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Ozer LY, Fayed HS, Ericsson J, Al Haj Zen A. Development of a cancer metastasis-on-chip assay for high throughput drug screening. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1269376. [PMID: 38239643 PMCID: PMC10794518 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1269376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the cause of most triple-negative breast cancer deaths, yet anti-metastatic therapeutics remain limited. To develop new therapeutics to prevent metastasis, pathophysiologically relevant assays that recapitulate tumor microenvironment is essential for disease modeling and drug discovery. Here, we have developed a microfluidic metastasis-on-chip assay of the early stages of cancer metastasis integrated with the triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), stromal fibroblasts and a perfused microvessel. High-content imaging with automated quantification methods was optimized to assess the tumor cell invasion and intravasation within the model. Cell invasion and intravasation were enhanced when fibroblasts co-cultured with a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). However, the non-invasive breast cancer cell line, MCF7, remained non-invasive in our model, even in the presence of fibroblasts. High-content screening of a targeted anti-cancer therapy drug library was conducted to evaluate the drug response sensitivity of the optimized model. Through this screening, we identified 30 compounds that reduced the tumor intravasation by 60% compared to controls. Multi-parametric phenotypic analysis was applied by combining the data from the metastasis-on-chip, cell proliferation and 2D cell migration screens, revealing that the drug library was clustered into eight distinct groups with similar drug responses. Notably, MEK inhibitors were enriched in cluster cell invasion and intravasation. In contrast, drugs with molecular targets: ABL, KIT, PDGF, SRC, and VEGFR were enriched in the drug clusters showing a strong effect on tumor cell intravasation with less impact on cell invasion or cell proliferation, of which, Imatinib, a multi-kinase inhibitor targeting BCR-ABL/PDGFR/KIT. Further experimental analysis showed that Imatinib enhanced endothelial barrier stability as measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance and significantly reduced the trans-endothelial invasion activity of tumor cells. Our findings demonstrate the potential of our metastasis-on-chip assay as a powerful tool for studying cancer metastasis biology, drug discovery aims, and assessing drug responses, offering prospects for personalized anti-metastatic therapies for triple-negative breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ayman Al Haj Zen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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2
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Jimeno D, Lillo C, de la Villa P, Calzada N, Santos E, Fernández-Medarde A. GRF2 Is Crucial for Cone Photoreceptor Viability and Ribbon Synapse Formation in the Mouse Retina. Cells 2023; 12:2574. [PMID: 37947653 PMCID: PMC10650203 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Using constitutive GRF1/2 knockout mice, we showed previously that GRF2 is a key regulator of nuclear migration in retinal cone photoreceptors. To evaluate the functional relevance of that cellular process for two putative targets of the GEF activity of GRF2 (RAC1 and CDC42), here we compared the structural and functional retinal phenotypes resulting from conditional targeting of RAC1 or CDC42 in the cone photoreceptors of constitutive GRF2KO and GRF2WT mice. We observed that single RAC1 disruption did not cause any obvious morphological or physiological changes in the retinas of GRF2WT mice, and did not modify either the phenotypic alterations previously described in the retinal photoreceptor layer of GRF2KO mice. In contrast, the single ablation of CDC42 in the cone photoreceptors of GRF2WT mice resulted in clear alterations of nuclear movement that, unlike those of the GRF2KO retinas, were not accompanied by electrophysiological defects or slow, progressive cone cell degeneration. On the other hand, the concomitant disruption of GRF2 and CDC42 in the cone photoreceptors resulted, somewhat surprisingly, in a normalized pattern of nuclear positioning/movement, similar to that physiologically observed in GRF2WT mice, along with worsened patterns of electrophysiological responses and faster rates of cell death/disappearance than those previously recorded in single GRF2KO cone cells. Interestingly, the increased rates of cone cell apoptosis/death observed in single GRF2KO and double-knockout GRF2KO/CDC42KO retinas correlated with the electron microscopic detection of significant ultrastructural alterations (flattening) of their retinal ribbon synapses that were not otherwise observed at all in single-knockout CDC42KO retinas. Our observations identify GRF2 and CDC42 (but not RAC1) as key regulators of retinal processes controlling cone photoreceptor nuclear positioning and survival, and support the notion of GRF2 loss-of-function mutations as potential drivers of cone retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jimeno
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biologıá Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC–Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Pedro de la Villa
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Calzada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biologıá Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC–Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biologıá Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC–Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biologıá Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC–Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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3
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Barcelo J, Samain R, Sanz-Moreno V. Preclinical to clinical utility of ROCK inhibitors in cancer. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:250-263. [PMID: 36599733 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ROCK belongs to the AGC family of Ser/Thr protein kinases that are involved in many cellular processes. ROCK-driven actomyosin contractility regulates cytoskeletal dynamics underpinning cell migration, proliferation, and survival in many cancer types. ROCK1/2 play key protumorigenic roles in several subtypes and stages of cancer development. Therefore, successfully targeting ROCK and its downstream effectors presents an interesting avenue for cancer treatment. Because local use of ROCK inhibitors will reduce the side effects of systemic administration, we propose different therapeutic strategies and latest-generation ROCK inhibitors for use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Barcelo
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Remi Samain
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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4
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Spano D, Colanzi A. Golgi Complex: A Signaling Hub in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:1990. [PMID: 35805075 PMCID: PMC9265605 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi Complex is the central hub in the endomembrane system and serves not only as a biosynthetic and processing center but also as a trafficking and sorting station for glycoproteins and lipids. In addition, it is an active signaling hub involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, including cell polarity, motility, growth, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, DNA repair and stress responses. As such, the dysregulation of the Golgi Complex-centered signaling cascades contributes to the onset of several pathological conditions, including cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the signaling pathways regulated by the Golgi Complex and implicated in promoting cancer hallmarks and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Spano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Deduction of CDC42EP3 suppress development and progression of osteosarcoma. Exp Cell Res 2022; 412:113018. [PMID: 34998812 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is a disease with high mortality of malignant tumors in children and adolescents. CDC42 effector protein 3 (CDC42EP3) has been reported to be associated with human cancer cell progression. This study aimed to investigate the biological function and preliminary molecular mechanism of CDC42EP3 in osteosarcoma. METHODS CDC42EP3 expression in osteosarcoma was analyzed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Secondly, the biological effects of CDC42EP3 in osteosarcoma cells was determined by loss/gain-of-function assays in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS CDC42EP3 expression was higher in osteosarcoma tissue than in noncancerous tissue. The expression of CDC42EP3 was positively correlated with age, pathological stage and grade of patients with osteosarcoma. Furthermore, downregulation of CDC42EP3 suppressed tumor progression by inhibiting proliferation, migration and inducing apoptosis in vivo. Importantly, knockdown of CDC42EP3 reduced the expression of interstitial markers (N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail) and increased the expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin). In addition, CDC42EP3 knockdown downregulated PI3K and reduced the phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR. The mice xenograft model further confirmed that CDC42EP3 knockdown inhibited osteosarcoma growth in vitro. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these findings highlighted the significance of CDC42EP3 in tumor progression, which implicated CDC42EP3 as a promising candidate molecular target for osteosarcoma therapy.
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Ye Y, Li H, Bian J, Wang L, Wang Y, Huang H. Exploring Prognosis-Associated Biomarkers of Estrogen-Independent Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma by Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:9067-9081. [PMID: 34876842 PMCID: PMC8643178 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s341345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is one of the most common female cancers with high incidence and mortality rates. In particular, the prognosis of type II UCEC is poorer than that of type I. However, the molecular mechanism underlying type II UCEC remains unclear. Methods RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical information on UCEC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, which were then separated into mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA gene expression profile matrix to perform differentially expressed gene analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key modules associated with different UCEC subtypes based on mRNA and lncRNA expression matrix. Following that, a subtype-associated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was constructed. In addition, GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway analysis were performed on subtype-related DE mRNAs, and STRING database was utilized to predict the interaction network between proteins and their biological functions. The key mRNAs were validated at the protein and gene expression levels in endometrial cancerous tissues as compared with normal tissues. Results In summary, we identified 4611 mRNA, 3568 lncRNAs, and 47 miRNAs as differentially expressed between endometrial cancerous tissues and normal endometrial tissues. WGCNA demonstrated that 72 mRNAs and 55 lncRNAs were correlated with pathological subtypes. In the constructed ceRNA regulatory network, LINC02418, RASGRF1, and GCNT1 were screened for their association with poor prognosis of type II UCEC. These DE mRNAs were linked to Wnt signaling pathway, and lower expression of LEF1 and NKD1 predicted advanced clinical stages and worse prognosis of UCEC patients. Conclusion This study revealed five prognosis-associated biomarkers that can be used to predict the worst prognosis of type II UCEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchun Ye
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfeng Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Bian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangfei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, People's Republic of China
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Graziani V, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Maiques O, Sanz-Moreno V. The amoeboid state as part of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition programme. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:228-242. [PMID: 34836782 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for many biological processes, while abnormal cell migration is characteristic of cancer cells. Epithelial cells become motile by undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and mesenchymal cells increase migration speed by adopting amoeboid features. This review highlights how amoeboid behaviour is not merely a migration mode but rather a cellular state - within the EMT spectra - by which cancer cells survive, invade and colonise challenging microenvironments. Molecular biomarkers and physicochemical triggers associated with amoeboid behaviour are discussed, including an amoeboid associated tumour microenvironment. We reflect on how amoeboid characteristics support metastasis and how their liabilities could turn into therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Graziani
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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8
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Du Y, Wang Z, Wan W. High Expression of ERK-related RASGRF2 predicts Poor prognosis in patients with Stomach Adenocarcinoma and correlates with M2 macrophage. J Cancer 2021; 12:7177-7189. [PMID: 34729119 PMCID: PMC8558656 DOI: 10.7150/jca.63029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of RASGRF2 has been verified in the development of various cancers. However, its roles in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) are still under investigation. Methods: RASGRF2 transcript-level data and the associated clinical information from patients with STAD were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Diagnostic and prognostic values of RASGRF2 were analyzed using receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) analysis, correlation analysis, and survival analysis in conjunction with a prognostic model. In addition, gene expression profiles, differentially-expressed genes for co-varying expression, and a differential expressed genes (DEG) protein-protein interaction network for influential nodes were also analyzed. To identify the molecular role of RASGRF2 in STAD, gene ontology (GO) term, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) biological pathway, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)-mediated functional module enrichment analyses were conducted. The relationship between RASGRF2 and gene signature-based predicted immune cell infiltration patterns were also investigated. To validate the bioinformatic findings, RASGRF2 protein expression was investigated in vitro using western blot and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, relationships among RASGRF2 protein expression, clinicopathologic characteristics, and patient survival were analyzed. Results: Bioinformatic analysis revealed a significantly higher RASGRF2 transcript level in STAD tissue, which was positively associated with the T stage, histological type, histological grade, and TP53 status. Moreover, the RASGRF2 transcript level indicated poor overall survival in STAD patients (hazard ratio = 1.47, P = 0.023). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that primary therapy outcome, age, and RASGRF2 transcript level were independent prognostic factors for survival, and the C-index of a nomogram was 0.695. Additionally, 159 genes were differentially expressed according to RASGRF2 transcript levels; 15 exhibited co-varying expression, and 13 were identified as influential nodes. The DEG-list was significantly enriched for several GO terms, biological pathways, and functional modules, including MAPK, RAS, ERK, and immunoregulatory pathways. RASGRF2 transcript levels were significantly positively correlated with infiltration levels of Tem, Macrophages, pDCs, and NK cells. Validation analysis showed similar results for the RASGRF2 protein expression level in both in vitro analyses. Conclusion: Bioinformatic predictions combined with in vitro validation suggest that RASGRF2 plays diagnostic and prognostic roles and serves as a negative protective molecular factor in STAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhengguang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Weina Wan
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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9
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Crosas-Molist E, Samain R, Kohlhammer L, Orgaz J, George S, Maiques O, Barcelo J, Sanz-Moreno V. RhoGTPase Signalling in Cancer Progression and Dissemination. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:455-510. [PMID: 34541899 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are a family of small G proteins that regulate a wide array of cellular processes related to their key roles controlling the cytoskeleton. On the other hand, cancer is a multi-step disease caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations, from the initial stages of cancer development when cells in normal tissues undergo transformation, to the acquisition of invasive and metastatic traits, responsible for a large number of cancer related deaths. In this review, we discuss the role of Rho GTPase signalling in cancer in every step of disease progression. Rho GTPases contribute to tumour initiation and progression, by regulating proliferation and apoptosis, but also metabolism, senescence and cell stemness. Rho GTPases play a major role in cell migration, and in the metastatic process. They are also involved in interactions with the tumour microenvironment and regulate inflammation, contributing to cancer progression. After years of intensive research, we highlight the importance of relevant models in the Rho GTPase field, and we reflect on the therapeutic opportunities arising for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remi Samain
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie Kohlhammer
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Orgaz
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samantha George
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaume Barcelo
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Houlier A, Pissaloux D, Tirode F, Lopez Ramirez N, Plaschka M, Caramel J, Masse I, de la Fouchardiere A. RASGRF2 gene fusions identified in a variety of melanocytic lesions with distinct morphological features. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:1074-1083. [PMID: 34310073 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The WHO classification identifies nine classes of melanocytic proliferations according to location, UV exposure, histological, and genetic features. Only a minority of lesions remain unclassified. We describe five cases that harbored either an ERBIN-RASGRF2 or an ATP2B4-RASGRF2 in-frame fusion transcript. These lesions were collected from different studies, unified only by the lack of identifiable known mutations, with a highly variable phenotype. One case was a large abdominal congenital nevus, three were slowly growing pigmented nodules, and the last was an ulcerated nodule arising on the site of a preexisting small nevus, known since childhood. The latter was diagnosed as a 4 mm thick melanoma with loss of BAP1 expression. The four other cases were compound, melanocytic proliferations with an unusual deep pattern of small dense nests of bland melanocytes encased in a fibrous background. The RASGRF2 fusion was confirmed by a break-apart FISH technique. Array CGH performed in three cases found non-recurrent secondary copy number alterations. Follow-up was uneventful. In silico analysis identified a single RASGRF2 fusion in the TCGA pan-cancer database, whereas RASGRF2 variants were stochastically distributed in all cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Houlier
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5286, INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Biopathology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel Pissaloux
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5286, INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Biopathology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Franck Tirode
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5286, INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Noémie Lopez Ramirez
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5286, INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Plaschka
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5286, INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Caramel
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5286, INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ingrid Masse
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5286, INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud de la Fouchardiere
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5286, INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Biopathology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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11
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Li B, Huang Z, Yu W, Liu S, Zhang J, Wang Q, Wu L, Kou F, Yang L. Molecular subtypes based on CNVs related gene signatures identify candidate prognostic biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia 2021; 23:704-717. [PMID: 34139453 PMCID: PMC8208901 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The classical factors for predicting prognosis currently cannot meet the developing requirements of individualized and accurate prognostic evaluation in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). With the rapid development of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies, genomic changes have been discovered. These sequencing data provide unprecedented opportunities for identifying cancer molecular subtypes. In this article, we classified LUAD into two distinct molecular subtypes (Cluster 1 and Cluster 2) based on Copy Number Variations (CNVs) and mRNA expression data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) based on non-negative matrix factorization. Patients in Cluster 1 had worse outcomes than that in Cluster 2. Molecular features in subtypes were assessed to explain this phenomenon by analyzing differential expression genes expression pattern, which involved in cellular processes and environmental information processing. Analysis of immune cell populations suggested different distributions of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and dendritic cells in the two subtypes. Subsequently, two novel genes, TROAP and RASGRF1, were discovered to be prognostic biomarkers in TCGA, which were confirmed in GSE31210 and Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital LUAD cohorts. We further proved their crucial roles in cancers by vitro experiments. TROAP mediates tumor cell proliferation, cycle, invasion, and migration, not apoptosis. RASGRF1 has a significant effect on tumor microenvironment. In conclusion, our study provides a novel insight into molecular classification based on CNVs related genes in LUAD, which may contribute to identify new molecular subtypes and target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Li
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziqi Huang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaochuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Oncology, Oncology Laboratory, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Kou
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.
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12
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Molecular subversion of Cdc42 signalling in cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1425-1442. [PMID: 34196668 PMCID: PMC8412110 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42 is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases and a master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, controlling cell motility, polarity and cell cycle progression. This small G protein and its regulators have been the subject of many years of fruitful investigation and the advent of functional genomics and proteomics has opened up new avenues of exploration including how it functions at specific locations in the cell. This has coincided with the introduction of new structural techniques with the ability to study small GTPases in the context of the membrane. The role of Cdc42 in cancer is well established but the molecular details of its action are still being uncovered. Here we review alterations found to Cdc42 itself and to key components of the signal transduction pathways it controls in cancer. Given the challenges encountered with targeting small G proteins directly therapeutically, it is arguably the regulators of Cdc42 and the effector signalling pathways downstream of the small G protein which will be the most tractable targets for therapeutic intervention. These will require interrogation in order to fully understand the global signalling contribution of Cdc42, unlock the potential for mapping new signalling axes and ultimately produce inhibitors of Cdc42 driven signalling.
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13
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Nakagawa T, Kim Y, Kano J, Murata Y, Kosibaty Z, Noguchi M, Sakamoto N. High expression of Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (RasGRF2) in lung adenocarcinoma is associated with tumor invasion and poor prognosis. Pathol Int 2021; 71:255-260. [PMID: 33709437 PMCID: PMC8251786 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of Ras‐specific guanine nucleotide‐releasing factor 2 (RasGRF2) in lung adenocarcinomas was examined using immunohistochemistry in relation to clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. In comparison to low expression, high expression of RasGRF2 was more closely associated with poor prognosis. Interestingly, expression of phosphorylated epithelial cell transforming 2 (pECT2), which – like RasGRF2 – is also a guanine‐nucleotide exchange factor, was also associated with prognosis, and patients with high expression of both RasGRF2 and pECT2 had a much poorer outcome than those who were negative for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan.,Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - YunJung Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Kano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Murata
- Department of Pathology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zeinab Kosibaty
- Tsukuba Human Tissue Diagnostic Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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14
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Feng Y, Jiang Y, Feng Q, Xu L, Jiang Y, Meng F, Shu X. A novel prognostic biomarker for muscle invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma based on 11 DNA methylation signature. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:1119-1127. [PMID: 33151129 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1833811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma (MIBC) is a highly invasive cancer, which leads to prevalent recurrence and poor prognosis. Exploring the association of DNA methylation and the prognosis of MIBC will thus be of important value in clinical management and treatment. Bumphunter method and adaptive lasso regression were used to explore the relationship between different methylation regions (DMRs) and the prognosis of MIBC. Next, we constructed a risk prognosis model and validated this model. Moreover, the performance of this risk model was examined by using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). We identified 58,449 different methylation sites and 490 different methylation regions. Among them, 11 DMRs were associated with the prognosis of MIBC through rigorous screening. Through the linear combination of 11 DMRs, a putative marker was developed, which can distinguish the survival risk in both the training dataset (HR = 2.58, 95% CI = (1.64, 4.05)) and the verification dataset (HR = 2.77, 95% CI = (1.25, 6.15)). Relatively high predictive values were observed from this model for training dataset (AUC = 0.791) and verification dataset (AUC = 0.668). Stratified analysis showed that the association was independent of gender. A nomogram was additionally generated to predict 5-year survival probability containing risk score and pathological stage. Its performance was evaluated by applying calibration curve. The methylation signature risk model based on 11 DMRs may be a reliable prognostic signature for MIBC, which provides new insights into development of individualized therapy for MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Feng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital , Hengshui, China
| | - Qingting Feng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Lingkai Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Meng
- Centre of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing, China.,Unit of Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine , Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Shu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
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15
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Farrugia AJ, Rodríguez J, Orgaz JL, Lucas M, Sanz-Moreno V, Calvo F. CDC42EP5/BORG3 modulates SEPT9 to promote actomyosin function, migration, and invasion. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201912159. [PMID: 32798219 PMCID: PMC7480113 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast amoeboid migration is critical for developmental processes and can be hijacked by cancer cells to enhance metastatic dissemination. This migratory behavior is tightly controlled by high levels of actomyosin contractility, but how it is coupled to other cytoskeletal components is poorly understood. Septins are increasingly recognized as novel cytoskeletal components, but details on their regulation and contribution to migration are lacking. Here, we show that the septin regulator Cdc42EP5 is consistently required for amoeboid melanoma cells to invade and migrate into collagen-rich matrices and locally invade and disseminate in vivo. Cdc42EP5 associates with actin structures, leading to increased actomyosin contractility and amoeboid migration. Cdc42EP5 affects these functions through SEPT9-dependent F-actin cross-linking, which enables the generation of F-actin bundles required for the sustained stabilization of highly contractile actomyosin structures. This study provides evidence that Cdc42EP5 is a regulator of cancer cell motility that coordinates actin and septin networks and describes a unique role for SEPT9 in melanoma invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Farrugia
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Javier Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Cantabria), Santander, Spain
| | - Jose L. Orgaz
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - María Lucas
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Cantabria), Santander, Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Calvo
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Cantabria), Santander, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are known to play an essential role in fundamental processes such as defining cell shape, polarity and migration. As such, the majority of Rho GTPases localize and function at, or close to, the plasma membrane. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that a number of Rho family proteins are also associated with the Golgi complex, where they not only regulate events at this organelle but also more widely across the cell. Given the central location of this organelle, and the numerous membrane trafficking pathways that connect it to both the endocytic and secretory systems of cells, it is clear that the Golgi is fundamental for maintaining cellular homoeostasis. In this review, we describe these GTPases in the context of how they regulate Golgi architecture, membrane trafficking into and away from this organelle, and cell polarity and migration. We summarize the key findings that show the growing importance of the pool of Rho GTPases associated with Golgi function, namely Cdc42, RhoA, RhoD, RhoBTB1 and RhoBTB3, and we discuss how they act in concert with other key families of molecules associated with the Golgi, including Rab GTPases and matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritha M Mysior
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
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17
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Dong M, Hou Y, Ding X. Structure identification, antitumor activity and mechanisms of a novel polysaccharide from Ramaria flaccida (Fr.) Quél. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2169-2182. [PMID: 32782534 PMCID: PMC7400858 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is an important aspect of current cancer research to search for effective and low-toxicity anticancer drugs and adjuvants. Polysaccharides, as immunomodulators, can improve the immune function of the body, kill tumor cells directly and prevent tumor development by increasing the resistance of the body to carcinogenic factors. The aim of the present study was to identify natural polysaccharide compounds with novel structure and antitumor activity via the separation and analysis of polysaccharide components from Ramaria flaccida (Fr.) Quél. (RF-1). In the present study, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to identify the structure of polysaccharides from RF-1. Subsequently, the antitumor activity and mechanism of RF-1 were studied by establishing an in vivo S180 tumor model, and by using Illumina sequencing technology and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The present results revealed that the average molecular weight of RF-1 was 17,093 Da and that RF-1 was composed of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose, with a 2:1 ratio. The main chain of RF-1 consisted of (1→6, 2)-α-D-galactopyranose and (1→6, 4)- α-D-glucopyranose. One of the branched chains was linked to 4-O of the main glucose chain by (1→6)-α-D-glucopyranose and next linked by one (→4)-β-D-glucopyranose. The other two branched chains were both linked to 2-O of the main glucose chain by one (→4)-β-D-glucopyranose. In addition, RF-1 inhibited the growth of S180 tumors in vivo. When the concentration of RF-1 was 20 mg/kg, the inhibition rate of S180 tumors in mice was 48.4%. Compared with the blank control group, 1,971 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 818 were upregulated and 1,153 were downregulated in the RF-1 group. A Gene Ontology enrichment analysis generated 47,091 assignments to biological processes, 5,250 assignments to cellular components, and 6,466 assignments to molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways were significantly enriched. The number of differentially annotated genes in these two pathways was 19 and 33, respectively. Additionally, ELISA results revealed that the protein levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor in the RF-1 group were significantly downregulated compared with the S180 blank control group (P<0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, P.R. China
| | - Yiling Hou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, P.R. China
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18
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Korolkova OY, Widatalla SE, Williams SD, Whalen DS, Beasley HK, Ochieng J, Grewal T, Sakwe AM. Diverse Roles of Annexin A6 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis and EGFR-Targeted Therapies. Cells 2020; 9:E1855. [PMID: 32784650 PMCID: PMC7465958 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium (Ca2+)-dependent membrane-binding Annexin A6 (AnxA6), is a multifunctional, predominantly intracellular scaffolding protein, now known to play relevant roles in different cancer types through diverse, often cell-type-specific mechanisms. AnxA6 is differentially expressed in various stages/subtypes of several cancers, and its expression in certain tumor cells is also induced by a variety of pharmacological drugs. Together with the secretion of AnxA6 as a component of extracellular vesicles, this suggests that AnxA6 mediates distinct tumor progression patterns via extracellular and/or intracellular activities. Although it lacks enzymatic activity, some of the AnxA6-mediated functions involving membrane, nucleotide and cholesterol binding as well as the scaffolding of specific proteins or multifactorial protein complexes, suggest its potential utility in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategies for various cancers. In breast cancer, the low AnxA6 expression levels in the more aggressive basal-like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype correlate with its tumor suppressor activity and the poor overall survival of basal-like TNBC patients. In this review, we highlight the potential tumor suppressor function of AnxA6 in TNBC progression and metastasis, the relevance of AnxA6 in the diagnosis and prognosis of several cancers and discuss the concept of therapy-induced expression of AnxA6 as a novel mechanism for acquired resistance of TNBC to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Y. Korolkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Sarrah E. Widatalla
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Stephen D. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Diva S. Whalen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Heather K. Beasley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Amos M. Sakwe
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
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19
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Wang X, Wu F, Wang H, Duan X, Huang R, Tuersuntuoheti A, Su L, Yan S, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Li K, Yao J, Luo Z, Guo L, Liu J, Chen X, Lu Y, Hu H, Li X, Bao M, Bi X, Du B, Miao S, Cai J, Wang L, Zhou H, Ying J, Song W, Zhao H. PDCD6 cooperates with C-Raf to facilitate colorectal cancer progression via Raf/MEK/ERK activation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:147. [PMID: 32746883 PMCID: PMC7398064 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies, and it’s expected that the CRC burden will substantially increase in the next two decades. New biomarkers for targeted treatment and associated molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis remain to be explored. In this study, we investigated whether PDCD6 plays an oncogenic role in colorectal cancer and its underlying mechanism. Methods Programmed cell death protein 6 (PDCD6) expression in CRC samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The prognosis between PDCD6 and clinical features were analyzed. The roles of PDCD6 in cellular proliferation and tumor growth were measured by using CCK8, colony formation, and tumor xenograft in nude mice. RNA-sequence (RNA-seq), Mass Spectrum (MS), Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Western blot were utilized to investigate the mechanism of tumor progression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to determine the correlation of PDCD6 and MAPK pathway. Results Higher expression levels of PDCD6 in tumor tissues were associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with CRC. Furthermore, PDCD6 increased cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, RNA-seq showed that PDCD6 could affect the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. PDCD6 interacted with c-Raf, resulting in the activation of downstream c-Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and the upregulation of core cell proliferation genes such as MYC and JUN. Conclusions These findings reveal the oncogenic effect of PDCD6 in CRC by activating c-Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and indicate that PDCD6 might be a potential prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Amannisa Tuersuntuoheti
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Luying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shida Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuechao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jinjie Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhiwen Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianmei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yalan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hanjie Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xingchen Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Mandula Bao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xinyu Bi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Boyu Du
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Shiying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jianqiang Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Linfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Haitao Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China. .,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China. .,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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20
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Panou V, Røe OD. Inherited Genetic Mutations and Polymorphisms in Malignant Mesothelioma: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124327. [PMID: 32560575 PMCID: PMC7352726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is mainly caused by air-born asbestos but genetic susceptibility is also suspected to be a risk factor. Recent studies suggest an increasing number of candidate genes that may predispose to MM besides the well-characterized BRCA1-associated protein-1 gene. The aim of this review is to summarize the most important studies on germline mutations for MM. A total of 860 publications were retrieved from Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science, of which 81 met the inclusion criteria and were consider for this review. More than 50% of the genes that are reported to predispose to MM are involved in DNA repair mechanisms, and the majority of them have a role in the homologous recombination pathway. Genetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes involved in chromatin, transcription and hypoxia regulation have also been described. Furthermore, we identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may promote MM tumorigenesis as a result of an asbestos-gene interaction, including SNPs in DNA repair, carcinogen detoxification and other genes previously associated with other malignancies. The identification of inherited mutations for MM and an understanding of the underlying pathways may allow early detection and prevention of malignancies in high-risk individuals and pave the way for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Panou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
| | - Oluf Dimitri Røe
- Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Zeng Z, Cheng J, Ye Q, Zhang Y, Shen X, Cai J, Li M. A 14-Methylation-Driven Differentially Expressed RNA as a Signature for Overall Survival Prediction in Patients with Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:975-991. [PMID: 32397815 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation has been implicated as an important mechanism for the development of uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), indicating that methylation-driven genes may be potential biomarkers for survival prediction. In this study, we aimed to identify a new prognostic methylation signature for UCEC based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) (DELs). Sample-matched RNA-sequencing and methylation-array data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, by analysis of which a total of 269 DEGs and 4 DELs were identified to be methylation driven. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis screened that 14 methylation-driven genes were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and thus were used as a signature to establish a prognostic risk model. Based on the median threshold, the patients were divided into the low-risk and the high-risk groups, which showed significantly different survival periods under the Kaplan-Meier curve. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.934, 0.919, and 0.952 for the training, validation, and entire cohort, respectively. Stratification analysis showed that the established risk model may add prognostic values to conventional clinical factors (age, neoplasm histologic grade, and clinical stage). A nomogram was constructed based on the risk model and clinical parameters, with the AUC of 0.978 and c-index of 0.8079. Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) function enrichment and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) protein expression validation showed 5 of these 14 genes may be especially important for UCEC (hypermethylated lowly expressed: CCBE1, FOXL2, PHLDB2, and DTNA; hypomethylated highly expressed: CCNE1). Comparison with breast cancer in the methylation level indicated ABCA12, CCNE1, and CLRN3 may be specific methylation-driven genes for UCEC. LncRNA HCG11 may function by coexpressing with DTNA. In conclusion, this 14-DNA methylation signature combined with clinical factors may a potentially effective biomarker in predicting OS for UCEC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zeng
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjian Ye
- Department of Gynecology and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Shen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Cai
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manchao Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Humphries BA, Wang Z, Yang C. MicroRNA Regulation of the Small Rho GTPase Regulators-Complexities and Opportunities in Targeting Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1092. [PMID: 32353968 PMCID: PMC7281527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small Rho GTPases regulate important cellular processes that affect cancer metastasis, such as cell survival and proliferation, actin dynamics, adhesion, migration, invasion and transcriptional activation. The Rho GTPases function as molecular switches cycling between an active GTP-bound and inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound conformation. It is known that Rho GTPase activities are mainly regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs), GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) and guanine nucleotide exchange modifiers (GEMs). These Rho GTPase regulators are often dysregulated in cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a large family of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate protein-coding gene expression, have been shown to play important roles in cancer metastasis. Recent studies showed that miRNAs are capable of directly targeting RhoGAPs, RhoGEFs, and RhoGDIs, and regulate the activities of Rho GTPases. This not only provides new evidence for the critical role of miRNA dysregulation in cancer metastasis, it also reveals novel mechanisms for Rho GTPase regulation. This review summarizes recent exciting findings showing that miRNAs play important roles in regulating Rho GTPase regulators (RhoGEFs, RhoGAPs, RhoGDIs), thus affecting Rho GTPase activities and cancer metastasis. The potential opportunities and challenges for targeting miRNAs and Rho GTPase regulators in treating cancer metastasis are also discussed. A comprehensive list of the currently validated miRNA-targeting of small Rho GTPase regulators is presented as a reference resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock A. Humphries
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhishan Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 1095 V A Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 1095 V A Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
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23
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Korolkova OY, Widatalla SE, Whalen DS, Nangami GN, Abimbola A, Williams SD, Beasley HK, Reisenbichler E, Washington MK, Ochieng J, Mayer IA, Lehmann BD, Sakwe AM. Reciprocal expression of Annexin A6 and RasGRF2 discriminates rapidly growing from invasive triple negative breast cancer subsets. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231711. [PMID: 32298357 PMCID: PMC7162501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Actively growing tumors are often histologically associated with Ki67 positivity, while the detection of invasiveness relies on non-quantitative pathologic evaluation of mostly advanced tumors. We recently reported that reduced expression of the Ca2+-dependent membrane-binding annexin A6 (AnxA6) is associated with increased expression of the Ca2+ activated RasGRF2 (GRF2), and that the expression status of these proteins inversely influence the growth and motility of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Here, we establish that the reciprocal expression of AnxA6 and GRF2 is at least in part, dependent on inhibition of non-selective Ca2+ channels in AnxA6-low but not AnxA6-high TNBC cells. Immunohistochemical staining of breast cancer tissues revealed that compared to non-TNBC tumors, TNBC tumors express lower levels of AnxA6 and higher Ki67 expression. GRF2 expression levels strongly correlated with high Ki67 in pretreatment biopsies from patients with residual disease and with residual tumor size following chemotherapy. Elevated AnxA6 expression more reliably identified patients who responded to chemotherapy, while low AnxA6 levels were significantly associated with shorter distant relapse-free survival. Finally, the reciprocal expression of AnxA6 and GRF2 can delineate GRF2-low/AnxA6-high invasive from GRF2-high/AnxA6-low rapidly growing TNBCs. These data suggest that AnxA6 may be a reliable biomarker for distant relapse-free survival and response of TNBC patients to chemotherapy, and that the reciprocal expression of AnxA6 and GRF2 can reliably delineate TNBCs into rapidly growing and invasive subsets which may be more relevant for subset-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Y. Korolkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sarrah E. Widatalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Diva S. Whalen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gladys N. Nangami
- Department of Pathology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Adeniyi Abimbola
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heather K. Beasley
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Emily Reisenbichler
- Department of Pathology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mary Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ingrid A. Mayer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Lehmann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amos M. Sakwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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24
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Wu B, Lu X, Shen H, Yuan X, Wang X, Yin N, Sun L, Shen P, Hu C, Jiang H, Wang D. Intratumoral heterogeneity and genetic characteristics of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:3369-3378. [PMID: 32159858 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease and optimum gene targeting treatment is often impermissible. We aim to determine the intratumoral genomic heterogeneity of prostate cancer and explore candidate genes for targeted therapy. Exome sequencing was performed on 37 samples from 16 patients with prostate cancer. Somatic variant analysis, copy number variant (CNV) analysis, clonal evolution analysis and variant spectrum analysis were used to study the intratumoral genomic heterogeneity and genetic characteristics of metastatic prostate cancer. Our study confirmed the high intratumoral genetic heterogeneity of prostate cancer in many aspects, including number of shared variants, tumor mutation burden (TMB), variant genes, CNV burden, weighted genome instability index (wGII), CNV profiles, clonal evolutionary process, variant spectrum and mutational signatures. Moreover, we identified several common genetic characteristics of prostate cancer. Alterations of DNA damage repair genes, RTK/RAS pathway associated gene RASGRF1 and autophagy gene EPG5 may be involved in tumorigenesis in prostate cancer. CNV burden and DNA damage repair (DDR) genes may be associated with metastasis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Shen
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobin Yuan
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Nan Yin
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Libin Sun
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengliang Shen
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Caoyang Hu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Huanrong Jiang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongwen Wang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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25
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Orgaz JL, Crosas-Molist E, Sadok A, Perdrix-Rosell A, Maiques O, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Monger J, Mele S, Georgouli M, Bridgeman V, Karagiannis P, Lee R, Pandya P, Boehme L, Wallberg F, Tape C, Karagiannis SN, Malanchi I, Sanz-Moreno V. Myosin II Reactivation and Cytoskeletal Remodeling as a Hallmark and a Vulnerability in Melanoma Therapy Resistance. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:85-103.e9. [PMID: 31935375 PMCID: PMC6958528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial clinical benefit of targeted and immune checkpoint blockade-based therapies in melanoma, resistance inevitably develops. We show cytoskeletal remodeling and changes in expression and activity of ROCK-myosin II pathway during acquisition of resistance to MAPK inhibitors. MAPK regulates myosin II activity, but after initial therapy response, drug-resistant clones restore myosin II activity to increase survival. High ROCK-myosin II activity correlates with aggressiveness, identifying targeted therapy- and immunotherapy-resistant melanomas. Survival of resistant cells is myosin II dependent, regardless of the therapy. ROCK-myosin II ablation specifically kills resistant cells via intrinsic lethal reactive oxygen species and unresolved DNA damage and limits extrinsic myeloid and lymphoid immunosuppression. Efficacy of targeted therapies and immunotherapies can be improved by combination with ROCK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Orgaz
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Amine Sadok
- Translational Cancer Discovery Team, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Anna Perdrix-Rosell
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; Tumour Host Interaction, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Irene Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jo Monger
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Silvia Mele
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mirella Georgouli
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Victoria Bridgeman
- Tumour Host Interaction, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Oncology, Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Rebecca Lee
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Pahini Pandya
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lena Boehme
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Fredrik Wallberg
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Chris Tape
- Cell Communication Lab, UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- Tumour Host Interaction, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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26
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Phuyal S, Farhan H. Multifaceted Rho GTPase Signaling at the Endomembranes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:127. [PMID: 31380367 PMCID: PMC6646525 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases orchestrates fundamental biological processes such as cell cycle progression, cell migration, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and their aberrant signaling is linked to numerous human diseases and disorders. Traditionally, active Rho GTPase proteins were proposed to reside and function predominantly at the plasma membrane. While this view still holds true, it is emerging that active pool of multiple Rho GTPases are in part localized to endomembranes such as endosomes and the Golgi. In this review, we will focus on the intracellular pools and discuss how their local activation contributes to the shaping of various cellular processes. Our main focus will be on Rho signaling from the endosomes, Golgi, mitochondria and nucleus and how they regulate multiple cellular events such as receptor trafficking, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration and polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Phuyal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Zaballos MA, Acuña-Ruiz A, Morante M, Crespo P, Santisteban P. Regulators of the RAS-ERK pathway as therapeutic targets in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R319-R344. [PMID: 30978703 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is mostly an ERK-driven carcinoma, as up to 70% of thyroid carcinomas are caused by mutations that activate the RAS/ERK mitogenic signaling pathway. The incidence of thyroid cancer has been steadily increasing for the last four decades; yet, there is still no effective treatment for advanced thyroid carcinomas. Current research efforts are focused on impairing ERK signaling with small-molecule inhibitors, mainly at the level of BRAF and MEK. However, despite initial promising results in animal models, the clinical success of these inhibitors has been limited by the emergence of tumor resistance and relapse. The RAS/ERK pathway is an extremely complex signaling cascade with multiple points of control, offering many potential therapeutic targets: from the modulatory proteins regulating the activation state of RAS proteins to the scaffolding proteins of the pathway that provide spatial specificity to the signals, and finally, the negative feedbacks and phosphatases responsible for inactivating the pathway. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the biology of RAS/ERK regulators in human cancer highlighting relevant information on thyroid cancer and future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Zaballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Acuña-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Morante
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Piero Crespo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Whalen DS, Widatalla SE, Korolkova OY, Nangami GS, Beasley HK, Williams SD, Virgous C, Lehmann BD, Ochieng J, Sakwe AM. Implication of calcium activated RasGRF2 in Annexin A6-mediated breast tumor cell growth and motility. Oncotarget 2019; 10:133-151. [PMID: 30719209 PMCID: PMC6349432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of AnxA6 in breast cancer and in particular, the mechanisms underlying its contribution to tumor cell growth and/or motility remain poorly understood. In this study, we established the tumor suppressor function of AnxA6 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells by showing that loss of AnxA6 is associated with early onset and rapid growth of xenograft TNBC tumors in mice. We also identified the Ca2+ activated RasGRF2 as an effector of AnxA6 mediated TNBC cell growth and motility. Activation of Ca2+ mobilizing oncogenic receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in TNBC cells or pharmacological stimulation of Ca2+ influx led to activation, subsequent degradation and altered effector functions of RasGRF2. Inhibition of Ca2+ influx or overexpression of AnxA6 blocked the activation/degradation of RasGRF2. We also show that AnxA6 acts as a scaffold for RasGRF2 and Ras proteins and that its interaction with RasGRF2 is modulated by GTP and/or activation of Ras proteins. Meanwhile, down-regulation of RasGRF2 and treatment of cells with the EGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) lapatinib strongly attenuated the growth of otherwise EGFR-TKI resistant AnxA6 high TNBC cells. These data not only suggest that AnxA6 modulated Ca2+ influx and effector functions of RasGRF2 underlie at least in part, the AnxA6 mediated TNBC cell growth and/or motility, but also provide a rationale to target Ras-driven TNBC with EGFR targeted therapies in combination with inhibition of RasGRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diva S Whalen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarrah E Widatalla
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Olga Y Korolkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gladys S Nangami
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather K Beasley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen D Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carlos Virgous
- Animal Care Facility, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian D Lehmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amos M Sakwe
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
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29
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Lu P, Chen J, Yan L, Yang L, Zhang L, Dai J, Hao Z, Bai T, Xi Y, Li Y, Kang Z, Xv J, Sun G, Yang T. RasGRF2 promotes migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells by modulating expression of MMP9 through Src/Akt/NF-κB pathway. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:435-443. [PMID: 30359168 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1529117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (RasGRF2) is a member of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors family which is expressed in a variety of tissues and cancer. However, the role of RasGRF2 in cancer is less reported, especially in colorectal cancer(CRC). Hence, the present study aimed to investigated the function of RasGRF2 and ways in which it affects tumor progression in CRC samples and cell lines. We first measured RasGRF2 mRNA level in 26 paired tumor and nontumor colon tissues after colon cancer surgical resection, and determined RasGRF2 protein level in 97 paired paraffin-embedded colon cancer tissues, and found that levels of RasGRF2 mRNA and protein were increased in colorectal tumor tissues, compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues. We then examined the effects of RasGRF2 knockdown on proliferation, migration and invasion were analyzed in CRC cells (SW480, HCT116 and LS174T). HCT116 cells with RasGRF2 knockdown were injected into the tail vein in nude mice to yield metastatic model, and tumor metastasis was measured as well. We found that knockdown of RasGRF2 in CRC cells reduced their migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in mice. Furthermore, we explored the underlying molecular mechanism for RasGRF2-mediated CRC migration and invasion. The results showed that knockdown of RasGRF2 in CRC cells impairing the expression of MMP9 and inhibiting the activation of Src/Akt and NF-κB signaling. We conclude that RasGRF2 plays a role in controlling migration and invasion of CRC and modulates the expression of MMP9 through Src/PI 3-kinase and the NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifen Lu
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Junjun Chen
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Lihong Yan
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Lijun Yang
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Litao Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Jie Dai
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Zixuan Hao
- b Department of Optometry , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Tao Bai
- c Department of Pathology , First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Yanfeng Xi
- d Department of Pathology , Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Yahui Li
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Zhiming Kang
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Jun Xv
- e Department of General Surgery , Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
| | - Gongqin Sun
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China.,f Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , RI , USA
| | - Tao Yang
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi , China
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O’Donnell MA. Victoria Sanz-Moreno: Rho together for cancer research. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1885-1886. [PMID: 29777025 PMCID: PMC5987732 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanz-Moreno investigates how the cytoskeleton controls tumor biology.
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TAGLN2 polymerizes G-actin in a low ionic state but blocks Arp2/3-nucleated actin branching in physiological conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5503. [PMID: 29615809 PMCID: PMC5883021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TAGLN is an actin-binding protein family that comprises three isoforms with theorized roles in smooth muscle differentiation, tumour development, lymphocyte activation, and brain chemistry. However, their fundamental characteristics in regulation of the actin-based cytoskeleton are not fully understood. Here we show that TAGLN2 (including TAGLN1 and TAGLN3) extensively nucleates G-actin polymerization under low-salt conditions, where polymerization would be completely suppressed. The calponin homology domain and actin-binding loop are essential to mechanically connect two adjacent G-actins, thereby mediating multimeric interactions. However, TAGLN2 blocked the Arp2/3 complex binding to actin filaments under physiological salt conditions, thereby inhibiting branched actin nucleation. In HeLa and T cells, TAGLN2 enhanced filopodium-like membrane protrusion. Collectively, the dual functional nature of TAGLN2—G-actin polymerization and Arp2/3 complex inhibition—may account for the mechanisms of filopodia development at the edge of Arp2/3-rich lamellipodia in various cell types.
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RAC1 GTP-ase signals Wnt-beta-catenin pathway mediated integrin-directed metastasis-associated tumor cell phenotypes in triple negative breast cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3072-3103. [PMID: 27902969 PMCID: PMC5356866 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of integrin-directed metastasis-associated (ID-MA) phenotypes by Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cells is caused by an upregulation of the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway (WP). We reported that WP is one of the salient genetic features of TNBC. RAC-GTPases, small G-proteins which transduce signals from cell surface proteins including integrins, have been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis by their role in essential cellular functions like motility. The collective percentage of alteration(s) in RAC1 in ER+ve BC was lower as compared to ER-ve BC (35% vs 57%) (brca/tcga/pub2015). High expression of RAC1 was associated with poor outcome for RFS with HR=1.48 [CI: 1.15-1.9] p=0.0019 in the Hungarian ER-veBC cohort. Here we examined how WP signals are transduced via RAC1 in the context of ID-MA phenotypes in TNBC. Using pharmacological agents (sulindac sulfide), genetic tools (beta-catenin siRNA), WP modulators (Wnt-C59, XAV939), RAC1 inhibitors (NSC23766, W56) and WP stimulations (LWnt3ACM, Wnt3A recombinant) in a panel of 6-7 TNBC cell lines, we studied fibronectin-directed (1) migration, (2) matrigel invasion, (3) RAC1 and Cdc42 activation, (4) actin dynamics (confocal microscopy) and (5) podia-parameters. An attenuation of WP, which (a) decreased cellular levels of beta-catenin, as well as its nuclear active-form, (b) decreased fibronectin-induced migration, (c) decreased invasion, (d) altered actin dynamics and (e) decreased podia-parameters was successful in blocking fibronectin-mediated RAC1/Cdc42 activity. Both Wnt-antagonists and RAC1 inhibitors blocked fibronectin-induced RAC1 activation and inhibited the fibronectin-induced ID-MA phenotypes following specific WP stimulation by LWnt3ACM as well as Wnt3A recombinant protein. To test a direct involvement of RAC1-activation in WP-mediated ID-MA phenotypes, we stimulated brain-metastasis specific MDA-MB231BR cells with LWnt3ACM. LWnt3ACM-stimulated fibronectin-directed migration was blocked by RAC1 inhibition in MDA-MB231BR cells. In the light of our previous report that WP upregulation causes ID-MA phenotypes in TNBC tumor cells, here we provide the first mechanism based evidence to demonstrate that WP upregulation signals ID-MA tumor cell phenotypes in a RAC1-GTPase dependent manner involving exchange-factors like TIAM1 and VAV2. Our study demonstrates for the first time that beta-catenin-RAC1 cascade signals integrin-directed metastasis-associated tumor cell phenotypes in TNBC.
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Abstract
Malignant carcinomas are often characterized by metastasis, the movement of carcinoma cells from a primary site to colonize distant organs. For metastasis to occur, carcinoma cells first must adopt a pro-migratory phenotype and move through the surrounding stroma towards a blood or lymphatic vessel. Currently, there are very limited possibilities to target these processes therapeutically. The family of Rho GTPases is an ubiquitously expressed division of GTP-binding proteins involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and intracellular signaling. The best characterized members of the Rho family GTPases are RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. Abnormalities in Rho GTPase function have major consequences for cancer progression. Rho GTPase activation is driven by cell surface receptors that activate GTP exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on Rho GTPase function in the regulation of metastasis. We will focus on key discoveries in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), cell-cell junctions, formation of membrane protrusions, plasticity of cell migration and adaptation to a hypoxic environment. In addition, we will emphasize on crosstalk between Rho GTPase family members and other important oncogenic pathways, such as cyclic AMP-mediated signaling, canonical Wnt/β-catenin, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif1α) and provide an overview of the advancements and challenges in developing pharmacological tools to target Rho GTPase and the aforementioned crosstalk in the context of cancer therapeutics.
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The Borg family of Cdc42 effector proteins Cdc42EP1-5. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1709-1716. [PMID: 27913681 PMCID: PMC5134998 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite being discovered more than 15 years ago, the Borg (binder of Rho GTPases) family of Cdc42 effector proteins (Cdc42EP1-5) remains largely uncharacterised and relatively little is known about their structure, regulation and role in development and disease. Recent studies are starting to unravel some of the key functional and mechanistic aspects of the Borg proteins, including their role in cytoskeletal remodelling and signalling. In addition, the participation of Borg proteins in important cellular processes such as cell shape, directed migration and differentiation is slowly emerging, directly linking Borgs with important physiological and pathological processes such as angiogenesis, neurotransmission and cancer-associated desmoplasia. Here, we review some of these findings and discuss future prospects.
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35
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Crosas-Molist E, Bertran E, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Herraiz C, Cantelli G, Fabra À, Sanz-Moreno V, Fabregat I. The NADPH oxidase NOX4 represses epithelial to amoeboid transition and efficient tumour dissemination. Oncogene 2017; 36:3002-3014. [PMID: 27941881 PMCID: PMC5354266 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is a common event during tumour dissemination. However, direct epithelial to amoeboid transition has not been characterized to date. Here we provide evidence that cells from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly metastatic cancer, undergo epithelial to amoeboid transition in physiological environments, such as organoids or three-dimensional complex matrices. Furthermore, the NADPH oxidase NOX4 inhibits this transition and therefore suppresses efficient amoeboid bleb-based invasion. Moreover, NOX4 expression is associated with E-cadherin levels and inversely correlated with invasive features. NOX4 is necessary to maintain parenchymal structures, increase cell-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion, and impair actomyosin contractility and amoeboid invasion. Importantly, NOX4 gene deletions are frequent in HCC patients, correlating with higher tumour grade. Contrary to that observed in mesenchymal cell types, here NOX4 suppresses Rho and Cdc42 GTPase expression and downstream actomyosin contractility. In HCC patients, NOX4 expression inversely correlates with RhoC and Cdc42 levels. Moreover, low expression of NOX4 combined with high expression of either RhoC or Cdc42 is associated with worse prognosis. Therefore, loss of NOX4 increases actomyosin levels and favours an epithelial to amoeboid transition contributing to tumour aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Crosas-Molist
- Molecular Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Bertran
- Molecular Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Herraiz
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Cantelli
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - À Fabra
- Molecular Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Fabregat
- Molecular Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Herrington KA, Trinh AL, Dang C, O'Shaughnessy E, Hahn KM, Gratton E, Digman MA, Sütterlin C. Spatial analysis of Cdc42 activity reveals a role for plasma membrane-associated Cdc42 in centrosome regulation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2135-2145. [PMID: 28539409 PMCID: PMC5509425 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the small GTPase Cdc42 to regulate diverse cellular processes depends on tight spatial control of its activity. Cdc42 function is best understood at the plasma membrane (PM), where it regulates cytoskeletal organization and cell polarization. Active Cdc42 has also been detected at the Golgi, but its role and regulation at this organelle are only partially understood. Here we analyze the spatial distribution of Cdc42 activity by moni-toring the dynamics of the Cdc42 FLARE biosensor using the phasor approach to FLIM-FRET. Phasor analysis revealed that Cdc42 is active at all Golgi cisternae and that this activity is controlled by Tuba and ARHGAP10, two Golgi-associated Cdc42 regulators. To our surprise, FGD1, another Cdc42 GEF at the Golgi, was not required for Cdc42 regulation at the Golgi, although its depletion decreased Cdc42 activity at the PM. Similarly, changes in Golgi morphology did not affect Cdc42 activity at the Golgi but were associated with a substantial reduction in PM-associated Cdc42 activity. Of interest, cells with reduced Cdc42 activity at the PM displayed altered centrosome morphology, suggesting that centrosome regulation may be mediated by active Cdc42 at the PM. Our study describes a novel quantitative approach to determine Cdc42 activity at specific subcellular locations and reveals new regulatory principles and functions of this small GTPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Herrington
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Andrew L Trinh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Carolyn Dang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ellen O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Michelle A Digman
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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37
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Gao Y, Wang Z, Hao Q, Li W, Xu Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Wang S, Liu S, Li M, Xue X, Zhang W, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Loss of ERα induces amoeboid-like migration of breast cancer cells by downregulating vinculin. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14483. [PMID: 28266545 PMCID: PMC5344302 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a well-known target of endocrine therapy for ERα-positive breast cancer. ERα-negative cells, which are enriched during endocrine therapy, are associated with metastatic relapse. Here we determine that loss of ERα in the invasive front and in lymph node metastasis in human breast cancer is significantly correlated with lymphatic metastasis. Using in vivo and in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that ERα inhibits breast cancer metastasis. Furthermore, we find that ERα is a novel regulator of vinculin expression in breast cancer. Notably, ERα suppresses the amoeboid-like movement of breast cancer cells by upregulating vinculin in 3D matrix, which in turn promotes cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion and inhibits the formation of amoeboid-like protrusions. A positive association between ERα and vinculin expression is found in human breast cancer tissues. The results show that ERα inhibits breast cancer metastasis and suggest that ERα suppresses cell amoeboid-like movement by upregulating vinculin. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-negative cells, which are enriched during endocrine therapy, are associated with metastatic relapse of breast cancer. Here the authors show that ERα inhibits breast cancer metastasis and suggest that ERα suppresses the amoeboid-like migration of breast cancer cells by upregulating vinculin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yujin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Juliang Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wangqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaochang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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38
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Uehiro N, Sato F, Pu F, Tanaka S, Kawashima M, Kawaguchi K, Sugimoto M, Saji S, Toi M. Circulating cell-free DNA-based epigenetic assay can detect early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:129. [PMID: 27993161 PMCID: PMC5168705 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has recently been recognized as a resource for biomarkers of cancer progression, treatment response, and drug resistance. However, few have demonstrated the usefulness of cfDNA for early detection of cancer. Although aberrant DNA methylation in cfDNA has been reported for more than a decade, its diagnostic accuracy remains unsatisfactory for cancer screening. Thus, the aim of the present study was to develop a highly sensitive cfDNA-based system for detection of primary breast cancer (BC) using epigenetic biomarkers and digital PCR technology. Methods Array-based genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed using 56 microdissected breast tissue specimens, 34 cell lines, and 29 blood samples from healthy volunteers (HVs). Epigenetic markers for BC detection were selected, and a droplet digital methylation-specific PCR (ddMSP) panel with the selected markers was established. The detection model was constructed by support vector machine and evaluated using cfDNA samples. Results The methylation array analysis identified 12 novel epigenetic markers (JAK3, RASGRF1, CPXM1, SHF, DNM3, CAV2, HOXA10, B3GNT5, ST3GAL6, DACH1, P2RX3, and chr8:23572595) for detecting BC. We also selected four internal control markers (CREM, GLYATL3, ELMOD3, and KLF9) that were identified as infrequently altered genes using a public database. A ddMSP panel using these 16 markers was developed and detection models were constructed with a training dataset containing cfDNA samples from 80 HVs and 87 cancer patients. The best detection model adopted four methylation markers (RASGRF1, CPXM1, HOXA10, and DACH1) and two parameters (cfDNA concentration and the mean of 12 methylation markers), and, and was validated in an independent dataset of 53 HVs and 58 BC patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for cancer-normal discrimination was 0.916 and 0.876 in the training and validation dataset, respectively. The sensitivity and the specificity of the model was 0.862 (stages 0-I 0.846, IIA 0.862, IIB-III 0.818, metastatic BC 0.935) and 0.827, respectively. Conclusion Our epigenetic-marker-based system distinguished BC patients from HVs with high accuracy. As detection of early BC using this system was comparable with that of mammography screening, this system would be beneficial as an optional method of screening for BC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0788-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsue Uehiro
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Fengling Pu
- Department of Target Therapy Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sunao Tanaka
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawashima
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shigehira Saji
- Department of Target Therapy Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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39
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Pandya P, Orgaz JL, Sanz-Moreno V. Modes of invasion during tumour dissemination. Mol Oncol 2016; 11:5-27. [PMID: 28085224 PMCID: PMC5423224 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell migration and invasion underlie metastatic dissemination, one of the major problems in cancer. Tumour cells exhibit a striking variety of invasion strategies. Importantly, cancer cells can switch between invasion modes in order to cope with challenging environments. This ability to switch migratory modes or plasticity highlights the challenges behind antimetastasis therapy design. In this Review, we present current knowledge on different tumour invasion strategies, the determinants controlling plasticity and arising therapeutic opportunities. We propose that targeting master regulators controlling plasticity is needed to hinder tumour dissemination and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pahini Pandya
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Jose L Orgaz
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
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40
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Rho GTPases operating at the Golgi complex: Implications for membrane traffic and cancer biology. Tissue Cell 2016; 49:163-169. [PMID: 27720426 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex is the central unit of the secretory pathway, modifying, processing and sorting proteins and lipids to their correct cellular localisation. Changes to proteins at the Golgi complex can have deleterious effects on the function of this organelle, impeding trafficking routes through it, potentially resulting in disease. It is emerging that several Rho GTPase proteins, namely Cdc42, RhoBTB3, RhoA and RhoD are at least in part localised to the Golgi complex, and a number of studies have shown that dysregulation of their levels or activity can be associated with cellular changes which ultimately drive cancer progression. In this mini-review we highlight some of the recent work that explores links between form and function of the Golgi complex, Rho GTPases and cancer.
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41
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Jimeno D, Santos E. A new functional role uncovered for RASGRF2 in control of nuclear migration in cone photoreceptors during postnatal retinal development. Small GTPases 2016; 8:26-30. [PMID: 27221061 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1189989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their homologous structure and central nervous system(CNS) expression patterns, the GRF1 and GRF2 guanine nucleotide exchange factors(GEF) appear to play distinct, non-overlapping functions in cellular excitability, synaptic plasticity or neuromodulation. We recently uncovered a new functional role of GRF2 controlling nuclear migration in cone photoreceptors during postnatal neuroepithelial differentiation of the mouse retina. Analyzing GRF2-KO mice, we detected the specific accumulation of abnormally located, "ectopic" cone photoreceptor nuclei in the photoreceptor segment(PS) layer of their retinas. This alteration was accompanied by defective electroretinograms(ERG) indicative of impaired cone-mediated visual function, and accumulation around the "ectopic" nuclei of signaling molecules known to be functionally relevant for intracellular organelle migration, cytoskeletal reorganization or cell polarity establishment including PAR3, PAR6, and the phosphorylated proteins pPAK, pMLC2 and pVASP. We propose a mechanism whereby the absence of a productive functional interaction between GRF2 and its downstream target CDC42 leads to altered formation/structure of PAR-containing, polarity-related macromolecular complexes and abnormal activation of downstream signaling mediated by activated, phosphorylated forms of PAK, VASP and MLC2. As cone photoreceptors are responsible for color vision and visual acuity, these observations are potentially relevant for degenerative diseases of the human retina, harboring almost double number of cones than mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jimeno
- a Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC- Universidad de Salamanca) , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- a Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC- Universidad de Salamanca) , Salamanca , Spain
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42
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Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Cantelli G, Bruce F, Sanz-Moreno V. Rho, ROCK and actomyosin contractility in metastasis as drug targets. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27158478 PMCID: PMC4856114 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7909.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells around the body and the cause of the majority of cancer deaths. Metastasis is a very complex process in which cancer cells need to dramatically modify their cytoskeleton and cope with different environments to successfully colonize a secondary organ. In this review, we discuss recent findings pointing at Rho-ROCK or actomyosin force (or both) as major drivers of many of the steps required for metastatic success. We propose that these are important drug targets that need to be considered in the clinic to palliate metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gaia Cantelli
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Fanshawe Bruce
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas Hospital, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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Abstract
The role of polarity in cancer is an emerging research area and loss of polarity is widely considered an important event in cancer. Among the polarity regulating molecules, the small GTPase Cdc42 was extensively studied. Most attention was given to Cdc42 signaling at the plasma membrane, but whether and how Cdc42 is regulated at endomembranes remained poorly understood. Moreover, whether the endomembrane pool of Cdc42 is of any relevance to cell polarity was unknown. In our recent work, we identified a complex between the Golgi matrix protein GM130 and RasGRF and showed that it is responsible for regulating the Golgi pool of Cdc42, but had no effect on the plasma membrane pool of Cdc42. Depletion of GM130 disrupted apico-basal polarity as well as front-rear polarity, indicating that the spatial pool of Cdc42 is functionally relevant. The biomedical relevance of this finding was supported by the observation than GM130 is progressively lost in colorectal cancer. These findings support a role of the endomembrane pool of Cdc42 in cell polarity and point to a potential role of alterations of this pool in cancer.
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Jimeno D, Gómez C, Calzada N, de la Villa P, Lillo C, Santos E. RASGRF2 controls nuclear migration in postnatal retinal cone photoreceptors. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:729-42. [PMID: 26743081 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.180919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed immunocytochemical analyses comparing wild-type (WT), GRF1-knockout (KO), GRF2-KO and GRF1/2 double-knockout (DKO) mouse retinas uncovered the specific accumulation of misplaced, 'ectopic' cone photoreceptor nuclei in the photoreceptor segment (PS) area of retinas from GRF2-KO and GRF1/2-DKO, but not of WT or GRF1-KO mice. Localization of ectopic nuclei in the PS area of GRF2-depleted retinas occurred postnatally and peaked between postnatal day (P)11 and P15. Mechanistically, the generation of this phenotype involved disruption of the outer limiting membrane and intrusion into the PS layer by cone nuclei displaying significant perinuclear accumulation of signaling molecules known to participate in nuclear migration and cytoskeletal reorganization, such as PAR3, PAR6 and activated, phosphorylated forms of PAK, MLC2 and VASP. Electroretinographic recordings showed specific impairment of cone-mediated retinal function in GRF2-KO and GRF1/2-DKO retinas compared with WT controls. These data identify defective cone nuclear migration as a novel phenotype in mouse retinas lacking GRF2 and support a crucial role of GRF2 in control of the nuclear migration processes required for proper postnatal development and function of retinal cone photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jimeno
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Carmela Gómez
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Nuria Calzada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28871, Spain, Spain
| | | | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca 37007, Spain
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Tumor-associated Endo180 requires stromal-derived LOX to promote metastatic prostate cancer cell migration on human ECM surfaces. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 33:151-65. [PMID: 26567111 PMCID: PMC4761374 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The diverse composition and structure of extracellular matrix (ECM) interfaces encountered by tumor cells at secondary tissue sites can influence metastatic progression. Extensive in vitro and in vivo data has confirmed that metastasizing tumor cells can adopt different migratory modes in response to their microenvironment. Here we present a model that uses human stromal cell-derived matrices to demonstrate that plasticity in tumor cell movement is controlled by the tumor-associated collagen receptor Endo180 (CD280, CLEC13E, KIAA0709, MRC2, TEM9, uPARAP) and the crosslinking of collagen fibers by stromal-derived lysyl oxidase (LOX). Human osteoblast-derived and fibroblast-derived ECM supported a rounded ‘amoeboid-like’ mode of cell migration and enhanced Endo180 expression in three prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, VCaP, DU145). Genetic silencing of Endo180 reverted PC3 cells from their rounded mode of migration towards a bipolar ‘mesenchymal-like’ mode of migration and blocked their translocation on human fibroblast-derived and osteoblast-derived matrices. The concomitant decrease in PC3 cell migration and increase in Endo180 expression induced by stromal LOX inhibition indicates that the Endo180-dependent rounded mode of prostate cancer cell migration requires ECM crosslinking. In conclusion, this study introduces a realistic in vitro model for the study of metastatic prostate cancer cell plasticity and pinpoints the cooperation between tumor-associated Endo180 and the stiff microenvironment imposed by stromal-derived LOX as a potential target for limiting metastatic progression in prostate cancer.
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Morley S, Hager MH, Pollan SG, Knudsen B, Di Vizio D, Freeman MR. Trading in your spindles for blebs: the amoeboid tumor cell phenotype in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:530-5. [PMID: 24589458 PMCID: PMC4104075 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and The Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and The Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Berkholz J, Orgeur M, Stricker S, Munz B. skNAC and Smyd1 in transcriptional control. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:182-91. [PMID: 26162853 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal and heart muscle-specific variant of the alpha subunit of nascent polypeptide associated complex (skNAC) is exclusively found in striated muscle cells. Its function, however, is largely unknown. Previous reports could demonstrate that skNAC binds to Smyd1 (SET and MYND domain containing protein 1). The facts that (a) SET domains have histone methyltransferase activity, and (b) MYND domains are known recruiters of histone deacetylases (HDACs), implicate the skNAC-Smyd1 complex in transcriptional control. To study potential target genes, we carried out cDNA microarray analysis on differentiating C2C12 myoblasts in which expression of the skNAC gene had been knocked down. We found and confirmed a series of targets, specifically genes encoding regulators of inflammation, cellular metabolism, and cell migration. Mechanistically, as shown by Western blot, ELISA, and ChIP analysis at selected promoter regions, transcriptional control by skNAC-Smyd1 appears to be exerted at least in part by affecting a series of histone modifications, specifically H3K4 di- and trimethylation and potentially also histone acetylation. Taken together, our data suggest that the skNAC-Smyd1 complex is involved in transcriptional regulation both via the control of histone methylation and histone (de)acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Berkholz
- Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mickael Orgeur
- Free University of Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ihnestr. 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Development and Disease, Ihnestr. 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Free University of Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ihnestr. 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Development and Disease, Ihnestr. 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Munz
- University Hospital Tubingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
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48
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Cdc42 induces EGF receptor protein accumulation and promotes EGF receptor nuclear transport and cellular transformation. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:255-62. [PMID: 25497016 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42 is a Ras-related small GTP-binding protein. A previous study has shown that Cdc42 binding to the γ subunit of the coatomer protein complex (γCOP) is essential for Cdc42-regulated cellular transformation, but the molecular mechanism involved is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that constitutively-active Cdc42 binding to γCOP induced the accumulation of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the cells, sustained EGF-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), JUN amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling and promoted cell division. Moreover, constitutive Cdc42 activity facilitated the nuclear translocation of EGFR, and this indicates a novel mechanism through which Cdc42 might promote cellular transformation.
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49
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Baschieri F, Confalonieri S, Bertalot G, Di Fiore PP, Dietmaier W, Leist M, Crespo P, Macara IG, Farhan H. Spatial control of Cdc42 signalling by a GM130-RasGRF complex regulates polarity and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4839. [PMID: 25208761 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Cdc42 is a key regulator of polarity, but little is known in mammals about its spatial regulation and the relevance of spatial Cdc42 pools for polarity. Here we report the identification of a GM130-RasGRF complex as a regulator of Cdc42 at the Golgi. Silencing GM130 results in RasGRF-dependent inhibition of the Golgi pool of Cdc42, but does not affect Cdc42 at the cell surface. Furthermore, active Cdc42 at the Golgi is important to sustain asymmetric front-rear Cdc42-GTP distribution in directionally migrating cells. Concurrent to Cdc42 inhibition, silencing GM130 also results in RasGRF-dependent Ras-ERK pathway activation. Moreover, depletion of GM130 is sufficient to induce E-cadherin downregulation, indicative of a loss in cell polarity and epithelial identity. Accordingly, GM130 expression is frequently lost in colorectal and breast cancer patients. These findings establish a previously unrecognized role for a GM130-RasGRF-Cdc42 connection in regulating polarity and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baschieri
- 1] University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany [2] Biotechnology Institute Thurgau, University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen CH-8280, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Confalonieri
- 1] Molecular Medicine for Care Program, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy [2] IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- Molecular Medicine for Care Program, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- 1] Molecular Medicine for Care Program, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy [2] IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy [3] Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Dietmaier
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Pathology and molecular diagnostics, 93053 Regensbur, Germany
| | | | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN. 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell &Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Hesso Farhan
- 1] University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany [2] Biotechnology Institute Thurgau, University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen CH-8280, Switzerland
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50
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Orgaz JL, Pandya P, Dalmeida R, Karagiannis P, Sanchez-Laorden B, Viros A, Albrengues J, Nestle FO, Ridley AJ, Gaggioli C, Marais R, Karagiannis SN, Sanz-Moreno V. Diverse matrix metalloproteinase functions regulate cancer amoeboid migration. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4255. [PMID: 24963846 PMCID: PMC4118761 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rounded-amoeboid cancer cells use actomyosin contractility driven by Rho-ROCK and JAK-STAT3 to migrate efficiently. It has been suggested that rounded-amoeboid cancer cells do not require matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to invade. Here we compare MMP levels in rounded-amoeboid and elongated-mesenchymal melanoma cells. Surprisingly, we find that rounded-amoeboid melanoma cells secrete higher levels of several MMPs, including collagenase MMP-13 and gelatinase MMP-9. As a result, rounded-amoeboid melanoma cells degrade collagen I more efficiently than elongated-mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, using a non-catalytic mechanism, MMP-9 promotes rounded-amoeboid 3D migration through regulation of actomyosin contractility via CD44 receptor. MMP-9 is upregulated in a panel of rounded-amoeboid compared with elongated-mesenchymal melanoma cell lines and its levels are controlled by ROCK-JAK-STAT3 signalling. MMP-9 expression increases during melanoma progression and it is particularly prominent in the invasive fronts of lesions, correlating with cell roundness. Therefore, rounded-amoeboid cells use both catalytic and non-catalytic activities of MMPs for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Orgaz
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Pahini Pandya
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rimple Dalmeida
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Berta Sanchez-Laorden
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Amaya Viros
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Jean Albrengues
- INSERM, U1081, CNRS, UMR7284, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), Faculté de Médecine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, F-06107 Nice, France
| | - Frank O Nestle
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Cell Signalling in Invasion and Motility Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Cedric Gaggioli
- INSERM, U1081, CNRS, UMR7284, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), Faculté de Médecine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, F-06107 Nice, France
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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