1
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Mihalas BP, Pieper GH, Aboelenain M, Munro L, Srsen V, Currie CE, Kelly DA, Hartshorne GM, Telfer EE, McAinsh AD, Anderson RA, Marston AL. Age-dependent loss of cohesion protection in human oocytes. Curr Biol 2024; 34:117-131.e5. [PMID: 38134935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploid human eggs (oocytes) are a major cause of infertility, miscarriage, and chromosomal disorders. Such aneuploidies increase greatly as women age, with defective linkages between sister chromatids (cohesion) in meiosis as a common cause. We found that loss of a specific pool of the cohesin protector protein, shugoshin 2 (SGO2), may contribute to this phenomenon. Our data indicate that SGO2 preserves sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis by protecting a "cohesin bridge" between sister chromatids. In human oocytes, SGO2 localizes to both sub-centromere cups and the pericentromeric bridge, which spans the sister chromatid junction. SGO2 normally colocalizes with cohesin; however, in meiosis II oocytes from older women, SGO2 is frequently lost from the pericentromeric bridge and sister chromatid cohesion is weakened. MPS1 and BUB1 kinase activities maintain SGO2 at sub-centromeres and the pericentromeric bridge. Removal of SGO2 throughout meiosis I by MPS1 inhibition reduces cohesion protection, increasing the incidence of single chromatids at meiosis II. Therefore, SGO2 deficiency in human oocytes can exacerbate the effects of maternal age by rendering residual cohesin at pericentromeres vulnerable to loss in anaphase I. Our data show that impaired SGO2 localization weakens cohesion integrity and may contribute to the increased incidence of aneuploidy observed in human oocytes with advanced maternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina P Mihalas
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Gerard H Pieper
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Mansour Aboelenain
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; Theriogenology department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Lucy Munro
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Vlastimil Srsen
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Cerys E Currie
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David A Kelly
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Geraldine M Hartshorne
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Evelyn E Telfer
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adele L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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2
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Zhou KD, Zhang CX, Niu FR, Bai HC, Wu DD, Deng JC, Qian HY, Jiang YL, Ma W. Exploring Plant Meiosis: Insights from the Kinetochore Perspective. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7974-7995. [PMID: 37886947 PMCID: PMC10605258 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The central player for chromosome segregation in both mitosis and meiosis is the macromolecular kinetochore structure, which is assembled by >100 structural and regulatory proteins on centromere DNA. Kinetochores play a crucial role in cell division by connecting chromosomal DNA and microtubule polymers. This connection helps in the proper segregation and alignment of chromosomes. Additionally, kinetochores can act as a signaling hub, regulating the start of anaphase through the spindle assembly checkpoint, and controlling the movement of chromosomes during anaphase. However, the role of various kinetochore proteins in plant meiosis has only been recently elucidated, and these proteins differ in their functionality from those found in animals. In this review, our current knowledge of the functioning of plant kinetochore proteins in meiosis will be summarized. In addition, the functional similarities and differences of core kinetochore proteins in meiosis between plants and other species are discussed, and the potential applications of manipulating certain kinetochore genes in meiosis for breeding purposes are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Di Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.-D.Z.); (C.-X.Z.)
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.-C.B.); (J.-C.D.); (H.-Y.Q.); (Y.-L.J.)
| | - Cai-Xia Zhang
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.-D.Z.); (C.-X.Z.)
| | - Fu-Rong Niu
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Hao-Chen Bai
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.-C.B.); (J.-C.D.); (H.-Y.Q.); (Y.-L.J.)
| | - Dan-Dan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Jia-Cheng Deng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.-C.B.); (J.-C.D.); (H.-Y.Q.); (Y.-L.J.)
| | - Hong-Yuan Qian
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.-C.B.); (J.-C.D.); (H.-Y.Q.); (Y.-L.J.)
| | - Yun-Lei Jiang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (H.-C.B.); (J.-C.D.); (H.-Y.Q.); (Y.-L.J.)
| | - Wei Ma
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.-D.Z.); (C.-X.Z.)
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3
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A Review of the Regulatory Mechanisms of N-Myc on Cell Cycle. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031141. [PMID: 36770809 PMCID: PMC9920120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma has obvious heterogeneity. It is one of the few undifferentiated malignant tumors that can spontaneously degenerate into completely benign tumors. However, for its high-risk type, even with various intensive treatment options, the prognosis is still unsatisfactory. At the same time, a large number of research data show that the abnormal amplification and high-level expression of the MYCN gene are positively correlated with the malignant progression, poor prognosis, and mortality of neuroblastoma. In this context, this article explores the role of the N-Myc, MYCN gene expression product on its target genes related to the cell cycle and reveals its regulatory network in promoting tumor proliferation and malignant progression. We hope it can provide ideas and direction for the research and development of drugs targeting N-Myc and its downstream target genes.
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4
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Bruggeman JW, Koster J, van Pelt AMM, Speijer D, Hamer G. How germline genes promote malignancy in cancer cells. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200112. [PMID: 36300921 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancers often express hundreds of genes otherwise specific to germ cells, the germline/cancer (GC) genes. Here, we present and discuss the hypothesis that activation of a "germline program" promotes cancer cell malignancy. We do so by proposing four hallmark processes of the germline: meiosis, epigenetic plasticity, migration, and metabolic plasticity. Together, these hallmarks enable replicative immortality of germ cells as well as cancer cells. Especially meiotic genes are frequently expressed in cancer, implying that genes unique to meiosis may play a role in oncogenesis. Because GC genes are not expressed in healthy somatic tissues, they form an appealing source of specific treatment targets with limited side effects besides infertility. Although it is still unclear why germ cell specific genes are so abundantly expressed in cancer, from our hypothesis it follows that the germline's reproductive program is intrinsic to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Bruggeman
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ans M M van Pelt
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Speijer
- Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Hamer
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Wassmann K. Separase Control and Cohesin Cleavage in Oocytes: Should I Stay or Should I Go? Cells 2022; 11:3399. [PMID: 36359795 PMCID: PMC9656630 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The key to gametogenesis is the proper execution of a specialized form of cell division named meiosis. Prior to the meiotic divisions, the recombination of maternal and paternal chromosomes creates new genetic combinations necessary for fitness and adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Two rounds of chromosome segregation -meiosis I and II- have to take place without intermediate S-phase and lead to the creation of haploid gametes harboring only half of the genetic material. Importantly, the segregation patterns of the two divisions are fundamentally different and require adaptation of the mitotic cell cycle machinery to the specificities of meiosis. Separase, the enzyme that cleaves Rec8, a subunit of the cohesin complex constituting the physical connection between sister chromatids, has to be activated twice: once in meiosis I and immediately afterwards, in meiosis II. Rec8 is cleaved on chromosome arms in meiosis I and in the centromere region in meiosis II. This step-wise cohesin removal is essential to generate gametes of the correct ploidy and thus, embryo viability. Hence, separase control and Rec8 cleavage must be perfectly controlled in time and space. Focusing on mammalian oocytes, this review lays out what we know and what we still ignore about this fascinating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Wassmann
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
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6
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Ogonuki N, Kyogoku H, Hino T, Osawa Y, Fujiwara Y, Inoue K, Kunieda T, Mizuno S, Tateno H, Sugiyama F, Kitajima TS, Ogura A. Birth of mice from meiotically arrested spermatocytes following biparental meiosis in halved oocytes. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54992. [DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Ogonuki
- Bioresource Engineering Division RIKEN BioResource Research Center Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hirohisa Kyogoku
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hino
- Department of Biological Sciences Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa Japan
| | - Yuki Osawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Pathology and Development Institute for Quantitative Biosciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- Bioresource Engineering Division RIKEN BioResource Research Center Ibaraki Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Trans‐border Medical Research Center Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tateno
- Department of Biological Sciences Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Trans‐border Medical Research Center Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Tomoya S Kitajima
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- Bioresource Engineering Division RIKEN BioResource Research Center Ibaraki Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research Wako Japan
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7
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Bouftas N, Wassmann K. Working in close quarters: biparental meiosis in the oocyte. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55360. [PMID: 35620872 PMCID: PMC9253776 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF) methods involve fertilizing haploid oocytes arrested in meiosis II with haploid sperm. An experimental IVF method had been developed in mice involving injection of diploid sperm nuclei into equally diploid oocytes (biparental meiosis) to increase the chance of reproduction in cases where haploid sperm cannot be obtained. However, this method had been shown to be highly error prone. In this issue of EMBO Reports, Ogonuki et al show that reducing ooplasm volume by half reduces the segregation errors and increases the likelihood of producing viable offsprings in mice (Ogonuki et al, 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bouftas
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine Sorbonne Université Paris France
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine Sorbonne Université Paris France
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab Sorbonne Université Paris France
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8
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Focal Adhesion Protein Vinculin Is Required for Proper Meiotic Progression during Mouse Spermatogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132013. [PMID: 35805097 PMCID: PMC9265697 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal adhesion protein Vinculin (VCL) is ascribed to various cytoplasmic functions; however, its nuclear role has so far been ambiguous. We observed that VCL localizes to the nuclei of mouse primary spermatocytes undergoing first meiotic division. Specifically, VCL localizes along the meiosis-specific structure synaptonemal complex (SC) during prophase I and the centromeric regions, where it remains until metaphase I. To study the role of VCL in meiotic division, we prepared a conditional knock-out mouse (VCLcKO). We found that the VCLcKO male mice were semi-fertile, with a decreased number of offspring compared to wild-type animals. This study of events in late prophase I indicated premature splitting of homologous chromosomes, accompanied by an untimely loss of SCP1. This caused erroneous kinetochore formation, followed by failure of the meiotic spindle assembly and metaphase I arrest. To assess the mechanism of VCL involvement in meiosis, we searched for its possible interacting partners. A mass spectrometry approach identified several putative interactors which belong to the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPS). The depletion of VLC leads to the dysregulation of a key subunit of the proteasome complex in the meiotic nuclei and an altered nuclear SUMOylation level. Taken together, we show for the first time the presence of VCL in the nucleus of spermatocytes and its involvement in proper meiotic progress. It also suggests the direction for future studies regarding the role of VCL in spermatogenesis through regulation of UPS.
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9
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Hou W, Li Y, Zhang J, Xia Y, Wang X, Chen H, Lou H. Cohesin in DNA damage response and double-strand break repair. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:333-350. [PMID: 35112600 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2022.2027336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin, a four-subunit ring comprising SMC1, SMC3, RAD21 and SA1/2, tethers sister chromatids by DNA replication-coupled cohesion (RC-cohesion) to guarantee correct chromosome segregation during cell proliferation. Postreplicative cohesion, also called damage-induced cohesion (DI-cohesion), is an emerging critical player in DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we sum up recent progress on how cohesin regulates the DNA damage checkpoint activation and repair pathway choice, emphasizing postreplicative cohesin loading and DI-cohesion establishment in yeasts and mammals. DI-cohesion and RC-cohesion show distinct features in many aspects. DI-cohesion near or far from the break sites might undergo different regulations and execute different tasks in DDR and DSB repair. Furthermore, some open questions in this field and the significance of this new scenario to our understanding of genome stability maintenance and cohesinopathies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Hou
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yisui Xia
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Union Shenzhen Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Union Shenzhen Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiqiang Lou
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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10
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Chromosome Segregation in the Oocyte: What Goes Wrong during Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052880. [PMID: 35270022 PMCID: PMC8911062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human female fertility and reproductive lifespan decrease significantly with age, resulting in an extended post-reproductive period. The central dogma in human female reproduction contains two important aspects. One is the pool of oocytes in the human ovary (the ovarian reserve; approximately 106 at birth), which diminishes throughout life until menopause around the age of 50 (approximately 103 oocytes) in women. The second is the quality of oocytes, including the correctness of meiotic divisions, among other factors. Notably, the increased rate of sub- and infertility, aneuploidy, miscarriages, and birth defects are associated with advanced maternal age, especially in women above 35 years of age. This postponement is also relevant for human evolution; decades ago, the female aging-related fertility drop was not as important as it is today because women were having their children at a younger age. Spindle assembly is crucial for chromosome segregation during each cell division and oocyte maturation, making it an important event for euploidy. Consequently, aberrations in this segregation process, especially during the first meiotic division in human eggs, can lead to implantation failure or spontaneous abortion. Today, human reproductive medicine is also facing a high prevalence of aneuploidy, even in young females. However, the shift in the reproductive phase of humans and the strong increase in errors make the problem much more dramatic at later stages of the female reproductive phase. Aneuploidy in human eggs could be the result of the non-disjunction of entire chromosomes or sister chromatids during oocyte meiosis, but partial or segmental aneuploidies are also relevant. In this review, we intend to describe the relevance of the spindle apparatus during oocyte maturation for proper chromosome segregation in the context of maternal aging and the female reproductive lifespan.
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Sakuno T, Hiraoka Y. Rec8 Cohesin: A Structural Platform for Shaping the Meiotic Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:200. [PMID: 35205245 PMCID: PMC8871791 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is critically different from mitosis in that during meiosis, pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes occur. During meiosis, the morphology of sister chromatids changes drastically, forming a prominent axial structure in the synaptonemal complex. The meiosis-specific cohesin complex plays a central role in the regulation of the processes required for recombination. In particular, the Rec8 subunit of the meiotic cohesin complex, which is conserved in a wide range of eukaryotes, has been analyzed for its function in modulating chromosomal architecture during the pairing and recombination of homologous chromosomes in meiosis. Here, we review the current understanding of Rec8 cohesin as a structural platform for meiotic chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
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12
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Shimoi G, Wakabayashi R, Ishikawa R, Kameyama Y. Effects of post-ovulatory aging on centromeric cohesin protection in murine MII oocytes. Reprod Med Biol 2022; 21:RMB212433. [PMID: 35386382 PMCID: PMC8967304 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Post-ovulatory aging causes a high frequency of aneuploidy during meiosis II in mouse oocytes, irrespective of maternal age. In this study, we evaluated the effects of post-ovulatory oocyte aging on the protection of chromosomal cohesion involved in aneuploidy and verified the relationship between PP2A or SGO2 expression and the phosphorylation level of REC8 in oocytes. Methods Murine ovulated oocytes were incubated for 6 or 12 h in vitro after collection and denoted as the aged group. The oocytes examined immediately after collection were used as the control group. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the localization of PP2A, SGO2, BUB1, AURORA B, and MAD2 in the chromosomal centromere. Immunoblotting was used to quantify the expression of proteins describe above and REC8 in the oocytes. Results PP2A expression involved in the de-phosphorylation of REC8 decreased over time in oocytes, suggesting a deficiency in PP2A in centromeres. This indicated an increase in the level of phosphorylated REC8, which destabilizes centromeric cohesion in oocytes. In contrast, SGO2 expression was significantly high in aged oocytes. Conclusions The findings show that post-ovulatory aging destabilizes the centromeric cohesin protection in oocytes and can cause aneuploidy, which is often observed in aged oocytes during meiosis II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Shimoi
- Faculty of BioindustryTokyo University of AgricultureAbashiriJapan
- Graduate School of BioindustryTokyo University of AgricultureAbashiriJapan
| | - Rico Wakabayashi
- Faculty of BioindustryTokyo University of AgricultureAbashiriJapan
| | - Ryu Ishikawa
- Graduate School of BioindustryTokyo University of AgricultureAbashiriJapan
| | - Yuichi Kameyama
- Faculty of BioindustryTokyo University of AgricultureAbashiriJapan
- Graduate School of BioindustryTokyo University of AgricultureAbashiriJapan
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13
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Ogushi S, Rattani A, Godwin J, Metson J, Schermelleh L, Nasmyth K. Loss of sister kinetochore co-orientation and peri-centromeric cohesin protection after meiosis I depends on cleavage of centromeric REC8. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3100-3114.e4. [PMID: 34758289 PMCID: PMC8629431 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protection of peri-centromeric (periCEN) REC8 cohesin from Separase and sister kinetochore (KT) attachment to microtubules emanating from the same spindle pole (co-orientation) ensures that sister chromatids remain associated after meiosis I. Both features are lost during meiosis II, resulting in sister chromatid disjunction and the production of haploid gametes. By transferring spindle-chromosome complexes (SCCs) between meiosis I and II in mouse oocytes, we discovered that both sister KT co-orientation and periCEN cohesin protection depend on the SCC, and not the cytoplasm. Moreover, the catalytic activity of Separase at meiosis I is necessary not only for converting KTs from a co- to a bi-oriented state but also for deprotection of periCEN cohesion, and cleavage of REC8 may be the key event. Crucially, selective cleavage of REC8 in the vicinity of KTs is sufficient to destroy co-orientation in univalent chromosomes, albeit not in bivalents where resolution of chiasmata may also be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugako Ogushi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Ahmed Rattani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jonathan Godwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jean Metson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Kim Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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14
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Beverley R, Snook ML, Brieño-Enríquez MA. Meiotic Cohesin and Variants Associated With Human Reproductive Aging and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710033. [PMID: 34409039 PMCID: PMC8365356 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful human reproduction relies on the well-orchestrated development of competent gametes through the process of meiosis. The loading of cohesin, a multi-protein complex, is a key event in the initiation of mammalian meiosis. Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion via cohesin rings is essential for ensuring homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair and future proper chromosome segregation. Cohesin proteins loaded during female fetal life are not replenished over time, and therefore are a potential etiology of age-related aneuploidy in oocytes resulting in decreased fecundity and increased infertility and miscarriage rates with advancing maternal age. Herein, we provide a brief overview of meiotic cohesin and summarize the human genetic studies which have identified genetic variants of cohesin proteins and the associated reproductive phenotypes including primary ovarian insufficiency, trisomy in offspring, and non-obstructive azoospermia. The association of cohesion defects with cancer predisposition and potential impact on aging are also described. Expansion of genetic testing within clinical medicine, with a focus on cohesin protein-related genes, may provide additional insight to previously unknown etiologies of disorders contributing to gamete exhaustion in females, and infertility and reproductive aging in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Beverley
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meredith L Snook
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Miguel Angel Brieño-Enríquez
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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15
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Ueki Y, Hadders MA, Weisser MB, Nasa I, Sotelo‐Parrilla P, Cressey LE, Gupta T, Hertz EPT, Kruse T, Montoya G, Jeyaprakash AA, Kettenbach A, Lens SMA, Nilsson J. A highly conserved pocket on PP2A-B56 is required for hSgo1 binding and cohesion protection during mitosis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52295. [PMID: 33973335 PMCID: PMC8256288 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The shugoshin proteins are universal protectors of centromeric cohesin during mitosis and meiosis. The binding of human hSgo1 to the PP2A-B56 phosphatase through a coiled-coil (CC) region mediates cohesion protection during mitosis. Here we undertook a structure function analysis of the PP2A-B56-hSgo1 complex, revealing unanticipated aspects of complex formation and function. We establish that a highly conserved pocket on the B56 regulatory subunit is required for hSgo1 binding and cohesion protection during mitosis in human somatic cells. Consistent with this, we show that hSgo1 blocks the binding of PP2A-B56 substrates containing a canonical B56 binding motif. We find that PP2A-B56 bound to hSgo1 dephosphorylates Cdk1 sites on hSgo1 itself to modulate cohesin interactions. Collectively our work provides important insight into cohesion protection during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ueki
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Michael A Hadders
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Melanie B Weisser
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Isha Nasa
- Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | | | - Lauren E Cressey
- Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | - Tanmay Gupta
- Wellcome Center for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Emil P T Hertz
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thomas Kruse
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Arminja Kettenbach
- Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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16
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Mengoli V, Jonak K, Lyzak O, Lamb M, Lister LM, Lodge C, Rojas J, Zagoriy I, Herbert M, Zachariae W. Deprotection of centromeric cohesin at meiosis II requires APC/C activity but not kinetochore tension. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106812. [PMID: 33644894 PMCID: PMC8013787 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome haploidization involves sequential loss of cohesin from chromosome arms and centromeres during two meiotic divisions. At centromeres, cohesin's Rec8 subunit is protected from separase cleavage at meiosis I and then deprotected to allow its cleavage at meiosis II. Protection of centromeric cohesin by shugoshin-PP2A seems evolutionarily conserved. However, deprotection has been proposed to rely on spindle forces separating the Rec8 protector from cohesin at metaphase II in mammalian oocytes and on APC/C-dependent destruction of the protector at anaphase II in yeast. Here, we have activated APC/C in the absence of sister kinetochore biorientation at meiosis II in yeast and mouse oocytes, and find that bipolar spindle forces are dispensable for sister centromere separation in both systems. Furthermore, we show that at least in yeast, protection of Rec8 by shugoshin and inhibition of separase by securin are both required for the stability of centromeric cohesin at metaphase II. Our data imply that related mechanisms preserve the integrity of dyad chromosomes during the short metaphase II of yeast and the prolonged metaphase II arrest of mammalian oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mengoli
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera ItalianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Oleksii Lyzak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Mahdi Lamb
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lisa M Lister
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Chris Lodge
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
EMBL HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mary Herbert
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
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17
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Gryaznova Y, Keating L, Touati SA, Cladière D, El Yakoubi W, Buffin E, Wassmann K. Kinetochore individualization in meiosis I is required for centromeric cohesin removal in meiosis II. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106797. [PMID: 33644892 PMCID: PMC8013791 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Partitioning of the genome in meiosis occurs through two highly specialized cell divisions, named meiosis I and meiosis II. Step-wise cohesin removal is required for chromosome segregation in meiosis I, and sister chromatid segregation in meiosis II. In meiosis I, mono-oriented sister kinetochores appear as fused together when examined by high-resolution confocal microscopy, whereas they are clearly separated in meiosis II, when attachments are bipolar. It has been proposed that bipolar tension applied by the spindle is responsible for the physical separation of sister kinetochores, removal of cohesin protection, and chromatid separation in meiosis II. We show here that this is not the case, and initial separation of sister kinetochores occurs already in anaphase I independently of bipolar spindle forces applied on sister kinetochores, in mouse oocytes. This kinetochore individualization depends on separase cleavage activity. Crucially, without kinetochore individualization in meiosis I, bivalents when present in meiosis II oocytes separate into chromosomes and not sister chromatids. This shows that whether centromeric cohesin is removed or not is determined by the kinetochore structure prior to meiosis II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Gryaznova
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Leonor Keating
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Sandra A Touati
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Damien Cladière
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Warif El Yakoubi
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Present address:
Cell and Developmental Biology CenterNational Heart Lung and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Eulalie Buffin
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
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18
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Lei WL, Qian WP, Sun QY. Critical Functions of PP2A-Like Protein Phosphotases in Regulating Meiotic Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:638559. [PMID: 33718377 PMCID: PMC7947259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.638559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is essential to the continuity of life in sexually-reproducing organisms through the formation of haploid gametes. Unlike somatic cells, the germ cells undergo two successive rounds of meiotic divisions after a single cycle of DNA replication, resulting in the decrease in ploidy. In humans, errors in meiotic progression can cause infertility and birth defects. Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation have emerged as important regulatory events in meiosis. There are dynamic equilibrium of protein phosphorylation and protein dephosphorylation in meiotic cell cycle process, regulated by a conservative series of protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Among these protein phosphatases, PP2A, PP4, and PP6 constitute the PP2A-like subfamily within the serine/threonine protein phosphatase family. Herein, we review recent discoveries and explore the role of PP2A-like protein phosphatases during meiotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Lei
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Ping Qian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Functioning mechanisms of Shugoshin-1 in centromeric cohesion during mitosis. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:289-297. [PMID: 32451529 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of centromeric cohesion is required for faithful chromosome segregation that prevents chromosomal instability. Extensive studies have identified and established the conserved protein Shugoshin (Sgo1/2) as an essential protector for centromeric cohesion. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how Shugoshin-1 (Sgo1) protects centromeric cohesion at the molecular level. Targeting of Sgo1 to inner centromeres is required for its proper function of cohesion protection. We therefore discuss about the molecular mechanisms that install Sgo1 onto inner centromeres. At metaphase-to-anaphase transition, Sgo1 at inner centromeres needs to be disabled for the subsequent sister-chromatid segregation. A few recent studies suggest interesting models to explain how it is achieved. These models are discussed as well.
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20
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Rizzo M, du Preez N, Ducheyne KD, Deelen C, Beitsma MM, Stout TAE, de Ruijter-Villani M. The horse as a natural model to study reproductive aging-induced aneuploidy and weakened centromeric cohesion in oocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22220-22232. [PMID: 33139583 PMCID: PMC7695376 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy of meiotic origin is a major contributor to age-related subfertility and an increased risk of miscarriage in women. Although age-related aneuploidy has been studied in rodents, the mare may be a more appropriate animal model to study reproductive aging. Similar to women, aged mares show reduced fertility and an increased incidence of early pregnancy loss; however, it is not known whether aging predisposes to aneuploidy in equine oocytes. We evaluated the effect of advanced mare age on (1) gene expression for cohesin components, (2) incidence of aneuploidy and (3) chromosome centromere cohesion (measured as the distance between sister kinetochores) in oocytes matured in vitro. Oocytes from aged mares showed reduced gene expression for the centromere cohesion stabilizing protein, Shugoshin 1. Moreover, in vitro matured oocytes from aged mares showed a higher incidence of aneuploidy and premature sister chromatid separation, and weakened centromeric cohesion. We therefore propose the mare as a valid model for studying effects of aging on centromeric cohesion; cohesion loss predisposes to disintegration of bivalents and premature separation of sister chromatids during the first meiotic division, leading to embryonic aneuploidy; this probably contributes to the reduced fertility and increased incidence of pregnancy loss observed in aged mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Nikola du Preez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Kaatje D. Ducheyne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
- Sussex Equine Hospital, Ashington, RH20 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Deelen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Mabel M. Beitsma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Tom A. E. Stout
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
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21
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Galander S, Marston AL. Meiosis I Kinase Regulators: Conserved Orchestrators of Reductional Chromosome Segregation. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000018. [PMID: 32761854 PMCID: PMC7116124 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last two decades has identified a group of meiosis-specific proteins, consisting of budding yeast Spo13, fission yeast Moa1, mouse MEIKIN, and Drosophila Mtrm, with essential functions in meiotic chromosome segregation. These proteins, which we call meiosis I kinase regulators (MOKIRs), mediate two major adaptations to the meiotic cell cycle to allow the generation of haploid gametes from diploid mother cells. Firstly, they promote the segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I (reductional division) by ensuring that sister kinetochores face towards the same pole (mono-orientation). Secondly, they safeguard the timely separation of sister chromatids in meiosis II (equational division) by counteracting the premature removal of pericentromeric cohesin, and thus prevent the formation of aneuploid gametes. Although MOKIRs bear no obvious sequence similarity, they appear to play functionally conserved roles in regulating meiotic kinases. Here, the known functions of MOKIRs are reviewed and their possible mechanisms of action are discussed. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/tLE9KL89bwk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Galander
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Adèle L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
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22
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Establishing correct kinetochore-microtubule attachments in mitosis and meiosis. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:277-287. [PMID: 32406497 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis requires that chromosomes properly attach to spindle microtubules. Initial kinetochore-microtubule attachments are often incorrect and rely on error correction mechanisms to release improper attachments, allowing the formation of new attachments. Aurora B kinase and, in mammalian germ cells, Aurora C kinase function as the enzymatic component of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC), which localizes to the inner centromere/kinetochore and phosphorylates kinetochore proteins for microtubule release during error correction. In this review, we discuss recent findings of the molecular pathways that regulate the chromosomal localization of Aurora B and C kinases in human cell lines, mice, fission yeast, and budding yeast. We also discuss differences in the importance of localization pathways between mitosis and meiosis.
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23
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Mikwar M, MacFarlane AJ, Marchetti F. Mechanisms of oocyte aneuploidy associated with advanced maternal age. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 785:108320. [PMID: 32800274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that maternal age is associated with a rapid decline in the production of healthy and high-quality oocytes resulting in reduced fertility in women older than 35 years of age. In particular, chromosome segregation errors during meiotic divisions are increasingly common and lead to the production of oocytes with an incorrect number of chromosomes, a condition known as aneuploidy. When an aneuploid oocyte is fertilized by a sperm it gives rise to an aneuploid embryo that, except in rare situations, will result in a spontaneous abortion. As females advance in age, they are at higher risk of infertility, miscarriage, or having a pregnancy affected by congenital birth defects such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), and Turner syndrome (monosomy X). Here, we review the potential molecular mechanisms associated with increased chromosome segregation errors during meiosis as a function of maternal age. Our review shows that multiple exogenous and endogenous factors contribute to the age-related increase in oocyte aneuploidy. Specifically, the weight of evidence indicates that recombination failure, cohesin deterioration, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) disregulation, abnormalities in post-translational modification of histones and tubulin, and mitochondrial dysfunction are the leading causes of oocyte aneuploidy associated with maternal aging. There is also growing evidence that dietary and other bioactive interventions may mitigate the effect of maternal aging on oocyte quality and oocyte aneuploidy, thereby improving fertility outcomes. Maternal age is a major concern for aneuploidy and genetic disorders in the offspring in the context of an increasing proportion of mothers having children at increasingly older ages. A better understanding of the mechanisms associated with maternal aging leading to aneuploidy and of intervention strategies that may mitigate these detrimental effects and reduce its occurrence are essential for preventing abnormal reproductive outcomes in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myy Mikwar
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J MacFarlane
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Mechanistic Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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24
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Lodge C, Herbert M. Oocyte aneuploidy-more tools to tackle an old problem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11850-11852. [PMID: 32430318 PMCID: PMC7275742 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005739117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Lodge
- Newcastle Fertility Centre, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Herbert
- Newcastle Fertility Centre, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
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25
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Gantchev J, Martínez Villarreal A, Gunn S, Zetka M, Ødum N, Litvinov IV. The ectopic expression of meiCT genes promotes meiomitosis and may facilitate carcinogenesis. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:837-854. [PMID: 32223693 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1743902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer meiomitosis is defined as the concurrent activation of both mitotic and meiotic machineries in neoplastic cells that confer a selective advantage together with increased genomic instability. MeiCT (meiosis-specific cancer/testis) genes that perform specialized functions in the germline events required for the first meiotic division are ectopically expressed in several cancers. Here we describe the expression profiles of meiCT genes and proteins across a number of cancers and review the proposed mechanisms that increase aneuploidy and elicit reduction division in polyploid cells. These mechanisms are centered on the overexpression and function of meiCT proteins in cancers under various conditions that includes a response to genotoxic stress. Since meiCT genes are transcriptionally repressed in somatic cells, their target offers a promising therapeutic approach with limited toxicity to healthy tissues. Throughout the review, we provide a detailed description of the roles for each gene in the context of meiosis and we discuss proposed functions and outcomes resulting from their ectopic reactivation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gantchev
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Scott Gunn
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Monique Zetka
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Neils Ødum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Keating L, Touati SA, Wassmann K. A PP2A-B56-Centered View on Metaphase-to-Anaphase Transition in Mouse Oocyte Meiosis I. Cells 2020; 9:E390. [PMID: 32046180 PMCID: PMC7072534 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is required to reduce to haploid the diploid genome content of a cell, generating gametes-oocytes and sperm-with the correct number of chromosomes. To achieve this goal, two specialized cell divisions without intermediate S-phase are executed in a time-controlled manner. In mammalian female meiosis, these divisions are error-prone. Human oocytes have an exceptionally high error rate that further increases with age, with significant consequences for human fertility. To understand why errors in chromosome segregation occur at such high rates in oocytes, it is essential to understand the molecular players at work controlling these divisions. In this review, we look at the interplay of kinase and phosphatase activities at the transition from metaphase-to-anaphase for correct segregation of chromosomes. We focus on the activity of PP2A-B56, a key phosphatase for anaphase onset in both mitosis and meiosis. We start by introducing multiple roles PP2A-B56 occupies for progression through mitosis, before laying out whether or not the same principles may apply to the first meiotic division in oocytes, and describing the known meiosis-specific roles of PP2A-B56 and discrepancies with mitotic cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Keating
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandra A. Touati
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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Zhang M, Liang C, Chen Q, Yan H, Xu J, Zhao H, Yuan X, Liu J, Lin S, Lu W, Wang F. Histone H2A phosphorylation recruits topoisomerase IIα to centromeres to safeguard genomic stability. EMBO J 2020; 39:e101863. [PMID: 31769059 PMCID: PMC6996575 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation in mitosis requires the removal of catenation between sister chromatids. Timely decatenation of sister DNAs at mitotic centromeres by topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) is crucial to maintain genomic stability. The chromatin factors that recruit TOP2A to centromeres during mitosis remain unknown. Here, we show that histone H2A Thr-120 phosphorylation (H2ApT120), a modification generated by the mitotic kinase Bub1, is necessary and sufficient for the centromeric localization of TOP2A. Phosphorylation at residue-120 enhances histone H2A binding to TOP2A in vitro. The C-gate and the extreme C-terminal region are important for H2ApT120-dependent localization of TOP2A at centromeres. Preventing H2ApT120-mediated accumulation of TOP2A at mitotic centromeres interferes with sister chromatid disjunction, as evidenced by increased frequency of anaphase ultra-fine bridges (UFBs) that contain catenated DNA. Tethering TOP2A to centromeres bypasses the requirement for H2ApT120 in suppressing anaphase UFBs. These results demonstrate that H2ApT120 acts as a landmark that recruits TOP2A to mitotic centromeres to decatenate sister DNAs. Our study reveals a fundamental role for histone phosphorylation in resolving centromere DNA entanglements and safeguarding genomic stability during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Cai Liang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qinfu Chen
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Haiyan Yan
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Junfen Xu
- Department of Gynecologic OncologyWomen's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xueying Yuan
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jingbo Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shixian Lin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Gynecologic OncologyWomen's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Women's Reproductive Health Key Research Laboratory of Zhejiang ProvinceWomen's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Department of Gynecologic OncologyWomen's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
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Wen L, Liu Q, Xu J, Liu X, Shi C, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Xu H, Liu J, Yang H, Huang H, Qiao J, Tang F, Chen ZJ. Recent advances in mammalian reproductive biology. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:18-58. [PMID: 31813094 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive biology is a uniquely important topic since it is about germ cells, which are central for transmitting genetic information from generation to generation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in mammalian germ cell development, including preimplantation development, fetal germ cell development and postnatal development of oocytes and sperm. We also discuss the etiologies of female and male infertility and describe the emerging technologies for studying reproductive biology such as gene editing and single-cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chaoyi Shi
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zuwei Yang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yili Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hong Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Hefeng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Jie Qiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, 250021, China.
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Lee J. Is age-related increase of chromosome segregation errors in mammalian oocytes caused by cohesin deterioration? Reprod Med Biol 2020; 19:32-41. [PMID: 31956283 PMCID: PMC6955592 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian oocytes initiate meiosis in fetal ovary and are arrested at dictyate stage in prophase I for a long period. It is known that incidence of chromosome segregation errors in oocytes increases with advancing age, but the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been clarified. METHODS Cohesin, a multi-subunit protein complex, mediates sister chromatid cohesion in both mitosis and meiosis. In this review, molecular basis of meiotic chromosome cohesion and segregation is summarized. Further, the relationship between chromosome segregation errors and cohesin deterioration in aged oocytes is discussed. RESULTS Recent studies show that chromosome-associated cohesin decreases in an age-dependent manner in mouse oocytes. Furthermore, conditional knockout or activation of cohesin in oocytes indicates that only the cohesin expressed before premeiotic S phase can establish and maintain sister chromatic cohesion and that cohesin does not turnover during the dictyate arrest. CONCLUSION In mice, the accumulating evidence suggests that deterioration of cohesin due to the lack of turnover during dictyate arrest is one of the major causes of chromosome segregation errors in aged oocytes. However, whether the same is true in human remains elusive since even the deterioration of cohesin during dictyate arrest has not been demonstrated in human oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibak Lee
- Laboratory of Developmental BiotechnologyGraduate School of Agricultural ScienceKobe UniversityKobeJapan
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30
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Jusino S, Saavedra HI. Role of E2Fs and mitotic regulators controlled by E2Fs in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1419-1429. [PMID: 31575294 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219881360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex cellular process in which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties. EMT occurs in three biological settings: development, wound healing and fibrosis, and tumor progression. Despite occurring in three independent biological settings, EMT signaling shares some molecular mechanisms that allow epithelial cells to de-differentiate and acquire mesenchymal characteristics that confer cells invasive and migratory capacity to distant sites. Here we summarize the molecular mechanism that delineates EMT and we will focus on the role of E2 promoter binding factors (E2Fs) in EMT during tumor progression. Since the E2Fs are presently undruggable due to their control in numerous pivotal cellular functions and due to the lack of selectivity against individual E2Fs, we will also discuss the role of three mitotic regulators and/or mitotic kinases controlled by the E2Fs (NEK2, Mps1/TTK, and SGO1) in EMT that can be useful as drug targets. Impact statement The study of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an active area of research since it is one of the early intermediates to invasion and metastasis—a state of the cancer cells that ultimately kills many cancer patients. We will present in this review that besides their canonical roles as regulators of proliferation, unregulated expression of the E2F transcription factors may contribute to cancer initiation and progression to metastasis by signaling centrosome amplification, chromosome instability, and EMT. Since our discovery that the E2F activators control centrosome amplification and mitosis in cancer cells, we have identified centrosome and mitotic regulators that may represent actionable targets against EMT and metastasis in cancer cells. This is impactful to all of the cancer patients in which the Cdk/Rb/E2F pathway is deregulated, which has been estimated to be most cancer patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Jusino
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce PR 00732, USA
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce PR 00732, USA
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Asai Y, Fukuchi K, Tanno Y, Koitabashi-Kiyozuka S, Kiyozuka T, Noda Y, Matsumura R, Koizumi T, Watanabe A, Nagata K, Watanabe Y, Terada Y. Aurora B kinase activity is regulated by SET/TAF1 on Sgo2 at the inner centromere. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3223-3236. [PMID: 31527146 PMCID: PMC6781429 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of kinetochore proteins destabilizes improper kinetochore–microtubule attachments. Asai et al. find that SET/TAF1, an inhibitor of the PP2A phosphatase, binds shugoshin 2 and corrects erroneous kinetochore–microtubule attachment by maintaining Aurora B kinase activity. Therefore, SET has a key role in establishing chromosome bi-orientation by balancing Aurora B and PP2A activity. The accurate regulation of phosphorylation at the kinetochore is essential for establishing chromosome bi-orientation. Phosphorylation of kinetochore proteins by the Aurora B kinase destabilizes improper kinetochore–microtubule attachments, whereas the phosphatase PP2A has a counteracting role. Imbalanced phosphoregulation leads to error-prone chromosome segregation and aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer cells. However, little is known about the molecular events that control the balance of phosphorylation at the kinetochore. Here, we show that localization of SET/TAF1, an oncogene product, to centromeres maintains Aurora B kinase activity by inhibiting PP2A, thereby correcting erroneous kinetochore–microtubule attachment. SET localizes at the inner centromere by interacting directly with shugoshin 2, with SET levels declining at increased distances between kinetochore pairs, leading to establishment of chromosome bi-orientation. Moreover, SET overexpression induces chromosomal instability by disrupting kinetochore–microtubule attachment. Thus, our findings reveal the novel role of SET in fine-tuning the phosphorylation level at the kinetochore by balancing the activities of Aurora B and PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Asai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Fukuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanno
- Bioscience Department, Veritas Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Koitabashi-Kiyozuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kiyozuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Noda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Matsumura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Koizumi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nagata
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiko Terada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Galander S, Barton RE, Kelly DA, Marston AL. Spo13 prevents premature cohesin cleavage during meiosis. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:29. [PMID: 30906881 PMCID: PMC6426077 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15066.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Meiosis produces gametes through two successive nuclear divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. In contrast to mitosis and meiosis II, where sister chromatids are segregated, during meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are segregated. This requires the monopolar attachment of sister kinetochores and the loss of cohesion from chromosome arms, but not centromeres, during meiosis I. The establishment of both sister kinetochore mono-orientation and cohesion protection rely on the budding yeast meiosis I-specific Spo13 protein, the functional homolog of fission yeast Moa1 and mouse MEIKIN. Methods: Here we investigate the effects of loss of SPO13 on cohesion during meiosis I using a live-cell imaging approach. Results: Unlike wild type, cells lacking SPO13 fail to maintain the meiosis-specific cohesin subunit, Rec8, at centromeres and segregate sister chromatids to opposite poles during anaphase I. We show that the cohesin-destabilizing factor, Wpl1, is not primarily responsible for the loss of cohesion during meiosis I. Instead, premature loss of centromeric cohesin during anaphase I in spo13 Δ cells relies on separase-dependent cohesin cleavage. Further, cohesin loss in spo13 Δ anaphase I cells is blocked by forcibly tethering the regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, Rts1, to Rec8. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that separase-dependent cleavage of phosphorylated Rec8 causes premature cohesin loss in spo13 Δ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Galander
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Rachael E. Barton
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - David A. Kelly
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Adèle L. Marston
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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33
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Galander S, Barton RE, Kelly DA, Marston AL. Spo13 prevents premature cohesin cleavage during meiosis. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:29. [PMID: 30906881 PMCID: PMC6426077 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15066.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Meiosis produces gametes through two successive nuclear divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. In contrast to mitosis and meiosis II, where sister chromatids are segregated, during meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are segregated. This requires the monopolar attachment of sister kinetochores and the loss of cohesion from chromosome arms, but not centromeres, during meiosis I. The establishment of both sister kinetochore mono-orientation and cohesion protection rely on the budding yeast meiosis I-specific Spo13 protein, the functional homolog of fission yeast Moa1 and mouse MEIKIN. Methods: Here we investigate the effects of loss of
SPO13 on cohesion during meiosis I using a live-cell imaging approach. Results: Unlike wild type, cells lacking
SPO13 fail to maintain the meiosis-specific cohesin subunit, Rec8, at centromeres and segregate sister chromatids to opposite poles during anaphase I. We show that the cohesin-destabilizing factor, Wpl1, is not primarily responsible for the loss of cohesion during meiosis I. Instead, premature loss of centromeric cohesin during anaphase I in
spo13Δ cells relies on separase-dependent cohesin cleavage. Further, cohesin loss in
spo13Δ anaphase I cells is blocked by forcibly tethering the regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, Rts1, to Rec8. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that separase-dependent cleavage of phosphorylated Rec8 causes premature cohesin loss in
spo13Δ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Galander
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Rachael E Barton
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - David A Kelly
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Adèle L Marston
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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Akera T, Trimm E, Lampson MA. Molecular Strategies of Meiotic Cheating by Selfish Centromeres. Cell 2019; 178:1132-1144.e10. [PMID: 31402175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric division in female meiosis creates selective pressure favoring selfish centromeres that bias their transmission to the egg. This centromere drive can explain the paradoxical rapid evolution of both centromere DNA and centromere-binding proteins despite conserved centromere function. Here, we define a molecular pathway linking expanded centromeres to histone phosphorylation and recruitment of microtubule destabilizing factors, leading to detachment of selfish centromeres from spindle microtubules that would direct them to the polar body. Exploiting centromere divergence between species, we show that selfish centromeres in two hybrid mouse models use the same molecular pathway but modulate it differently to enrich destabilizing factors. Our results indicate that increasing microtubule destabilizing activity is a general strategy for drive in both models, but centromeres have evolved distinct mechanisms to increase that activity. Furthermore, we show that drive depends on slowing meiotic progression, suggesting that selfish centromeres can be suppressed by regulating meiotic timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akera
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Trimm
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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35
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Qu Q, Zhang Q, Yang L, Chen Y, Liu H. SET binding to Sgo1 inhibits Sgo1-cohesin interactions and promotes chromosome segregation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2514-2528. [PMID: 31227592 PMCID: PMC6683731 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
At anaphase onset, Sgo1 function of cohesion protection must be disabled to allow timely chromosome segregation, but how this is achieved is not fully understood. Here, we show that SET, a known PP2A inhibitor, directly binds to a domain in Sgo1 in close proximity to the cohesin-binding motif. The Sgo1-cohesin binding can be disrupted by SET in a dose-dependent manner in vitro as well as by SET overexpression in cells, suggesting that SET is also an inhibitor to the Sgo1-cohesin binding. Furthermore, the SET binding-deficient Sgo1 mutant fully supports centromeric cohesion protection but delays chromosome segregation, suggesting that the SET-Sgo1 binding is required for timely chromosome segregation. Moreover, overexpression of SET WT, not the Sgo1 binding-deficient mutant, exacerbates the occurrence of cohesion fatigue in MG132-arrested cells. Conversely, SET depletion delays it. Thus, we propose that a major function of SET during mitosis is to disrupt the Sgo1-cohesin interaction, thereby promoting centromeric cohesion de-protection and timely chromosome segregation at anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Aging Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Aging Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Yujue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Aging Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Aging Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
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36
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Lee J. The Regulation and Function of Cohesin and Condensin in Mammalian Oocytes and Spermatocytes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 63:355-372. [PMID: 28779325 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Germ cells, such as oocytes and spermatocytes, produce haploid gametes by a special type of cell division called meiosis. The reduction of chromosome number is achieved in meiosis I, in which homologous chromosomes (homologs) are paired and recombined with their counterparts and finally segregated from each other. How meiotic chromosomes behave in a different manner from mitotic chromosomes has been a fascinating problem for cellular and developmental biology. Cohesin and condensin are multi-subunit protein complexes that play central roles in sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome condensation (also segregation), respectively. Recent studies investigating the expression and function of cohesin and condensin in mammalian germ cells greatly advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the meiotic chromosomal events. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that reduction of cohesin during prophase I arrest in mammalian oocytes is one of the major causes for age-related chromosome segregation error. This review focuses on the regulation and functions of cohesins and condensins during mammalian meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibak Lee
- Laboratory of Developmental Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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37
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Galander S, Barton RE, Borek WE, Spanos C, Kelly DA, Robertson D, Rappsilber J, Marston AL. Reductional Meiosis I Chromosome Segregation Is Established by Coordination of Key Meiotic Kinases. Dev Cell 2019; 49:526-541.e5. [PMID: 31031198 PMCID: PMC6547162 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis produces gametes through a specialized, two-step cell division, which is highly error prone in humans. Reductional meiosis I, where maternal and paternal chromosomes (homologs) segregate, is followed by equational meiosis II, where sister chromatids separate. Uniquely during meiosis I, sister kinetochores are monooriented and pericentromeric cohesin is protected. Here, we demonstrate that these key adaptations for reductional chromosome segregation are achieved through separable control of multiple kinases by the meiosis-I-specific budding yeast Spo13 protein. Recruitment of Polo kinase to kinetochores directs monoorientation, while independently, cohesin protection is achieved by containing the effects of cohesin kinases. Therefore, reductional chromosome segregation, the defining feature of meiosis, is established by multifaceted kinase control by a master regulator. The recent identification of Spo13 orthologs, fission yeast Moa1 and mouse MEIKIN, suggests that kinase coordination by a meiosis I regulator may be a general feature in the establishment of reductional chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Galander
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Rachael E Barton
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Weronika E Borek
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Christos Spanos
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - David A Kelly
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Daniel Robertson
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adèle L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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38
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Shugoshin protects centromere pairing and promotes segregation of nonexchange partner chromosomes in meiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9417-9422. [PMID: 31019073 PMCID: PMC6511000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902526116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation during meiosis I depends upon the formation of connections between homologous chromosomes. Crossovers between homologs connect the partners, allowing them to attach to the meiotic spindle as a unit, such that they migrate away from one another at anaphase I. Homologous partners also become connected by pairing of their centromeres in meiotic prophase. This centromere pairing can promote proper segregation at anaphase I of partners that have failed to become joined by a crossover. Centromere pairing is mediated by synaptonemal complex (SC) proteins that persist at the centromere when the SC disassembles. Here, using mouse spermatocyte and yeast model systems, we tested the role of shugoshin in promoting meiotic centromere pairing by protecting centromeric synaptonemal components from disassembly. The results show that shugoshin protects the centromeric SC in meiotic prophase and, in anaphase, promotes the proper segregation of partner chromosomes that are not linked by a crossover.
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Tanaka A, Watanabe S. Can cytoplasmic donation rescue aged oocytes? Reprod Med Biol 2019; 18:128-139. [PMID: 30996676 PMCID: PMC6452014 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pregnancy and delivery rates following assisted reproductive technology (ART) start to decrease and that the miscarriage rate increases rapidly from 35 years old. The miscarriage rate exceeds 50% at 43 years old. The number of aneuploid fetuses in miscarriages increases according to female age, reaching more than 90% when women are over 40 years old. METHODS Different cytoplasmic donation technologies used to rescue aged oocytes with high percentage of aneuploidy were analyzed, and their efficacy compared. MAIN FINDINGS RESULTS Germinal vesicle transfer (GVT) might be superior to spindle chromosome transfer (ST) theoretically from the point of higher capability of rescuing the disjunction at meiosis I which cannot be helped by ST. However, actually, in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocyte after GVT has not yet been totally completed. ST among other nuclear donations showed the higher possibility to rescue them, due to the fact it does not require in vitro maturation and it has an ethical advantage over pronuclear transfer (PNT) which requires the destruction of an embryo. CONCLUSION Spindle chromosome transfer has the potential to rescue aged oocytes to some extent, but we have to continue the basic study further to establish the clinical application of cytoplasmic donation to rescue aged oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Saint Mother Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic and Institute for ARTFukuokaJapan
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Department of Anatomical ScienceHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineAomoriJapan
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Shimoi G, Tomita M, Kataoka M, Kameyama Y. Destabilization of spindle assembly checkpoint causes aneuploidy during meiosis II in murine post-ovulatory aged oocytes. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:57-66. [PMID: 30464155 PMCID: PMC6379765 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocyte quality degrades over time after ovulation in vitro, which can cause fatal defects such as chromosomal aneuploidy. As various oocyte manipulations employed in assisted reproductive technology are time consuming, post-ovulatory aging is a serious problem to overcome in reproductive medicine or ova research. In this study, we investigated the effects of postovulatory aging on the incidence of chromosome aneuploidy during meiosis II, with a focus on the expression of functional proteins from the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Chromosome analysis was used to assess the rate of aneuploidy in in vitro aged oocytes, or in early embryos derived from aged oocytes. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the localization of MAD2, which is a SAC signal that monitors the correct segregation of sister chromatids. Immunoblotting was used to quantify cohesin subunits, which are adhesion factors connecting sister chromatids at the metaphase II (MII) centromere. It was shown that post-ovulatory oocyte aging inhibits MAD2 localization to the sister kinetochore. Furthermore, oocyte aging prevented cohesin subunits from being maintained or degraded at the appropriate time. These data suggest that the destabilization of SAC signaling causes sister chromatid segregation errors in MII oocytes, and consequently increases the incidence of aneuploidy in early embryos. Our findings have provided distinct evidence that the post-ovulatory aging of oocytes might also be a risk factor for aneuploidy, irrespective of maternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Shimoi
- Laboratory of Animal Resources and Development, Department of Northern Biosphere Agriculture, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Laboratory of Animal Resources and Development, Department of Northern Biosphere Agriculture, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Marino Kataoka
- Laboratory of Animal Resources and Development, Department of Northern Biosphere Agriculture, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kameyama
- Laboratory of Animal Resources and Development, Department of Northern Biosphere Agriculture, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
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Moura M, Conde C. Phosphatases in Mitosis: Roles and Regulation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E55. [PMID: 30736436 PMCID: PMC6406801 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis requires extensive rearrangement of cellular architecture and of subcellular structures so that replicated chromosomes can bind correctly to spindle microtubules and segregate towards opposite poles. This process originates two new daughter nuclei with equal genetic content and relies on highly-dynamic and tightly regulated phosphorylation of numerous cell cycle proteins. A burst in protein phosphorylation orchestrated by several conserved kinases occurs as cells go into and progress through mitosis. The opposing dephosphorylation events are catalyzed by a small set of protein phosphatases, whose importance for the accuracy of mitosis is becoming increasingly appreciated. This review will focus on the established and emerging roles of mitotic phosphatases, describe their structural and biochemical properties, and discuss recent advances in understanding the regulation of phosphatase activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Moura
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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Ishiguro K. The cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis. Genes Cells 2019; 24:6-30. [PMID: 30479058 PMCID: PMC7379579 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is an evolutionary conserved multi-protein complex that plays a pivotal role in chromosome dynamics. It plays a role both in sister chromatid cohesion and in establishing higher order chromosome architecture, in somatic and germ cells. Notably, the cohesin complex in meiosis differs from that in mitosis. In mammalian meiosis, distinct types of cohesin complexes are produced by altering the combination of meiosis-specific subunits. The meiosis-specific subunits endow the cohesin complex with specific functions for numerous meiosis-associated chromosomal events, such as chromosome axis formation, homologue association, meiotic recombination and centromeric cohesion for sister kinetochore geometry. This review mainly focuses on the cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis, pointing out the differences in its roles from those in mitosis. Further, common and divergent aspects of the meiosis-specific cohesin complex between mammals and other organisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei‐ichiro Ishiguro
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and GeneticsKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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43
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Nguyen AL, Drutovic D, Vazquez BN, El Yakoubi W, Gentilello AS, Malumbres M, Solc P, Schindler K. Genetic Interactions between the Aurora Kinases Reveal New Requirements for AURKB and AURKC during Oocyte Meiosis. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3458-3468.e5. [PMID: 30415701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Errors in chromosome segregation during female meiosis I occur frequently, and aneuploid embryos account for 1/3 of all miscarriages in humans [1]. Unlike mitotic cells that require two Aurora kinase (AURK) homologs to help prevent aneuploidy (AURKA and AURKB), mammalian germ cells also require a third (AURKC) [2, 3]. AURKA is the spindle-pole-associated homolog, and AURKB/C are the chromosome-localized homologs. In mitosis, AURKB has essential roles as the catalytic subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), regulating chromosome alignment, kinetochore-microtubule attachments, cohesion, the spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis [4, 5]. In mouse oocyte meiosis, AURKC takes over as the predominant CPC kinase [6], although the requirement for AURKB remains elusive [7]. In the absence of AURKC, AURKB compensates, making defining potential non-overlapping functions difficult [6, 8]. To investigate the role(s) of AURKB and AURKC in oocytes, we analyzed oocyte-specific Aurkb and Aurkc single- and double-knockout (KO) mice. Surprisingly, we find that double KO female mice are fertile. We demonstrate that, in the absence of AURKC, AURKA localizes to chromosomes in a CPC-dependent manner. These data suggest that AURKC prevents AURKA from localizing to chromosomes by competing for CPC binding. This competition is important for adequate spindle length to support meiosis I. We also describe a unique requirement for AURKB to negatively regulate AURKC to prevent aneuploidy. Together, our work reveals oocyte-specific roles for the AURKs in regulating each other's localization and activity. This inter-kinase regulation is critical to support wild-type levels of fecundity in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David Drutovic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rumburská 89, Libechov 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Berta N Vazquez
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Warif El Yakoubi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Amanda S Gentilello
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Petr Solc
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rumburská 89, Libechov 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Karen Schindler
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Bohr T, Nelson CR, Giacopazzi S, Lamelza P, Bhalla N. Shugoshin Is Essential for Meiotic Prophase Checkpoints in C. elegans. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3199-3211.e3. [PMID: 30293721 PMCID: PMC6200582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The conserved factor Shugoshin is dispensable in C. elegans for the two-step loss of sister chromatid cohesion that directs the proper segregation of meiotic chromosomes. We show that the C. elegans ortholog of Shugoshin, SGO-1, is required for checkpoint activity in meiotic prophase. This role in checkpoint function is similar to that of conserved proteins that structure meiotic chromosome axes. Indeed, null sgo-1 mutants exhibit additional phenotypes similar to that of a partial loss-of-function allele of the axis component, HTP-3: premature synaptonemal complex disassembly, the activation of alternate DNA repair pathways, and an inability to recruit a conserved effector of the DNA damage pathway, HUS-1. SGO-1 localizes to pre-meiotic nuclei when HTP-3 is present but not yet loaded onto chromosome axes and genetically interacts with a central component of the cohesin complex, SMC-3, suggesting that it contributes to meiotic chromosome metabolism early in meiosis by regulating cohesin. We propose that SGO-1 acts during pre-meiotic replication to ensure fully functional meiotic chromosome architecture, rendering these chromosomes competent for checkpoint activity and normal progression of meiotic recombination. Given that most research on Shugoshin has focused on its regulation of sister chromatid cohesion during chromosome segregation, this novel role may be conserved but previously uncharacterized in other organisms. Further, our findings expand the repertoire of Shugoshin's functions beyond coordinating regulatory activities at the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisha Bohr
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Christian R Nelson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Stefani Giacopazzi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Piero Lamelza
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Needhi Bhalla
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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45
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Regulation of the meiotic divisions of mammalian oocytes and eggs. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:797-806. [PMID: 29934303 PMCID: PMC6103459 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Initiated by luteinizing hormone and finalized by the fertilizing sperm, the mammalian oocyte completes its two meiotic divisions. The first division occurs in the mature Graafian follicle during the hours preceding ovulation and culminates in an extreme asymmetric cell division and the segregation of the two pairs of homologous chromosomes. The newly created mature egg rearrests at metaphase of the second meiotic division prior to ovulation and only completes meiosis following a Ca2+ signal initiated by the sperm at gamete fusion. Here, we review the cellular events that govern the passage of the oocyte through meiosis I with a focus on the role of the spindle assembly checkpoint in regulating its timing. In meiosis II, we examine how the egg achieves its arrest and how the fertilization Ca2+ signal allows the initiation of embryo development.
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46
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Wolf PG, Cuba Ramos A, Kenzel J, Neumann B, Stemmann O. Studying meiotic cohesin in somatic cells reveals that Rec8-containing cohesin requires Stag3 to function and is regulated by Wapl and sororin. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs212100. [PMID: 29724914 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-embracing, ring-shaped multiprotein complex cohesin mediates sister chromatid cohesion and is stepwise displaced in mitosis by Wapl and separase (also known as ESPL1) to facilitate anaphase. Proper regulation of chromosome cohesion throughout meiosis is critical for preventing formation of aneuploid gametes, which are associated with trisomies and infertility in humans. Studying cohesion in meiocytes is complicated by their difficult experimental amenability and the absence of cohesin turnover. Here, we use cultured somatic cells to unravel fundamental aspects of meiotic cohesin. When expressed in Hek293 cells, the kleisin Rec8 displays no affinity for the peripheral cohesin subunits Stag1 or Stag2 and remains cytoplasmic. However, co-expression of Stag3 is sufficient for Rec8 to enter the nucleus, load onto chromatin, and functionally replace its mitotic counterpart Scc1 (also known as RAD21) during sister chromatid cohesion and dissolution. Rec8-Stag3 cohesin physically interacts with Pds5, Wapl and sororin (also known as CDCA5). Importantly, Rec8-Stag3 cohesin is shown to be susceptible to Wapl-dependent ring opening and sororin-mediated protection. These findings exemplify that our model system is suitable to rapidly generate testable predictions for important unresolved issues of meiotic cohesion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Wolf
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Cuba Ramos
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia Kenzel
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Brigitte Neumann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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47
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Mihajlović AI, FitzHarris G. Meiosis: SUMO Keeps a Tight Grip on Sister Chromatids. Curr Biol 2018; 28:R671-R674. [PMID: 29870709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining cohesion between sister chromatids during the first meiotic cell division is crucial for preventing oocyte aneuploidy. In a new paper in Current Biology, Yi and colleagues present evidence that the Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO) pathway protects centromeric sister cohesion during the meiosis I-II transition in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg FitzHarris
- CRCHUM, Université De Montréal, 900 Rue St Denis, Montreal, H2X0A9 Canada.
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48
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Eot-Houllier G, Magnaghi-Jaulin L, Fulcrand G, Moyroud FX, Monier S, Jaulin C. Aurora A-dependent CENP-A phosphorylation at inner centromeres protects bioriented chromosomes against cohesion fatigue. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1888. [PMID: 29760389 PMCID: PMC5951908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained spindle tension applied to sister centromeres during mitosis eventually leads to uncoordinated loss of sister chromatid cohesion, a phenomenon known as “cohesion fatigue.” We report that Aurora A-dependent phosphorylation of serine 7 of the centromere histone variant CENP-A (p-CENP-AS7) protects bioriented chromosomes against cohesion fatigue. Expression of a non-phosphorylatable version of CENP-A (CENP-AS7A) weakens sister chromatid cohesion only when sister centromeres are under tension, providing the first evidence of a regulated mechanism involved in protection against passive cohesion loss. Consistent with this observation, p-CENP-AS7 is detected at the inner centromere where it forms a discrete domain. The depletion or inhibition of Aurora A phenocopies the expression of CENP-AS7A and we show that Aurora A is recruited to centromeres in a Bub1-dependent manner. We propose that Aurora A-dependent phosphorylation of CENP-A at the inner centromere protects chromosomes against tension-induced cohesion fatigue until the last kinetochore is attached to spindle microtubules. Sustained spindle tension applied to sister centromeres during mitosis leads to loss of sister chromatid cohesion which is known as cohesion fatigue. Here the authors show that Aurora A-dependent phosphorylation of CENP-A at the inner centromeres protects bioriented chromosomes against cohesion fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Eot-Houllier
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Epigenetics and Cancer group, Université Rennes 1, UMR 6290 CNRS, 35043, Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Laura Magnaghi-Jaulin
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Epigenetics and Cancer group, Université Rennes 1, UMR 6290 CNRS, 35043, Rennes cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Fulcrand
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Epigenetics and Cancer group, Université Rennes 1, UMR 6290 CNRS, 35043, Rennes cedex, France
| | - François-Xavier Moyroud
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Epigenetics and Cancer group, Université Rennes 1, UMR 6290 CNRS, 35043, Rennes cedex, France
| | - Solange Monier
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Epigenetics and Cancer group, Université Rennes 1, UMR 6290 CNRS, 35043, Rennes cedex, France
| | - Christian Jaulin
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Epigenetics and Cancer group, Université Rennes 1, UMR 6290 CNRS, 35043, Rennes cedex, France.
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The Post-anaphase SUMO Pathway Ensures the Maintenance of Centromeric Cohesion through Meiosis I-II Transition in Mammalian Oocytes. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1661-1669.e4. [PMID: 29754905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The production of haploid gametes requires the maintenance of centromeric cohesion between sister chromatids through the transition between two successive meiotic divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. One mechanism for the cohesion maintenance is shugoshin-dependent protection of centromeric cohesin at anaphase I onset [1-3]. However, how centromeric cohesion is maintained during late anaphase I and telophase I, when centromeric shugoshin is undetectable [1-3], remains largely unexplored. Here we show that the centromeric small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) pathway is critical for the maintenance of centromeric cohesion during post-anaphase-I periods in mouse oocytes. SUMO2/3 and E3 ligase PIAS are enriched near centromeres during late anaphase I and telophase I. Specific perturbation of the centromeric SUMO pathway results in precocious loss of centromeric cohesin at telophase I, although shugoshin-dependent centromeric protection at anaphase I onset remains largely intact. Prevention of the SUMO perturbation during post-anaphase-I periods restores the maintenance of centromeric cohesion through the meiosis I-II transition. Thus, the post-anaphase-I centromeric SUMO pathway ensures continuous maintenance of centromeric cohesion through the meiosis I-II transition.
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50
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Conti M, Franciosi F. Acquisition of oocyte competence to develop as an embryo: integrated nuclear and cytoplasmic events. Hum Reprod Update 2018; 24:245-266. [PMID: 29432538 PMCID: PMC5907346 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility affects ~7% of couples of reproductive age with little change in incidence in the last two decades. ART, as well as other interventions, have made major strides in correcting this condition. However, and in spite of advancements in the field, the age of the female partner remains a main factor for a successful outcome. A better understanding of the final stages of gamete maturation yielding an egg that can sustain embryo development and a pregnancy to term remains a major area for improvement in the field. This review will summarize the major cellular and molecular events unfolding at the oocyte-to-embryo transition. We will provide an update on the most important processes/pathways currently understood as the basis of developmental competence, including the molecular processes involved in mRNA storage, its recruitment to the translational machinery, and its degradation. We will discuss the hypothesis that the translational programme of maternal mRNAs plays a key role in establishing developmental competence. These regulations are essential to assemble the machinery that is used to establish a totipotent zygote. This hypothesis further supports the view that embryogenesis begins during oogenesis. A better understanding of the events required for developmental competence will guide the development of novel strategies to monitor and improve the success rate of IVF. Using this information, it will be possible to develop new biomarkers that may be used to better predict oocyte quality and in selection of the best egg for IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Conti
- Department of OBGYN-RS, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA
| | - Federica Franciosi
- Department of OBGYN-RS, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA
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