1
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Yang LL, Zhang XK, Cao Y, Shi LY, Xie SY, Yang YJ, Wu SJ, Sun HZ, Tang XJ, Yuan DL, Zhang D, Xu XF, Li Q, Ying XY. PARP1 acetylation at K119 is essential in regulating the progression and proliferation of cervical cancer cells. Med Oncol 2024; 41:273. [PMID: 39400626 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer, CC, is one of the malignant cancers in women worldwide. Many studies about the genesis and progression of CC have been done at genomic, transcriptional, translational, and epigenetic levels. However, much less is done at post-translational modification (PTM) level. We first used pan-PTM antibodies to compare the pan PTM levels between clinical normal cervical tissues and CC tissues; we then sent the selected samples for label-free identification of acetylation sites. Next, we employed WT or K119A mutant PARP1-EGFP-STREPII plasmid transfection in Hela cells and examined various indexes including colony formation, wound healing, ROS generation, early apoptosis, and immunofluorescence and quantification of proliferation markers (Ki67, PCNA, and p-P53). Last, we examined the levels of multiple important kinases regulating cervical cancer progression. We found that pan-acetylation was the most downregulated in clinical CC samples, whereas the acetylation of PARP1, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, was upregulated at K119. Next, we showed that PARP1-WT overexpression significantly suppressed the proliferation and progression in CC cell line Hela, while K119A overexpression didn't show any impact. Finally, PARP1-WT overexpression significantly decreased p-ERK1/2 while didn't affect the phosphorylation levels of other important kinases such as AKT, MTOR, and RPS6. This study discovered a new type of PTM of PARP1 in CC, and showed that PARP1 acetylation at K119 is essential in regulating the proliferation and progression of CC through ERK1/2. Further studies are required to investigate how PARP1 acetylation impact its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjia Garden, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xue-Ke Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Cao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjia Garden, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Li-Ya Shi
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital Ji'an Hospital, Ji'an, 343006, China
| | - Shi-Ya Xie
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Ave., Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yan-Jie Yang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Ave., Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shao-Jun Wu
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Hong-Zhan Sun
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xue-Jun Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjia Garden, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Dong-Lan Yuan
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, 225300, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Ave., Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Xu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, 123 Tianfei Lane, Mochou Road, Nanjing, 210018, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Ying
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjia Garden, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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2
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Xie S, Yang Y, Jin Z, Liu X, Zhang S, Su N, Liu J, Li C, Zhang D, Gao L, Yang Z. Mouse KL2 is a unique MTSE involved in chromosome-based spindle organization and regulated by multiple kinases during female meiosis. J Biomed Res 2024; 38:1-15. [PMID: 38808565 PMCID: PMC11461529 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20230290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-severing enzymes (MTSEs) play important roles in mitosis and meiosis of the primitive organisms. However, no studies have assessed their roles in mammalian meiosis of females, whose abnormality accounts for over 80% of the cases of gamete-originated human reproductive disease. In the current study, we reported that katanin-like 2 (KL2) was the only MTSE concentrating at chromosomes. Furthermore, the knockdown of KL2 significantly reduced chromosome-based increase in the microtubule (MT) polymer, increased aberrant kinetochore-MT (K-MT) attachment, delayed meiosis, and severely affected normal fertility. Importantly, we demonstrated that the inhibition of aurora B, a key kinase for correcting aberrant K-MT attachment, eliminated KL2 from chromosomes completely. KL2 also interacted with phosphorylated eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase; they competed for chromosome binding. We also observed that the phosphorylated KL2 was localized at spindle poles, and that KL2 phosphorylation was regulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. In summary, our study reveals a novel function of MTSEs in mammalian female meiosis and demonstrates that multiple kinases coordinate to regulate the levels of KL2 at chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiya Xie
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- Laboratory Department of Shihezi People's Hospital, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832099, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ning Su
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Congrong Li
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Leilei Gao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Zhixia Yang
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
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3
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Jin Z, Zhang ZC, Xiao CY, Li MQ, Li QR, Gao LL. CRMP5 participates in oocyte meiosis by regulating spastin to correct microtubule-kinetochore misconnection. ZYGOTE 2024; 32:21-27. [PMID: 38047349 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199423000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have suggested that spastin, which aggregates on spindle microtubules in oocytes, may promote the assembly of mouse oocyte spindles by cutting microtubules. This action may be related to CRMP5, as knocking down CRMP5 results in reduced spindle microtubule density and maturation defects in oocytes. In this study, we found that, after knocking down CRMP5 in oocytes, spastin distribution shifted from the spindle to the spindle poles and errors in microtubule-kinetochore attachment appeared in oocyte spindles. However, CRMP5 did not interact with the other two microtubule-severing proteins, katanin-like-1 (KATNAL1) and fidgetin-like-1 (FIGNL1), which aggregate at the spindle poles. We speculate that, in oocytes, due to the reduction of spastin distribution on chromosomes after knocking down CRMP5, microtubule-kinetochore errors cannot be corrected through severing, resulting in meiotic division abnormalities and maturation defects in oocytes. This finding provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of spastin in oocytes and important opportunities for the study of meiotic division mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Cai Zhang
- Department of Dispatching Management, Zibo Medical Emergency Command Center, Zibo, Shandong, 255030, China
| | - Chen-Yu Xiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Mei-Qi Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Qian-Ru Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Lei-Lei Gao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
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4
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Medeiros CBA, de Lima IL, Cahú TB, Muniz BR, Ribeiro MHML, de Carvalho ÉH, Eberlin MN, Miranda MJB, de Souza Bezerra R, da Silva RA, de Lima Filho JL. Performance of collagen-based matrices from Nile tilapia skin: A pilot proteomic study in a murine model of wound healing. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4988. [PMID: 38108530 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Full-thickness cutaneous trauma, due to the lack of dermis, leads to difficulty in epithelialization by keratinocytes, developing a fibrotic scar, with less elasticity than the original skin, which may have disorders in predisposed individuals, resulting in hypertrophic scar and keloids. Biomedical materials have excellent characteristics, such as good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, which can temporarily replace traditional materials used as primary dressings. In this work, we developed two dermal matrices based on Nile tilapia collagen, with (M_GAG) and without (M) glycosaminoglycans, using a sugarcane polymer membrane as a matrix support. To assess the molecular mechanisms driving wound healing, we performed qualitative proteomic analysis on the wound bed in an in vivo study involving immunocompetent murine models at 14 and 21 days post-full-thickness skin injury. Gene Ontology and Pathway analysis revealed that both skins were markedly represented by modulation of the immune system, emphasizing controlling the acute inflammation response at 14 and 21 days post-injury. Furthermore, both groups showed significant enrichment of pathways related to RNA and protein metabolism, suggesting an increase in protein synthesis required for tissue repair and proper wound closure. Other pathways, such as keratinization and vitamin D3 metabolism, were also enriched in the groups treated with M matrix. Finally, both matrices improved wound healing in a full post-thick skin lesion. However, our preliminary molecular data reveals that the collagen-mediated healing matrix lacking glycosaminoglycan (M) exhibited a phenotype more favorable to tissue repair, making it more suitable for use before skin grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia B A Medeiros
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Iasmim Lopes de Lima
- School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
- MackGraphe - Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barbosa Cahú
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
- MackGraphe - Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Dunleavy JEM, Graffeo M, Wozniak K, O'Connor AE, Merriner DJ, Nguyen J, Schittenhelm RB, Houston BJ, O'Bryan MK. The katanin A-subunits KATNA1 and KATNAL1 act co-operatively in mammalian meiosis and spermiogenesis to achieve male fertility. Development 2023; 150:dev201956. [PMID: 37882691 PMCID: PMC10690054 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Katanins, a class of microtubule-severing enzymes, are potent M-phase regulators in oocytes and somatic cells. How the complex and evolutionarily crucial, male mammalian meiotic spindle is sculpted remains unknown. Here, using multiple single and double gene knockout mice, we reveal that the canonical katanin A-subunit KATNA1 and its close paralogue KATNAL1 together execute multiple aspects of meiosis. We show KATNA1 and KATNAL1 collectively regulate the male meiotic spindle, cytokinesis and midbody abscission, in addition to diverse spermatid remodelling events, including Golgi organisation, and acrosome and manchette formation. We also define KATNAL1-specific roles in sperm flagellum development, manchette regulation and sperm-epithelial disengagement. Finally, using proteomic approaches, we define the KATNA1, KATNAL1 and KATNB1 mammalian testis interactome, which includes a network of cytoskeletal and vesicle trafficking proteins. Collectively, we reveal that the presence of multiple katanin A-subunit paralogs in mammalian spermatogenesis allows for 'customised cutting' via neofunctionalisation and protective buffering via gene redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. M. Dunleavy
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Maddison Graffeo
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn Wozniak
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Anne E. O'Connor
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - D. Jo Merriner
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph Nguyen
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ralf B. Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Brendan J. Houston
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Moira K. O'Bryan
- School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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6
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Atkins M, Nicol X, Fassier C. Microtubule remodelling as a driving force of axon guidance and pruning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:35-53. [PMID: 35710759 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal connectivity relies on the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, which provides mechanical support, roads for axonal transport and mediates signalling events. Fine-tuned spatiotemporal regulation of MT functions by tubulin post-translational modifications and MT-associated proteins is critical for the coarse wiring and subsequent refinement of neuronal connectivity. The defective regulation of these processes causes a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with connectivity defects. This review focuses on recent studies unravelling how MT composition, post-translational modifications and associated proteins influence MT functions in axon guidance and/or pruning to build functional neuronal circuits. We here summarise experimental evidence supporting the key role of this network as a driving force for growth cone steering and branch-specific axon elimination. We further provide a global overview of the MT-interactors that tune developing axon behaviours, with a special emphasis on their emerging versatility in the regulation of MT dynamics/structure. Recent studies establishing the key and highly selective role of the tubulin code in the regulation of MT functions in axon pathfinding are also reported. Finally, our review highlights the emerging molecular links between these MT regulation processes and guidance signals that wire the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Atkins
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nicol
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France.
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7
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Carmona B, Marinho HS, Matos CL, Nolasco S, Soares H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications: The Elusive Roles of Acetylation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040561. [PMID: 37106761 PMCID: PMC10136095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin heterodimers found in all eukaryotes, are involved in cytoplasm spatial organization, intracellular transport, cell polarity, migration and division, and in cilia biology. MTs functional diversity depends on the differential expression of distinct tubulin isotypes and is amplified by a vast number of different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The addition/removal of PTMs to α- or β-tubulins is catalyzed by specific enzymes and allows combinatory patterns largely enriching the distinct biochemical and biophysical properties of MTs, creating a code read by distinct proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which allow cellular responses. This review is focused on tubulin-acetylation, whose cellular roles continue to generate debate. We travel through the experimental data pointing to α-tubulin Lys40 acetylation role as being a MT stabilizer and a typical PTM of long lived MTs, to the most recent data, suggesting that Lys40 acetylation enhances MT flexibility and alters the mechanical properties of MTs, preventing MTs from mechanical aging characterized by structural damage. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of tubulin acetyltransferases/desacetylases and their impacts on cell physiology. Finally, we analyze how changes in MT acetylation levels have been found to be a general response to stress and how they are associated with several human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lopes Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
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8
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Lindsay KA, Abdelhamid N, Kahawatte S, Dima RI, Sackett DL, Finegan TM, Ross JL. A Tale of 12 Tails: Katanin Severing Activity Affected by Carboxy-Terminal Tail Sequences. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040620. [PMID: 37189368 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In cells, microtubule location, length, and dynamics are regulated by a host of microtubule-associated proteins and enzymes that read where to bind and act based on the microtubule “tubulin code,” which is predominantly encoded in the tubulin carboxy-terminal tail (CTT). Katanin is a highly conserved AAA ATPase enzyme that binds to the tubulin CTTs to remove dimers and sever microtubules. We have previously demonstrated that short CTT peptides are able to inhibit katanin severing. Here, we examine the effects of CTT sequences on this inhibition activity. Specifically, we examine CTT sequences found in nature, alpha1A (TUBA1A), detyrosinated alpha1A, Δ2 alpha1A, beta5 (TUBB/TUBB5), beta2a (TUBB2A), beta3 (TUBB3), and beta4b (TUBB4b). We find that these natural CTTs have distinct abilities to inhibit, most noticeably beta3 CTT cannot inhibit katanin. Two non-native CTT tail constructs are also unable to inhibit, despite having 94% sequence identity with alpha1 or beta5 sequences. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that poly-E and poly-D peptides are capable of inhibiting katanin significantly. An analysis of the hydrophobicity of the CTT constructs indicates that more hydrophobic polypeptides are less inhibitory than more polar polypeptides. These experiments not only demonstrate inhibition, but also likely interaction and targeting of katanin to these various CTTs when they are part of a polymerized microtubule filament.
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9
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Lynn NA, Martinez E, Nguyen H, Torres JZ. The Mammalian Family of Katanin Microtubule-Severing Enzymes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692040. [PMID: 34414183 PMCID: PMC8369831 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The katanin family of microtubule-severing enzymes is critical for cytoskeletal rearrangements that affect key cellular processes like division, migration, signaling, and homeostasis. In humans, aberrant expression, or dysfunction of the katanins, is linked to developmental, proliferative, and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review current knowledge on the mammalian family of katanins, including an overview of evolutionary conservation, functional domain organization, and the mechanisms that regulate katanin activity. We assess the function of katanins in dividing and non-dividing cells and how their dysregulation promotes impaired ciliary signaling and defects in developmental programs (corticogenesis, gametogenesis, and neurodevelopment) and contributes to neurodegeneration and cancer. We conclude with perspectives on future katanin research that will advance our understanding of this exciting and dynamic class of disease-associated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Lynn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Z. Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Płochocka AZ, Ramirez Moreno M, Davie AM, Bulgakova NA, Chumakova L. Robustness of the microtubule network self-organization in epithelia. eLife 2021; 10:59529. [PMID: 33522481 PMCID: PMC7920549 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Robustness of biological systems is crucial for their survival, however, for many systems its origin is an open question. Here, we analyze one subcellular level system, the microtubule cytoskeleton. Microtubules self-organize into a network, along which cellular components are delivered to their biologically relevant locations. While the dynamics of individual microtubules is sensitive to the organism’s environment and genetics, a similar sensitivity of the overall network would result in pathologies. Our large-scale stochastic simulations show that the self-organization of microtubule networks is robust in a wide parameter range in individual cells. We confirm this robustness in vivo on the tissue-scale using genetic manipulations of Drosophila epithelial cells. Finally, our minimal mathematical model shows that the origin of robustness is the separation of time-scales in microtubule dynamics rates. Altogether, we demonstrate that the tissue-scale self-organization of a microtubule network depends only on cell geometry and the distribution of the microtubule minus-ends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Ramirez Moreno
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Davie
- Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, School of Mathematics, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia A Bulgakova
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lyubov Chumakova
- Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, School of Mathematics, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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Théry M, Blanchoin L. Microtubule self-repair. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 68:144-154. [PMID: 33217636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stochastic switching between microtubule growth and shrinkage is a fascinating and unique process in the regulation of the cytoskeleton. To understand it, almost all attention has been focused on the microtubule ends. However, recent research has revived the idea that tubulin dimers can also be exchanged in protofilaments along the microtubule shaft, thus repairing the microtubule and protecting it from disassembly. Here, we review the research describing this phenomenon, the mechanisms regulating the removal and insertion of tubulin dimers, as well as the potential implications for key functions of the microtubule network, such as intracellular transport and cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Théry
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, 38054, France; University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976, HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Paris, 75010, France.
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, 38054, France; University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976, HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, Paris, 75010, France.
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12
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Kuo YW, Howard J. Cutting, Amplifying, and Aligning Microtubules with Severing Enzymes. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:50-61. [PMID: 33183955 PMCID: PMC7749064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-severing enzymes - katanin, spastin, fidgetin - are related AAA-ATPases that cut microtubules into shorter filaments. These proteins, also called severases, are involved in a wide range of cellular processes including cell division, neuronal development, and tissue morphogenesis. Paradoxically, severases can amplify the microtubule cytoskeleton and not just destroy it. Recent work on spastin and katanin has partially resolved this paradox by showing that these enzymes are strong promoters of microtubule growth. Here, we review recent structural and biophysical advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of severing and growth promotion that provide insight into how severing enzymes shape microtubule networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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13
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Miller KE, Brownlee C, Heald R. The power of amphibians to elucidate mechanisms of size control and scaling. Exp Cell Res 2020; 392:112036. [PMID: 32343955 PMCID: PMC7246146 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Size is a fundamental feature of biology that affects physiology at all levels, from the organism to organs and tissues to cells and subcellular structures. How size is determined at these different levels, and how biological structures scale to fit together and function properly are important open questions. Historically, amphibian systems have been extremely valuable to describe scaling phenomena, as they occupy some of the extremes in biological size and are amenable to manipulations that alter genome and cell size. More recently, the application of biochemical, biophysical, and embryological techniques to amphibians has provided insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying scaling of subcellular structures to cell size, as well as how perturbation of normal size scaling impacts other aspects of cell and organism physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, CA, 94720, Berkeley, USA
| | - Christopher Brownlee
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA.
| | - Rebecca Heald
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, CA, 94720, Berkeley, USA.
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14
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Chakraborty S, Mahamid J, Baumeister W. Cryoelectron Tomography Reveals Nanoscale Organization of the Cytoskeleton and Its Relation to Microtubule Curvature Inside Cells. Structure 2020; 28:991-1003.e4. [PMID: 32579947 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are the most rigid elements of the cytoskeleton with in vitro persistence lengths (Lp) in the range of 1-6 mm. In cellular environments, however, MTs often appear strongly curved. This has been attributed to the forces acting upon them in situ where they are embedded in composite networks of different cytoskeletal elements. Hitherto, the nanoscale organization of these networks has remained largely uncharacterized. Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) allowed to visualize and analyze the in situ structure of cytoskeletal networks in pristinely preserved cellular environments and at high resolution. Here, we studied the molecular organization of MTs and their interactions with the composite cytoskeleton in frozen-hydrated HeLa and P19 cells at different cell-cycle stages. We describe modulation of MT curvature correlated with the surrounding molecular architecture, and show that nanoscale defects occur in curved MTs. The data presented here contribute to constructing realistic models of cytoskeletal biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julia Mahamid
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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15
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Dima RI, Stan G. Computational Studies of Mechanical Remodeling of Substrate Proteins by AAA+ Biological Nanomachines. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2020-1356.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra I. Dima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P. O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - George Stan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P. O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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16
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The Microtubule Severing Protein Katanin Regulates Proliferation of Neuronal Progenitors in Embryonic and Adult Neurogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15940. [PMID: 31685876 PMCID: PMC6828949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule severing regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement underlying various cellular functions. Katanin, a heterodimer, consisting of catalytic (p60) and regulatory (p80) subunits severs dynamic microtubules to modulate several stages of cell division. The role of p60 katanin in the mammalian brain with respect to embryonic and adult neurogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we generated a Katna1 knockout mouse and found that consistent with a critical role of katanin in mitosis, constitutive homozygous Katna1 depletion is lethal. Katanin p60 haploinsufficiency induced an accumulation of neuronal progenitors in the subventricular zone during corticogenesis, and impaired their proliferation in the adult hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) subgranular zone. This did not compromise DG plasticity or spatial and contextual learning and memory tasks employed in our study, consistent with the interpretation that adult neurogenesis may be associated with selective forms of hippocampal-dependent cognitive processes. Our data identify a critical role for the microtubule-severing protein katanin p60 in regulating neuronal progenitor proliferation in vivo during embryonic development and adult neurogenesis.
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17
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Miller KE, Session AM, Heald R. Kif2a Scales Meiotic Spindle Size in Hymenochirus boettgeri. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3720-3727.e5. [PMID: 31630945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Size is a fundamental feature of biological systems that affects physiology at all levels. For example, the dynamic, microtubule-based spindle that mediates chromosome segregation scales to a wide range of cell sizes across different organisms and cell types. Xenopus frog species possess a variety of egg and meiotic spindle sizes, and differences in activities or levels of microtubule-associated proteins in the egg cytoplasm between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis have been shown to account for spindle scaling [1]. Increased activity of the microtubule severing protein katanin scales the X. tropicalis spindle smaller compared to X. laevis [2], as do elevated levels of TPX2, a protein that enriches the cross-linking kinesin-5 motor Eg5 at spindle poles [3]. To examine the conservation of spindle scaling mechanisms more broadly across frog species, we have utilized the tiny, distantly related Pipid frog Hymenochirus boettgeri. We find that egg extracts from H. boettgeri form meiotic spindles similar in size to X. tropicalis but that TPX2 and katanin-mediated scaling is not conserved. Instead, the microtubule depolymerizing motor protein kif2a functions to modulate spindle size. H. boettgeri kif2a possesses an activating phosphorylation site that is absent from X. laevis. Comparison of katanin and kif2a phosphorylation sites across a variety of species revealed strong evolutionary conservation, with X. laevis and X. tropicalis possessing distinct and unique alterations. Our study highlights the diversity and complexity of spindle assembly and scaling mechanisms, indicating that there is more than one way to assemble a spindle of a particular size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, CA 94720, Berkeley, USA
| | - Adam M Session
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, CA 94720, Berkeley, USA
| | - Rebecca Heald
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, CA 94720, Berkeley, USA.
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18
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Gao LL, Xu F, Jin Z, Ying XY, Liu JW. Microtubule‑severing protein Katanin p60 ATPase‑containing subunit A‑like 1 is involved in pole‑based spindle organization during mouse oocyte meiosis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3573-3582. [PMID: 31485656 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule‑severing proteins (MTSPs) are a group of microtubule‑associated proteins essential for multiple microtubule‑related processes, including mitosis and meiosis. Katanin p60 ATPase‑containing subunit A‑like 1 (p60 katanin‑like 1) is an MTSP that maintains the density of spindle microtubules at the poles in mitotic cells; however, to date, there have been no studies about its role in female meiosis. Using in vitro‑matured (IVM) oocytes as a model, it was first revealed that p60 katanin‑like 1 was predominant in the ovaries and oocytes, indicating its essential roles in oocyte meiosis. It was also revealed that p60 katanin‑like 1 was concentrated at the spindle poles and co‑localized and interacted with γ‑tubulin, indicating that it may be involved in pole organization. Next, specific siRNA was used to deplete p60 katanin‑like 1; the spindle organization was severely disrupted and characterized by an abnormal width:length ratio, multipolarity and extra aster microtubules out of the main spindles. Finally, it was determined that p60 katanin‑like 1 knockdown retarded oocyte meiosis, reduced fertilization, and caused abnormal mitochondrial distribution. Collectively, these results indicated that p60 katanin‑like 1 is essential for oocyte meiosis by ensuring the integrity of the spindle poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Lei Gao
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Reproductive Genetic Center, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ying
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Wei Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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19
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Szatkowski L, Merz DR, Jiang N, Ejikeme I, Belonogov L, Ross JL, Dima RI. Mechanics of the Microtubule Seam Interface Probed by Molecular Simulations and in Vitro Severing Experiments. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4888-4900. [PMID: 31117616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are structural components essential for cell morphology and organization. It has recently been shown that defects in the filament's lattice structure can be healed to create stronger filaments in a local area and ultimately cause global changes in MT organization and cell mobility. The ability to break, causing a defect, and heal appears to be a physiologically relevant and important feature of the MT structure. Defects can be created by MT severing enzymes and are target sites for complete severing or for healing by newly incorporated dimers. One particular lattice defect, the MT lattice ''seam" interface, is a location often speculated to be a weak site, a site of disassembly, or a target site for MT binding proteins. Despite seams existing in many MT structures, very little is known about the seam's role in MT function and dynamics. In this study, we probed the mechanical stability of the seam interface by applying coarse-grained indenting molecular dynamics. We found that the seam interface is as structurally robust as the typical lattice structure of MTs. Our results suggest that, unlike prior results that claim the seam is a weak site, it is just as strong as any other location on the MT, corroborating recent mechanical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Szatkowski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Dale R Merz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Ifunanya Ejikeme
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Liudmila Belonogov
- Department of Physics , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Ruxandra I Dima
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
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20
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Belonogov L, Bailey ME, Tyler MA, Kazemi A, Ross JL. Katanin catalyzes microtubule depolymerization independently of tubulin C-terminal tails. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:254-268. [PMID: 30980604 PMCID: PMC6618852 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule network remodeling is an essential process for cell development, maintenance, cell division, and motility. Microtubule‐severing enzymes are key players in the remodeling of the microtubule network; however, there are still open questions about their fundamental biochemical and biophysical mechanisms. Here, we explored the ability of the microtubule‐severing enzyme katanin to depolymerize stabilized microtubules. Interestingly, we found that the tubulin C‐terminal tail (CTT), which is required for severing, is not required for katanin‐catalyzed depolymerization. We also found that the depolymerization of microtubules lacking the CTT does not require ATP or katanin's ATPase activity, although the ATP turnover enhanced depolymerization. We also observed that the depolymerization rate depended on the katanin concentration and was best described by a hyperbolic function. Finally, we demonstrate that katanin can bind to filaments that lack the CTT, contrary to previous reports. The results of our work indicate that microtubule depolymerization likely involves a mechanism in which binding, but not enzymatic activity, is required for tubulin dimer removal from the filament ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Belonogov
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Megan E Bailey
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Madison A Tyler
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Arianna Kazemi
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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21
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Spastin is a dual-function enzyme that severs microtubules and promotes their regrowth to increase the number and mass of microtubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5533-5541. [PMID: 30837315 PMCID: PMC6431158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818824116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton underlies dynamic cellular processes, such as mitosis, ciliogenesis, and neuronal morphogenesis. An important class of microtubule remodelers comprises the severases-spastin, katanin, and fidgetin-which cut microtubules into shorter fragments. While severing activity might be expected to break down the microtubule cytoskeleton, inhibiting these enzymes in vivo actually decreases, rather increases, the number of microtubules, suggesting that severases have a nucleation-like activity. To resolve this paradox, we reconstituted Drosophila spastin in a dynamic microtubule assay and discovered that it is a dual-function enzyme. In addition to its ATP-dependent severing activity, spastin is an ATP-independent regulator of microtubule dynamics that slows shrinkage and increases rescue. We observed that spastin accumulates at shrinking ends; this increase in spastin concentration may underlie the increase in rescue frequency and the slowdown in shortening. The changes in microtubule dynamics promote microtubule regrowth so that severed microtubule fragments grow, leading to an increase in the number and mass of microtubules. A mathematical model shows that spastin's effect on microtubule dynamics is essential for this nucleation-like activity: spastin switches microtubules into a state where the net flux of tubulin onto each polymer is positive, leading to the observed exponential increase in microtubule mass. This increase in the microtubule mass accounts for spastin's in vivo phenotypes.
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22
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Luhur A, Klueg KM, Zelhof AC. Generating and working with Drosophila cell cultures: Current challenges and opportunities. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 8:e339. [PMID: 30561900 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of Drosophila cell cultures has positively impacted both fundamental and biomedical research. The most widely used cell lines: Schneider, Kc, the CNS and imaginal disc lines continue to be the choice for many applications. Drosophila cell lines provide a homogenous source of cells suitable for biochemical experimentations, transcriptomics, functional genomics, and biomedical applications. They are amenable to RNA interference and serve as a platform for high-throughput screens to identify relevant candidate genes or drugs for any biological process. Currently, CRISPR-based functional genomics are also being developed for Drosophila cell lines. Even though many uniquely derived cell lines exist, cell genetic techniques such the transgenic UAS-GAL4-based RasV12 oncogene expression, CRISPR-Cas9 editing and recombination mediated cassette exchange are likely to drive the establishment of many more lines from specific tissues, cells, or genotypes. However, the pace of creating new lines is hindered by several factors inherent to working with Drosophila cell cultures: single cell cloning, optimal media formulations and culture conditions capable of supporting lines from novel tissue sources or genotypes. Moreover, even though many Drosophila cell lines are morphologically and transcriptionally distinct it may be necessary to implement a standard for Drosophila cell line authentication, ensuring the identity and purity of each cell line. Altogether, recent advances and a standardized authentication effort should improve the utility of Drosophila cell cultures as a relevant model for fundamental and biomedical research. This article is categorized under: Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Luhur
- Department of Biology, Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Kristin M Klueg
- Department of Biology, Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Andrew C Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
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23
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Hatakeyama E, Hayashi K. KATNAL1 is a more active and stable isoform of katanin, and is expressed dominantly in neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:389-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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McNally FJ, Roll-Mecak A. Microtubule-severing enzymes: From cellular functions to molecular mechanism. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4057-4069. [PMID: 30373906 PMCID: PMC6279391 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
McNally and Roll-Mecak review the molecular mechanism of microtubule-severing enzymes and their diverse roles in processes ranging from cell division to ciliogensis and morphogenesis. Microtubule-severing enzymes generate internal breaks in microtubules. They are conserved in eukaryotes from ciliates to mammals, and their function is important in diverse cellular processes ranging from cilia biogenesis to cell division, phototropism, and neurogenesis. Their mutation leads to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. All three known microtubule-severing enzymes, katanin, spastin, and fidgetin, are members of the meiotic subfamily of AAA ATPases that also includes VPS4, which disassembles ESCRTIII polymers. Despite their conservation and importance to cell physiology, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of microtubule-severing enzymes are not well understood. Here we review a subset of cellular processes that require microtubule-severing enzymes as well as recent advances in understanding their structure, biophysical mechanism, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J McNally
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD .,Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
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25
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Advani S, Maresca TJ, Ross JL. Creation and testing of a new, local microtubule-disruption tool based on the microtubule-severing enzyme, katanin p60. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:531-544. [PMID: 30176123 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current methods to disrupt the microtubule cytoskeleton do not easily provide rapid, local control with standard cell manipulation reagents. Here, we develop a new microtubule-disruption tool based on katanin p60 severing activity and demonstrate proof-of-principle by targeting it to kinetochores in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Specifically, we show that human katanin p60 can remove microtubule polymer mass in S2 cells and an increase in misaligned chromosomes when globally overexpressed. When katanin p60 was targeted to the kinetochores via Mis12, we were able to recapitulate the misalignment only when using a phosphorylation-resistant mutant katanin p60. Our results demonstrate that targeting an active version of katanin p60 to the kinetochore can reduce the fidelity of achieving full chromosome alignment in metaphase and could serve as a microtubule disruption tool for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddheshwari Advani
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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26
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Vemu A, Szczesna E, Zehr EA, Spector JO, Grigorieff N, Deaconescu AM, Roll-Mecak A. Severing enzymes amplify microtubule arrays through lattice GTP-tubulin incorporation. Science 2018; 361:eaau1504. [PMID: 30139843 PMCID: PMC6510489 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spastin and katanin sever and destabilize microtubules. Paradoxically, despite their destructive activity they increase microtubule mass in vivo. We combined single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy to show that the elemental step in microtubule severing is the generation of nanoscale damage throughout the microtubule by active extraction of tubulin heterodimers. These damage sites are repaired spontaneously by guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-tubulin incorporation, which rejuvenates and stabilizes the microtubule shaft. Consequently, spastin and katanin increase microtubule rescue rates. Furthermore, newly severed ends emerge with a high density of GTP-tubulin that protects them against depolymerization. The stabilization of the newly severed plus ends and the higher rescue frequency synergize to amplify microtubule number and mass. Thus, severing enzymes regulate microtubule architecture and dynamics by promoting GTP-tubulin incorporation within the microtubule shaft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Vemu
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ewa Szczesna
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena A Zehr
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Spector
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nikolaus Grigorieff
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Alexandra M Deaconescu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Fassier C, Fréal A, Gasmi L, Delphin C, Ten Martin D, De Gois S, Tambalo M, Bosc C, Mailly P, Revenu C, Peris L, Bolte S, Schneider-Maunoury S, Houart C, Nothias F, Larcher JC, Andrieux A, Hazan J. Motor axon navigation relies on Fidgetin-like 1-driven microtubule plus end dynamics. J Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29535193 PMCID: PMC5940295 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fassier et al. identify Fidgetin-like 1 (Fignl1) as a key growth cone (GC)-enriched microtubule (MT)-associated protein in motor circuit wiring. They show that Fignl1 modulates motor GC morphology and steering behavior by down-regulating EB binding at MT plus ends and promoting MT depolymerization beneath the cell cortex. During neural circuit assembly, extrinsic signals are integrated into changes in growth cone (GC) cytoskeleton underlying axon guidance decisions. Microtubules (MTs) were shown to play an instructive role in GC steering. However, the numerous actors required for MT remodeling during axon navigation and their precise mode of action are far from being deciphered. Using loss- and gain-of-function analyses during zebrafish development, we identify in this study the meiotic clade adenosine triphosphatase Fidgetin-like 1 (Fignl1) as a key GC-enriched MT-interacting protein in motor circuit wiring and larval locomotion. We show that Fignl1 controls GC morphology and behavior at intermediate targets by regulating MT plus end dynamics and growth directionality. We further reveal that alternative translation of Fignl1 transcript is a sophisticated mechanism modulating MT dynamics: a full-length isoform regulates MT plus end–tracking protein binding at plus ends, whereas shorter isoforms promote their depolymerization beneath the cell cortex. Our study thus pinpoints Fignl1 as a multifaceted key player in MT remodeling underlying motor circuit connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Fassier
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Fréal
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Laïla Gasmi
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Christian Delphin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Ten Martin
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie De Gois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Monica Tambalo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Mailly
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Céline Revenu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Susanne Bolte
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FR3631, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Biologie du Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7622, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Houart
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, England, UK
| | - Fatiha Nothias
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Larcher
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Biologie du Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7622, Paris, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Jamilé Hazan
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
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28
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Fu W, Wu H, Cheng Z, Huang S, Rao H. The role of katanin p60 in breast cancer bone metastasis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:4963-4969. [PMID: 29552132 PMCID: PMC5840750 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p60 is a subunit of katanin involved in microtubule-severing. Previous studies of p60 were primarily focused on microtubule regulation and cell cycle regulation. More recent research has demonstrated that katanin p60 possesses a function in prostate cancer bone metastasis; however, its role in breast cancer bone metastasis remains unclear. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of katanin p60 in primary and bone metastatic breast cancer. The role of up- and downregulated katanin p60 was investigated using cell proliferation, and migration experiments. Overall, katanin p60 was highly expressed in breast cancer bone metastatic tissue compared with primary tumor tissue. In breast cancer cells, overexpression of katanin p60 inhibited cell proliferation, but promoted cell migration, whereas silencing katanin p60 expression promoted cell proliferation but inhibited cell migration. Overall, the present study indicated that katanin p60 serves a role in cell proliferation and migration, and thus may be a novel therapeutic target for prevention of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrong Fu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangyang Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
| | - Zhengjiang Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangyang Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangyang Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
| | - Hui Rao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangyang Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
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29
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Nieuwenhuis J, Adamopoulos A, Bleijerveld OB, Mazouzi A, Stickel E, Celie P, Altelaar M, Knipscheer P, Perrakis A, Blomen VA, Brummelkamp TR. Vasohibins encode tubulin detyrosinating activity. Science 2017; 358:1453-1456. [PMID: 29146869 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao5676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin is subjected to a number of posttranslational modifications to generate heterogeneous microtubules. The modifications include removal and ligation of the C-terminal tyrosine of ⍺-tubulin. The enzymes responsible for detyrosination, an activity first observed 40 years ago, have remained elusive. We applied a genetic screen in haploid human cells to find regulators of tubulin detyrosination. We identified SVBP, a peptide that regulates the abundance of vasohibins (VASH1 and VASH2). Vasohibins, but not SVBP alone, increased detyrosination of ⍺-tubulin, and purified vasohibins removed the C-terminal tyrosine of ⍺-tubulin. We found that vasohibins play a cell type-dependent role in detyrosination, although cells also contain an additional detyrosinating activity. Thus, vasohibins, hitherto studied as secreted angiogenesis regulators, constitute a long-sought missing link in the tubulin tyrosination cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joppe Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Athanassios Adamopoulos
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Onno B Bleijerveld
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abdelghani Mazouzi
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elmer Stickel
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Celie
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Puck Knipscheer
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.,CGC.nl, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent A Blomen
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,CGC.nl, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Barsegov V, Ross JL, Dima RI. Dynamics of microtubules: highlights of recent computational and experimental investigations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:433003. [PMID: 28812545 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are found in most eukaryotic cells, with homologs in eubacteria and archea, and they have functional roles in mitosis, cell motility, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. Numerous efforts have been expended over the last two decades to characterize the interactions between microtubules and the wide variety of microtubule associated proteins that control their dynamic behavior in cells resulting in microtubules being assembled and disassembled where and when they are required by the cell. We present the main findings regarding microtubule polymerization and depolymerization and review recent work about the molecular motors that modulate microtubule dynamics by inducing either microtubule depolymerization or severing. We also discuss the main experimental and computational approaches used to quantify the thermodynamics and mechanics of microtubule filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Barsegov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
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31
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Hess H, Ross JL. Non-equilibrium assembly of microtubules: from molecules to autonomous chemical robots. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5570-5587. [PMID: 28329028 PMCID: PMC5603359 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00030h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems have evolved to harness non-equilibrium processes from the molecular to the macro scale. It is currently a grand challenge of chemistry, materials science, and engineering to understand and mimic biological systems that have the ability to autonomously sense stimuli, process these inputs, and respond by performing mechanical work. New chemical systems are responding to the challenge and form the basis for future responsive, adaptive, and active materials. In this article, we describe a particular biochemical-biomechanical network based on the microtubule cytoskeletal filament - itself a non-equilibrium chemical system. We trace the non-equilibrium aspects of the system from molecules to networks and describe how the cell uses this system to perform active work in essential processes. Finally, we discuss how microtubule-based engineered systems can serve as testbeds for autonomous chemical robots composed of biological and synthetic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, USA.
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32
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Wei J, Xu H, Meng W. Noncentrosomal microtubules regulate autophagosome transport through CAMSAP2-EB1 cross-talk. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2379-2393. [PMID: 28726242 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) play essential roles in many steps of autophagy, an important degradation pathway in the maintenance of cellular homoeostasis. In many cells, MT networks are comprised of centrosomal MTs and noncentrosomal MTs. However, it is unknown whether noncentrosomal MTs and its binding proteins are involved in autophagy. Here, we show in HeLa cells that calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 2 (CAMSAP2), a noncentrosomal MT minus-end stabilizing protein, regulates retrograde transport of autophagosomes through MT dynamics. CAMSAP2 cooperates with EB1 to regulate end-binding protein 1 (EB1) behaviour at MT plus ends, MT growth directions and autophagosome transport. An association between CAMSAP2 and EB1 in the cytosol may modulate EB1 binding to MT plus ends. Collectively, our data indicate that noncentrosomal MTs regulate autophagy through a cross-talk between CAMSAP2 and EB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honglin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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33
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Vleugel M, Kok M, Dogterom M. Understanding force-generating microtubule systems through in vitro reconstitution. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 10:475-494. [PMID: 27715396 PMCID: PMC5079405 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1241923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules switch between growing and shrinking states, a feature known as dynamic instability. The biochemical parameters underlying dynamic instability are modulated by a wide variety of microtubule-associated proteins that enable the strict control of microtubule dynamics in cells. The forces generated by controlled growth and shrinkage of microtubules drive a large range of processes, including organelle positioning, mitotic spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation. In the past decade, our understanding of microtubule dynamics and microtubule force generation has progressed significantly. Here, we review the microtubule-intrinsic process of dynamic instability, the effect of external factors on this process, and how the resulting forces act on various biological systems. Recently, reconstitution-based approaches have strongly benefited from extensive biochemical and biophysical characterization of individual components that are involved in regulating or transmitting microtubule-driven forces. We will focus on the current state of reconstituting increasingly complex biological systems and provide new directions for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Vleugel
- a Department of Bionanoscience , Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft Institute of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Maurits Kok
- a Department of Bionanoscience , Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft Institute of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- a Department of Bionanoscience , Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft Institute of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands
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34
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Jiang K, Rezabkova L, Hua S, Liu Q, Capitani G, Altelaar AFM, Heck AJR, Kammerer RA, Steinmetz MO, Akhmanova A. Microtubule minus-end regulation at spindle poles by an ASPM-katanin complex. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:480-492. [PMID: 28436967 PMCID: PMC5458804 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ASPM (known as Asp in fly and ASPM-1 in worm) is a microcephaly-associated protein family that regulates spindle architecture, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we show that ASPM forms a complex with another protein linked to microcephaly, the microtubule-severing ATPase katanin. ASPM and katanin localize to spindle poles in a mutually dependent manner and regulate spindle flux. X-ray crystallography revealed that the heterodimer formed by the N- and C-terminal domains of the katanin subunits p60 and p80, respectively, binds conserved motifs in ASPM. Reconstitution experiments demonstrated that ASPM autonomously tracks growing microtubule minus ends and inhibits their growth, while katanin decorates and bends both ends of dynamic microtubules and potentiates the minus-end blocking activity of ASPM. ASPM also binds along microtubules, recruits katanin and promotes katanin-mediated severing of dynamic microtubules. We propose that the ASPM-katanin complex controls microtubule disassembly at spindle poles and that misregulation of this process can lead to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lenka Rezabkova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Shasha Hua
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Capitani
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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35
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Bailey ME, Jiang N, Dima RI, Ross JL. Invited review: Microtubule severing enzymes couple atpase activity with tubulin GTPase spring loading. Biopolymers 2017; 105:547-56. [PMID: 27037673 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are amazing filaments made of GTPase enzymes that store energy used for their own self-destruction to cause a stochastically driven dynamics called dynamic instability. Dynamic instability can be reproduced in vitro with purified tubulin, but the dynamics do not mimic that observed in cells. This is because stabilizers and destabilizers act to alter microtubule dynamics. One interesting and understudied class of destabilizers consists of the microtubule-severing enzymes from the ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities (AAA+) family of ATP-enzymes. Here we review current knowledge about GTP-driven microtubule dynamics and how that couples to ATP-driven destabilization by severing enzymes. We present a list of challenges regarding the mechanism of severing, which require development of experimental and modeling approaches to shed light as to how severing enzymes can act to regulate microtubule dynamics in cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 547-556, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Bailey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45221
| | - Ruxandra I Dima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45221
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, 666 N. Pleasant St. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
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36
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Burute M, Prioux M, Blin G, Truchet S, Letort G, Tseng Q, Bessy T, Lowell S, Young J, Filhol O, Théry M. Polarity Reversal by Centrosome Repositioning Primes Cell Scattering during Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Dev Cell 2017; 40:168-184. [PMID: 28041907 PMCID: PMC5497078 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cells lining the tissue periphery break up their cohesion to migrate within the tissue. This dramatic reorganization involves a poorly characterized reorientation of the apicobasal polarity of static epithelial cells into the front-rear polarity of migrating mesenchymal cells. To investigate the spatial coordination of intracellular reorganization with morphological changes, we monitored centrosome positioning during EMT in vivo, in developing mouse embryos and mammary gland, and in vitro, in cultured 3D cell aggregates and micropatterned cell doublets. In all conditions, centrosomes moved from their off-centered position next to intercellular junctions toward extracellular matrix adhesions on the opposite side of the nucleus, resulting in an effective internal polarity reversal. This move appeared to be supported by controlled microtubule network disassembly. Sequential release of cell confinement using dynamic micropatterns, and modulation of microtubule dynamics, confirmed that centrosome repositioning was responsible for further cell disengagement and scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Burute
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France; CYTOO SA, 7 Parvis Louis Néel, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Prioux
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Blin
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sandrine Truchet
- GABI, INRA/AgroParisTech/Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaëlle Letort
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Qingzong Tseng
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Bessy
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Joanne Young
- CYTOO SA, 7 Parvis Louis Néel, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Odile Filhol
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, UMRS1036, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INSERM/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France.
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37
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Hu Z, Feng J, Bo W, Wu R, Dong Z, Liu Y, Qiang L, Liu M. Fidgetin regulates cultured astrocyte migration by severing tyrosinated microtubules at the leading edge. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:545-553. [PMID: 27974640 PMCID: PMC5305261 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fign regulates cultured astrocyte migration by severing tyrosinated microtubules (MTs). Inhibition of cellular migration induced by Fign knockdown can be rescued with concomitant knockdown of kinesin-12. A working model is given for the MT reconfiguration underlying cellular migration elicited by the cooperation of two distinct MT-related proteins. Microtubule (MT) organization is essential for many cellular events, including mitosis, migration, and cell polarity. Fidgetin (Fign), an ATP-dependent, MT-severing protein, contributes to the regulation of MT configuration by cutting and trimming MT polymers. Functions of Fign have been indicated in neurite outgrowth, mitosis, meiosis, and cellular migration. Here we focus on migration of astrocytes. We find that Fign plays an essential role in cultured astrocyte migration by preferentially targeting MTs (or regions of MTs) that are rich in tyrosinated tubulin, a marker for especially dynamic MTs or especially dynamic regions of MTs. Inhibition of cellular migration induced by Fign knockdown can be rescued with concomitant knockdown of kinesin-12, a motor protein best known for its role in mitosis. We propose a novel working model for MT reconfiguration underlying cellular migration elicited by the functional cooperation of two distinct MT-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunlu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu, and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu, and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Weijuan Bo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu, and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu, and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu, and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu, and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Liang Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu, and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu, and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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Waclawek E, Joachimiak E, Hall MH, Fabczak H, Wloga D. Regulation of katanin activity in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:134-150. [PMID: 27726198 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Katanin is a microtubule severing protein that functions as a heterodimer composed of an AAA domain catalytic subunit, p60, and a regulatory subunit, a WD40 repeat protein, p80. Katanin-dependent severing of microtubules is important for proper execution of key cellular activities including cell division, migration, and differentiation. Published data obtained in Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus and mammals indicate that katanin is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, posttranslational modifications (of both katanin and microtubules) and degradation. Little is known about how katanin is regulated in unicellular organisms. Here we show that in the ciliated protist Tetrahymena thermophila, as in Metazoa, the localization and activity of katanin requires specific domains of both p60 and p80, and that the localization of p60, but not p80, is sensitive to the levels of microtubule glutamylation. A prolonged overexpression of either a full length, or a fragment of p80 containing WD40 repeats, partly phenocopies a knockout of p60, indicating that in addition to its activating role, p80 could also contribute to the inhibition of p60. We also show that the level of p80 depends on the 26S proteasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Waclawek
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Hanna Hall
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
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Charafeddine RA, Nosanchuk JD, Sharp DJ. Targeting Microtubules for Wound Repair. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2016; 5:444-454. [PMID: 27785378 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2015.0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Fast and seamless healing is essential for both deep and chronic wounds to restore the skin and protect the body from harmful pathogens. Thus, finding new targets that can both expedite and enhance the repair process without altering the upstream signaling milieu and causing serious side effects can improve the way we treat wounds. Since cell migration is key during the different stages of wound healing, it presents an ideal process and intracellular structural machineries to target. Recent Advances and Critical Issues: The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is rising as an important structural and functional regulator of wound healing. MTs have been reported to play different roles in the migration of the various cell types involved in wound healing. Specific microtubule regulatory proteins (MRPs) can be targeted to alter a section or subtype of the MT cytoskeleton and boost or hinder cell motility. However, inhibiting intracellular components can be challenging in vivo, especially using unstable molecules, such as small interfering RNA. Nanoparticles can be used to protect these unstable molecules and topically deliver them to the wound. Utilizing this approach, we recently showed that fidgetin-like 2, an uncharacterized MRP, can be targeted to enhance cell migration and wound healing. Future Directions: To harness the full potential of the current MRP therapeutic targets, studies should test them with different delivery platforms, dosages, and skin models. Screening for new MT effectors that boost cell migration in vivo would also help find new targets for skin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab A. Charafeddine
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - David J. Sharp
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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40
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Bailey ME, Sackett DL, Ross JL. Katanin Severing and Binding Microtubules Are Inhibited by Tubulin Carboxy Tails. Biophys J 2016; 109:2546-2561. [PMID: 26682813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics in cells are regulated by associated proteins that can be either stabilizers or destabilizers. A class of destabilizers that is important in a large number of cellular activities is the microtubule-severing enzymes, yet little is known about how they function. Katanin p60 was the first ATPase associated with microtubule severing. Here, we investigate the activity of katanin severing using a GFP-labeled human version. We quantify the effect of katanin concentration on katanin binding and severing activity. We find that free tubulin can inhibit severing activity by interfering with katanin binding to microtubules. The inhibition is mediated by the sequence of the tubulin and specifically depends on the carboxy-terminal tails. We directly investigate the inhibition effect of tubulin carboxy-terminal tails using peptide sequences of α-, β-, or detyrosinated α-tubulin tails that have been covalently linked to bovine serum albumin. Our results show that β-tubulin tails are the most effective at inhibiting severing, and that detyrosinated α-tubulin tails are the least effective. These results are distinct from those for other severing enzymes and suggest a scheme for regulation of katanin activity in cells dependent on free tubulin concentration and the modification state of the tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Bailey
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts; Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Dan L Sackett
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.
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41
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Abstract
The dynamic instability of microtubules is characterised by slow growth phases stochastically interrupted by rapid depolymerisations called catastrophes. Rescue events can arrest the depolymerisation and restore microtubule elongation. However the origin of these rescue events remain unexplained. Here we show that microtubule lattice self-repair, in structurally damaged sites, is responsible for the rescue of microtubule growth. Tubulin photo-conversion in cells revealed that free tubulin dimers can incorporate along the shafts of microtubules, especially in regions where microtubules cross each other, form bundles or become bent due to mechanical constraints. These incorporation sites appeared to act as effective rescue sites ensuring microtubule rejuvenation. By securing damaged microtubule growth, the self-repair process supports a mechanosensitive growth by specifically promoting microtubule assembly in regions where they are subjected to physical constraints.
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42
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Voelzmann A, Hahn I, Pearce SP, Sánchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. A conceptual view at microtubule plus end dynamics in neuronal axons. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:226-237. [PMID: 27530065 PMCID: PMC5090033 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Axons are the cable-like protrusions of neurons which wire up the nervous system. Polar bundles of microtubules (MTs) constitute their structural backbones and are highways for life-sustaining transport between proximal cell bodies and distal synapses. Any morphogenetic changes of axons during development, plastic rearrangement, regeneration or degeneration depend on dynamic changes of these MT bundles. A key mechanism for implementing such changes is the coordinated polymerisation and depolymerisation at the plus ends of MTs within these bundles. To gain an understanding of how such regulation can be achieved at the cellular level, we provide here an integrated overview of the extensive knowledge we have about the molecular mechanisms regulating MT de/polymerisation. We first summarise insights gained from work in vitro, then describe the machinery which supplies the essential tubulin building blocks, the protein complexes associating with MT plus ends, and MT shaft-based mechanisms that influence plus end dynamics. We briefly summarise the contribution of MT plus end dynamics to important cellular functions in axons, and conclude by discussing the challenges and potential strategies of integrating the existing molecular knowledge into conceptual understanding at the level of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Voelzmann
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ines Hahn
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon P Pearce
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; The University of Manchester, School of Mathematics, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Natalia Sánchez-Soriano
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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43
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Sudo H, Nakajima K. The mitotic tensegrity guardian tau protects mammary epithelia from katanin-like1-induced aneuploidy. Oncotarget 2016; 7:53712-53734. [PMID: 27447563 PMCID: PMC5288216 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule associated-protein tau has been identified as an effective positive prognostic indicator in breast cancer. To explore the physiological function of tau in early carcinogenesis, endogenous tau was knocked down in primary cultured human mammary epithelial cells. This resulted in chromosome-bridging during anaphase followed by micronucleation, both of which were suppressed by a further katanin-like1 knockdown. We also detected that the exogenously expressed katanin-like1 induction of cellular transformation is prevented by exogenous tau in rat fibroblasts. The mutant katanin-like1 (L123V) identified in breast cancer showed an increase in this transformation capacity as well as microtubule severing activity resistant to tau. The tau knockdown resulted in a loss of the kinetochore fibers on which tau is normally localized. This physical fragility was also observed in isolated tau-knockdown mitotic spindles, supporting the relevance of microtubule damage to the onset of transformation. The karyotyping of tau-knockdown cells showed increased frequency of loss of one X chromosome, further suggesting the involvement of tau in breast tumorigenesis. We propose that tau may contribute to tumor progression by protecting spindle microtubules from excess severing by katanin-like1. We also present data indicating that the microtubule-binding octapeptide NAP is a candidate modifier against the tau deficiency in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Sudo
- Department of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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44
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Drum BML, Yuan C, Li L, Liu Q, Wordeman L, Santana LF. Oxidative stress decreases microtubule growth and stability in ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:32-43. [PMID: 26902968 PMCID: PMC4902331 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) have many roles in ventricular myocytes, including structural stability, morphological integrity, and protein trafficking. However, despite their functional importance, dynamic MTs had never been visualized in living adult myocytes. Using adeno-associated viral vectors expressing the MT-associated protein plus end binding protein 3 (EB3) tagged with EGFP, we were able to perform live imaging and thus capture and quantify MT dynamics in ventricular myocytes in real time under physiological conditions. Super-resolution nanoscopy revealed that EB1 associated in puncta along the length of MTs in ventricular myocytes. The vast (~80%) majority of MTs grew perpendicular to T-tubules at a rate of 0.06μm∗s(-1) and growth was preferentially (82%) confined to a single sarcomere. Microtubule catastrophe rate was lower near the Z-line than M-line. Hydrogen peroxide increased the rate of catastrophe of MTs ~7-fold, suggesting that oxidative stress destabilizes these structures in ventricular myocytes. We also quantified MT dynamics after myocardial infarction (MI), a pathological condition associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our data indicate that the catastrophe rate of MTs increases following MI. This contributed to decreased transient outward K(+) currents by decreasing the surface expression of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 channels after MI. On the basis of these data, we conclude that, under physiological conditions, MT growth is directionally biased and that increased ROS production during MI disrupts MT dynamics, decreasing K(+) channel trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M L Drum
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Can Yuan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Qinghang Liu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - L Fernando Santana
- Deparment of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Cheung K, Senese S, Kuang J, Bui N, Ongpipattanakul C, Gholkar A, Cohn W, Capri J, Whitelegge JP, Torres JZ. Proteomic Analysis of the Mammalian Katanin Family of Microtubule-severing Enzymes Defines Katanin p80 subunit B-like 1 (KATNBL1) as a Regulator of Mammalian Katanin Microtubule-severing. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1658-69. [PMID: 26929214 PMCID: PMC4858946 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.056465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Katanin family of microtubule-severing enzymes is critical for remodeling microtubule-based structures that influence cell division, motility, morphogenesis and signaling. Katanin is composed of a catalytic p60 subunit (A subunit, KATNA1) and a regulatory p80 subunit (B subunit, KATNB1). The mammalian genome also encodes two additional A-like subunits (KATNAL1 and KATNAL2) and one additional B-like subunit (KATNBL1) that have remained poorly characterized. To better understand the factors and mechanisms controlling mammalian microtubule-severing, we have taken a mass proteomic approach to define the protein interaction module for each mammalian Katanin subunit and to generate the mammalian Katanin family interaction network (Katan-ome). Further, we have analyzed the function of the KATNBL1 subunit and determined that it associates with KATNA1 and KATNAL1, it localizes to the spindle poles only during mitosis and it regulates Katanin A subunit microtubule-severing activity in vitro. Interestingly, during interphase, KATNBL1 is sequestered in the nucleus through an N-terminal nuclear localization signal. Finally KATNB1 was able to compete the interaction of KATNBL1 with KATNA1 and KATNAL1. These data indicate that KATNBL1 functions as a regulator of Katanin A subunit microtubule-severing activity during mitosis and that it likely coordinates with KATNB1 to perform this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Cheung
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Silvia Senese
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Jiaen Kuang
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Ngoc Bui
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Chayanid Ongpipattanakul
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Ankur Gholkar
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- §Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Joseph Capri
- §Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- §Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ¶Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095; ‖Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095; ¶Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095; ‖Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
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46
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Abstract
Complex spatiotemporal interaction of Rho GTPases with microtubules (MTs) and MT-associated proteins drives directed cellular migration. In this issue, Charafeddine et al. describe a role for a novel MT-severing enzyme, fidgetin-like 2 (FL2), in directional migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. FL2 normally localizes to the leading edge of the cell cortex where it shears MTs, thus dictating the size and distribution of focal adhesions by regulating cytoskeletal remodeling. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-directed knockdown of FL2 increases cell migration and focal adhesion area in vitro through possible interaction with Rho GTPases. Efficient FL2 knockdown in murine wounds was achieved using nanoparticles as a siRNA delivery vehicle, and this resulted in enhanced wound closure in vivo. Effective siRNA nanoparticle targeting of MT-severing enzymes offers promise of controlled and targeted delivery that may maximize therapeutic success for patients with burn wounds and chronic wound disorders.
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47
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Control of microtubule organization and dynamics: two ends in the limelight. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:711-26. [PMID: 26562752 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules have fundamental roles in many essential biological processes, including cell division and intracellular transport. They assemble and disassemble from their two ends, denoted the plus end and the minus end. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) such as end-binding protein 1 (EB1), XMAP215, selected kinesins and dynein. By contrast, information on microtubule minus-end-targeting proteins (-TIPs), such as the calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated proteins (CAMSAPs) and Patronin, has only recently started to emerge. Here, we review our current knowledge of factors, including microtubule-targeting agents, that associate with microtubule ends to control the dynamics and function of microtubules during the cell cycle and development.
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48
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Abstract
A metaphase spindle is a complex structure consisting of microtubules and a myriad of different proteins that modulate microtubule dynamics together with chromatin and kinetochores. A decade ago, a full description of spindle formation and function seemed a lofty goal. Here, we describe how work in the last 10 years combining cataloging of spindle components, the characterization of their biochemical activities using single-molecule techniques, and theory have advanced our knowledge. Taken together, these advances suggest that a full understanding of spindle assembly and function may soon be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Reber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany Integrative Research Institute (IRI) for the Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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49
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Grode KD, Rogers SL. The non-catalytic domains of Drosophila katanin regulate its abundance and microtubule-disassembly activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123912. [PMID: 25886649 PMCID: PMC4401518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule severing is a biochemical reaction that generates an internal break in a microtubule and regulation of microtubule severing is critical for cellular processes such as ciliogenesis, morphogenesis, and meiosis and mitosis. Katanin is a conserved heterodimeric ATPase that severs and disassembles microtubules, but the molecular determinants for regulation of microtubule severing by katanin remain poorly defined. Here we show that the non-catalytic domains of Drosophila katanin regulate its abundance and activity in living cells. Our data indicate that the microtubule-interacting and trafficking (MIT) domain and adjacent linker region of the Drosophila katanin catalytic subunit Kat60 cooperate to regulate microtubule severing in two distinct ways. First, the MIT domain and linker region of Kat60 decrease its abundance by enhancing its proteasome-dependent degradation. The Drosophila katanin regulatory subunit Kat80, which is required to stabilize Kat60 in cells, conversely reduces the proteasome-dependent degradation of Kat60. Second, the MIT domain and linker region of Kat60 augment its microtubule-disassembly activity by enhancing its association with microtubules. On the basis of our data, we propose that the non-catalytic domains of Drosophila katanin serve as the principal sites of integration of regulatory inputs, thereby controlling its ability to sever and disassemble microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Grode
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Rogers
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Katanin p80 regulates human cortical development by limiting centriole and cilia number. Neuron 2015; 84:1240-57. [PMID: 25521379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Katanin is a microtubule-severing complex whose catalytic activities are well characterized, but whose in vivo functions are incompletely understood. Human mutations in KATNB1, which encodes the noncatalytic regulatory p80 subunit of katanin, cause severe microlissencephaly. Loss of Katnb1 in mice confirms essential roles in neurogenesis and cell survival, while loss of zebrafish katnb1 reveals specific roles for katnin p80 in early and late developmental stages. Surprisingly, Katnb1 null mutant mouse embryos display hallmarks of aberrant Sonic hedgehog signaling, including holoprosencephaly. KATNB1-deficient human cells show defective proliferation and spindle structure, while Katnb1 null fibroblasts also demonstrate a remarkable excess of centrioles, with supernumerary cilia but deficient Hedgehog signaling. Our results reveal unexpected functions for KATNB1 in regulating overall centriole, mother centriole, and cilia number, and as an essential gene for normal Hedgehog signaling during neocortical development.
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