cancer invasion and metastasis, but the regulatory mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Here, we show that HGF-promoted migration and invasion of breast cancer cells are regulated by CUB domain–containing protein 1 (CDCP1), a transmembrane activator of SRC kinase. In metastatic human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, which highly expresses the HGF receptor MET and CDCP1, we show that CDCP1 knockdown attenuated HGF-induced MET activation, followed by suppression of lamellipodia formation and cell migration/invasion. In contrast, in the low invasive/nonmetastatic breast cancer cell line T47D, which had no detectable MET and CDCP1 expression, ectopic MET expression stimulated the HGF-dependent activation of invasive activity, and concomitant CDCP1 expression activated SRC and further promoted invasive activity. In these cells, CDCP1 expression dramatically activated HGF-induced membrane remodeling, which was accompanied by activation of the small GTPase Rac1. Analysis of guanine nucleotide exchange factors revealed that ARHGEF7 was specifically required for CDCP1-dependent induction of HGF-induced invasive ability. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that CDCP1 coaccumulated with ARHGEF7. Finally, we confirmed that the CDCP1-SRC axis was also crucial for HGF and ARHGEF7-RAC1 signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the CDCP1-SRC-ARHGEF7-RAC1 pathway plays an important role in the HGF-induced invasion of a subset of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kawase
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuya Sugihara
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kajiwara
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Hiroshima
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanako Akamatsu
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Oncogene Research, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Oncogene Research, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Abstract
Cell migration, a crucial step in numerous biological processes, is tightly regulated in space and time. Cells employ Rho GTPases, primarily Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, to regulate their motility. Like other small G proteins, Rho GTPases function as biomolecular switches in regulating cell migration by operating between GDP bound 'OFF' and GTP bound 'ON' states. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) catalyse the shuttling of GTPases from OFF to ON state. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors that are involved in many signalling phenomena including cell survival and cell migration events. In this review, we summarize signalling mechanisms, involving GPCRs, leading to the activation of RhoGEFs. GPCRs exhibit diverse GEF activation modes that include the interaction of heterotrimeric G protein subunits with different domains of GEFs, phosphorylation, protein-protein interaction, protein-lipid interaction, and/or a combination of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Omble
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kiran Kulkarni
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India,CONTACT Kiran Kulkarni Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (Acsir), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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5
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Keum S, Yang SJ, Park E, Kang T, Choi JH, Jeong J, Hwang YE, Kim JW, Park D, Rhee S. Beta-Pix-dynamin 2 complex promotes colorectal cancer progression by facilitating membrane dynamics. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1287-1305. [PMID: 34582006 PMCID: PMC8648671 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spatiotemporal regulation of cell membrane dynamics is a major process that promotes cancer cell invasion by acting as a driving force for cell migration. Beta-Pix (βPix), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1, has been reported to be involved in actin-mediated cellular processes, such as cell migration, by interacting with various proteins. As yet, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying βPix-mediated cancer cell invasion remain unclear. METHODS The clinical significance of βPix was analyzed in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) using public clinical databases. Pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays were employed to identify novel binding partners for βPix. Additionally, various cell biological assays including immunocytochemistry and time-lapse video microscopy were performed to assess the effects of βPix on CRC progression. A βPix-SH3 antibody delivery system was used to determine the effects of the βPix-Dyn2 complex in CRC cells. RESULTS We found that the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of βPix interacts with the proline-rich domain of Dynamin 2 (Dyn2), a large GTPase. The βPix-Dyn2 interaction promoted lamellipodia formation, along with plasma membrane localization of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). Furthermore, we found that Src kinase-mediated phosphorylation of the tyrosine residue at position 442 of βPix enhanced βPix-Dyn2 complex formation. Disruption of the βPix-Dyn2 complex by βPix-SH3 antibodies targeting intracellular βPix inhibited CRC cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that spatiotemporal regulation of the Src-βPix-Dyn2 axis is crucial for CRC cell invasion by promoting membrane dynamics and MT1-MMP recruitment into the leading edge. The development of inhibitors that disrupt the βPix-Dyn2 complex may be a useful therapeutic strategy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seula Keum
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Yang
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Esther Park
- School of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - TaeIn Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hye Choi
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Park
- School of Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Wang J, Zhuang X, Greene KS, Si H, Antonyak MA, Druso JE, Wilson KF, Cerione RA, Feng Q, Wang H. Cdc42 functions as a regulatory node for tumour-derived microvesicle biogenesis. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12051. [PMID: 33473262 PMCID: PMC7804048 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-derived microvesicles (MVs) serve as critical mediators of cell-to-cell communication in the tumour microenvironment. So far, the underlying mechanisms of MV biogenesis, especially how key tumorigenesis signals such as abnormal EGF signalling regulates MV release, remain unclear. Here, we set out to establish reliable readouts for MV biogenesis and then explore the molecular mechanisms that regulate MV generation. We found that Rho family small G protein Cdc42 is a convergent node of multiple regulatory signals that occur in MV biogenesis. The binding of activated GTP-bound Cdc42 and its downstream effector, Ras GTPase-activating-like protein 1 (IQGAP1), is required for MV shedding. Activated Cdc42 maintains sustained EGF signalling by inhibiting the internalization of cell surface receptors, including EGFR and the VEGF oligomer, VEGF90K, and then facilitates MV release. Subsequently, we further demonstrated that blocking these signalling pathways using the corresponding mutants effectively reduced MV shedding and significantly inhibited MV-promoted in vivo tumour angiogenesis. These findings reveal a complex regulation of MV shedding by tumour cells, shedding light on the regulatory mechanism of MV biogenesis, and potentially contributing to strategies that target MVs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cancer Research Center The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China.,National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Xiangjin Zhuang
- Cancer Research Center The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China.,National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Kai Su Greene
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Ha Si
- National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China.,Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities Tongliao Inner Mongolia China
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Joseph E Druso
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Kristin F Wilson
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Qiyu Feng
- Cancer Research Center The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China.,National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Cancer Research Center The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China.,National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
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7
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Jausoro I, Marzolo MP. Reelin activates the small GTPase TC10 and VAMP7 to promote neurite outgrowth and regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:392-406. [PMID: 32652719 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Axonal outgrowth is a fundamental process during the development of central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system as well as in nerve regeneration and requires accurate axonal navigation and extension to the correct target. These events need proper coordination between membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangements and are under the control of the small GTPases of the Rho family, among other molecules. Reelin, a relevant protein for CNS development and synaptic function in the adult, is also present in the PNS. Upon sciatic nerve damage, Reelin expression increases and, on the other hand, mice deficient in Reelin exhibit an impaired nerve regeneration. However, the mechanism(s) involved the Reelin-dependent axonal growth is still poorly understood. In this work, we present evidence showing that Reelin stimulates dorsal root ganglia (DRG) regeneration after axotomy. Moreover, dissociated DRG neurons express the Reelin receptor Apolipoprotein E-receptor 2 and also require the presence of TC10 to develop their axons. TC10 is a Rho GTPase that promotes neurite outgrowth through the exocytic fusion of vesicles at the growth cone. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Reelin controls TC10 activation in DRG neurons. Besides, we confirmed that the known CNS Reelin target Cdc42 is also activated in DRG and controls TC10 activity. Finally, in the process of membrane addition, we found that Reelin stimulates the fusion of membrane carriers containing the v-SNARE protein VAMP7 in vesicles that contain TC10. Altogether, our work shows a new role of Reelin in PNS, opening the option of therapeutic interventions to improve the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Jausoro
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Connor K, Murray DW, Jarzabek MA, Tran NL, White K, Dicker P, Sweeney KJ, O’Halloran PJ, MacCarthy B, Shiels LP, Lodi F, Lambrechts D, Sarkaria JN, Schiffelers RM, Symons M, Byrne AT. Targeting the RhoGEF βPIX/COOL-1 in Glioblastoma: Proof of Concept Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123531. [PMID: 33256106 PMCID: PMC7761123 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable disease with a 14-month average life-expectancy following diagnosis, and clinical management has not improved in four decades. GBM mortality is due to rapid tumour growth and invasion into surrounding normal brain. Invasive cells make complete surgical removal of the tumour impossible, and result in disease relapse. Thus, it is imperative that any new treatment strategy takes these invading cells into consideration. Bevacizumab (Bev), which prevents the formation of new blood vessels, is an FDA approved therapy, but it has failed to increase overall survival in GBM and has even been shown to increase tumour invasion in some cases. Complementary anti-invasive therapies are therefore urgently required to enhance bevacizumab efficacy. We have identified βPIX/COOL-1, a RhoGEF protein which plays an important role in GBM cell invasion and angiogenesis and could be a useful target in this setting. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly invasive and vascular malignancy is shown to rapidly develop resistance and evolve to a more invasive phenotype following bevacizumab (Bev) therapy. Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor proteins (RhoGEFs) are mediators of key components in Bev resistance pathways, GBM and Bev-induced invasion. To identify GEFs with enhanced mRNA expression in the leading edge of GBM tumours, a cohort of GEFs was assessed using a clinical dataset. The GEF βPix/COOL-1 was identified, and the functional effect of gene depletion assessed using 3D-boyden chamber, proliferation, and colony formation assays in GBM cells. Anti-angiogenic effects were assessed in endothelial cells using tube formation and wound healing assays. In vivo effects of βPix/COOL-1-siRNA delivered via RGD-Nanoparticle in combination with Bev was studied in an invasive model of GBM. We found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of βPix/COOL-1 in vitro decreased cell invasion, proliferation and increased apoptosis in GBM cell lines. Moreover βPix/COOL-1 mediated endothelial cell migration in vitro. Mice treated with βPix/COOL-1 siRNA-loaded RGD-Nanoparticle and Bev demonstrated a trend towards improved median survival compared with Bev monotherapy. Our hypothesis generating study suggests that the RhoGEF βPix/COOL-1 may represent a target of vulnerability in GBM, in particular to improve Bev efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Connor
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.W.M.); (M.A.J.); (K.W.); (K.J.S.); (P.J.O.); (B.M.); (L.P.S.)
| | - David W. Murray
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.W.M.); (M.A.J.); (K.W.); (K.J.S.); (P.J.O.); (B.M.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Monika A. Jarzabek
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.W.M.); (M.A.J.); (K.W.); (K.J.S.); (P.J.O.); (B.M.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Nhan L. Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology and Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85054, USA;
| | - Kieron White
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.W.M.); (M.A.J.); (K.W.); (K.J.S.); (P.J.O.); (B.M.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Patrick Dicker
- Epidemiology & Public Health, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Kieron J. Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.W.M.); (M.A.J.); (K.W.); (K.J.S.); (P.J.O.); (B.M.); (L.P.S.)
- National Neurosurgical Department, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Philip J. O’Halloran
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.W.M.); (M.A.J.); (K.W.); (K.J.S.); (P.J.O.); (B.M.); (L.P.S.)
- National Neurosurgical Department, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brian MacCarthy
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.W.M.); (M.A.J.); (K.W.); (K.J.S.); (P.J.O.); (B.M.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Liam P. Shiels
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.W.M.); (M.A.J.); (K.W.); (K.J.S.); (P.J.O.); (B.M.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Francesca Lodi
- Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (F.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (F.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Raymond M. Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 100 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marc Symons
- Department of Oncology & Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA;
| | - Annette T. Byrne
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.W.M.); (M.A.J.); (K.W.); (K.J.S.); (P.J.O.); (B.M.); (L.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-402-8673
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9
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Zhu J, Zhou Q, Xia Y, Lin L, Li J, Peng M, Zhang R, Zhang M. GIT/PIX Condensates Are Modular and Ideal for Distinct Compartmentalized Cell Signaling. Mol Cell 2020; 79:782-796.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Block MR, Brunner M, Ziegelmeyer T, Lallemand D, Pezet M, Chevalier G, Rondé P, Gauthier-Rouviere C, Wehrle-Haller B, Bouvard D. The mechano-sensitive response of β1 integrin promotes SRC-positive late endosome recycling and activation of Yes-associated protein. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13474-13487. [PMID: 32690605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling has emerged as a crucial pathway in several normal and pathological processes. Although the main upstream effectors that regulate its activity have been extensively studied, the role of the endosomal system has been far less characterized. Here, we identified the late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor MAPK and mTOR activator (LAMTOR) complex as an important regulator of YAP signaling in a preosteoblast cell line. We found that p18/LAMTOR1-mediated peripheral positioning of late endosomes allows delivery of SRC proto-oncogene, nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (SRC) to the plasma membrane and promotes activation of an SRC-dependent signaling cascade that controls YAP nuclear shuttling. Moreover, β1 integrin engagement and mechano-sensitive cues, such as external stiffness and related cell contractility, controlled LAMTOR targeting to the cell periphery and thereby late endosome recycling and had a major impact on YAP signaling. Our findings identify the late endosome recycling pathway as a key mechanism that controls YAP activity and explains YAP mechano-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Block
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France; Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale-INSERM U1209, La Tronche, France; CNRS UMR 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Molly Brunner
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France; Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale-INSERM U1209, La Tronche, France; CNRS UMR 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Théo Ziegelmeyer
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France; Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale-INSERM U1209, La Tronche, France; CNRS UMR 5309, La Tronche, France
| | | | - Mylène Pezet
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France; Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale-INSERM U1209, La Tronche, France; CNRS UMR 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Genevieve Chevalier
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France; Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale-INSERM U1209, La Tronche, France; CNRS UMR 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Philippe Rondé
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cécile Gauthier-Rouviere
- Montpellier Cell Biology Research Center (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bouvard
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France; Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale-INSERM U1209, La Tronche, France; CNRS UMR 5309, La Tronche, France.
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11
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Multiplexed GTPase and GEF biosensor imaging enables network connectivity analysis. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:826-833. [PMID: 32424303 PMCID: PMC7388658 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here we generate fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensors for guanine exchange factors (GEFs) by inserting a fluorescent protein pair in a structural 'hinge' common to many GEFs. Fluorescent biosensors can map the activation of signaling molecules in space and time, but it has not been possible to quantify how different activation events affect one another or contribute to a specific cell behavior. By imaging the GEF biosensors in the same cells as red-shifted biosensors of Rho GTPases, we can apply partial correlation analysis to parse out the extent to which each GEF contributes to the activation of a specific GTPase in regulating cell movement. Through analysis of spontaneous cell protrusion events, we identify when and where the GEF Asef regulates the GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1 to control cell edge dynamics. This approach exemplifies a powerful means to elucidate the real-time connectivity of signal transduction networks.
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12
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Cdc42 activation by endothelin regulates neural crest cell migration in the cardiac outflow tract. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:795-812. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Huang QY, Lai XN, Qian XL, Lv LC, Li J, Duan J, Xiao XH, Xiong LX. Cdc42: A Novel Regulator of Insulin Secretion and Diabetes-Associated Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010179. [PMID: 30621321 PMCID: PMC6337499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc42, a member of the Rho GTPases family, is involved in the regulation of several cellular functions including cell cycle progression, survival, transcription, actin cytoskeleton organization and membrane trafficking. Diabetes is a chronic and metabolic disease, characterized as glycometabolism disorder induced by insulin deficiency related to β cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance (IR). Diabetes could cause many complications including diabetic nephropathy (DN), diabetic retinopathy and diabetic foot. Furthermore, hyperglycemia can promote tumor progression and increase the risk of malignant cancers. In this review, we summarized the regulation of Cdc42 in insulin secretion and diabetes-associated diseases. Organized researches indicate that Cdc42 is a crucial member during the progression of diabetes, and Cdc42 not only participates in the process of insulin synthesis but also regulates the insulin granule mobilization and cell membrane exocytosis via activating a series of downstream factors. Besides, several studies have demonstrated Cdc42 as participating in the pathogenesis of IR and DN and even contributing to promote cancer cell proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, and metastasis under hyperglycemia. Through the current review, we hope to cast light on the mechanism of Cdc42 in diabetes and associated diseases and provide new ideas for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xing-Ning Lai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xian-Ling Qian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Lin-Chen Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Jing Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xing-Hua Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Li-Xia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
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14
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Shin MS, Song SH, Shin JE, Lee SH, Huh SO, Park D. Src-mediated phosphorylation of βPix-b regulates dendritic spine morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224980. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PAK-interacting guanine nucleotide exchange factor (βPix) has been implicated in many actin-based cellular processes including spine morphogenesis in neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms by which βPix controls spine morphology remain elusive. Previously, we have reported the expression of several alternative spliced βPix isoforms in the brain. Here, we report a novel finding that the b isoform of βPix (βPix-b) mediates regulation of spine and synapse formation. We found that βPix-b, which is mainly expressed in neurons, enhances spine and synapse formation through preferential localization at spines. In neurons, glutamate treatment efficiently stimulates Rac1 GEF activity of βPix-b. The glutamate stimulation also promotes Src kinase-mediated phosphorylation of βPix-b in both AMPA receptor- and NMDA receptor-dependent manner. Tyrosine 598 (Y598) of βPix-b is identified as the major Src-mediated phosphorylation site. Finally, Y598 phosphorylation of βPix-b enhances its Rac1 GEF activity that is critical for spine and synapse formation. In conclusion, we provide a novel mechanism by which βPix-b regulates activity-dependent spinogenesis and synaptogenesis via Src-mediated phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-seon Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-ho Song
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Current address: Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Current address: KU Advanced Graduate Program for Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hye Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Current address: Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sung-Oh Huh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Lamar JM, Xiao Y, Norton E, Jiang ZG, Gerhard GM, Kooner S, Warren JSA, Hynes RO. SRC tyrosine kinase activates the YAP/TAZ axis and thereby drives tumor growth and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2302-2317. [PMID: 30559289 PMCID: PMC6378979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
When properly employed, targeted therapies are effective cancer treatments. However, the development of such therapies requires the identification of targetable drivers of cancer development and metastasis. The expression and nuclear localization of the transcriptional coactivators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are increased in many human cancers, and experimental evidence indicates that aberrant YAP or TAZ activation drives tumor formation and metastasis. Although these findings make YAP and TAZ appealing therapeutic targets, both have important functions in adult tissues, so directly targeting them could cause adverse effects. The identification of pathways active in cancer cells and required for YAP/TAZ activity could provide a way to inhibit YAP and TAZ. Here, we show that SRC proto-oncogene, nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (SRC) is an important driver of YAP/TAZ activity in human breast cancer and melanoma cells. SRC activation increased YAP/TAZ activity and the expression of YAP/TAZ-regulated genes. In contrast, SRC inhibition or knockdown repressed both YAP/TAZ activity and the expression of YAP/TAZ-regulated genes. We also show that SRC increases the activity of YAP and TAZ by repressing large tumor suppressor homolog (LATS), and we identify the GTPase-activating protein GIT ArfGAP 1 (GIT1) as an SRC effector that regulates both YAP and TAZ. Importantly, we demonstrate that SRC-mediated YAP/TAZ activity promotes tumor growth and enhances metastasis and that SRC-dependent tumor progression depends, at least in part, on YAP and TAZ. Our findings suggest that therapies targeting SRC could help manage some YAP/TAZ-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lamar
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208 and .,the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research
| | - Yuxuan Xiao
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208 and
| | - Emily Norton
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208 and
| | - Zhi-Gang Jiang
- the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Genevieve M Gerhard
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208 and
| | - Simrin Kooner
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208 and
| | - Janine S A Warren
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208 and
| | - Richard O Hynes
- the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.,Department of Biology, and
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16
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López Tobón A, Suresh M, Jin J, Vitriolo A, Pietralla T, Tedford K, Bossenz M, Mahnken K, Kiefer F, Testa G, Fischer KD, Püschel AW. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Arhgef7/βPix promotes axon formation upstream of TC10. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8811. [PMID: 29891904 PMCID: PMC5995858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic six layers of the mammalian neocortex develop sequentially as neurons are generated by neural progenitors and subsequently migrate past older neurons to their final position in the cortical plate. One of the earliest steps of neuronal differentiation is the formation of an axon. Small GTPases play essential roles during this process by regulating cytoskeletal dynamics and intracellular trafficking. While the function of GTPases has been studied extensively in cultured neurons and in vivo much less is known about their upstream regulators. Here we show that Arhgef7 (also called βPix or Cool1) is essential for axon formation during cortical development. The loss of Arhgef7 results in an extensive loss of axons in cultured neurons and in the developing cortex. Arhgef7 is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42, a GTPase that has a central role in directing the formation of axons during brain development. However, active Cdc42 was not able to rescue the knockdown of Arhgef7. We show that Arhgef7 interacts with the GTPase TC10 that is closely related to Cdc42. Expression of active TC10 can restore the ability to extend axons in Arhgef7-deficient neurons. Our results identify an essential role of Arhgef7 during neuronal development that promotes axon formation upstream of TC10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López Tobón
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy.,European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Megalakshmi Suresh
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jing Jin
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alessandro Vitriolo
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy.,European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Thorben Pietralla
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerry Tedford
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Michael Bossenz
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Kristina Mahnken
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Mammalian cell signaling laboratory, Röntgenstr. 20, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy.,European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149, Münster, Germany. .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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17
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Harun SNA, Israf DA, Tham CL, Lam KW, Cheema MS, Md Hashim NF. The Molecular Targets and Anti-Invasive Effects of 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3methoxybenzylidine) cyclohexanone or BHMC in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:E865. [PMID: 29642589 PMCID: PMC6017078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to metastasize, tumor cells need to migrate and invade the surrounding tissues. It is important to identify compound(s) capable of disrupting the metastasis of invasive cancer cells, especially for hindering invadopodia formation, so as to provide anti-metastasis targeted therapy. Invadopodia are thought to be specialized actin-rich protrusions formed by highly invasive cancer cells to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). A curcuminoid analogue known as 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone or BHMC has shown good potential in inhibiting inflammation and hyperalgesia. It also possesses an anti-tumor effects on 4T1 murine breast cancer cells in vivo. However, there is still a lack of empirical evidence on how BHMC works in preventing human breast cancer invasion. In this study, we investigated the effect of BHMC on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and its underlying mechanism of action to prevent breast cancer invasion, especially during the formation of invadopodia. All MDA-MB-231 cells, which were exposed to the non-cytotoxic concentrations of BHMC, expressed the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which indicate that the anti-proliferative effects of BHMC did not interfere in the subsequent experiments. By using a scratch migration assay, transwell migration and invasion assays, we determined that BHMC reduces the percentage of migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. The gelatin degradation assay showed that BHMC reduced the number of cells with invadopodia. Analysis of the proteins involved in the invasion showed that there is a significant reduction in the expressions of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 (β-PIX), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in the presence of BHMC treatment at 12.5 µM. Therefore, it can be postulated that BHMC at 12.5 µM is the optimal concentration for preventing breast cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Aini Harun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kok Wai Lam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
| | - Manraj Singh Cheema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fariesha Md Hashim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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18
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Caldieri G, Malabarba MG, Di Fiore PP, Sigismund S. EGFR Trafficking in Physiology and Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 57:235-272. [PMID: 30097778 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) elicits multiple biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Receptor endocytosis and trafficking are critical physiological processes that control the strength, duration, diversification, and spatial restriction of EGFR signaling through multiple mechanisms, which we review in this chapter. These mechanisms include: (i) regulation of receptor density and activation at the cell surface; (ii) concentration of receptors into distinct nascent endocytic structures; (iii) commitment of the receptor to different endocytic routes; (iv) endosomal sorting and postendocytic trafficking of the receptor through distinct pathways, and (v) recycling to restricted regions of the cell surface. We also highlight how communication between organelles controls EGFR activity along the endocytic route. Finally, we illustrate how abnormal trafficking of EGFR oncogenic mutants, as well as alterations of the endocytic machinery, contributes to aberrant EGFR signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Caldieri
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Malabarba
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sigismund
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
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19
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Ahmadi-Beni R, Khoshnevisan A. An overview of crucial genes involved in stemness of glioblastoma multiforme. NEUROCHEM J+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241704002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Milgrom-Hoffman M, Humbert PO. Regulation of cellular and PCP signalling by the Scribble polarity module. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:33-45. [PMID: 29154823 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the first identification of the Scribble polarity module proteins as a new class of tumour suppressors that regulate both cell polarity and proliferation, an increasing amount of evidence has uncovered a broader role for Scribble, Dlg and Lgl in the control of fundamental cellular functions and their signalling pathways. Here, we review these findings as well as discuss more specifically the role of the Scribble module in PCP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Milgrom-Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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21
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Zhou W, Li X, Premont RT. Expanding functions of GIT Arf GTPase-activating proteins, PIX Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GIT-PIX complexes. J Cell Sci 2017; 129:1963-74. [PMID: 27182061 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GIT proteins, GIT1 and GIT2, are GTPase-activating proteins (inactivators) for the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) small GTP-binding proteins, and function to limit the activity of Arf proteins. The PIX proteins, α-PIX and β-PIX (also known as ARHGEF6 and ARHGEF7, respectively), are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (activators) for the Rho family small GTP-binding protein family members Rac1 and Cdc42. Through their multi-domain structures, GIT and PIX proteins can also function as signaling scaffolds by binding to numerous protein partners. Importantly, the constitutive association of GIT and PIX proteins into oligomeric GIT-PIX complexes allows these two proteins to function together as subunits of a larger structure that coordinates two distinct small GTP-binding protein pathways and serves as multivalent scaffold for the partners of both constituent subunits. Studies have revealed the involvement of GIT and PIX proteins, and of the GIT-PIX complex, in numerous fundamental cellular processes through a wide variety of mechanisms, pathways and signaling partners. In this Commentary, we discuss recent findings in key physiological systems that exemplify current understanding of the function of this important regulatory complex. Further, we draw attention to gaps in crucial information that remain to be filled to allow a better understanding of the many roles of the GIT-PIX complex in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhou
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Design, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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22
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Hou Y, Zhou M, Xie J, Chao P, Feng Q, Wu J. High glucose levels promote the proliferation of breast cancer cells through GTPases. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 9:429-436. [PMID: 28670141 PMCID: PMC5479300 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s135665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus (DM), which is characterized by high blood glucose levels, has been linked to an increased risk of cancer for years. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the pathophysiological link are not yet fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that high glucose levels promote the proliferation of breast cancer cells by stimulating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and the Rho family GTPase Rac1 and Cdc42 mediate the corresponding signaling induced by high glucose levels. We further show that Cdc42 promotes EGFR phosphorylation by blocking EGFR degradation, which may be mediated by the Cbl proteins, whereas the Rac1-mediated EGFR phosphorylation is independent of EGFR degradation. Our findings elucidate a part of the underlying molecular mechanism of the link between high glucose levels and tumorigenesis in breast cancer and may provide new insights on the therapeutic strategy for cancer patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Wuhan (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Wuhan (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Wuhan (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Wuhan (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu Feng
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Wuhan (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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23
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Sero JE, Bakal C. Multiparametric Analysis of Cell Shape Demonstrates that β-PIX Directly Couples YAP Activation to Extracellular Matrix Adhesion. Cell Syst 2017; 4:84-96.e6. [PMID: 28065575 PMCID: PMC5289939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular geometry regulate the nuclear translocation of transcriptional regulators such as Yes-associated protein (YAP). Elucidating how physical signals control the activity of mechanosensitive proteins poses a technical challenge, because perturbations that affect cell shape may also affect protein localization indirectly. Here, we present an approach that mitigates confounding effects of cell-shape changes, allowing us to identify direct regulators of YAP localization. This method uses single-cell image analysis and statistical models that exploit the naturally occurring heterogeneity of cellular populations. Through systematic depletion of all human kinases, Rho family GTPases, GEFs, and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), together with targeted chemical perturbations, we found that β-PIX, a Rac1/Ccd42 GEF, and PAK2, a Rac1/Cdc42 effector, drive both YAP activation and cell-ECM adhesion turnover during cell spreading. Our observations suggest that coupling YAP to adhesion dynamics acts as a mechano-timer, allowing cells to rapidly tune gene expression in response to physical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Sero
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Chris Bakal
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Li J, Liu Y, Jin Y, Wang R, Wang J, Lu S, VanBuren V, Dostal DE, Zhang SL, Peng X. Essential role of Cdc42 in cardiomyocyte proliferation and cell-cell adhesion during heart development. Dev Biol 2016; 421:271-283. [PMID: 27986432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and functions as a molecular switch in regulating cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival. However, the role of Cdc42 in heart development remains largely unknown. To determine the function of Cdc42 in heart formation, we have generated a Cdc42 cardiomyocyte knockout (CCKO) mouse line by crossing Cdc42 flox mice with myosin light chain (MLC) 2a-Cre mice. The inactivation of Cdc42 in embryonic cardiomyocytes induced lethality after embryonic day 12.5. Histological analysis of CCKO embryos showed cardiac developmental defects that included thin ventricular walls and ventricular septum defects. Microarray and real-time PCR data also revealed that the expression level of p21 was significantly increased and cyclin B1 was dramatically decreased, suggesting that Cdc42 is required for cardiomyocyte proliferation. Phosphorylated Histone H3 staining confirmed that the inactivation of Cdc42 inhibited cardiomyocytes proliferation. In addition, transmission electron microscope studies showed disorganized sarcomere structure and disruption of cell-cell contact among cardiomyocytes in CCKO hearts. Accordingly, we found that the distribution of N-cadherin/β-Catenin in CCKO cardiomyocytes was impaired. Taken together, our data indicate that Cdc42 is essential for cardiomyocyte proliferation, sarcomere organization and cell-cell adhesion during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Li
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Yixin Jin
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA; Department of Cardiology, Yangpu District Central Hospital, Tongji University, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Sarah Lu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Vincent VanBuren
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - David E Dostal
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Shenyuan L Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA.
| | - Xu Peng
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA.
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25
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The molecular effect of metastasis suppressors on Src signaling and tumorigenesis: new therapeutic targets. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35522-41. [PMID: 26431493 PMCID: PMC4742122 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major problem for cancer patients is the metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor. This involves: (1) migration through the basement membrane; (2) dissemination via the circulatory system; and (3) invasion into a secondary site. Metastasis suppressors, by definition, inhibit metastasis at any step of the metastatic cascade. Notably, Src is a non-receptor, cytoplasmic, tyrosine kinase, which becomes aberrantly activated in many cancer-types following stimulation of plasma membrane receptors (e.g., receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins). There is evidence of a prominent role of Src in tumor progression-related events such as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the development of metastasis. However, the precise molecular interactions of Src with metastasis suppressors remain unclear. Herein, we review known metastasis suppressors and summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of how these proteins inhibit metastasis through modulation of Src. Particular emphasis is bestowed on the potent metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) and its interactions with the Src signaling cascade. Recent studies demonstrated a novel mechanism through which NDRG1 plays a significant role in regulating cancer cell migration by inhibiting Src activity. Moreover, we discuss the rationale for targeting metastasis suppressor genes as a sound therapeutic modality, and we review several examples from the literature where such strategies show promise. Collectively, this review summarizes the essential interactions of metastasis suppressors with Src and their effects on progression of cancer metastasis. Moreover, interesting unresolved issues regarding these proteins as well as their potential as therapeutic targets are also discussed.
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26
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Nishino T, Matsunaga R, Jikihara H, Uchida M, Maeda A, Qi G, Abe T, Kiyonari H, Tashiro S, Inagaki-Ohara K, Shimamoto F, Konishi H. Antagonizing effect of CLPABP on the function of HuR as a regulator of ARE-containing leptin mRNA stability and the effect of its depletion on obesity in old male mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1816-1827. [PMID: 27616329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid-binding protein (CLPABP) is a pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein and is localized on the surface of mitochondria of cultured cells as a large protein-RNA complex. To analyze the physiological functions of CLPABP, we established and characterized a CLPABP knockout (KO) mouse. Although expression levels of CLPABP transcripts in the developmental organs were high, CLPABP KO mice were normal at birth and grew normally when young. However, old male mice presented a fatty phenotype, similar to that seen in metabolic syndrome, in parallel with elevated male- and age-dependent CLPABP gene expression. One of the reasons for this obesity in CLPABP KO mice is dependence on increases in leptin concentration in plasma. The leptin transcripts were also upregulated in the adipose tissue of KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To understand the difference in levels of the transcriptional product, we focused on the effect of CLPABP on the stability of mRNA involving an AU-rich element (ARE) in its 3'UTR dependence on the RNA stabilizer, human antigen R (HuR), which is one of the CLPABP-binding proteins. Increase in stability of ARE-containing mRNAs of leptin by HuR was antagonized by the expression of CLPABP in cultured cells. Depletion of CLPABP disturbed the normal subcellular localization of HuR to stress granules, and overexpression of CLPABP induced instability of leptin mRNA by inhibiting HuR function. Consequently, leptin levels in old male mice might be regulated by CLPABP expression, which might lead to body weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Nishino
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsunaga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jikihara
- Department of Health Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Moe Uchida
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Akane Maeda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Guangying Qi
- Department of Health Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi,Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi,Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kyoko Inagaki-Ohara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Fumio Shimamoto
- Department of Health Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Konishi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan.
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Radin DP, Patel P. Delineating the molecular mechanisms of tamoxifen’s oncolytic actions in estrogen receptor-negative cancers. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 781:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mayor R, Etienne-Manneville S. The front and rear of collective cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:97-109. [PMID: 26726037 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration has a key role during morphogenesis and during wound healing and tissue renewal in the adult, and it is involved in cancer spreading. In addition to displaying a coordinated migratory behaviour, collectively migrating cells move more efficiently than if they migrated separately, which indicates that a cellular interplay occurs during collective cell migration. In recent years, evidence has accumulated confirming the importance of such intercellular communication and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved. These mechanisms are based both on direct physical interactions, which coordinate the cellular responses, and on the collective cell behaviour that generates an optimal environment for efficient directed migration. The recent studies have described how leader cells at the front of cell groups drive migration and have highlighted the importance of follower cells and cell-cell communication, both between followers and between follower and leader cells, to improve the efficiency of collective movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Kortüm F, Harms FL, Hennighausen N, Rosenberger G. αPIX Is a Trafficking Regulator that Balances Recycling and Degradation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132737. [PMID: 26177020 PMCID: PMC4503440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting is an essential control mechanism for signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We report here that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor αPIX, which modulates the activity of Rho-GTPases, is a potent bimodal regulator of EGFR trafficking. αPIX interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl, an enzyme that attaches ubiquitin to EGFR, thereby labelling this tyrosine kinase receptor for lysosomal degradation. We show that EGF stimulation induces αPIX::c-Cbl complex formation. Simultaneously, αPIX and c-Cbl protein levels decrease, which depends on both αPIX binding to c-Cbl and c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase activity. Through interaction αPIX sequesters c-Cbl from EGFR and this results in reduced EGFR ubiquitination and decreased EGFR degradation upon EGF treatment. However, quantitatively more decisive for cellular EGFR distribution than impaired EGFR degradation is a strong stimulating effect of αPIX on EGFR recycling to the cell surface. This function depends on the GIT binding domain of αPIX but not on interaction with c-Cbl or αPIX exchange activity. In summary, our data demonstrate a previously unappreciated function of αPIX as a strong promoter of EGFR recycling. We suggest that the novel recycling regulator αPIX and the degradation factor c-Cbl closely cooperate in the regulation of EGFR trafficking: uncomplexed αPIX and c-Cbl mediate a positive and a negative feedback on EGFR signaling, respectively; αPIX::c-Cbl complex formation, however, results in mutual inhibition, which may reflect a stable condition in the homeostasis of EGF-induced signal flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Kortüm
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Leonie Harms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natascha Hennighausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg Rosenberger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Noble M, Mayer-Pröschel M, Li Z, Dong T, Cui W, Pröschel C, Ambeskovic I, Dietrich J, Han R, Yang YM, Folts C, Stripay J, Chen HY, Stevens BM. Redox biology in normal cells and cancer: restoring function of the redox/Fyn/c-Cbl pathway in cancer cells offers new approaches to cancer treatment. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:300-23. [PMID: 25481740 PMCID: PMC10173888 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses a unique discovery path starting with novel findings on redox regulation of precursor cell and signaling pathway function and identification of a new mechanism by which relatively small changes in redox status can control entire signaling networks that regulate self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. The pathway central to this work, the redox/Fyn/c-Cbl (RFC) pathway, converts small increases in oxidative status to pan-activation of the c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase, which controls multiple receptors and other proteins of central importance in precursor cell and cancer cell function. Integration of work on the RFC pathway with attempts to understand how treatment with systemic chemotherapy causes neurological problems led to the discovery that glioblastomas (GBMs) and basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) inhibit c-Cbl function through altered utilization of the cytoskeletal regulators Cool-1/βpix and Cdc42, respectively. Inhibition of these proteins to restore normal c-Cbl function suppresses cancer cell division, increases sensitivity to chemotherapy, disrupts tumor-initiating cell (TIC) activity in GBMs and BLBCs, controls multiple critical TIC regulators, and also allows targeting of non-TICs. Moreover, these manipulations do not increase chemosensitivity or suppress division of nontransformed cells. Restoration of normal c-Cbl function also allows more effective harnessing of estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-independent activities of tamoxifen to activate the RFC pathway and target ERα-negative cancer cells. Our work thus provides a discovery strategy that reveals mechanisms and therapeutic targets that cannot be deduced by standard genetics analyses, which fail to reveal the metabolic information, isoform shifts, protein activation, protein complexes, and protein degradation critical to our discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Zaibo Li
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410W 10th Avenue, E403 Doan Hall, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA.
| | - Tiefei Dong
- University of Michigan Tech Transfer, 1600 Huron Pkwy, 2nd Floor, Building 520, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2590, USA.
| | - Wanchang Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine,10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 600, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Ibro Ambeskovic
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Joerg Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Ruolan Han
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Yin Miranda Yang
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Christopher Folts
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Jennifer Stripay
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and University of Rochester Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Hsing-Yu Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology 240 Longwood Avenue Building C1, Room 513B Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Brett M Stevens
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Campus Box F754-AMCA, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Stevens BM, Folts CJ, Cui W, Bardin AL, Walter K, Carson-Walter E, Vescovi A, Noble M. Cool-1-mediated inhibition of c-Cbl modulates multiple critical properties of glioblastomas, including the ability to generate tumors in vivo. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1124-35. [PMID: 24458840 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We discovered that glioblastoma (GBM) cells use Cool-1/β-pix to inhibit normal activation of the c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase via the redox/Fyn/c-Cbl pathway and that c-Cbl inhibition is critical for GBM cell function. Restoring normal c-Cbl activity by Cool-1 knockdown in vitro reduced GBM cell division, almost eliminated generation of adhesion-independent spheroids, reduced the representation of cells expressing antigens thought to identify tumor initiating cells (TICs), reduced levels of several proteins of critical importance in TIC function (such as Notch-1 and Sox2), and increased sensitivity to BCNU (carmustine) and temozolomide (TMZ). In vivo, Cool-1 knockdown greatly suppressed the ability of GBM cells to generate tumors, an outcome that was c-Cbl dependent. In contrast, Cool-1 knockdown did not reduce division or increase BCNU or TMZ sensitivity in primary glial progenitor cells and Cool-1/c-Cbl complexes were not found in normal brain tissue. Our studies provide the first evidence that Cool-1 may be critical in the biology of human tumors, that suppression of c-Cbl by Cool-1 may be critical for generation of at least a subset of GBMs and offer a novel target that appears to be selectively necessary for TIC function and modulates chemoresistance in GBM cells. Targeting such proteins that inhibit c-Cbl offers potentially attractive opportunities for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Chung BM, Tom E, Zutshi N, Bielecki TA, Band V, Band H. Nexus of signaling and endocytosis in oncogenesis driven by non-small cell lung cancer-associated epidermal growth factor receptor mutants. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:806-823. [PMID: 25493220 PMCID: PMC4259944 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) controls a wide range of cellular processes, and aberrant EGFR signaling as a result of receptor overexpression and/or mutation occurs in many types of cancer. Tumor cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients that harbor EGFR kinase domain mutations exhibit oncogene addiction to mutant EGFR, which confers high sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). As patients invariably develop resistance to TKIs, it is important to delineate the cell biological basis of mutant EGFR-induced cellular transformation since components of these pathways can serve as alternate therapeutic targets to preempt or overcome resistance. NSCLC-associated EGFR mutants are constitutively-active and induce ligand-independent transformation in nonmalignant cell lines. Emerging data suggest that a number of factors are critical for the mutant EGFR-dependent tumorigenicity, and bypassing the effects of TKIs on these pathways promotes drug resistance. For example, activation of downstream pathways such as Akt, Erk, STAT3 and Src is critical for mutant EGFR-mediated biological processes. It is now well-established that the potency and spatiotemporal features of cellular signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR, as well as the specific pathways activated, is determined by the nature of endocytic traffic pathways through which the active receptors traverse. Recent evidence indicates that NSCLC-associated mutant EGFRs exhibit altered endocytic trafficking and they exhibit reduced Cbl ubiquitin ligase-mediated lysosomal downregulation. More recent work has shown that mutant EGFRs undergo ligand-independent traffic into the endocytic recycling compartment, a behavior that plays a key role in Src pathway activation and oncogenesis. These studies are beginning to delineate the close nexus between signaling and endocytic traffic of EGFR mutants as a key driver of oncogenic processes. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss the links between mutant EGFR signaling and endocytic properties, and introduce potential mechanisms by which altered endocytic properties of mutant EGFRs may alter signaling and vice versa as well as their implications for NSCLC therapy.
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33
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Goicoechea SM, Awadia S, Garcia-Mata R. I'm coming to GEF you: Regulation of RhoGEFs during cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 8:535-49. [PMID: 25482524 PMCID: PMC4594598 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a highly regulated multistep process that requires the coordinated regulation of cell adhesion, protrusion, and contraction. These processes require numerous protein–protein interactions and the activation of specific signaling pathways. The Rho family of GTPases plays a key role in virtually every aspect of the cell migration cycle. The activation of Rho GTPases is mediated by a large and diverse family of proteins; the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). GEFs work immediately upstream of Rho proteins to provide a direct link between Rho activation and cell–surface receptors for various cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and G protein-coupled receptors. The regulated targeting and activation of RhoGEFs is essential to coordinate the migratory process. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of RhoGEFs in the regulation of cell migration.
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Key Words
- DH, Dbl-homology
- DHR, DOCK homology region
- DOCK, dedicator of cytokinesis
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FA, focal adhesion
- FN, fibronectin
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GDI, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- LPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- MII, myosin II
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate
- PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3, 4, 5)-trisphosphate.
- Rho GEFs
- Rho GTPases
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cell migration
- cell polarization
- focal adhesions
- guanine nucleotide exchange factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Goicoechea
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; University of Toledo ; Toledo , OH USA
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Ward JD, Ha JH, Jayaraman M, Dhanasekaran DN. LPA-mediated migration of ovarian cancer cells involves translocalization of Gαi2 to invadopodia and association with Src and β-pix. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:382-91. [PMID: 25451317 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plays a critical role in the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. However, the downstream spatiotemporal signaling events involving specific G protein(s) underlying this process are largely unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that LPA signaling causes the translocation of Gαi2 into the invadopodia leading to its interaction with the tyrosine kinase Src and the Rac/CDC42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, β-pix. Our results establish that Gαi2 activates Rac1 through a p130Cas-dependent pathway in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, our report reveals that knockdown of Gαi2 leads to loss of β-pix and active-Rac association in the invadopodia. We also show that knockdown of Gαi2 leads to the complete loss of translocation to p130Cas to focal adhesions. Finally, when Gαi2 is knocked down, this led to the total distribution of Src being shifted primarily from invadopodia and the leading edge of the cells to the perinuclear region, suggesting that Src is inactive in the absence of Gαi2. Overall, our report provides tantalizing evidence that Gαi2 is a critical signaling component of a large signaling complex in the invadopodia that if disrupted could serve as an excellent target for therapy in ovarian and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Ward
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ji Hee Ha
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Muralidharan Jayaraman
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Danny N Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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The role of Pak-interacting exchange factor-β phosphorylation at serines 340 and 583 by PKCγ in dopamine release. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9268-80. [PMID: 25009260 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4278-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in the control of neurotransmitter release. The AS/AGU rat, which has a nonsense mutation in PKCγ, shows symptoms of parkinsonian syndrome, including dopamine release impairments in the striatum. Here, we found that the AS/AGU rat is PKCγ-knock-out (KO) and that PKCγ-KO mice showed parkinsonian syndrome. However, the PKCγ substrates responsible for the regulated exocytosis of dopamine in vivo have not yet been elucidated. To identify the PKCγ substrates involved in dopamine release, we used PKCγ-KO mice and a phosphoproteome analysis. We found 10 candidate phosphoproteins that had decreased phosphorylation levels in the striatum of PKCγ-KO mice. We focused on Pak-interacting exchange factor-β (βPIX), a Cdc42/Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, and found that PKCγ directly phosphorylates βPIX at Ser583 and indirectly at Ser340 in cells. Furthermore, we found that PKC phosphorylated βPIX in vivo. Classical PKC inhibitors and βPIX knock-down (KD) significantly suppressed Ca(2+)-evoked dopamine release in PC12 cells. Wild-type βPIX, and not the βPIX mutants Ser340 Ala or Ser583 Ala, fully rescued the decreased dopamine release by βPIX KD. Double KD of Cdc42 and Rac1 decreased dopamine release from PC12 cells. These findings indicate that the phosphorylation of βPIX at Ser340 and Ser583 has pivotal roles in Ca(2+)-evoked dopamine release in the striatum. Therefore, we propose that PKCγ positively modulates dopamine release through β2PIX phosphorylation. The PKCγ-βPIX-Cdc42/Rac1 phosphorylation axis may provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of parkinsonian syndrome.
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Yoder SM, Dineen SL, Wang Z, Thurmond DC. YES, a Src family kinase, is a proximal glucose-specific activator of cell division cycle control protein 42 (Cdc42) in pancreatic islet β cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11476-11487. [PMID: 24610809 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Second-phase insulin secretion sustains insulin release in the face of hyperglycemia associated with insulin resistance, requiring the continued mobilization of insulin secretory granules to the plasma membrane. Cdc42, the small Rho family GTPase recognized as the proximal glucose-specific trigger to elicit second-phase insulin secretion, signals downstream to activate the p21-activated kinase (PAK1), which then signals to Raf-1/MEK/ERK to induce filamentous actin (F-actin) remodeling, to ultimately mobilize insulin granules to the plasma membrane. However, the steps required to initiate Cdc42 activation in a glucose-specific manner in β cells have remained elusive. Toward this, we identified the involvement of the Src family kinases (SFKs), based upon the ability of SFK inhibitors to block glucose-stimulated Cdc42 and PAK1 activation events as well as the amplifying pathway of glucose-stimulated insulin release, in MIN6 β cells. Indeed, subsequent studies performed in human islets revealed that SFK phosphorylation was induced only by glucose and within 1 min of stimulation before the activation of Cdc42 at 3 min. Furthermore, pervanadate treatment validated the phosphorylation event to be tyrosine-specific. Although RT-PCR showed β cells to express five different SFK proteins, only two of these, YES and Fyn kinases, were found localized to the plasma membrane, and of these two, only YES kinase underwent glucose-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation. Immunodetection and RNAi analyses further established YES kinase as a proximal glucose-specific signal in the Cdc42-signaling cascade. Identification of YES kinase provides new insight into the mechanisms underlying the sustainment of insulin secretion via granule mobilization/replenishment and F-actin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Yoder
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Stacey L Dineen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Debbie C Thurmond
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
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Sato K, Sugiyama T, Nagase T, Kitade Y, Ueda H. Threonine 680 phosphorylation of FLJ00018/PLEKHG2, a Rho family-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, by epidermal growth factor receptor signaling regulates cell morphology of Neuro-2a cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10045-56. [PMID: 24554703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FLJ00018/PLEKHG2 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 and has been shown to mediate the signaling pathways leading to actin cytoskeleton reorganization. The function of FLJ00018 is regulated by the interaction of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein Gβγ subunits or cytosolic actin. However, the details underlying the molecular mechanisms of FLJ00018 activation have yet to be elucidated. In the present study we show that FLJ00018 is phosphorylated and activated by β1-adrenergic receptor stimulation-induced EGF receptor (EGFR) transactivation in addition to Gβγ signaling. FLJ00018 is also phosphorylated and activated by direct EGFR stimulation. The phosphorylation of FLJ00018 by EGFR stimulation is mediated by the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Through deletion and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we have identified Thr-680 as the major site of phosphorylation by EGFR stimulation. FLJ00018 T680A, in which the phosphorylation site is replaced by alanine, showed a limited response of the Neuro-2a cell morphology to EGF stimulation. Our results provide evidence that stimulation of the Ras/MAPK pathway by EGFR results in FLJ00018 phosphorylation at Thr-680, which in turn controls changes in cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sato
- From the United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences and
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38
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Sato K, Suzuki T, Yamaguchi Y, Kitade Y, Nagase T, Ueda H. PLEKHG2/FLJ00018, a Rho family-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is tyrosine phosphorylated via the EphB2/cSrc signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2014; 26:691-6. [PMID: 24378532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PLEKHG2/FLJ00018, a Rho family-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF), is activated by heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein) Gβγ subunits, and in turn activates the small G protein Rac and Cdc42, which have been shown to mediate signaling pathways leading to actin cytoskeletal reorganization. In the present study, we show that co-expression of the constitutively active mutant of cSrc, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, and PLEKHG2 induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of PLEKHG2 in HEK293 cells. Through deletion and base substitution mutagenesis we have identified Tyr489 of PLEKHG2 as the site phosphorylated by cSrc. Furthermore, using a high-throughput src homology 2 (SH2) domain binding assay, the SH2 domain of ABL1 and the PI 3-kinse regulator subunit (PIK3R3) were identified as candidates for the binding partner of tyrosine-phosphorylated PLEKHG2. The interaction between PLEKHG2 and the full-length of PIK3R3, but not ABL1, occurs in a tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, PLEKHG2 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Tyr489 by ephrinB2 receptor signaling via cSrc. Investigation of the physiological function of tyrosine phosphorylation at Tyr489 in PLEKHG2 remains a subject for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sato
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | - Yukio Kitade
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagase
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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39
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HER. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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40
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Liu Y, Jin Y, Li J, Seto E, Kuo E, Yu W, Schwartz RJ, Blazo M, Zhang SL, Peng X. Inactivation of Cdc42 in neural crest cells causes craniofacial and cardiovascular morphogenesis defects. Dev Biol 2013; 383:239-52. [PMID: 24056078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are physically responsible for craniofacial skeleton formation, pharyngeal arch artery remodeling and cardiac outflow tract septation during vertebrate development. Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) is a Rho family small GTP-binding protein that works as a molecular switch to regulate cytoskeleton remodeling and the establishment of cell polarity. To investigate the role of Cdc42 in NCCs during embryonic development, we deleted Cdc42 in NCCs by crossing Cdc42 flox mice with Wnt1-cre mice. We found that the inactivation of Cdc42 in NCCs caused embryonic lethality with craniofacial deformities and cardiovascular developmental defects. Specifically, Cdc42 NCC knockout embryos showed fully penetrant cleft lips and short snouts. Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red staining of the cranium exhibited an unfused nasal capsule and palatine in the mutant embryos. India ink intracardiac injection analysis displayed a spectrum of cardiovascular developmental defects, including persistent truncus arteriosus, hypomorphic pulmonary arteries, interrupted aortic arches, and right-sided aortic arches. To explore the underlying mechanisms of Cdc42 in the formation of the great blood vessels, we generated Wnt1Cre-Cdc42-Rosa26 reporter mice. By beta-galactosidase staining, a subpopulation of Cdc42-null NCCs was observed halting in their migration midway from the pharyngeal arches to the conotruncal cushions. Phalloidin staining revealed dispersed, shorter and disoriented stress fibers in Cdc42-null NCCs. Finally, we demonstrated that the inactivation of Cdc42 in NCCs impaired bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced NCC cytoskeleton remodeling and migration. In summary, our results demonstrate that Cdc42 plays an essential role in NCC migration, and inactivation of Cdc42 in NCCs impairs craniofacial and cardiovascular development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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41
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Fekete A, Bőgel G, Pesti S, Péterfi Z, Geiszt M, Buday L. EGF regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and membrane-translocation of the scaffold protein Tks5. J Mol Signal 2013; 8:8. [PMID: 23924390 PMCID: PMC3765130 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tks5/FISH is a scaffold protein comprising of five SH3 domains and one PX domain. Tks5 is a substrate of the tyrosine kinase Src and is required for the organization of podosomes/invadopodia implicated in invasion of tumor cells. Recent data have suggested that a close homologue of Tks5, Tks4, is implicated in the EGF signaling. Results Here, we report that Tks5 is a component of the EGF signaling pathway. In EGF-treated cells, Tks5 is tyrosine phosphorylated within minutes and the level of phosphorylation is sustained for at least 2 hours. Using specific kinase inhibitors, we demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of Tks5 is catalyzed by Src tyrosine kinase. We show that treatment of cells with EGF results in plasma membrane translocation of Tks5. In addition, treatment of cells with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase, or mutation of the PX domain reduces tyrosine phosphorylation and membrane translocation of Tks5. Conclusions Our results identify Tks5 as a novel component of the EGF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fekete
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1113, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bőgel
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Pesti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Zalán Péterfi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary ; "Lendület" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - László Buday
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1113, Hungary ; Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest 1094, Hungary
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42
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Tang J, Liu N, Tolbert E, Ponnusamy M, Ma L, Gong R, Bayliss G, Yan H, Zhuang S. Sustained activation of EGFR triggers renal fibrogenesis after acute kidney injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:160-72. [PMID: 23684791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently accompanied by maladaptive repair and renal fibrogenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms that mediate these acute and chronic consequences of AKI remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in these processes using waved-2 (Wa-2) mice, which have reduced EGFR activity, and their wild-type (WT) littermates after renal ischemia. Renal EGFR phosphorylation was induced within 2 days after ischemia, increased over time, and remained elevated at 28 days in WT mice, but this was diminished in Wa-2 mice. At the early stage of postischemia (2 days), Wa-2 mice developed more severe acute renal tubular damage with less reparative responses as indicated by enhanced tubular cell apoptosis, and reduced dedifferentiation and proliferation as compared to WT animals. At the late stage of postischemia (28 days), Wa-2 mice exhibited a less severe renal interstitial fibrosis as shown by reduced activation/proliferation of renal myofibroblasts and decreased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. EGFR activation also contributed to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, a cellular event associated with production of profibrogenetic factors, in the injured kidney. Collectively, these results indicate that severe AKI results in sustained activation of EGFR, which is required for reparative response of renal tubular cells initially, but eventually leads to fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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43
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Cbl and Itch binding sites in ERBB4 CYT-1 and CYT-2 mediate K48- and K63-polyubiquitination, respectively. Cell Signal 2013; 25:470-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Wilson KF, Erickson JW, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Rho GTPases and their roles in cancer metabolism. Trends Mol Med 2012; 19:74-82. [PMID: 23219172 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the small molecule 968 was found to block the Rho GTPase-dependent growth of cancer cells in cell culture and mouse xenografts, and when the target of 968 was found to be the mitochondrial enzyme glutaminase (GLS1), it revealed a surprising link between Rho GTPases and mitochondrial glutamine metabolism. Signal transduction via the Rho GTPases, together with NF-κB, appears to elevate mitochondrial glutaminase activity in cancer cells, thereby helping cancer cells satisfy their altered metabolic demands. Here, we review what is known about the mechanism of glutaminase activation in cancer cells, compare the properties of two distinct glutaminase inhibitors, and discuss recent findings that shed new light on how glutamine metabolism might affect cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin F Wilson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
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45
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CCN2 inhibits lung cancer metastasis through promoting DAPK-dependent anoikis and inducing EGFR degradation. Cell Death Differ 2012; 20:443-55. [PMID: 23175185 PMCID: PMC3569983 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN family protein 2 (CCN2), also known as connective tissue growth factor, is a secreting protein that modulates multiple cellular events. We previously demonstrated the metastasis-suppressive effect of CCN2 in lung cancer cells. In this study, we investigate the role of CCN2 in anoikis, a form of programmed cell death that is critical in suppressing cancer metastasis. CCN2 binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and triggers ubiquitination by inhibiting the formation of the β-pix/Cbl complex, resulting in the degradation of EGFR. Binding of CCN2 to EGFR suppresses the phosphorylation of c-Src and extracellular signal-regulated kinase but increases the expression of death-associated protein kinase, which leads to anoikis. Overall, our findings provide evidence validating the use of CCN2 as an anti-metastatic therapy in lung cancer patients, and prospect a potential therapeutic synergy between CCN2 and the anti-EGFR antibody for the treatment of lung cancer.
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46
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Yoo SM, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. The adaptor protein and Arf GTPase-activating protein Cat-1/Git-1 is required for cellular transformation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31462-70. [PMID: 22807447 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.353615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cat-1/Git-1 is a multifunctional protein that acts as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Arf GTPases, as well as serves as a scaffold for a number of different signaling proteins. Cat-1 is best known for its role in regulating cell shape and promoting cell migration. However, whether Cat-1 might also contribute to cellular transformation is currently unknown. Here we show that ∼95% of cervical tumor samples examined overexpress Cat-1, suggesting that the up-regulation of Cat-1 expression is a frequent occurrence in this type of cancer. We demonstrate further that knocking down Cat-1 from NIH3T3 fibroblasts expressing an activated form of Cdc42 (Cdc42 F28L), or from the human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell line, inhibits the ability of these cells to form colonies in soft agar, an in vitro measure of tumorgenicity. The requirement for Cat-1 when assaying the anchorage-independent growth of transformed fibroblasts and HeLa cells is dependent on its ability to bind paxillin, while being negatively impacted by its Arf-GAP activity. Moreover, the co-expression of Cat-1 and an activated form of Arf6 in fibroblasts was sufficient to induce their transformation. These findings highlight novel roles for Cat-1 and its interactions with the Arf GTPases and paxillin in oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsoo M Yoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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47
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Singh VK, Munro K, Jia Z. A novel calmodulin-β-PIX interaction and its implication in receptor tyrosine kinase regulation. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1790-6. [PMID: 22588125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM), a ubiquitous calcium-binding protein, regulates numerous cellular processes, primarily in response to calcium flux. We have identified and characterized a novel interaction between CaM and β-p21-activated kinase interacting exchange factor (β-PIX), a putative guanine exchange factor implicated in cell signaling, using affinity pull-down assays, co-immunoprecipitation, co-localization and circular dichroism studies. Fluorescence-based titration and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments revealed a Ca(2+)-dependent binding mechanism (K(D)≤10μM). Further, we show that CaM participates in a multi-protein complex involving β-PIX and E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl (casitas B-cell lymphoma), which may play a critical role in receptor tyrosine kinase regulation and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Singh
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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48
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Liu H, Urbé S, Clague MJ. Selective protein degradation in cell signalling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:509-14. [PMID: 22343089 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A variety of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitylation transduce cellular signals, which culminate in changes in gene transcription. In this article we examine the ways in which selective protein degradation provides an extra dimension to the regulation of such signalling cascades. We discuss (i) how both lysosomal and proteasomal systems are used to attenuate kinase and rho family GTPase signalling, thereby coupling activation with degradation, (ii) signal propagation contingent upon the selective degradation of inhibitory components, exemplified by the degradation of IκB to activate NF-κB signalling, and (iii) tonic suppression of signalling pathways by turnover of the transcription factors β-catenin and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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49
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Kepner EM, Yoder SM, Oh E, Kalwat MA, Wang Z, Quilliam LA, Thurmond DC. Cool-1/βPIX functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor in the cycling of Cdc42 to regulate insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E1072-80. [PMID: 21828338 PMCID: PMC3233779 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00312.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Second-phase insulin release requires the sustained mobilization of insulin granules from internal storage pools to the cell surface for fusion with the plasma membrane. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. GTP-loading of the small GTPase Cdc42 is the first glucose-specific activation step in the process, although how glucose triggers Cdc42 activation is entirely unknown. In a directed candidate screen for guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which directly activate small GTPases, Cool-1/βPix was identified in pancreatic islet beta cells. In support of its role as the beta cell Cdc42 GEF, βPix coimmunoprecipitated with Cdc42 in human islets and MIN6 beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner, peaking just prior to Cdc42 activation. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated βPix reduction by 50% corresponded to full ablation of glucose-induced Cdc42 activation and significant attenuation of basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Of the two Cdc42 guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) proteins identified in beta cells, βPix competed selectively with caveolin-1 (Cav-1) but not RhoGDI in coimmunoprecipitation and GST-Cdc42-GDP interaction assays. However, a phospho-deficient Cav-1-Y14F mutant failed to compete with βPix; Cav-1(Tyr14) is an established phosphorylation site for Src kinase. Taken together, these data support a new model, wherein glucose stimulates Cav-1 and induces its dissociation from Cdc42, possibly via Src kinase activation to phosphorylate Cav-1(Tyr14), to promote Cdc42-βPix binding and Cdc42 activation, and to trigger downstream signaling and ultimately sustain insulin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Kepner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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50
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Feng L, Wang JT, Jin H, Qian K, Geng JG. SH3KBP1-binding protein 1 prevents epidermal growth factor receptor degradation by the interruption of c-Cbl-CIN85 complex. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:589-96. [PMID: 21830225 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The binding of Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa (CIN85) to c-Cbl is important to endocytosis and degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The proline-arginine motif PXXXPR in c-Cbl and SH3 domains of CIN85 are essential to this interaction. Here, we demonstrated that SH3KBP1-binding protein 1 (SHKBP1), which also contains two PXXXPR motifs, constitutively bound to SH3 domains of CIN85. Importantly, the binding of SHKBP1 prevented the interaction of CIN85 with c-Cbl and inhibited the translocation of CIN85 to EGFR-containing vesicles, thus reducing EGFR degradation and enhancing EGF-induced serum response element transcription activity. Therefore, our results indicated that SHKBP1 could promote EGFR signaling pathway by interrupting c-Cbl-CIN85 complex and inhibiting EGFR degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Feng
- College of Lifescience, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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