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Cullati SN, Akizuki K, Chen JS, Johnson JL, Yaron-Barir TM, Cantley LC, Gould KL. Substrate displacement of CK1 C-termini regulates kinase specificity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj5185. [PMID: 38728403 PMCID: PMC11086627 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj5185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
CK1 kinases participate in many signaling pathways, and their regulation is of meaningful biological consequence. CK1s autophosphorylate their C-terminal noncatalytic tails, and eliminating these tails increases substrate phosphorylation in vitro, suggesting that the autophosphorylated C-termini act as inhibitory pseudosubstrates. To test this prediction, we comprehensively identified the autophosphorylation sites on Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hhp1 and human CK1ε. Phosphoablating mutations increased Hhp1 and CK1ε activity toward substrates. Peptides corresponding to the C-termini interacted with the kinase domains only when phosphorylated, and substrates competitively inhibited binding of the autophosphorylated tails to the substrate binding grooves. Tail autophosphorylation influenced the catalytic efficiency with which CK1s targeted different substrates, and truncating the tail of CK1δ broadened its linear peptide substrate motif, indicating that tails contribute to substrate specificity as well. Considering autophosphorylation of both T220 in the catalytic domain and C-terminal sites, we propose a displacement specificity model to describe how autophosphorylation modulates substrate specificity for the CK1 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra N. Cullati
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Akizuki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jared L. Johnson
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomer M. Yaron-Barir
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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Mihalas BP, Pieper GH, Aboelenain M, Munro L, Srsen V, Currie CE, Kelly DA, Hartshorne GM, Telfer EE, McAinsh AD, Anderson RA, Marston AL. Age-dependent loss of cohesion protection in human oocytes. Curr Biol 2024; 34:117-131.e5. [PMID: 38134935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploid human eggs (oocytes) are a major cause of infertility, miscarriage, and chromosomal disorders. Such aneuploidies increase greatly as women age, with defective linkages between sister chromatids (cohesion) in meiosis as a common cause. We found that loss of a specific pool of the cohesin protector protein, shugoshin 2 (SGO2), may contribute to this phenomenon. Our data indicate that SGO2 preserves sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis by protecting a "cohesin bridge" between sister chromatids. In human oocytes, SGO2 localizes to both sub-centromere cups and the pericentromeric bridge, which spans the sister chromatid junction. SGO2 normally colocalizes with cohesin; however, in meiosis II oocytes from older women, SGO2 is frequently lost from the pericentromeric bridge and sister chromatid cohesion is weakened. MPS1 and BUB1 kinase activities maintain SGO2 at sub-centromeres and the pericentromeric bridge. Removal of SGO2 throughout meiosis I by MPS1 inhibition reduces cohesion protection, increasing the incidence of single chromatids at meiosis II. Therefore, SGO2 deficiency in human oocytes can exacerbate the effects of maternal age by rendering residual cohesin at pericentromeres vulnerable to loss in anaphase I. Our data show that impaired SGO2 localization weakens cohesion integrity and may contribute to the increased incidence of aneuploidy observed in human oocytes with advanced maternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina P Mihalas
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Gerard H Pieper
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Mansour Aboelenain
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; Theriogenology department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Lucy Munro
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Vlastimil Srsen
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Cerys E Currie
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David A Kelly
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Geraldine M Hartshorne
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Evelyn E Telfer
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adele L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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3
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Cullati SN, Akizuki K, Chen JS, Gould KL. Substrate displacement of CK1 C-termini regulates kinase specificity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.30.547285. [PMID: 37425826 PMCID: PMC10327203 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.30.547285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
CK1 kinases participate in many signaling pathways; how these enzymes are regulated is therefore of significant biological consequence. CK1s autophosphorylate their C-terminal non-catalytic tails, and eliminating these modifications increases substrate phosphorylation in vitro, suggesting that the autophosphorylated C-termini act as inhibitory pseudosubstrates. To test this prediction, we comprehensively identified the autophosphorylation sites on Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hhp1 and human CK1ε. Peptides corresponding to the C-termini interacted with the kinase domains only when phosphorylated, and phosphoablating mutations increased Hhp1 and CK1ε activity towards substrates. Interestingly, substrates competitively inhibited binding of the autophosphorylated tails to the substrate binding grooves. The presence or absence of tail autophosphorylation influenced the catalytic efficiency with which CK1s targeted different substrates, indicating that tails contribute to substrate specificity. Combining this mechanism with autophosphorylation of the T220 site in the catalytic domain, we propose a displacement specificity model to describe how autophosphorylation regulates substrate specificity for the CK1 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra N. Cullati
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Akizuki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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4
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Dunkley S, Mogessie B. Actin limits egg aneuploidies associated with female reproductive aging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadc9161. [PMID: 36662854 PMCID: PMC9858517 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related centromeric cohesion loss underlies premature separation of sister chromatids and egg aneuploidy in reproductively older females. Here, we show that F-actin maintains chromatid association after cohesion deterioration in aged eggs. F-actin disruption in aged mouse eggs exacerbated untimely dissociation of sister chromatids, while its removal in young eggs induced extensive chromatid separation events generally only seen in advanced reproductive ages. In young eggs containing experimentally reduced cohesion, F-actin removal accelerated premature splitting and scattering of sister chromatids in a microtubule dynamics-dependent manner, suggesting that actin counteracts chromatid-pulling spindle forces. Consistently, F-actin stabilization restricted scattering of unpaired chromatids generated by complete degradation of centromeric cohesion proteins. We conclude that actin mitigates egg aneuploidies arising from age-related cohesion depletion by limiting microtubule-driven separation and dispersion of sister chromatids. This is supported by our finding that spindle-associated F-actin structures are disrupted in eggs of reproductively older females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Dunkley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Binyam Mogessie
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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5
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Homologous chromosomes are stably conjoined for Drosophila male meiosis I by SUM, a multimerized protein assembly with modules for DNA-binding and for separase-mediated dissociation co-opted from cohesin. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010547. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For meiosis I, homologous chromosomes must be paired into bivalents. Maintenance of homolog conjunction in bivalents until anaphase I depends on crossovers in canonical meiosis. However, instead of crossovers, an alternative system achieves homolog conjunction during the achiasmate male meiosis of Drosophila melanogaster. The proteins SNM, UNO and MNM are likely constituents of a physical linkage that conjoins homologs in D. melanogaster spermatocytes. Here, we report that SNM binds tightly to the C-terminal region of UNO. This interaction is homologous to that of the cohesin subunits stromalin/Scc3/STAG and α-kleisin, as revealed by sequence similarities, structure modeling and cross-link mass spectrometry. Importantly, purified SU_C, the heterodimeric complex of SNM and the C-terminal region of UNO, displayed DNA-binding in vitro. DNA-binding was severely impaired by mutational elimination of positively charged residues from the C-terminal helix of UNO. Phenotypic analyses in flies fully confirmed the physiological relevance of this basic helix for chromosome-binding and homolog conjunction during male meiosis. Beyond DNA, SU_C also bound MNM, one of many isoforms expressed from the complex mod(mdg4) locus. This binding of MNM to SU_C was mediated by the MNM-specific C-terminal region, while the purified N-terminal part common to all Mod(mdg4) isoforms multimerized into hexamers in vitro. Similarly, the UNO N-terminal domain formed tetramers in vitro. Thus, we suggest that multimerization confers to SUM, the assemblies composed of SNM, UNO and MNM, the capacity to conjoin homologous chromosomes stably by the resultant multivalent DNA-binding. Moreover, to permit homolog separation during anaphase I, SUM is dissociated by separase, since UNO, the α-kleisin-related protein, includes a separase cleavage site. In support of this proposal, we demonstrate that UNO cleavage by tobacco etch virus protease is sufficient to release homolog conjunction in vivo after mutational exchange of the separase cleavage site with that of the bio-orthogonal protease.
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6
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Palacios-Blanco I, Martín-Castellanos C. Cyclins and CDKs in the regulation of meiosis-specific events. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1069064. [PMID: 36523509 PMCID: PMC9745066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1069064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
How eukaryotic cells control their duplication is a fascinating example of how a biological system self-organizes specific activities to temporally order cellular events. During cell cycle progression, the cellular level of CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase) activity temporally orders the different cell cycle phases, ensuring that DNA replication occurs prior to segregation into two daughter cells. CDK activity requires the binding of a regulatory subunit (cyclin) to the core kinase, and both CDKs and cyclins are well conserved throughout evolution from yeast to humans. As key regulators, they coordinate cell cycle progression with metabolism, DNA damage, and cell differentiation. In meiosis, the special cell division that ensures the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next, cyclins and CDKs have acquired novel functions to coordinate meiosis-specific events such as chromosome architecture, recombination, and synapsis. Interestingly, meiosis-specific cyclins and CDKs are common in evolution, some cyclins seem to have evolved to acquire CDK-independent functions, and even some CDKs associate with a non-cyclin partner. We will review the functions of these key regulators in meiosis where variation has specially flourished.
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7
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Wassmann K. Separase Control and Cohesin Cleavage in Oocytes: Should I Stay or Should I Go? Cells 2022; 11:3399. [PMID: 36359795 PMCID: PMC9656630 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The key to gametogenesis is the proper execution of a specialized form of cell division named meiosis. Prior to the meiotic divisions, the recombination of maternal and paternal chromosomes creates new genetic combinations necessary for fitness and adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Two rounds of chromosome segregation -meiosis I and II- have to take place without intermediate S-phase and lead to the creation of haploid gametes harboring only half of the genetic material. Importantly, the segregation patterns of the two divisions are fundamentally different and require adaptation of the mitotic cell cycle machinery to the specificities of meiosis. Separase, the enzyme that cleaves Rec8, a subunit of the cohesin complex constituting the physical connection between sister chromatids, has to be activated twice: once in meiosis I and immediately afterwards, in meiosis II. Rec8 is cleaved on chromosome arms in meiosis I and in the centromere region in meiosis II. This step-wise cohesin removal is essential to generate gametes of the correct ploidy and thus, embryo viability. Hence, separase control and Rec8 cleavage must be perfectly controlled in time and space. Focusing on mammalian oocytes, this review lays out what we know and what we still ignore about this fascinating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Wassmann
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
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8
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Cao L, Li C, Li H, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Guo Y, Sun P, Chen X, Li Q, Tian H, Li Z, Yuan L, Shen J. Disruption of REC8 in Meiosis I led to watermelon seedless. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111394. [PMID: 35905897 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In triploid watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), the homologous chromosomes of germ cells are disorder during meiosis, resulting in the failure of seeds formation and producing seedless fruit. Therefore, mutating the genes specifically functioning in meiosis may be an alternative way to achieve seedless watermelon. REC8, as a key component of the cohesin complex in meiosis, is dramatically essential for sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome segregation. However, the role of REC8 in meiosis has not yet been characterized in watermelon. Here, we identified ClREC8 as a member of RAD21/REC8 family with a high expression in male and female flowers of watermelon. In situ hybridization analysis showed that ClREC8 was highly expressed at the early stage of meiosis during pollen formation. Knocking out ClREC8 in watermelon led to decline of pollen vitality. After pollinating with foreign normal pollen, the ovaries of ClREC8 knockout lines could inflate normally but failed to form seeds. We further compared the meiosis chromosomes of pollen mother cells in different stages between the knockout lines and the corresponding wild type. The results indicated that ClREC8 was required for the monopolar orientation of the sister kinetochores in Meiosis I. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis between WT and the knockout lines revealed that the disruption of ClREC8 caused the expression levels of mitosis-related genes and meiosis-related genes to decrease. Our results demonstrated ClREC8 has a specific role in Meiosis I of watermelon germ cells, and loss-of-function of the ClREC8 led to seedless fruit, which may provide an alternative strategy to breed cultivars with seedless watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Hewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yanxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yalu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Piaoyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Qingqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Haoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Junjun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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9
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Oocyte Casein kinase 1α deletion causes defects in primordial follicle formation and oocyte loss by impairing oocyte meiosis and enhancing autophagy in developing mouse ovary. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:388. [PMID: 36115846 PMCID: PMC9482644 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Casein kinase 1α is a member of CK1 family, which is ubiquitously expressed and plays multiple functions, including its potential roles in regulating cell division. But the functions of CK1α in mammalian oogenesis and folliculogenesis remain elusive. In this study, we assayed the cell type of CK1α expression in the developing mouse ovary and confirmed that CK1α was highly expressed in ovaries after birth. The oocyte-specific CK1α knockout (cKO) mouse model was then established by crossing Ddx4-Cre mice with Csnk1a1-floxp mice, and the effects of CK1α deletion on oogenesis and folliculogenesis were identified. The results showed that oocyte CK1α deletion impaired the progression of oocyte meiosis and primordial follicle formation during meiotic prophase I, which subsequently caused oocyte loss and mouse infertility. Further, the in vivo CK1α deletion and in vitro inhibition of CK1 activity resulted in the defects of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, whereas apoptosis and autophagy were enhanced in the developing ovary. These may contribute to oocyte loss and infertility in cKO mice. It is thus concluded that CK1α is essential for mouse oogenesis and folliculogenesis by involving in regulating the processes of oocyte meiosis and DNA DSB repair during meiotic prophase I of mouse oocytes. However, the related signaling pathway and molecular mechanisms need to be elucidated further.
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10
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Deng DJ, Wang X, Yue KY, Wang Y, Jin QW. Analysis of the potential role of fission yeast PP2A in spindle assembly checkpoint inactivation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22524. [PMID: 36006032 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101884r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a surveillance mechanism, the activated spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) potently inhibits the E3 ubiquitin ligase APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. Although the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has been proposed to be both, directly and indirectly, involved in spindle assembly checkpoint inactivation in mammalian cells, whether it is similarly operating in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomycer pombe has never been demonstrated. Here, we investigated whether fission yeast PP2A is involved in SAC silencing by following the rate of cyclin B (Cdc13) destruction at SPBs during the recovery phase in nda3-KM311 cells released from the inhibition of APC/C by the activated spindle checkpoint. The timing of the SAC inactivation is only slightly delayed when two B56 regulatory subunits (Par1 and Par2) of fission yeast PP2A are absent. Overproduction of individual PP2A subunits either globally in the nda3-KM311 arrest-and-release system or locally in the synthetic spindle checkpoint activation system only slightly suppresses the SAC silencing defects in PP1 deletion (dis2Δ) cells. Our study thus demonstrates that the fission yeast PP2A is not a key regulator actively involved in SAC inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kai-Ye Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yamei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quan-Wen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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11
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Chen J, Gao C, Luo M, Zheng C, Lin X, Ning Y, Ma L, He W, Xie D, Liu K, Hong K, Han C. MicroRNA-202 safeguards meiotic progression by preventing premature SEPARASE-mediated REC8 cleavage. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54298. [PMID: 35712867 PMCID: PMC9346496 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are believed to play important roles in mammalian spermatogenesis but the in vivo functions of single miRNAs in this highly complex developmental process remain unclear. Here, we report that miR-202, a member of the let-7 family, plays an important role in spermatogenesis by phenotypic evaluation of miR-202 knockout (KO) mice. Loss of miR-202 results in spermatocyte apoptosis and perturbation of the zygonema-to-pachynema transition. Multiple processes during meiosis prophase I including synapsis and crossover formation are disrupted, and inter-sister chromatid synapses are detected. Moreover, we demonstrate that Separase mRNA is a miR-202 direct target and provides evidence that miR-202 upregulates REC8 by repressing Separase expression. Therefore, we have identified miR-202 as a new regulating noncoding gene that acts on the established SEPARASE-REC8 axis in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Chenxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengcheng Luo
- Department of Tissue and EmbryologyHubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated DiseaseSchool of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chunwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiwen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yan Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Longfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kui Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility RegulationCenter of Assisted Reproduction and EmbryologyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Kai Hong
- Department of UrologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Aurora B/C-dependent phosphorylation promotes Rec8 cleavage in mammalian oocytes. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2281-2290.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Loss, Gain, and Retention: Mechanisms Driving Late Prophase I Chromosome Remodeling for Accurate Meiotic Chromosome Segregation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030546. [PMID: 35328099 PMCID: PMC8949218 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To generate gametes, sexually reproducing organisms need to achieve a reduction in ploidy, via meiosis. Several mechanisms are set in place to ensure proper reductional chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division (MI), including chromosome remodeling during late prophase I. Chromosome remodeling after crossover formation involves changes in chromosome condensation and restructuring, resulting in a compact bivalent, with sister kinetochores oriented to opposite poles, whose structure is crucial for localized loss of cohesion and accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we review the general processes involved in late prophase I chromosome remodeling, their regulation, and the strategies devised by different organisms to produce bivalents with configurations that promote accurate segregation.
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14
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Sakuno T, Hiraoka Y. Rec8 Cohesin: A Structural Platform for Shaping the Meiotic Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:200. [PMID: 35205245 PMCID: PMC8871791 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is critically different from mitosis in that during meiosis, pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes occur. During meiosis, the morphology of sister chromatids changes drastically, forming a prominent axial structure in the synaptonemal complex. The meiosis-specific cohesin complex plays a central role in the regulation of the processes required for recombination. In particular, the Rec8 subunit of the meiotic cohesin complex, which is conserved in a wide range of eukaryotes, has been analyzed for its function in modulating chromosomal architecture during the pairing and recombination of homologous chromosomes in meiosis. Here, we review the current understanding of Rec8 cohesin as a structural platform for meiotic chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
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15
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Abstract
The specialized two-stage meiotic cell division program halves a cell's chromosome complement in preparation for sexual reproduction. This reduction in ploidy requires that in meiotic prophase, each pair of homologous chromosomes (homologs) identify one another and form physical links through DNA recombination. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the complex morphological changes that chromosomes undergo during meiotic prophase to promote homolog identification and crossing over. We focus on the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family cohesin complexes and the meiotic chromosome axis, which together organize chromosomes and promote recombination. We then discuss the architecture and dynamics of the conserved synaptonemal complex (SC), which assembles between homologs and mediates local and global feedback to ensure high fidelity in meiotic recombination. Finally, we discuss exciting new advances, including mechanisms for boosting recombination on particular chromosomes or chromosomal domains and the implications of a new liquid crystal model for SC assembly and structure. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Ur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; ,
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; , .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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16
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Beverley R, Snook ML, Brieño-Enríquez MA. Meiotic Cohesin and Variants Associated With Human Reproductive Aging and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710033. [PMID: 34409039 PMCID: PMC8365356 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful human reproduction relies on the well-orchestrated development of competent gametes through the process of meiosis. The loading of cohesin, a multi-protein complex, is a key event in the initiation of mammalian meiosis. Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion via cohesin rings is essential for ensuring homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair and future proper chromosome segregation. Cohesin proteins loaded during female fetal life are not replenished over time, and therefore are a potential etiology of age-related aneuploidy in oocytes resulting in decreased fecundity and increased infertility and miscarriage rates with advancing maternal age. Herein, we provide a brief overview of meiotic cohesin and summarize the human genetic studies which have identified genetic variants of cohesin proteins and the associated reproductive phenotypes including primary ovarian insufficiency, trisomy in offspring, and non-obstructive azoospermia. The association of cohesion defects with cancer predisposition and potential impact on aging are also described. Expansion of genetic testing within clinical medicine, with a focus on cohesin protein-related genes, may provide additional insight to previously unknown etiologies of disorders contributing to gamete exhaustion in females, and infertility and reproductive aging in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Beverley
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meredith L Snook
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Miguel Angel Brieño-Enríquez
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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17
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Maier NK, Ma J, Lampson MA, Cheeseman IM. Separase cleaves the kinetochore protein Meikin at the meiosis I/II transition. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2192-2206.e8. [PMID: 34331869 PMCID: PMC8355204 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To generate haploid gametes, germ cells undergo two consecutive meiotic divisions requiring key changes to the cell division machinery. Here, we demonstrate that the protease separase rewires key cell division processes at the meiosis I/II transition by cleaving the meiosis-specific protein Meikin. Separase proteolysis does not inactivate Meikin but instead alters its function to create a distinct activity state. Full-length Meikin and the C-terminal Meikin separase cleavage product both localize to kinetochores, bind to Plk1 kinase, and promote Rec8 cleavage, but our results reveal distinct roles for these proteins in controlling meiosis. Mutations that prevent Meikin cleavage or that conditionally inactivate Meikin at anaphase I result in defective meiosis II chromosome alignment in mouse oocytes. Finally, as oocytes exit meiosis, C-Meikin is eliminated by APC/C-mediated degradation prior to the first mitotic division. Thus, multiple regulatory events irreversibly modulate Meikin activity during successive meiotic divisions to rewire the cell division machinery at two distinct transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan K Maier
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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18
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Ueki Y, Hadders MA, Weisser MB, Nasa I, Sotelo‐Parrilla P, Cressey LE, Gupta T, Hertz EPT, Kruse T, Montoya G, Jeyaprakash AA, Kettenbach A, Lens SMA, Nilsson J. A highly conserved pocket on PP2A-B56 is required for hSgo1 binding and cohesion protection during mitosis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52295. [PMID: 33973335 PMCID: PMC8256288 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The shugoshin proteins are universal protectors of centromeric cohesin during mitosis and meiosis. The binding of human hSgo1 to the PP2A-B56 phosphatase through a coiled-coil (CC) region mediates cohesion protection during mitosis. Here we undertook a structure function analysis of the PP2A-B56-hSgo1 complex, revealing unanticipated aspects of complex formation and function. We establish that a highly conserved pocket on the B56 regulatory subunit is required for hSgo1 binding and cohesion protection during mitosis in human somatic cells. Consistent with this, we show that hSgo1 blocks the binding of PP2A-B56 substrates containing a canonical B56 binding motif. We find that PP2A-B56 bound to hSgo1 dephosphorylates Cdk1 sites on hSgo1 itself to modulate cohesin interactions. Collectively our work provides important insight into cohesion protection during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ueki
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Michael A Hadders
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Melanie B Weisser
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Isha Nasa
- Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | | | - Lauren E Cressey
- Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | - Tanmay Gupta
- Wellcome Center for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Emil P T Hertz
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thomas Kruse
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Arminja Kettenbach
- Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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19
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Ma W, Zhou J, Chen J, Carr AM, Watanabe Y. Meikin synergizes with shugoshin to protect cohesin Rec8 during meiosis I. Genes Dev 2021; 35:692-697. [PMID: 33888556 PMCID: PMC8091969 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348052.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The conserved meiosis-specific kinetochore regulator, meikin (Moa1 in fission yeast) plays a central role in establishing meiosis-specific kinetochore function. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show how Moa1 regulates centromeric cohesion protection, a function that has been previously attributed to shugoshin (Sgo1). Moa1 is known to associate with Plo1 kinase. We explore Plo1-dependent Rec8 phosphorylation and identify a key phosphorylation site required for cohesion protection. The phosphorylation of Rec8 by Moa1-Plo1 potentiates the activity of PP2A associated with Sgo1. This leads to dephosphorylation of Rec8 at another site, which thereby prevents cleavage of Rec8 by separase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Antony M Carr
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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20
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Mengoli V, Jonak K, Lyzak O, Lamb M, Lister LM, Lodge C, Rojas J, Zagoriy I, Herbert M, Zachariae W. Deprotection of centromeric cohesin at meiosis II requires APC/C activity but not kinetochore tension. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106812. [PMID: 33644894 PMCID: PMC8013787 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome haploidization involves sequential loss of cohesin from chromosome arms and centromeres during two meiotic divisions. At centromeres, cohesin's Rec8 subunit is protected from separase cleavage at meiosis I and then deprotected to allow its cleavage at meiosis II. Protection of centromeric cohesin by shugoshin-PP2A seems evolutionarily conserved. However, deprotection has been proposed to rely on spindle forces separating the Rec8 protector from cohesin at metaphase II in mammalian oocytes and on APC/C-dependent destruction of the protector at anaphase II in yeast. Here, we have activated APC/C in the absence of sister kinetochore biorientation at meiosis II in yeast and mouse oocytes, and find that bipolar spindle forces are dispensable for sister centromere separation in both systems. Furthermore, we show that at least in yeast, protection of Rec8 by shugoshin and inhibition of separase by securin are both required for the stability of centromeric cohesin at metaphase II. Our data imply that related mechanisms preserve the integrity of dyad chromosomes during the short metaphase II of yeast and the prolonged metaphase II arrest of mammalian oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mengoli
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera ItalianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Oleksii Lyzak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Mahdi Lamb
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lisa M Lister
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Chris Lodge
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
EMBL HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mary Herbert
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
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21
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Gryaznova Y, Keating L, Touati SA, Cladière D, El Yakoubi W, Buffin E, Wassmann K. Kinetochore individualization in meiosis I is required for centromeric cohesin removal in meiosis II. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106797. [PMID: 33644892 PMCID: PMC8013791 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Partitioning of the genome in meiosis occurs through two highly specialized cell divisions, named meiosis I and meiosis II. Step-wise cohesin removal is required for chromosome segregation in meiosis I, and sister chromatid segregation in meiosis II. In meiosis I, mono-oriented sister kinetochores appear as fused together when examined by high-resolution confocal microscopy, whereas they are clearly separated in meiosis II, when attachments are bipolar. It has been proposed that bipolar tension applied by the spindle is responsible for the physical separation of sister kinetochores, removal of cohesin protection, and chromatid separation in meiosis II. We show here that this is not the case, and initial separation of sister kinetochores occurs already in anaphase I independently of bipolar spindle forces applied on sister kinetochores, in mouse oocytes. This kinetochore individualization depends on separase cleavage activity. Crucially, without kinetochore individualization in meiosis I, bivalents when present in meiosis II oocytes separate into chromosomes and not sister chromatids. This shows that whether centromeric cohesin is removed or not is determined by the kinetochore structure prior to meiosis II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Gryaznova
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Leonor Keating
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Sandra A Touati
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Damien Cladière
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Warif El Yakoubi
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Present address:
Cell and Developmental Biology CenterNational Heart Lung and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Eulalie Buffin
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Institut de Biologie Paris SeineSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology LabSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
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22
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Nagpal H, Fierz B. The Elusive Structure of Centro-Chromatin: Molecular Order or Dynamic Heterogenetity? J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166676. [PMID: 33065112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The centromere is an essential chromatin domain required for kinetochore recruitment and chromosome segregation in eukaryotes. To perform this role, centro-chromatin adopts a unique structure that provides access to kinetochore proteins and maintains stability under tension during mitosis. This is achieved by the presence of nucleosomes containing the H3 variant CENP-A, which also acts as the epigenetic mark defining the centromere. In this review, we discuss the role of CENP-A on the structure and dynamics of centromeric chromatin. We further discuss the impact of the CENP-A binding proteins CENP-C, CENP-N, and CENP-B on modulating centro-chromatin structure. Based on these findings we provide an overview of the higher order structure of the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Nagpal
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Fierz
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Escorcia W, Tripathi VP, Yuan JP, Forsburg SL. A visual atlas of meiotic protein dynamics in living fission yeast. Open Biol 2021; 11:200357. [PMID: 33622106 PMCID: PMC8061692 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a carefully choreographed dynamic process that re-purposes proteins from somatic/vegetative cell division, as well as meiosis-specific factors, to carry out the differentiation and recombination pathway common to sexually reproducing eukaryotes. Studies of individual proteins from a variety of different experimental protocols can make it difficult to compare details between them. Using a consistent protocol in otherwise wild-type fission yeast cells, this report provides an atlas of dynamic protein behaviour of representative proteins at different stages during normal zygotic meiosis in fission yeast. This establishes common landmarks to facilitate comparison of different proteins and shows that initiation of S phase likely occurs prior to nuclear fusion/karyogamy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilber Escorcia
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 45207, USA
| | - Vishnu P Tripathi
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ji-Ping Yuan
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Susan L Forsburg
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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24
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Functioning mechanisms of Shugoshin-1 in centromeric cohesion during mitosis. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:289-297. [PMID: 32451529 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of centromeric cohesion is required for faithful chromosome segregation that prevents chromosomal instability. Extensive studies have identified and established the conserved protein Shugoshin (Sgo1/2) as an essential protector for centromeric cohesion. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how Shugoshin-1 (Sgo1) protects centromeric cohesion at the molecular level. Targeting of Sgo1 to inner centromeres is required for its proper function of cohesion protection. We therefore discuss about the molecular mechanisms that install Sgo1 onto inner centromeres. At metaphase-to-anaphase transition, Sgo1 at inner centromeres needs to be disabled for the subsequent sister-chromatid segregation. A few recent studies suggest interesting models to explain how it is achieved. These models are discussed as well.
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25
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Galander S, Marston AL. Meiosis I Kinase Regulators: Conserved Orchestrators of Reductional Chromosome Segregation. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000018. [PMID: 32761854 PMCID: PMC7116124 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last two decades has identified a group of meiosis-specific proteins, consisting of budding yeast Spo13, fission yeast Moa1, mouse MEIKIN, and Drosophila Mtrm, with essential functions in meiotic chromosome segregation. These proteins, which we call meiosis I kinase regulators (MOKIRs), mediate two major adaptations to the meiotic cell cycle to allow the generation of haploid gametes from diploid mother cells. Firstly, they promote the segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I (reductional division) by ensuring that sister kinetochores face towards the same pole (mono-orientation). Secondly, they safeguard the timely separation of sister chromatids in meiosis II (equational division) by counteracting the premature removal of pericentromeric cohesin, and thus prevent the formation of aneuploid gametes. Although MOKIRs bear no obvious sequence similarity, they appear to play functionally conserved roles in regulating meiotic kinases. Here, the known functions of MOKIRs are reviewed and their possible mechanisms of action are discussed. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/tLE9KL89bwk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Galander
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Adèle L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
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26
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Mikwar M, MacFarlane AJ, Marchetti F. Mechanisms of oocyte aneuploidy associated with advanced maternal age. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 785:108320. [PMID: 32800274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that maternal age is associated with a rapid decline in the production of healthy and high-quality oocytes resulting in reduced fertility in women older than 35 years of age. In particular, chromosome segregation errors during meiotic divisions are increasingly common and lead to the production of oocytes with an incorrect number of chromosomes, a condition known as aneuploidy. When an aneuploid oocyte is fertilized by a sperm it gives rise to an aneuploid embryo that, except in rare situations, will result in a spontaneous abortion. As females advance in age, they are at higher risk of infertility, miscarriage, or having a pregnancy affected by congenital birth defects such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), and Turner syndrome (monosomy X). Here, we review the potential molecular mechanisms associated with increased chromosome segregation errors during meiosis as a function of maternal age. Our review shows that multiple exogenous and endogenous factors contribute to the age-related increase in oocyte aneuploidy. Specifically, the weight of evidence indicates that recombination failure, cohesin deterioration, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) disregulation, abnormalities in post-translational modification of histones and tubulin, and mitochondrial dysfunction are the leading causes of oocyte aneuploidy associated with maternal aging. There is also growing evidence that dietary and other bioactive interventions may mitigate the effect of maternal aging on oocyte quality and oocyte aneuploidy, thereby improving fertility outcomes. Maternal age is a major concern for aneuploidy and genetic disorders in the offspring in the context of an increasing proportion of mothers having children at increasingly older ages. A better understanding of the mechanisms associated with maternal aging leading to aneuploidy and of intervention strategies that may mitigate these detrimental effects and reduce its occurrence are essential for preventing abnormal reproductive outcomes in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myy Mikwar
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J MacFarlane
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Mechanistic Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Yoshihara H, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Ozawa F, Kitaori T, Ozaki Y, Aoki K, Shibata Y, Ugawa S, Nishiyama T, Omae Y, Tokunaga K. Polo-like kinase 4 and Stromal antigen 3 are not associated with recurrent pregnancy loss caused by embryonic aneuploidy. Hum Genome Var 2020; 7:18. [PMID: 32528715 PMCID: PMC7260232 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-020-0106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
No genetic association with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) caused by embryonic aneuploidy has been found. Recent studies have indicated that the common genetic variant rs2305957, surrounding the PLK4 gene, contributes to mitotic-origin aneuploidy risk during human early embryo development. The decrease in meiosis-specific cohesin causes predivision of sister chromatids in the centromere and chromosome segregation errors. STAG3 is a component of cohesin and is a meiosis-specific gene. Our case-control study included 184 patients with RPL whose previous products of conception (POC) exhibited aneuploidy and 190 fertile control women without a history of miscarriage. We performed a genetic association study to examine the genotype distribution at PLK4 (rs2305957) and STAG3 in patients with RPL caused by aneuploidy compared with controls. Regarding STAG3, SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) threshold > 0.05 that were predicted to be binding sites of transcription factors and that showed significant associations in expression quantitative trait locus (e-QTL) analysis were selected. No significant differences in the MAF or distribution in any model of PLK4 (rs2305957) and 5 selected tag SNPs in STAG3 were found between the patients and controls. A further genome-wide association study is needed since a combination of genetic risk alleles might be useful in predicting future age-dependent RPL caused by aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugiura-Ogasawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ozawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tamao Kitaori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ozaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Aoki
- Aoki Ladies Clinic, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shibata
- Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Ugawa
- Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyama
- Public Health, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Omae
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Mastro TL, Tripathi VP, Forsburg SL. Translesion synthesis polymerases contribute to meiotic chromosome segregation and cohesin dynamics in Schizosaccharomycespombe. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238709. [PMID: 32317395 PMCID: PMC7325440 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Translesion synthesis polymerases (TLSPs) are non-essential error-prone enzymes that ensure cell survival by facilitating DNA replication in the presence of DNA damage. In addition to their role in bypassing lesions, TLSPs have been implicated in meiotic double-strand break repair in several systems. Here, we examine the joint contribution of four TLSPs to meiotic progression in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We observed a dramatic loss of spore viability in fission yeast lacking all four TLSPs, which is accompanied by disruptions in chromosome segregation during meiosis I and II. Rec8 cohesin dynamics are altered in the absence of the TLSPs. These data suggest that the TLSPs contribute to multiple aspects of meiotic chromosome dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Mastro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA
| | - Vishnu P Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA
| | - Susan L Forsburg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA
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29
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Keating L, Touati SA, Wassmann K. A PP2A-B56-Centered View on Metaphase-to-Anaphase Transition in Mouse Oocyte Meiosis I. Cells 2020; 9:E390. [PMID: 32046180 PMCID: PMC7072534 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is required to reduce to haploid the diploid genome content of a cell, generating gametes-oocytes and sperm-with the correct number of chromosomes. To achieve this goal, two specialized cell divisions without intermediate S-phase are executed in a time-controlled manner. In mammalian female meiosis, these divisions are error-prone. Human oocytes have an exceptionally high error rate that further increases with age, with significant consequences for human fertility. To understand why errors in chromosome segregation occur at such high rates in oocytes, it is essential to understand the molecular players at work controlling these divisions. In this review, we look at the interplay of kinase and phosphatase activities at the transition from metaphase-to-anaphase for correct segregation of chromosomes. We focus on the activity of PP2A-B56, a key phosphatase for anaphase onset in both mitosis and meiosis. We start by introducing multiple roles PP2A-B56 occupies for progression through mitosis, before laying out whether or not the same principles may apply to the first meiotic division in oocytes, and describing the known meiosis-specific roles of PP2A-B56 and discrepancies with mitotic cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Keating
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandra A. Touati
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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30
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Sherwin D, Wang Y. The Opposing Functions of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Chromosome Bipolar Attachment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246182. [PMID: 31817904 PMCID: PMC6940769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division is essential to maintain genome integrity in all eukaryotic cells, and chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy and therefore represents a hallmark of many cancers. Accurate segregation requires sister kinetochores to attach to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, known as bipolar attachment or biorientation. Recent studies have uncovered several mechanisms critical to chromosome bipolar attachment. First, a mechanism exists to ensure that the conformation of sister centromeres is biased toward bipolar attachment. Second, the phosphorylation of some kinetochore proteins destabilizes kinetochore attachment to facilitate error correction, but a protein phosphatase reverses this phosphorylation. Moreover, the activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint is regulated by kinases and phosphatases at the kinetochore, and this checkpoint prevents anaphase entry in response to faulty kinetochore attachment. The fine-tuned kinase/phosphatase balance at kinetochores is crucial for faithful chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meiosis. Here, we discuss the function and regulation of protein phosphatases in the establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment with a focus on the model organism budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-850-644-0402; Fax: +1-850-644-5781
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31
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Xu P, Ianes C, Gärtner F, Liu C, Burster T, Bakulev V, Rachidi N, Knippschild U, Bischof J. Structure, regulation, and (patho-)physiological functions of the stress-induced protein kinase CK1 delta (CSNK1D). Gene 2019; 715:144005. [PMID: 31376410 PMCID: PMC7939460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of the highly conserved pleiotropic CK1 family of serine/threonine-specific kinases are tightly regulated in the cell and play crucial regulatory roles in multiple cellular processes from protozoa to human. Since their dysregulation as well as mutations within their coding regions contribute to the development of various different pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, they have become interesting new drug targets within the last decade. However, to develop optimized CK1 isoform-specific therapeutics in personalized therapy concepts, a detailed knowledge of the regulation and functions of the different CK1 isoforms, their various splice variants and orthologs is mandatory. In this review we will focus on the stress-induced CK1 isoform delta (CK1δ), thereby addressing its regulation, physiological functions, the consequences of its deregulation for the development and progression of diseases, and its potential as therapeutic drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Chiara Ianes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Fabian Gärtner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Congxing Liu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Nur-Sultan 020000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Eltsin, Technology for Organic Synthesis Laboratory, 19 Mirastr., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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32
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Abstract
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes of a diploid cell are replicated and, without a second replication, are segregated during two nuclear divisions to produce four haploid cells (including discarded polar bodies in females of many species). Proper segregation of chromosomes at the first division requires in most species that homologous chromosomes be physically connected. Tension generated by connected chromosomes moving to opposite sides of the cell signals proper segregation. In the absence of the required connections, called crossovers, chromosomes often segregate randomly and produce aneuploid gametes and, thus, dead or disabled progeny. To be effective, crossovers must be properly distributed along chromosomes. Crossovers within or too near the centromere interfere with proper segregation; crossovers too near each other can ablate the required tension; and crossovers too concentrated in only one or a few regions would not re-assort most genetic characters important for evolution. Here, we discuss current knowledge of how the optimal distribution of crossovers is achieved in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, with reference to other well-studied species for comparison and illustration of the diversity of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Nambiar
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
| | - Yu-Chien Chuang
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
| | - Gerald R Smith
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States.
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Challa K, Shinohara M, Shinohara A. Meiotic prophase-like pathway for cleavage-independent removal of cohesin for chromosome morphogenesis. Curr Genet 2019; 65:817-827. [PMID: 30923890 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for chromosome segregation both in mitosis and meiosis. Cohesion between two chromatids is mediated by a protein complex called cohesin. The loading and unloading of the cohesin are tightly regulated during the cell cycle. In vertebrate cells, cohesin is released from chromosomes by two distinct pathways. The best characterized pathway occurs at the onset of anaphase, when the kleisin component of the cohesin is destroyed by a protease, separase. The cleavage of the cohesin by separase releases entrapped sister chromatids allowing anaphase to commence. In addition, prior to the metaphase-anaphase transition, most of cohesin is removed from chromosomes in a cleavage-independent manner. This cohesin release is referred to as the prophase pathway. In meiotic cells, sister chromatid cohesion is essential for the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. Thus, it was assumed that the prophase pathway for cohesin removal from chromosome arms would be suppressed during meiosis to avoid errors in chromosome segregation. However, recent studies revealed the presence of a meiosis-specific prophase-like pathway for cleavage-independent removal of cohesin during late prophase I in different organisms. In budding yeast, the cleavage-independent removal of cohesin is mediated through meiosis-specific phosphorylation of cohesin subunits, Rec8, the meiosis-specific kleisin, and the yeast Wapl ortholog, Rad61/Wpl1. This pathway plays a role in chromosome morphogenesis during late prophase I, promoting chromosome compaction. In this review, we give an overview of the prophase pathway for cohesin dynamics during meiosis, which has a complex regulation leading to differentially localized populations of cohesin along meiotic chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Challa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miki Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Ravi M, Ramanathan S, Krishna K. Factors, mechanisms and implications of chromatin condensation and chromosomal structural maintenance through the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:758-775. [PMID: 31264212 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of well-orchestrated events help in the chromatin condensation and the formation of chromosomes. Apart from the formation of chromosomes, maintenance of their structure is important, especially for the cell division. The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins, the non-SMC proteins and the SMC complexes are critical for the maintenance of chromosome structure. While condensins have roles for the DNA compaction, organization, and segregation, the cohesin functions in a cyclic manner through the cell cycle, as a "cohesin cycle." Specific mechanisms maintain the architecture of the centromere, the kinetochore and the telomeres which are in tandem with the cell cycle checkpoints. The presence of chromosomal territories and compactness differences through the length of the chromosomes might have implications on selective susceptibility of specific chromosomes for induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Srishti Ramanathan
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Krupa Krishna
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
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35
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Wang LI, Das A, McKim KS. Sister centromere fusion during meiosis I depends on maintaining cohesins and destabilizing microtubule attachments. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008072. [PMID: 31150390 PMCID: PMC6581285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister centromere fusion is a process unique to meiosis that promotes co-orientation of the sister kinetochores, ensuring they attach to microtubules from the same pole during metaphase I. We have found that the kinetochore protein SPC105R/KNL1 and Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1-87B) regulate sister centromere fusion in Drosophila oocytes. The analysis of these two proteins, however, has shown that two independent mechanisms maintain sister centromere fusion. Maintenance of sister centromere fusion by SPC105R depends on Separase, suggesting cohesin proteins must be maintained at the core centromeres. In contrast, maintenance of sister centromere fusion by PP1-87B does not depend on either Separase or WAPL. Instead, PP1-87B maintains sister centromeres fusion by regulating microtubule dynamics. We demonstrate that this regulation is through antagonizing Polo kinase and BubR1, two proteins known to promote stability of kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments, suggesting that PP1-87B maintains sister centromere fusion by inhibiting stable KT-MT attachments. Surprisingly, C(3)G, the transverse element of the synaptonemal complex (SC), is also required for centromere separation in Pp1-87B RNAi oocytes. This is evidence for a functional role of centromeric SC in the meiotic divisions, that might involve regulating microtubule dynamics. Together, we propose two mechanisms maintain co-orientation in Drosophila oocytes: one involves SPC105R to protect cohesins at sister centromeres and another involves PP1-87B to regulate spindle forces at end-on attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ing Wang
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Arunika Das
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kim S. McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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36
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Shugoshin protects centromere pairing and promotes segregation of nonexchange partner chromosomes in meiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9417-9422. [PMID: 31019073 PMCID: PMC6511000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902526116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation during meiosis I depends upon the formation of connections between homologous chromosomes. Crossovers between homologs connect the partners, allowing them to attach to the meiotic spindle as a unit, such that they migrate away from one another at anaphase I. Homologous partners also become connected by pairing of their centromeres in meiotic prophase. This centromere pairing can promote proper segregation at anaphase I of partners that have failed to become joined by a crossover. Centromere pairing is mediated by synaptonemal complex (SC) proteins that persist at the centromere when the SC disassembles. Here, using mouse spermatocyte and yeast model systems, we tested the role of shugoshin in promoting meiotic centromere pairing by protecting centromeric synaptonemal components from disassembly. The results show that shugoshin protects the centromeric SC in meiotic prophase and, in anaphase, promotes the proper segregation of partner chromosomes that are not linked by a crossover.
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37
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CDK contribution to DSB formation and recombination in fission yeast meiosis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007876. [PMID: 30640914 PMCID: PMC6331086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) associate with different cyclins to form different CDK-complexes that are fundamental for an ordered cell cycle progression, and the coordination of this progression with different aspects of the cellular physiology. During meiosis programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) initiate recombination that in addition to generating genetic variability are essential for the reductional chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division, and therefore for genome stability and viability of the gametes. However, how meiotic progression and DSB formation are coordinated, and the role CDKs have in the process, is not well understood. We have used single and double cyclin deletion mutants, and chemical inhibition of global CDK activity using the cdc2-asM17 allele, to address the requirement of CDK activity for DSB formation and recombination in fission yeast. We report that several cyclins (Cig1, Cig2, and the meiosis-specific Crs1) control DSB formation and recombination, with a major contribution of Crs1. Moreover, complementation analysis indicates specificity at least for this cyclin, suggesting that different CDK complexes might act in different pathways to promote recombination. Down-regulation of CDK activity impinges on the formation of linear elements (LinEs, protein complexes required for break formation at most DSB hotspot sites). This defect correlates with a reduction in the capability of one structural component (Rec25) to bind chromatin, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which CDK controls break formation. However, reduction in DSB formation in cyclin deletion mutants does not always correspondingly correlate with a proportional reduction in meiotic recombination (crossovers), suggesting that specific CDK complexes might also control downstream events balancing repair pathways. Therefore, our work points to CDK regulation of DSB formation as a key conserved feature in the initiation of meiotic recombination, in addition to provide a view of possible roles CDK might have in other steps of the recombination process. Meiotic division is a cell division process where a single round of DNA replication is followed by two sequential chromosome segregations, the first reductional (homologous chromosomes separate) and the second equational (sister chromatids segregate). As a consequence diploid organisms halve ploidy, producing haploid gametes that after fertilization generate a new diploid organism with a complete chromosome complement. At early stages of meiosis physical exchange between homologous chromosomes ensures the accurate following reductional segregation. Physical exchange is provided by recombination that initiates with highly-controlled self-inflicted DNA damage (DSBs, double strand breaks). We have found that the conserved CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) activity controls DSB formation in fission yeast. Available data were uncertain about the conservation of CDK in the process, and thus our work points to a broad evolutionary conservation of this regulation. Regulation is exerted at least by controlling chromatin-binding of one structural component of linear elements, a protein complex related to the synaptonemal complex and required for high levels of DSBs. Correspondingly, depletion of CDK activity impairs formation of these structures. In addition, CDK might control homeostatic mechanisms, critical to maintain efficient levels of recombination across the genome and, therefore, high rates of genetic exchange between parental chromosomes.
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38
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Ishiguro K. The cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis. Genes Cells 2019; 24:6-30. [PMID: 30479058 PMCID: PMC7379579 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is an evolutionary conserved multi-protein complex that plays a pivotal role in chromosome dynamics. It plays a role both in sister chromatid cohesion and in establishing higher order chromosome architecture, in somatic and germ cells. Notably, the cohesin complex in meiosis differs from that in mitosis. In mammalian meiosis, distinct types of cohesin complexes are produced by altering the combination of meiosis-specific subunits. The meiosis-specific subunits endow the cohesin complex with specific functions for numerous meiosis-associated chromosomal events, such as chromosome axis formation, homologue association, meiotic recombination and centromeric cohesion for sister kinetochore geometry. This review mainly focuses on the cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis, pointing out the differences in its roles from those in mitosis. Further, common and divergent aspects of the meiosis-specific cohesin complex between mammals and other organisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei‐ichiro Ishiguro
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and GeneticsKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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39
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Nambiar M, Smith GR. Pericentromere-Specific Cohesin Complex Prevents Meiotic Pericentric DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Lethal Crossovers. Mol Cell 2018; 71:540-553.e4. [PMID: 30078721 PMCID: PMC6097939 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, meiotic crossovers are essential for error-free chromosome segregation but are specifically repressed near centromeres to prevent missegregation. Recognized for >85 years, the molecular mechanism of this repression has remained unknown. Meiotic chromosomes contain two distinct cohesin complexes: pericentric complex (for segregation) and chromosomal arm complex (for crossing over). We show that the pericentric-specific complex also actively represses pericentric meiotic double-strand break (DSB) formation and, consequently, crossovers. We uncover the mechanism by which fission yeast heterochromatin protein Swi6 (mammalian HP1-homolog) prevents recruitment of activators of meiotic DSB formation. Localizing missing activators to wild-type pericentromeres bypasses repression and generates abundant crossovers but reduces gamete viability. The molecular mechanism elucidated here likely extends to other species, including humans, where pericentric crossovers can result in disorders, such as Down syndrome. These mechanistic insights provide new clues to understand the roles played by multiple cohesin complexes, especially in human infertility and birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Nambiar
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gerald R Smith
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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40
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Ferrandiz N, Barroso C, Telecan O, Shao N, Kim HM, Testori S, Faull P, Cutillas P, Snijders AP, Colaiácovo MP, Martinez-Perez E. Spatiotemporal regulation of Aurora B recruitment ensures release of cohesion during C. elegans oocyte meiosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:834. [PMID: 29483514 PMCID: PMC5827026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of haploid gametes from diploid germ cells requires the regulated two-step release of sister chromatid cohesion (SCC) during the meiotic divisions. Here, we show that phosphorylation of cohesin subunit REC-8 by Aurora B promotes SCC release at anaphase I onset in C. elegans oocytes. Aurora B loading to chromatin displaying Haspin-mediated H3 T3 phosphorylation induces spatially restricted REC-8 phosphorylation, preventing full SCC release during anaphase I. H3 T3 phosphorylation is locally antagonized by protein phosphatase 1, which is recruited to chromosomes by HTP-1/2 and LAB-1. Mutating the N terminus of HTP-1 causes ectopic H3 T3 phosphorylation, triggering precocious SCC release without impairing earlier HTP-1 roles in homolog pairing and recombination. CDK-1 exerts temporal regulation of Aurora B recruitment, coupling REC-8 phosphorylation to oocyte maturation. Our findings elucidate a complex regulatory network that uses chromosome axis components, H3 T3 phosphorylation, and cell cycle regulators to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Ferrandiz
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Consuelo Barroso
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Oana Telecan
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nan Shao
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hyun-Min Kim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- SPST, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sarah Testori
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peter Faull
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Barts Cancer Institute, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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41
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Marston AL, Wassmann K. Multiple Duties for Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Kinases in Meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:109. [PMID: 29322045 PMCID: PMC5733479 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in mitosis and meiosis is governed by evolutionary highly conserved protein kinases and phosphatases, controlling the timely execution of key events such as nuclear envelope breakdown, spindle assembly, chromosome attachment to the spindle and chromosome segregation, and cell cycle exit. In mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) controls the proper attachment to and alignment of chromosomes on the spindle. The SAC detects errors and induces a cell cycle arrest in metaphase, preventing chromatid separation. Once all chromosomes are properly attached, the SAC-dependent arrest is relieved and chromatids separate evenly into daughter cells. The signaling cascade leading to checkpoint arrest depends on several protein kinases that are conserved from yeast to man. In meiosis, haploid cells containing new genetic combinations are generated from a diploid cell through two specialized cell divisions. Though apparently less robust, SAC control also exists in meiosis. Recently, it has emerged that SAC kinases have additional roles in executing accurate chromosome segregation during the meiotic divisions. Here, we summarize the main differences between mitotic and meiotic cell divisions, and explain why meiotic divisions pose special challenges for correct chromosome segregation. The less-known meiotic roles of the SAC kinases are described, with a focus on two model systems: yeast and mouse oocytes. The meiotic roles of the canonical checkpoint kinases Bub1, Mps1, the pseudokinase BubR1 (Mad3), and Aurora B and C (Ipl1) will be discussed. Insights into the molecular signaling pathways that bring about the special chromosome segregation pattern during meiosis will help us understand why human oocytes are so frequently aneuploid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Marston
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR7622, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, France
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Greaney J, Wei Z, Homer H. Regulation of chromosome segregation in oocytes and the cellular basis for female meiotic errors. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 24:135-161. [PMID: 29244163 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meiotic chromosome segregation in human oocytes is notoriously error-prone, especially with ageing. Such errors markedly reduce the reproductive chances of increasing numbers of women embarking on pregnancy later in life. However, understanding the basis for these errors is hampered by limited access to human oocytes. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Important new discoveries have arisen from molecular analyses of human female recombination and aneuploidy along with high-resolution analyses of human oocyte maturation and mouse models. Here, we review these findings to provide a contemporary picture of the key players choreographing chromosome segregation in mammalian oocytes and the cellular basis for errors. SEARCH METHODS A search of PubMed was conducted using keywords including meiosis, oocytes, recombination, cohesion, cohesin complex, chromosome segregation, kinetochores, spindle, aneuploidy, meiotic cell cycle, spindle assembly checkpoint, anaphase-promoting complex, DNA damage, telomeres, mitochondria, female ageing and female fertility. We extracted papers focusing on mouse and human oocytes that best aligned with the themes of this review and that reported transformative and novel discoveries. OUTCOMES Meiosis incorporates two sequential rounds of chromosome segregation executed by a spindle whose component microtubules bind chromosomes via kinetochores. Cohesion mediated by the cohesin complex holds chromosomes together and should be resolved at the appropriate time, in a specific step-wise manner and in conjunction with meiotically programmed kinetochore behaviour. In women, the stage is set for meiotic error even before birth when female-specific crossover maturation inefficiency leads to the formation of at-risk recombination patterns. In adult life, multiple co-conspiring factors interact with at-risk crossovers to increase the likelihood of mis-segregation. Available evidence support that these factors include, but are not limited to, cohesion deterioration, uncoordinated sister kinetochore behaviour, erroneous microtubule attachments, spindle instability and structural chromosomal defects that impact centromeres and telomeres. Data from mice indicate that cohesin and centromere-specific histones are long-lived proteins in oocytes. Since these proteins are pivotal for chromosome segregation, but lack any obvious renewal pathway, their deterioration with age provides an appealing explanation for at least some of the problems in older oocytes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Research in the mouse model has identified a number of candidate genes and pathways that are important for chromosome segregation in this species. However, many of these have not yet been investigated in human oocytes so it is uncertain at this stage to what extent they apply to women. The challenge for the future involves applying emerging knowledge of female meiotic molecular regulation towards improving clinical fertility management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Greaney
- Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Zhe Wei
- Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Hayden Homer
- Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
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Miyazaki S, Kim J, Sakuno T, Watanabe Y. Hierarchical Regulation of Centromeric Cohesion Protection by Meikin and Shugoshin during Meiosis I. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 82:259-266. [PMID: 29196561 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.033811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the key apparatus regulating chromosome segregation. Particularly in meiosis, unlike in mitosis, sister kinetochores are captured by microtubules emanating from the same spindle pole (mono-orientation), and sister chromatid cohesion mediated by cohesin is protected at centromeres in the following anaphase. Shugoshin, which localizes to centromeres depending on the phosphorylation of histone H2A by Bub1 kinase, plays a central role in protecting meiotic cohesin Rec8 from separase cleavage. Another key meiotic kinetochore factor, Moa1 (meikin), which was initially characterized as a mono-orientation factor in fission yeast, also regulates cohesion protection. Moa1, which associates stably with CENP-C during meiosis I, recruits Plo1 (polo-like kinase) to the kinetochores and phosphorylates Spc7 (KNL1), inducing the persistent accumulation of Bub1 at kinetochores. The meiotic Bub1 pool ensures robust Sgo1 (shugoshin) localization and cohesion protection at centromeres by cooperating with heterochromatin protein Swi6, which binds and stabilizes Sgo1. Further, molecular genetic analyses reveal a hierarchical regulation of centromeric cohesion protection by meikin and shugoshin during meiosis I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seira Miyazaki
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Jihye Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Takeshi Sakuno
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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Liu Y, Su H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Dong Q, Birchler JA, Han F. Cohesion and centromere activity are required for phosphorylation of histone H3 in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:1121-1131. [PMID: 29032586 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Haspin-mediated phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 3 (H3T3ph) promotes proper deposition of Aurora B at the inner centromere to ensure faithful chromosome segregation in metazoans. However, the function of H3T3ph remains relatively unexplored in plants. Here, we show that in maize (Zea mays L.) mitotic cells, H3T3ph is concentrated at pericentromeric and centromeric regions. Additional weak H3T3ph signals occur between cohered sister chromatids at prometaphase. Immunostaining on dicentric chromosomes reveals that an inactive centromere cannot maintain H3T3ph at metaphase, indicating that a functional centromere is required for H3T3 phosphorylation. H3T3ph locates at a newly formed centromeric region that lacks detectable CentC sequences and strongly reduced CRM and ZmBs repeat sequences at metaphase II. These results suggest that centromeric localization of H3T3ph is not dependent on centromeric sequences. In maize meiocytes, H3T3 phosphorylation occurs at the late diakinesis and extends to the entire chromosome at metaphase I, but is exclusively limited to the centromere at metaphase II. The H3T3ph signals are absent in the afd1 (absence of first division) and sgo1 (shugoshin) mutants during meiosis II when the sister chromatids exhibit random distribution. Further, we show that H3T3ph is mainly located at the pericentromere during meiotic prophase II but is restricted to the inner centromere at metaphase II. We propose that this relocation of H3T3ph depends on tension at the centromere and is required to promote bi-orientation of sister chromatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Handong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yalin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qianhua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - James A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211-7400, USA
| | - Fangpu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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El Yakoubi W, Buffin E, Cladière D, Gryaznova Y, Berenguer I, Touati SA, Gómez R, Suja JA, van Deursen JM, Wassmann K. Mps1 kinase-dependent Sgo2 centromere localisation mediates cohesin protection in mouse oocyte meiosis I. Nat Commun 2017; 8:694. [PMID: 28947820 PMCID: PMC5612927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A key feature of meiosis is the step-wise removal of cohesin, the protein complex holding sister chromatids together, first from arms in meiosis I and then from the centromere region in meiosis II. Centromeric cohesin is protected by Sgo2 from Separase-mediated cleavage, in order to maintain sister chromatids together until their separation in meiosis II. Failures in step-wise cohesin removal result in aneuploid gametes, preventing the generation of healthy embryos. Here, we report that kinase activities of Bub1 and Mps1 are required for Sgo2 localisation to the centromere region. Mps1 inhibitor-treated oocytes are defective in centromeric cohesin protection, whereas oocytes devoid of Bub1 kinase activity, which cannot phosphorylate H2A at T121, are not perturbed in cohesin protection as long as Mps1 is functional. Mps1 and Bub1 kinase activities localise Sgo2 in meiosis I preferentially to the centromere and pericentromere respectively, indicating that Sgo2 at the centromere is required for protection.In meiosis I centromeric cohesin is protected by Sgo2 from Separase-mediated cleavage ensuring that sister chromatids are kept together until their separation in meiosis II. Here the authors demonstrate that Bub1 and Mps1 kinase activities are required for Sgo2 localisation to the centromere region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warif El Yakoubi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris, 75005, France
- CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Eulalie Buffin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris, 75005, France
- CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Damien Cladière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris, 75005, France
- CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Yulia Gryaznova
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris, 75005, France
- CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Inés Berenguer
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris, 75005, France
- CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, 75005, France
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra A Touati
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris, 75005, France
- CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, 75005, France
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Rocío Gómez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Suja
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Paris, 75005, France.
- CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, 75005, France.
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Chan KY, Alonso-Nuñez M, Grallert A, Tanaka K, Connolly Y, Smith DL, Hagan IM. Dialogue between centrosomal entrance and exit scaffold pathways regulates mitotic commitment. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2795-2812. [PMID: 28774892 PMCID: PMC5584178 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast scaffold molecule Sid4 anchors the septum initiation network to the spindle pole body (SPB, centrosome equivalent) to control mitotic exit events. A second SPB-associated scaffold, Cut12, promotes SPB-associated Cdk1-cyclin B to drive mitotic commitment. Signals emanating from each scaffold have been assumed to operate independently to promote two distinct outcomes. We now find that signals from Sid4 contribute to the Cut12 mitotic commitment switch. Specifically, phosphorylation of Sid4 by NIMAFin1 reduces Sid4 affinity for its SPB anchor, Ppc89, while also enhancing Sid4's affinity for casein kinase 1δ (CK1δ). The resulting phosphorylation of Sid4 by the newly docked CK1δ recruits Chk2Cds1 to Sid4. Chk2Cds1 then expels the Cdk1-cyclin B antagonistic phosphatase Flp1/Clp1 from the SPB. Flp1/Clp1 departure can then support mitotic commitment when Cdk1-cyclin B activation at the SPB is compromised by reduction of Cut12 function. Such integration of signals emanating from neighboring scaffolds shows how centrosomes/SPBs can integrate inputs from multiple pathways to control cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Yoow Chan
- Cell Division Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Marisa Alonso-Nuñez
- Cell Division Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Agnes Grallert
- Cell Division Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Kayoko Tanaka
- Cell Division Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Yvonne Connolly
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Duncan L Smith
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Iain M Hagan
- Cell Division Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
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Yamashita A, Sakuno T, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto M. Analysis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Meiosis. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.top079855. [PMID: 28733417 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top079855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell cycle that generates haploid gametes from diploid cells. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is one of the best model organisms for studying the regulatory mechanisms of meiosis. S. pombe cells, which normally grow in the haploid state, diploidize by conjugation and initiate meiosis when starved for nutrients, especially nitrogen. Following two rounds of chromosome segregation, spore formation takes place. The switch from mitosis to meiosis is controlled by a kinase, Pat1, and an RNA-binding protein, Mei2. Mei2 is also a key factor for meiosis-specific gene expression. Studies on S. pombe have offered insights into cell cycle regulation and chromosome segregation during meiosis. Here we outline the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the initiation and progression of meiosis, and introduce methods for the study of meiosis in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamashita
- Laboratory of Cell Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan;
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakuno
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cell Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan;
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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48
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Escorcia W, Forsburg SL. Destabilization of the replication fork protection complex disrupts meiotic chromosome segregation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2978-2997. [PMID: 28855376 PMCID: PMC5662257 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication fork protection complex (FPC) coordinates multiple processes that are crucial for unimpeded passage of the replisome through various barriers and difficult to replicate areas of the genome. We examine the function of Swi1 and Swi3, fission yeast's primary FPC components, to elucidate how replication fork stability contributes to DNA integrity in meiosis. We report that destabilization of the FPC results in reduced spore viability, delayed replication, changes in recombination, and chromosome missegregation in meiosis I and meiosis II. These phenotypes are linked to accumulation and persistence of DNA damage markers in meiosis and to problems with cohesion stability at the centromere. These findings reveal an important connection between meiotic replication fork stability and chromosome segregation, two processes with major implications to human reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilber Escorcia
- Program in Molecular & Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910
| | - Susan L Forsburg
- Program in Molecular & Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910
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49
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Miyazaki S, Kim J, Yamagishi Y, Ishiguro T, Okada Y, Tanno Y, Sakuno T, Watanabe Y. Meikin-associated polo-like kinase specifies Bub1 distribution in meiosis I. Genes Cells 2017; 22:552-567. [PMID: 28497540 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In meiosis I, sister chromatids are captured by microtubules emanating from the same pole (mono-orientation), and centromeric cohesion is protected throughout anaphase. Shugoshin, which is localized to centromeres depending on the phosphorylation of histone H2A by Bub1 kinase, plays a central role in protecting meiotic cohesin Rec8 from separase cleavage. Another key meiotic kinetochore factor, meikin, may regulate cohesion protection, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that fission yeast Moa1 (meikin), which associates stably with CENP-C during meiosis I, recruits Plo1 (polo-like kinase) to the kinetochores and phosphorylates Spc7 (KNL1) to accumulate Bub1. Consequently, in contrast to the transient kinetochore localization of mitotic Bub1, meiotic Bub1 persists at kinetochores until anaphase I. The meiotic Bub1 pool ensures robust Sgo1 (shugoshin) localization and cohesion protection at centromeres by cooperating with heterochromatin protein Swi6, which binds and stabilizes Sgo1. Furthermore, molecular genetic analyses show a hierarchical regulation of centromeric cohesion protection by meikin and shugoshin that is important for establishing meiosis-specific chromosome segregation. We provide evidence that the meiosis-specific Bub1 regulation is conserved in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seira Miyazaki
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Jihye Kim
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 410-769, Korea
| | - Yuya Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Repair, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tadashi Ishiguro
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- Laboratory of Pathology and Development, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanno
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakuno
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
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Jonak K, Zagoriy I, Oz T, Graf P, Rojas J, Mengoli V, Zachariae W. APC/C-Cdc20 mediates deprotection of centromeric cohesin at meiosis II in yeast. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1145-1152. [PMID: 28514186 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1320628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells undergoing meiosis produce haploid gametes through one round of DNA replication followed by 2 rounds of chromosome segregation. This requires that cohesin complexes, which establish sister chromatid cohesion during S phase, are removed in a stepwise manner. At meiosis I, the separase protease triggers the segregation of homologous chromosomes by cleaving cohesin's Rec8 subunit on chromosome arms. Cohesin persists at centromeres because the PP2A phosphatase, recruited by the shugoshin protein, dephosphorylates Rec8 and thereby protects it from cleavage. While chromatids disjoin upon cleavage of centromeric Rec8 at meiosis II, it was unclear how and when centromeric Rec8 is liberated from its protector PP2A. One proposal is that bipolar spindle forces separate PP2A from Rec8 as cells enter metaphase II. We show here that sister centromere biorientation is not sufficient to "deprotect" Rec8 at meiosis II in yeast. Instead, our data suggest that the ubiquitin-ligase APC/CCdc20 removes PP2A from centromeres by targeting for degradation the shugoshin Sgo1 and the kinase Mps1. This implies that Rec8 remains protected until entry into anaphase II when it is phosphorylated concurrently with the activation of separase. Here, we provide further support for this model and speculate on its relevance to mammalian oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jonak
- a Laboratory of Chromosome Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- a Laboratory of Chromosome Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
| | - Tugce Oz
- a Laboratory of Chromosome Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
| | - Peter Graf
- a Laboratory of Chromosome Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
| | - Julie Rojas
- a Laboratory of Chromosome Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
| | - Valentina Mengoli
- a Laboratory of Chromosome Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- a Laboratory of Chromosome Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
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