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Emura N, Wavreil FDM, Fries A, Yajima M. The evolutionary modifications of a GoLoco motif in the AGS protein facilitate micromere formation in the sea urchin embryo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.30.601440. [PMID: 39005292 PMCID: PMC11244941 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.30.601440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The evolutionary introduction of asymmetric cell division (ACD) into the developmental program facilitates the formation of a new cell type, contributing to developmental diversity and, eventually, to species diversification. The micromere of the sea urchin embryo may serve as one of those examples: An ACD at the 16-cell stage forms micromeres unique to echinoids among echinoderms. We previously reported that a polarity factor, Activator of G-protein Signaling (AGS), plays a crucial role in micromere formation. However, AGS and its associated ACD factors are present in all echinoderms and across most metazoans, leaving a question of what evolutionary modification of AGS protein or its surrounding molecular environment contributed to the evolutionary acquisition of micromeres only in echinoids. In this study, we learned that the GoLoco motifs at the AGS C-terminus play critical roles in regulating micromere formation in sea urchin embryos. Further, other echinoderms' AGS or chimeric AGS that contain the C-terminus of AGS orthologs from various organisms showed varied localization and function in micromere formation. In contrast, the sea star or the pencil urchin orthologs of other ACD factors were consistently localized at the vegetal cortex in the sea urchin embryo, suggesting that AGS may be a unique variable factor that facilitates ACD diversity among echinoderms. Consistently, sea urchin AGS appears to facilitate micromere-like cell formation and accelerate the enrichment timing of the germline factor Vasa during early embryogenesis of the pencil urchin, an ancestral type of sea urchin. Based on these observations, we propose that the molecular evolution of a single polarity factor facilitates ACD diversity while preserving the core ACD machinery among echinoderms and beyond during evolution. Highlights Evolutionary modifications of GoLoco motifs are critical for AGS function in micromere formation in the sea urchin embryo. The chimeric AGS, which contains the C-terminus of AGS orthologs from various organisms, suggests that human LGN, pencil urchin AGS, and Drosophila Pins compensate for the activity of sea urchin AGS. Sea urchin AGS regulates the localization of the conserved asymmetric cell division (ACD) machinery members at the vegetal cortex.SpAGS is a variable factor facilitating ACD diversity during species diversification.
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Viala S, Hadjadj C, Nathan V, Guiot MC, McCaffrey L, Cockburn K, Bouchard M. LGN loss randomizes spindle orientation and accelerates tumorigenesis in PTEN-deficient epidermis. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:br5. [PMID: 37991903 PMCID: PMC10881154 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell polarity and disruption of tissue organization are key features of tumorigenesis that are intrinsically linked to spindle orientation. Epithelial tumors are often characterized by spindle orientation defects, but how these defects impact tumor formation driven by common oncogenic mutations is not fully understood. Here, we examine the role of spindle orientation in adult epidermis by deleting a key spindle regulator, LGN, in normal tissue and in a PTEN-deficient mouse model. We report that LGN deficiency in PTEN mutant epidermis leads to a threefold increase in the likelihood of developing tumors on the snout, and an over 10-fold increase in tumor burden. In this tissue, loss of LGN alone increases perpendicular and oblique divisions of epidermal basal cells, at the expense of a planar orientation of division. PTEN loss alone does not significantly affect spindle orientation in these cells, but the combined loss of PTEN and LGN fully randomizes basal spindle orientation. A subset of LGN- and PTEN-deficient animals have increased amounts of proliferative spinous cells, which may be associated with tumorigenesis. These results indicate that loss of LGN impacts spindle orientation and accelerates epidermal tumorigenesis in a PTEN-deficient mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Viala
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Charlotte Hadjadj
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Vandana Nathan
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | | | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Katie Cockburn
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
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Veljačić Visković D, Lozić M, Vukoja M, Šoljić V, Vukojević K, Glavina Durdov M, Filipović N, Lozić B. Spatio-Temporal Expression Pattern of CAKUT Candidate Genes DLG1 and KIF12 during Human Kidney Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020340. [PMID: 36830709 PMCID: PMC9953652 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate expression of the novel susceptibility genes for CAKUT, DLG1 and KIF12, proposed by a systematic in silico approach, in developing and postnatal healthy human kidneys to provide information about their spatiotemporal expression pattern. We analyzed expression of their protein products by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence and quantified relative mRNA levels by RT-qPCR. Statistically significant differences in expression patterns were observed between certain developmental stages. Strong expression of DLG1 was observed in the developing kidney, with a gradual decrease from the first phase of kidney development (Ph1) until the third phase (Ph3), when most nephrons are formed; at later stages, the highest expression was observed in the tubules. KIF12 was highly expressed in the developing structures, especially in Ph1, with a gradual decrease until the postnatal phase, which would indicate a significant role in nephrogenesis. Co-localization of DLG1 and KIF12 was pronounced in Ph1, especially on the apical side of the tubular epithelial cells. Thereafter, their expression gradually became weaker and was only visible as punctate staining in Ph4. The direct association of DLG1 with KIF12 as control genes of normal kidney development may reveal their new functional aspect in renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirela Lozić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-557-800
| | - Martina Vukoja
- Laboratory of Morphology, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Violeta Šoljić
- Laboratory of Morphology, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Katarina Vukojević
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- Laboratory of Morphology, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Merica Glavina Durdov
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Split, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Natalija Filipović
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Bernarda Lozić
- Paediatric Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
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4
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Fankhaenel M, Hashemi FSG, Mourao L, Lucas E, Hosawi MM, Skipp P, Morin X, Scheele CLGJ, Elias S. Annexin A1 is a polarity cue that directs mitotic spindle orientation during mammalian epithelial morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:151. [PMID: 36631478 PMCID: PMC9834401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriented cell divisions are critical for the formation and maintenance of structured epithelia. Proper mitotic spindle orientation relies on polarised anchoring of force generators to the cell cortex by the evolutionarily conserved protein complex formed by the Gαi subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, the Leucine-Glycine-Asparagine repeat protein (LGN) and the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein. However, the polarity cues that control cortical patterning of this ternary complex remain largely unknown in mammalian epithelia. Here we identify the membrane-associated protein Annexin A1 (ANXA1) as an interactor of LGN in mammary epithelial cells. Annexin A1 acts independently of Gαi to instruct the accumulation of LGN and nuclear mitotic apparatus protein at the lateral cortex to ensure cortical anchoring of Dynein-Dynactin and astral microtubules and thereby planar alignment of the mitotic spindle. Loss of Annexin A1 randomises mitotic spindle orientation, which in turn disrupts epithelial architecture and luminogenesis in three-dimensional cultures of primary mammary epithelial cells. Our findings establish Annexin A1 as an upstream cortical cue that regulates LGN to direct planar cell divisions during mammalian epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fankhaenel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Farahnaz S Golestan Hashemi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Larissa Mourao
- VIB-KULeuven Center for Cancer Biology, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emily Lucas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Manal M Hosawi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul Skipp
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Xavier Morin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Salah Elias
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. .,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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5
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Prado-Mantilla A, Lechler T. Polarity in skin development and cancer. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:317-336. [PMID: 37100522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium that forms the outermost layer of the skin. Its primary function is to act as a barrier, keeping pathogens and toxins out and moisture in. This physiological role has necessitated major differences in the organization and polarity of the tissue as compared to simple epithelia. We discuss four aspects of polarity in the epidermis - the distinctive polarities of basal progenitor cells as well as differentiated granular cells, the polarity of adhesions and the cytoskeleton across the tissue as keratinocytes differentiate, and the planar cell polarity of the tissue. These distinctive polarities are essential for the morphogenesis and the function of the epidermis and have also been implicated in regulating tumor formation.
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De la Cruz G, Nikolaishvili Feinberg N, Williams SE. Automated Immunofluorescence Staining for Analysis of Mitotic Stages and Division Orientation in Brain Sections. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2583:63-79. [PMID: 36418726 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2752-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcephaly often results from mitotic defects in neuronal progenitors, frequently by decreasing proliferation rates or shifting cell fates. During neurogenesis, oriented cell division-the molecular control of mitotic spindle positioning to control the axis of division-represents an important mechanism to balance expansion of the progenitor pool with generating cellular diversity. While mostly studied in the context of cortical development, more recently, spindle orientation has emerged as a key player in the formation of other brain regions such as the cerebellum. Here we describe methods to perform automated dual-color fluorescent immunohistochemistry on murine cerebellar sections using the mitotic markers phospho-Histone H3 and Survivin, and detail analytical and statistical approaches to display and compare division orientation datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela De la Cruz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Pathology Services Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nana Nikolaishvili Feinberg
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Pathology Services Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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7
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Zhao X, Si L, Niu L, Wei M, Wang F, Liu X, Chen Z, Qiao Y, Cheng L, Yang S. Effects of RFRP‑3 on an ovariectomized estrogen‑primed rat model and HEC‑1A human endometrial carcinoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2022; 25:76. [PMID: 36684658 PMCID: PMC9842939 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic peptide gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is a relatively novel hypothalamic neuropeptide, identified in 2000. It can influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproductive function through various neuroendocrine systems. The present study aimed to explore the effects and potential underlying molecular mechanism of RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) injection on the uterine fluid protein profile of ovariectomized estrogen-primed (OEP) rats using proteomics. In addition, the possible effects of RFRP-3 on the viability and apoptosis of the human endometrial cancer cell line HEC-1A and associated molecular mechanism were investigated. The OEP rat model was established through injection with GnIH/RFRP-3 through the lateral ventricle. At 6 h after injection, the protein components of uterine fluid of rats in the experimental and control groups were analyzed using liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) were investigated using the STRING database. PPI networks were then established before hub proteins were selected using OmicsBean software. The expression of one of the hub proteins, Kras, was then detected using western blot analysis. Cell Counting Kit-8, Annexin V-FITC/PI, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were also performed to analyze cell viability and apoptosis. In total, 417 DEPs were obtained using LC-MS/MS, including 279 upregulated and 138 downregulated proteins. GO analysis revealed that the majority of the DEPs were secretory proteins. According to KEGG enrichment analysis, the DEPs found were generally involved in tumor-associated pathways. In particular, five hub proteins, namely G protein subunit α (Gna)13, Gnaq, Gnai3, Kras and MMP9, were obtained following PPI network analysis. Western blot analysis showed that expression of the hub protein Kras was downregulated following treatment with 10,000 ng/ml RFRP-3. RFRP-3 treatment (10,000 ng/ml) also suppressed HEC-1A cell viability, induced apoptosis, downregulated Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax protein expression, compared with those in the control group. In addition, compared with those in the control group, RFRP-3 significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, AKT and mTOR, while upregulating those of LC3-II. Compared with those in the control group, RFRP-3 significantly decreased the protein expression levels of PI3K, AKT, mTOR and p62, in addition to decreasing AKT phosphorylation. By contrast, RFRP-3 significantly increased the LC3-II/I ratio and G protein-coupled receptor 147 (GPR147) protein expression. In conclusion, the present data suggest that RFRP-3 can alter the protein expression profile of the uterine fluid of OEP rats by upregulating MMP9 expression whilst downregulating that of key hub proteins Gna13, GnaQ, Gnai3 and Kras. Furthermore, RFRP-3 can inhibit HEC-1A cell viability while promoting apoptosis. The underlying molecular mechanism may involve activation of GPR147 receptor by the direct binding of RFRP-3, which further downregulates the hub protein Kras to switch on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This subsequently reduces the Bcl-2 expression and promotes Bax expression to induce autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Lina Si
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Niu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Fengxia Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochao Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yuebing Qiao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Luyang Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Mrs. Luyang Cheng, Department of Immunology, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Shuangqiao, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Songhe Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Mrs. Luyang Cheng, Department of Immunology, Chengde Medical University, Anyuan Road, Shuangqiao, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
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8
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Hegazy M, Koetsier JL, Huffine AL, Broussard JA, Godsel BM, Cohen-Barak E, Sprecher E, Wolfgeher DJ, Kron SJ, Godsel LM, Green KJ. Epidermal stratification requires retromer-mediated desmoglein-1 recycling. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2683-2698.e8. [PMID: 36495876 PMCID: PMC9973369 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sorting transmembrane cargo is essential for tissue development and homeostasis. However, mechanisms of intracellular trafficking in stratified epidermis are poorly understood. Here, we identify an interaction between the retromer endosomal trafficking component, VPS35, and the desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein-1 (Dsg1). Dsg1 is specifically expressed in stratified epidermis and, when properly localized on the plasma membrane of basal keratinocytes, promotes stratification. We show that the retromer drives Dsg1 recycling from the endo-lysosomal system to the plasma membrane to support human keratinocyte stratification. The retromer-enhancing chaperone, R55, promotes the membrane localization of Dsg1 and a trafficking-deficient mutant associated with a severe inflammatory skin disorder, enhancing its ability to promote stratification. In the absence of Dsg1, retromer association with and expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 increases, exposing a potential link between Dsg1 deficiency and epidermal metabolism. Our work provides evidence for retromer function in epidermal regeneration, identifying it as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amber L Huffine
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brendan M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eran Cohen-Barak
- Department of Dermatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Donald J Wolfgeher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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9
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Tension at intercellular junctions is necessary for accurate orientation of cell division in the epithelium plane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201600119. [PMID: 36454762 PMCID: PMC7614093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The direction in which a cell divides is set by the orientation of its mitotic spindle and is important for determining cell fate, controlling tissue shape, and maintaining tissue architecture. Divisions parallel to the epithelial plane sustain tissue expansion. By contrast, divisions perpendicular to the plane promote tissue stratification and lead to the loss of epithelial cells from the tissue-an event that has been suggested to promote metastasis. Much is known about the molecular machinery involved in orienting the spindle, but less is known about the contribution of mechanical factors, such as tissue tension, in ensuring spindle orientation in the plane of the epithelium. This is important as epithelia are continuously subjected to mechanical stresses. To explore this further, we subjected suspended epithelial monolayers devoid of extracellular matrix to varying levels of tissue tension to study the orientation of cell divisions relative to the tissue plane. This analysis revealed that lowering tissue tension by compressing epithelial monolayers or by inhibiting myosin contractility increased the frequency of out-of-plane divisions. Reciprocally, increasing tissue tension by elevating cell contractility or by tissue stretching restored accurate in-plane cell divisions. Moreover, a characterization of the geometry of cells within these epithelia suggested that spindles can sense tissue tension through its impact on tension at subcellular surfaces, independently of their shape. Overall, these data suggest that accurate spindle orientation in the plane of the epithelium relies on a threshold level of tension at intercellular junctions.
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10
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Zhong T, Wu X, Xie W, Luo X, Song T, Sun S, Luo Y, Li D, Liu M, Xie S, Zhou J. ENKD1 promotes epidermal stratification by regulating spindle orientation in basal keratinocytes. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1719-1729. [PMID: 35197565 PMCID: PMC9433399 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratification of the epidermis is essential for the barrier function of the skin. However, the molecular mechanisms governing epidermal stratification are not fully understood. Herein, we demonstrate that enkurin domain-containing protein 1 (ENKD1) contributes to epidermal stratification by modulating the cell-division orientation of basal keratinocytes. The epidermis of Enkd1 knockout mice is thinner than that of wild-type mice due to reduced generation of suprabasal cells from basal keratinocytes through asymmetric division. Depletion of ENKD1 impairs proper orientation of the mitotic spindle and delays mitotic progression in cultured cells. Mechanistic investigation further reveals that ENKD1 is a novel microtubule-binding protein that promotes the stability of astral microtubules. Introduction of the microtubule-binding domain of ENKD1 can largely rescue the spindle orientation defects in ENKD1-depleted cells. These findings establish ENKD1 as a critical regulator of astral microtubule stability and spindle orientation that stimulates epidermal stratification in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaofan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wei Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiangrui Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ting Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Youguang Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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11
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Soffer A, Mahly A, Padmanabhan K, Cohen J, Adir O, Loushi E, Fuchs Y, Williams SE, Luxenburg C. Apoptosis and tissue thinning contribute to symmetric cell division in the developing mouse epidermis in a nonautonomous way. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001756. [PMID: 35969606 PMCID: PMC9410552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation (SO) is a conserved mechanism that governs cell fate and tissue morphogenesis. In the developing epidermis, a balance between self-renewing symmetric divisions and differentiative asymmetric divisions is necessary for normal development. While the cellular machinery that executes SO is well characterized, the extrinsic cues that guide it are poorly understood. Here, we identified the basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM), a β1 integrin coreceptor, as a novel regulator of epidermal morphogenesis. In utero RNAi-mediated depletion of Bcam in the mouse embryo did not hinder β1 integrin distribution or cell adhesion and polarity. However, Bcam depletion promoted apoptosis, thinning of the epidermis, and symmetric cell division, and the defects were reversed by concomitant overexpression of the apoptosis inhibitor Xiap. Moreover, in mosaic epidermis, depletion of Bcam or Xiap induced symmetric divisions in neighboring wild-type cells. These results identify apoptosis and epidermal architecture as extrinsic cues that guide SO in the developing epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arad Soffer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adnan Mahly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eidan Loushi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Scott E. Williams
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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12
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Anillin governs mitotic rounding during early epidermal development. BMC Biol 2022; 20:145. [PMID: 35710398 PMCID: PMC9205045 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The establishment of tissue architecture requires coordination between distinct processes including basement membrane assembly, cell adhesion, and polarity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The actin cytoskeleton is ideally situated to orchestrate tissue morphogenesis due to its roles in mechanical, structural, and regulatory processes. However, the function of many pivotal actin-binding proteins in mammalian development is poorly understood. Results Here, we identify a crucial role for anillin (ANLN), an actin-binding protein, in orchestrating epidermal morphogenesis. In utero RNAi-mediated silencing of Anln in mouse embryos disrupted epidermal architecture marked by adhesion, polarity, and basement membrane defects. Unexpectedly, these defects cannot explain the profoundly perturbed epidermis of Anln-depleted embryos. Indeed, even before these defects emerge, Anln-depleted epidermis exhibits abnormalities in mitotic rounding and its associated processes: chromosome segregation, spindle orientation, and mitotic progression, though not in cytokinesis that was disrupted only in Anln-depleted cultured keratinocytes. We further show that ANLN localizes to the cell cortex during mitotic rounding, where it regulates the distribution of active RhoA and the levels, activity, and structural organization of the cortical actomyosin proteins. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that ANLN is a major regulator of epidermal morphogenesis and identify a novel role for ANLN in mitotic rounding, a near-universal process that governs cell shape, fate, and tissue morphogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01345-9.
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13
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Royer C, Sandham E, Slee E, Schneider F, Lagerholm CB, Godwin J, Veits N, Hathrell H, Zhou F, Leonavicius K, Garratt J, Narendra T, Vincent A, Jones C, Child T, Coward K, Graham C, Fritzsche M, Lu X, Srinivas S. ASPP2 maintains the integrity of mechanically stressed pseudostratified epithelia during morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:941. [PMID: 35177595 PMCID: PMC8854694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, pseudostratified epithelia undergo large scale morphogenetic events associated with increased mechanical stress. Using a variety of genetic and imaging approaches, we uncover that in the mouse E6.5 epiblast, where apical tension is highest, ASPP2 safeguards tissue integrity. It achieves this by preventing the most apical daughter cells from delaminating apically following division events. In this context, ASPP2 maintains the integrity and organisation of the filamentous actin cytoskeleton at apical junctions. ASPP2 is also essential during gastrulation in the primitive streak, in somites and in the head fold region, suggesting that it is required across a wide range of pseudostratified epithelia during morphogenetic events that are accompanied by intense tissue remodelling. Finally, our study also suggests that the interaction between ASPP2 and PP1 is essential to the tumour suppressor function of ASPP2, which may be particularly relevant in the context of tissues that are subject to increased mechanical stress. The early embryo maintains its structure in the face of large mechanical stresses during morphogenesis. Here they show that ASPP2 acts to preserve epithelial integrity in regions of high apical tension during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Royer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Sandham
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Elizabeth Slee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Falk Schneider
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Christoffer B Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Godwin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Nisha Veits
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Holly Hathrell
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Felix Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Karolis Leonavicius
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.,Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jemma Garratt
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.,Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tanaya Narendra
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.,Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anna Vincent
- Oxford Fertility, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2HW, UK
| | - Celine Jones
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tim Child
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Fertility, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2HW, UK
| | - Kevin Coward
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Chris Graham
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.,Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, OX11 0QS, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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14
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Par3 regulates the asymmetric division of basal stem cells in psoriasis via the Par3/mInsc/LGN signaling axis. Cell Immunol 2022; 373:104496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Hobbs C, Formstone CJ. Planar cell polarity proteins determine basal cell height in the later stage embryonic mouse epidermis'. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:138. [PMID: 36938121 PMCID: PMC10020738 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17733.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Complex organ formation requires the coordinated morphogenesis of adjacent tissue layers. Here, we report a role for the planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins Fz6 and Celsr1 in generating squamous basal cells in the later stage embryonic epidermis of the mouse is reported, which may impact upon the shape of overlying suprabasal cells. Methods: The depth of the epidermis and basal layer as well as cell proliferation index was scored from immunostained wax sections taken from different mouse embryos mutant in planar cell polarity signalling and their wild-type littermates. Orientation of epidermal cell division in Celsr1 Crash/Crash mutants was determined from thick frozen immunostained sections. Immunostained wax sections of wild-type skin explants cultured using the Lumox method enabled any changes in epidermal and basal layer depth to be measured following the release of surface tension upon dissection of skin away from the whole embryo. Results: Increased numbers of columnar and cuboidal basal epidermal cells were observed in fz6-/- mutant and Celsr1 mouse mutant Crash/Crash which correlated with visibly more rounded suprabasal cells and a thicker epidermis. Conclusions: Altogether these data support tissue intrinsic roles for PCP proteins in 'outside-in' (radial) skin architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Hobbs
- Wolfson CARD, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Caroline J. Formstone
- Wolfson CARD, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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16
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Hobbs C, Formstone CJ. Planar cell polarity protein-dependent basal cell height in the later stage embryonic mouse epidermis impacts on the shape of overlying suprabasal cells. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:138. [PMID: 36938121 PMCID: PMC10020738 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17733.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Complex organ formation requires the coordinated morphogenesis of adjacent tissue layers. Here, a role for the planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins Fz6 and Celsr1 in generating squamous basal cells in the later stage embryonic epidermis of the mouse is reported, which impacts upon the shape of overlying suprabasal cells. Methods: The depth of the epidermis and basal layer as well as cell proliferation index was scored from immunostained wax sections taken from different mouse embryos mutant in planar cell polarity signalling and their wild-type littermates. Orientation of epidermal cell division in Celsr1 Crash/Crash mutants was determined from thick frozen immunostained sections. Immunostained wax sections of wild-type skin explants cultured using the Lumox method enabled any changes in epidermal and basal layer depth to be measured following the release of surface tension upon dissection of skin away from the whole embryo. Results: Increased numbers of columnar and cuboidal basal epidermal cells were observed in fz6 and Celsr1 mouse mutants including Celsr1 Crash/Crash which correlated with more rounded suprabasal cells and a thicker epidermis. Conclusions: Altogether these data support tissue intrinsic roles for PCP proteins in 'outside-in' (radial) skin architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Hobbs
- Wolfson CARD, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Caroline J. Formstone
- Wolfson CARD, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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17
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Emura N, Yajima M. Micromere formation and its evolutionary implications in the sea urchin. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 146:211-238. [PMID: 35152984 PMCID: PMC8868499 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The micromeres of the sea urchin embryo are distinct from other blastomeres. After they arise through an asymmetric cell division at the 8- to 16-cell stage, micromeres immediately function as organizers. They also commit themselves to specific cell fates such as larval skeletogenic cells and primordial germ cells, while other blastomeres remain plastic and uncommitted at the 16-cell stage. In the phylum Echinodermata, only the sea urchin (class Echinoidea) embryo forms micromeres that serve as apparent organizers during early embryogenesis. Therefore, it is considered that micromeres are the derived features and that modification(s) of the developmental system allowed evolutionary introduction of this unique cell lineage. In this chapter, we summarize the both historic and recent observations that demonstrate unique properties of micromeres and discuss how this lineage of micromeres may have arisen during echinoderm evolution.
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18
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Meng L, Yuan L, Ni J, Fang M, Guo S, Cai H, Qin J, Cai Q, Zhang M, Hu F, Ma J, Zhang Y. Mir24-2-5p suppresses the osteogenic differentiation with Gnai3 inhibition presenting a direct target via inactivating JNK-p38 MAPK signaling axis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4238-4253. [PMID: 34803495 PMCID: PMC8579458 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.60536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Congenital anomalies are increasingly becoming a global pediatric health concern, which requires immediate attention to its early diagnosis, preventive strategies, and efficient treatments. Guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha inhibiting activity polypeptide 3 (Gnai3) gene mutation has been demonstrated to cause congenital small jaw deformity, but the functions of Gnai3 in the disease-specific microRNA (miRNA) upregulations and their downstream signaling pathways during osteogenesis have not yet been reported. Our previous studies found that the expression of Mir24-2-5p was significantly downregulated in the serum of young people with overgrowing mandibular, and bioinformatics analysis suggested possible binding sites of Mir24-2-5p in the Gnai3 3'UTR region. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the mechanism of Mir24-2-5p-mediated regulation of Gnai3 gene expression and explore the possibility of potential treatment strategies for bone defects. Methods: Synthetic miRNA mimics and inhibitors were transduced into osteoblast precursor cells to regulate Mir24-2-5p expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was utilized to identify the direct binding of Gnai3 and its regulator Mir24-2-5p. Gnai3 levels in osteoblast precursor cells were downregulated by shRNA (shGnai3). Agomir, Morpholino Oligo (MO), and mRNA were microinjected into zebrafish embryos to control mir24-2-5p and gnai3 expression. Relevant expression levels were determined by the qRT-PCR and Western blotting. CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and transwell migration assays were performed to assess cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. ALP, ARS and Von Kossa staining were performed to observe osteogenic differentiation. Alcian blue staining and calcein immersions were performed to evaluate the embryonic development and calcification of zebrafish. Results: The expression of Mir24-2-5p was reduced throughout the mineralization process of osteoblast precursor cells. miRNA inhibitors and mimics were transfected into osteoblast precursor cells. Cell proliferation, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization processes were measured, which showed a reverse correlation with the expression of Mir24-2-5p. Dual-luciferase reporter gene detection assay confirmed the direct interaction between Mir24-2-5p and Gnai3 mRNA. Moreover, in osteoblast precursor cells treated with Mir24-2-5p inhibitor, the expression of Gnai3 gene was increased, suggesting that Mir24-2-5p negatively targeted Gnai3. Silencing of Gnai3 inhibited osteoblast precursor cells proliferation, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization. Promoting effects of osteoblast precursor cells proliferation, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization by low expression of Mir24-2-5p was partially rescued upon silencing of Gnai3. In vivo, mir24-2-5p Agomir microinjection into zebrafish embryo resulted in shorter body length, smaller and retruded mandible, decreased cartilage development, and vertebral calcification, which was partially rescued by microinjecting gnai3 mRNA. Notably, quite similar phenotypic outcomes were observed in gnai3 MO embryos, which were also partially rescued by mir24-2-5p MO. Besides, the expression of phospho-JNK (p-JNK) and p-p38 were increased upon Mir24-2-5p inhibitor treatment and decreased upon shGnai3-mediated Gnai3 downregulation in osteoblast precursor cells. Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization abilities of shGnai3-treated osteoblast precursor cells were promoted by p-JNK and p-p38 pathway activators, suggesting that Gnai3 might regulate the differentiation and mineralization processes in osteoblast precursor cells through the MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions: In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of Mir24-2-5p on Gnai3 expression regulation in osteoblast precursor cells and provided a new idea of improving the prevention and treatment strategies for congenital mandibular defects and mandibular protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lichan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jieli Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Mengru Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuyu Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huayang Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jinwei Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qi Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mengnan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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19
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Troyanovsky RB, Indra I, Kato R, Mitchell BJ, Troyanovsky SM. Basolateral protein Scribble binds phosphatase PP1 to establish a signaling network maintaining apicobasal polarity. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101289. [PMID: 34634305 PMCID: PMC8569552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Scribble, a member of the LAP protein family, contributes to the apicobasal polarity (ABP) of epithelial cells. The LAP-unique region of these proteins, which is essential and sufficient for ABP, includes a conserved Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) domain. The major binding partners of this region that could regulate ABP remain unknown. Here, using proteomics, native gel electrophoresis, and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that the concave surface of LRR domain in Scribble participates in three types of mutually exclusive interactions-(i) homodimerization, serving as an auto-inhibitory mechanism; (ii) interactions with a diverse set of polarity proteins, such as Llgl1, Llgl2, EPB41L2, and EPB41L5, which produce distinct multiprotein complexes; and (iii) a direct interaction with the protein phosphatase, PP1. Analogy with the complex between PP1 and LRR domain of SDS22, a well-studied PP1 regulator, suggests that the Scibble-PP1 complex stores a latent form of PP1 in the basolateral cell cortex. Such organization may generate a dynamic signaling network wherein PP1 could be dispatched from the complex with Scribble to particular protein ligands, achieving fast dephosphorylation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina B Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rei Kato
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sergey M Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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20
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Moreci RS, Lechler T. KIF18B is a cell type-specific regulator of spindle orientation in the epidermis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar29. [PMID: 34432485 PMCID: PMC8693959 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-06-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper spindle orientation is required for asymmetric cell division and the establishment of complex tissue architecture. In the developing epidermis, spindle orientation requires a conserved cortical protein complex of LGN/NuMA/dynein-dynactin. However, how microtubule dynamics are regulated to interact with this machinery and properly position the mitotic spindle is not fully understood. Furthermore, our understanding of the processes that link spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division to cell fate specification in distinct tissue contexts remains incomplete. We report a role for the microtubule catastrophe factor KIF18B in regulating microtubule dynamics to promote spindle orientation in keratinocytes. During mitosis, KIF18B accumulates at the cell cortex, colocalizing with the conserved spindle orientation machinery. In vivo we find that KIF18B is required for oriented cell divisions within the hair placode, the first stage of hair follicle morphogenesis, but is not essential in the interfollicular epidermis. Disrupting spindle orientation in the placode, using mutations in either KIF18B or NuMA, results in aberrant cell fate marker expression of hair follicle progenitor cells. These data functionally link spindle orientation to cell fate decisions during hair follicle morphogenesis. Taken together, our data demonstrate a role for regulated microtubule dynamics in spindle orientation in epidermal cells. This work also highlights the importance of spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division to dictate cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Moreci
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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21
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Dias Gomes M, Iden S. Orchestration of tissue-scale mechanics and fate decisions by polarity signalling. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106787. [PMID: 33998017 PMCID: PMC8204866 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic development relies on dynamic cell shape changes and segregation of fate determinants to achieve coordinated compartmentalization at larger scale. Studies in invertebrates have identified polarity programmes essential for morphogenesis; however, less is known about their contribution to adult tissue maintenance. While polarity-dependent fate decisions in mammals utilize molecular machineries similar to invertebrates, the hierarchies and effectors can differ widely. Recent studies in epithelial systems disclosed an intriguing interplay of polarity proteins, adhesion molecules and mechanochemical pathways in tissue organization. Based on major advances in biophysics, genome editing, high-resolution imaging and mathematical modelling, the cell polarity field has evolved to a remarkably multidisciplinary ground. Here, we review emerging concepts how polarity and cell fate are coupled, with emphasis on tissue-scale mechanisms, mechanobiology and mammalian models. Recent findings on the role of polarity signalling for tissue mechanics, micro-environmental functions and fate choices in health and disease will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martim Dias Gomes
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Sandra Iden
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
- CMMCUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
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22
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High proliferation and delamination during skin epidermal stratification. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3227. [PMID: 34050161 PMCID: PMC8163813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of complex stratified epithelial barriers in mammals is initiated from single-layered epithelia. How stratification is initiated and fueled are still open questions. Previous studies on skin epidermal stratification suggested a central role for perpendicular/asymmetric cell division orientation of the basal keratinocyte progenitors. Here, we use centrosomes, that organize the mitotic spindle, to test whether cell division orientation and stratification are linked. Genetically ablating centrosomes from the developing epidermis leads to the activation of the p53-, 53BP1- and USP28-dependent mitotic surveillance pathway causing a thinner epidermis and hair follicle arrest. The centrosome/p53-double mutant keratinocyte progenitors significantly alter their division orientation in the later stages without majorly affecting epidermal differentiation. Together with time-lapse imaging and tissue growth dynamics measurements, the data suggest that the first and major phase of epidermal development is boosted by high proliferation rates in both basal and suprabasally-committed keratinocytes as well as cell delamination, whereas the second phase maybe uncoupled from the division orientation of the basal progenitors. The data provide insights for tissue homeostasis and hyperproliferative diseases that may recapitulate developmental programs. How the developing skin epidermis is transformed from a simple single-layered epithelium to a complex and stratified barrier is still an open question. Here, the authors provide a model based on high proliferation and delamination of the keratinocyte progenitors that support the stratification process.
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23
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Thompson BJ. Par-3 family proteins in cell polarity & adhesion. FEBS J 2021; 289:596-613. [PMID: 33565714 PMCID: PMC9290619 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Par‐3/Baz family of polarity determinants is highly conserved across metazoans and includes C. elegans PAR‐3, Drosophila Bazooka (Baz), human Par‐3 (PARD3), and human Par‐3‐like (PARD3B). The C. elegans PAR‐3 protein localises to the anterior pole of asymmetrically dividing zygotes with cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), and PAR‐6. The same C. elegans ‘PAR complex’ can also localise in an apical ring in epithelial cells. Drosophila Baz localises to the apical pole of asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts with Cdc42‐aPKC‐Par6, while in epithelial cells localises both in an apical ring with Cdc42‐aPKC‐Par6 and with E‐cadherin at adherens junctions. These apical and junctional localisations have become separated in human PARD3, which is strictly apical in many epithelia, and human PARD3B, which is strictly junctional in many epithelia. We discuss the molecular basis for this fundamental difference in localisation, as well as the possible functions of Par‐3/Baz family proteins as oligomeric clustering agents at the apical domain or at adherens junctions in epithelial stem cells. The evolution of Par‐3 family proteins into distinct apical PARD3 and junctional PARD3B orthologs coincides with the emergence of stratified squamous epithelia in vertebrates, where PARD3B, but not PARD3, is strongly expressed in basal layer stem cells – which lack a typical apical domain. We speculate that PARD3B may contribute to clustering of E‐cadherin, signalling from adherens junctions via Src family kinases or mitotic spindle orientation by adherens junctions in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Thompson
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology & Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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24
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Martin E, Girardello R, Dittmar G, Ludwig A. New insights into the organization and regulation of the apical polarity network in mammalian epithelial cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:7073-7095. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Martin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Rossana Girardello
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB) Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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25
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Ling J, Sckaff M, Tiwari M, Chen Y, Li J, Jones J, Sen GL. RAS-mediated suppression of PAR3 and its effects on SCC initiation and tissue architecture occur independently of hyperplasia. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.249102. [PMID: 33172988 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper epithelial development and homeostasis depends on strict control of oriented cell division. Current evidence shows that this process is regulated by intrinsic polarity factors and external spatial cues. Owing to the lack of an appropriate model system that can recapitulate the architecture of the skin, deregulation of spindle orientation in human epithelial carcinoma has never been investigated. Here, using an inducible model of human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we demonstrate that RAS-dependent suppression of PAR3 (encoded by PARD3) accelerates epithelial disorganization during early tumorigenesis. Diminished PAR3 led to loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion, which in turn contributed to misoriented cell division. Pharmacological inhibition of the MAPK pathway downstream of RAS activation reversed the defects in PAR3 expression, E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and mitotic spindle orientation. Thus, temporal analysis of human neoplasia provides a powerful approach to study cellular and molecular transformations during early oncogenesis, which allowed identification of PAR3 as a critical regulator of tissue architecture during initial human SCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ling
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Maria Sckaff
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Yifang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Jingting Li
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Jackson Jones
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
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Flora P, Ezhkova E. Regulatory mechanisms governing epidermal stem cell function during development and homeostasis. Development 2020; 147:147/22/dev194100. [PMID: 33191273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell divisions and cell-fate decisions require stringent regulation for proper tissue development and homeostasis. The mammalian epidermis is a highly organized tissue structure that is sustained by epidermal stem cells (ESCs) that balance self-renewal and cell-fate decisions to establish a protective barrier, while replacing dying cells during homeostasis and in response to injury. Extensive work over past decades has provided insights into the regulatory mechanisms that control ESC specification, self-renewal and maintenance during different stages of the lifetime of an organism. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that have furthered our understanding of key regulatory features that allow ESCs to establish a functional barrier during development and to maintain tissue homeostasis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Flora
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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27
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Roles for microtubules in the proliferative and differentiated cells of stratified epithelia. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 68:98-104. [PMID: 33186891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While microtubule dynamics and organization have been extensively studied invitro, both biochemically and in cultured cells, recent work has begun to extend this into tissues ex vivo and organisms in vivo. Advances in genetic tools and imaging technology have allowed studies on the dynamics, function, and organization of microtubules in the stratified epithelia of the epidermis. Here, we discuss recent work that highlights the varied roles that microtubules play in supporting epidermal function. These findings demonstrate that studying microtubules in tissues has revealed not only novel aspects of epidermal biology but also new principles of microtubule regulation.
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28
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Yip JLK, Lee MMK, Leung CCY, Tse MK, Cheung AST, Wong YH. AGS3 and Gα i3 Are Concomitantly Upregulated as Part of the Spindle Orientation Complex during Differentiation of Human Neural Progenitor Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215169. [PMID: 33172018 PMCID: PMC7664263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is modulated by many Gi-coupled receptors but the precise mechanism remains elusive. A key step for maintaining the population of neural stem cells in the adult is asymmetric cell division (ACD), a process which entails the formation of two evolutionarily conserved protein complexes that establish the cell polarity and spindle orientation. Since ACD is extremely difficult to monitor in stratified tissues such as the vertebrate brain, we employed human neural progenitor cell lines to examine the regulation of the polarity and spindle orientation complexes during neuronal differentiation. Several components of the spindle orientation complex, but not those of the polarity complex, were upregulated upon differentiation of ENStem-A and ReNcell VM neural progenitor cells. Increased expression of nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA), Gαi subunit, and activators of G protein signaling (AGS3 and LGN) coincided with the appearance of a neuronal marker (β-III tubulin) and the concomitant loss of neural progenitor cell markers (nestin and Sox-2). Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that both Gαi3 and NuMA were associated with AGS3 in differentiated ENStem-A cells. Interestingly, AGS3 appeared to preferentially interact with Gαi3 in ENStem-A cells, and this specificity for Gαi3 was recapitulated in co-immunoprecipitation experiments using HEK293 cells transiently overexpressing GST-tagged AGS3 and different Gαi subunits. Moreover, the binding of Gαi3 to AGS3 was suppressed by GTPγS and pertussis toxin. Disruption of AGS3/Gαi3 interaction by pertussis toxin indicates that AGS3 may recognize the same site on the Gα subunit as G protein-coupled receptors. Regulatory mechanisms controlling the formation of spindle orientation complex may provide novel means to manipulate ACD which in turn may have an impact on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L. K. Yip
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Maggie M. K. Lee
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Crystal C. Y. Leung
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Man K. Tse
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Annie S. T. Cheung
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
| | - Yung H. Wong
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.L.K.Y.); (M.M.K.L.); (C.C.Y.L.); (M.K.T.); (A.S.T.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2358-7328; Fax: +852-2358-1552
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29
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Rangel-Huerta E, Guzman A, Maldonado E. The dynamics of epidermal stratification during post-larval development in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:175-190. [PMID: 32877571 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermis, as a defensive barrier, is a consistent trait throughout animal evolution. During post-larval development, the zebrafish epidermis thickens by stratification or addition of new cell layers. Epidermal basal stem cells, expressing the transcription factor p63, are known to be involved in this process. Zebrafish post-larval epidermal stratification is a tractable system to study how stem cells participate in organ growth. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry, in combination with EdU cell proliferation detection, to study zebrafish epidermal stratification. For this procedure, we selected a window of post-larval stages (5-8 mm of standard length or SL, which normalizes age by size). Simultaneously, we used markers for asymmetric cell division and the Notch signaling pathway. RESULTS We found that epidermal stratification is the consequence of several events, including changes in cell shape, active cell proliferation and asymmetrical cell divisions. We identified a subset of highly proliferative epidermal cells with reduced levels of p63, which differed from the basal stem cells with high levels of p63. Additionally, we described different mechanisms that participate in the stratification process, including the phosphorylation of p63, asymmetric cell division regulated by the Par3 and LGN proteins, and expression of Notch genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rangel-Huerta
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Aida Guzman
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.,Estudio Técnico Especializado en Histopatología, Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, ENP, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Maldonado
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
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30
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Hu DJK, Jasper H. Control of Intestinal Cell Fate by Dynamic Mitotic Spindle Repositioning Influences Epithelial Homeostasis and Longevity. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2807-2823.e5. [PMID: 31509744 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis depends on precise yet plastic regulation of stem cell daughter fates. During growth, Drosophila intestinal stem cells (ISCs) adjust fates by switching from asymmetric to symmetric lineages to scale the size of the ISC population. Using a combination of long-term live imaging, lineage tracing, and genetic perturbations, we demonstrate that this switch is executed through the control of mitotic spindle orientation by Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. JNK interacts with the WD40-repeat protein Wdr62 at the spindle and transcriptionally represses the kinesin Kif1a to promote planar spindle orientation. In stress conditions, this function becomes deleterious, resulting in overabundance of symmetric fates and contributing to the loss of tissue homeostasis in the aging animal. Restoring normal ISC spindle orientation by perturbing the JNK/Wdr62/Kif1a axis is sufficient to improve intestinal physiology and extend lifespan. Our findings reveal a critical role for the dynamic control of SC spindle orientation in epithelial maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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31
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Byrd KM, Piehl NC, Patel JH, Huh WJ, Sequeira I, Lough KJ, Wagner BL, Marangoni P, Watt FM, Klein OD, Coffey RJ, Williams SE. Heterogeneity within Stratified Epithelial Stem Cell Populations Maintains the Oral Mucosa in Response to Physiological Stress. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 25:814-829.e6. [PMID: 31809739 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells in stratified epithelia are generally believed to adhere to a non-hierarchical single-progenitor model. Using lineage tracing and genetic label-retention assays, we show that the hard palatal epithelium of the oral cavity is unique in displaying marked proliferative heterogeneity. We identify a previously uncharacterized, infrequently-dividing stem cell population that resides within a candidate niche, the junctional zone (JZ). JZ stem cells tend to self-renew by planar symmetric divisions, respond to masticatory stresses, and promote wound healing, whereas frequently-dividing cells reside outside the JZ, preferentially renew through perpendicular asymmetric divisions, and are less responsive to injury. LRIG1 is enriched in the infrequently-dividing population in homeostasis, dynamically changes expression in response to tissue stresses, and promotes quiescence, whereas Igfbp5 preferentially labels a rapidly-growing, differentiation-prone population. These studies establish the oral mucosa as an important model system to study epithelial stem cell populations and how they respond to tissue stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Byrd
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Division of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, the University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalie C Piehl
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeet H Patel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Won Jae Huh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Inês Sequeira
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London E1 9RT, UK
| | - Kendall J Lough
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bethany L Wagner
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London E1 9RT, UK
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Vanderbilt University, TN 37212, USA
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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32
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Pedro MP, Lund K, Iglesias-Bartolome R. The landscape of GPCR signaling in the regulation of epidermal stem cell fate and skin homeostasis. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1520-1531. [PMID: 32896043 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous integration of signals from the micro and macro-environment is necessary for somatic stem cells to adapt to changing conditions, maintain tissue homeostasis and activate repair mechanisms. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) facilitate this integration by binding to numerous hormones, metabolites and inflammatory mediators, influencing a diverse network of pathways that regulate stem cell fate. This adaptive mechanism is particularly relevant for tissues that are exposed to environmental assault, like skin. The skin is maintained by a set of basal keratinocyte stem and progenitor cells located in the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis, and several GPCRs and their signaling partners serve as makers and regulators of epidermal stem cell activity. GPCRs utilize heterotrimeric G protein dependent and independent pathways to translate extracellular signals into intracellular molecular cascades that dictate the activation of keratinocyte proliferative and differentiation networks, including Hedgehog GLI, Hippo YAP1 and WNT/β-catenin, ultimately regulating stem cell identity. Dysregulation of GPCR signaling underlines numerous skin inflammatory diseases and cancer, with smoothened-driven basal cell carcinoma being a main example of a GPCR associated cancer. In this review, we discuss the impact of GPCRs and their signaling partners in skin keratinocyte biology, particularly in the regulation of the epidermal stem cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Pedro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Lund
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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33
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Wavreil FDM, Yajima M. Diversity of activator of G-protein signaling (AGS)-family proteins and their impact on asymmetric cell division across taxa. Dev Biol 2020; 465:89-99. [PMID: 32687894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a cellular process that forms two different cell types through a cell division and is thus critical for the development of all multicellular organisms. Not all but many of the ACD processes are mediated by proper orientation of the mitotic spindle, which segregates the fate determinants asymmetrically into daughter cells. In many cell types, the evolutionarily conserved protein complex of Gαi/AGS-family protein/NuMA-like protein appears to play critical roles in orienting the spindle and/or generating the polarized cortical forces to regulate ACD. Studies in various organisms reveal that this conserved protein complex is slightly modified in each phylum or even within species. In particular, AGS-family proteins appear to be modified with a variable number of motifs in their functional domains across taxa. This apparently creates different molecular interactions and mechanisms of ACD in each developmental program, ultimately contributing to developmental diversity across species. In this review, we discuss how a conserved ACD machinery has been modified in each phylum over the course of evolution with a major focus on the molecular evolution of AGS-family proteins and its impact on ACD regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence D M Wavreil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Mamiko Yajima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA.
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34
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Rizzelli F, Malabarba MG, Sigismund S, Mapelli M. The crosstalk between microtubules, actin and membranes shapes cell division. Open Biol 2020; 10:190314. [PMID: 32183618 PMCID: PMC7125961 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic progression is orchestrated by morphological and mechanical changes promoted by the coordinated activities of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane (PM). MTs assemble the mitotic spindle, which assists sister chromatid separation, and contact the rigid and tensile actomyosin cortex rounded-up underneath the PM. Here, we highlight the dynamic crosstalk between MTs, actin and cell membranes during mitosis, and discuss the molecular connections between them. We also summarize recent views on how MT traction forces, the actomyosin cortex and membrane trafficking contribute to spindle positioning in isolated cells in culture and in epithelial sheets. Finally, we describe the emerging role of membrane trafficking in synchronizing actomyosin tension and cell shape changes with cell–substrate adhesion, cell–cell contacts and extracellular signalling events regulating proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Grazia Malabarba
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sigismund
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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35
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Lough KJ, Byrd KM, Descovich CP, Spitzer DC, Bergman AJ, Beaudoin GM, Reichardt LF, Williams SE. Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia. eLife 2019; 8:49249. [PMID: 31833472 PMCID: PMC6959978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, precise control of spindle orientation balances proliferation and differentiation. In the developing murine epidermis, planar and perpendicular divisions yield symmetric and asymmetric fate outcomes, respectively. Classically, division axis specification involves centrosome migration and spindle rotation, events occurring early in mitosis. Here, we identify a novel orientation mechanism which corrects erroneous anaphase orientations during telophase. The directionality of reorientation correlates with the maintenance or loss of basal contact by the apical daughter. While the scaffolding protein LGN is known to determine initial spindle positioning, we show that LGN also functions during telophase to reorient oblique divisions toward perpendicular. The fidelity of telophase correction also relies on the tension-sensitive adherens junction proteins vinculin, α-E-catenin, and afadin. Failure of this corrective mechanism impacts tissue architecture, as persistent oblique divisions induce precocious, sustained differentiation. The division orientation plasticity provided by telophase correction may enable progenitors to adapt to local tissue needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Lough
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Carlos P Descovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Danielle C Spitzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Abby J Bergman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Gerard Mj Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Louis F Reichardt
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
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36
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Takayanagi H, Hayase J, Kamakura S, Miyano K, Chishiki K, Yuzawa S, Sumimoto H. Intramolecular interaction in LGN, an adaptor protein that regulates mitotic spindle orientation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19655-19666. [PMID: 31732560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper mitotic spindle orientation requires that astral microtubules are connected to the cell cortex by the microtubule-binding protein NuMA, which is recruited from the cytoplasm. Cortical recruitment of NuMA is at least partially mediated via direct binding to the adaptor protein LGN. LGN normally adopts a closed conformation via an intramolecular interaction between its N-terminal NuMA-binding domain and its C-terminal region that contains four GoLoco (GL) motifs, each capable of binding to the membrane-anchored Gαi subunit of heterotrimeric G protein. Here we show that the intramolecular association with the N-terminal domain in LGN involves GL3, GL4, and a region between GL2 and GL3, whereas GL1 and GL2 do not play a major role. This conformation renders GL1 but not the other GL motifs in a state easily accessible to Gαi To interact with full-length LGN in a closed state, NuMA requires the presence of Gαi; both NuMA and Gαi are essential for cortical recruitment of LGN in mitotic cells. In contrast, mInsc, a protein that competes with NuMA for binding to LGN and regulates mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric cell division, efficiently binds to full-length LGN without Gαi and induces its conformational change, enhancing its association with Gαi In nonpolarized symmetrically dividing HeLa cells, disruption of the LGN-NuMA interaction by ectopic expression of mInsc results in a loss of cortical localization of NuMA during metaphase and anaphase and promotes mitotic spindle misorientation and a delayed anaphase progression. These findings highlight a specific role for LGN-mediated cell cortex recruitment of NuMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takayanagi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junya Hayase
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kamakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kanako Chishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoru Yuzawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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37
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Pedro MP, Salinas Parra N, Gutkind JS, Iglesias-Bartolome R. Activation of G-Protein Coupled Receptor-Gαi Signaling Increases Keratinocyte Proliferation and Reduces Differentiation, Leading to Epidermal Hyperplasia. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:1195-1203.e3. [PMID: 31707029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their associated heterotrimeric G proteins impinge on pathways that control epithelial cell self-renewal and differentiation. Although it is known that Gαs protein signaling regulates skin homeostasis in vivo, the role of GPCR-coupled Gαi proteins in the skin is unclear. Here, by using a chemogenetic approach, we demonstrate that GPCR-Gαi activation can regulate keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and that overactivation of Gαi-signaling in the basal compartment of the mouse skin can lead to epidermal hyperplasia. Our results expand our understanding of the role of GPCR-cAMP signaling in skin homeostasis and reveal overlapping and divergent roles of the cAMP-regulating heterotrimeric Gαs and Gαi proteins in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Pedro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Natalia Salinas Parra
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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38
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Polarity signaling ensures epidermal homeostasis by coupling cellular mechanics and genomic integrity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3362. [PMID: 31358743 PMCID: PMC6662827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial homeostasis requires balanced progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, whereas disrupting this equilibrium fosters degeneration or cancer. Here we studied how cell polarity signaling orchestrates epidermal self-renewal and differentiation. Using genetic ablation, quantitative imaging, mechanochemical reconstitution and atomic force microscopy, we find that mammalian Par3 couples genome integrity and epidermal fate through shaping keratinocyte mechanics, rather than mitotic spindle orientation. Par3 inactivation impairs RhoA activity, actomyosin contractility and viscoelasticity, eliciting mitotic failures that trigger aneuploidy, mitosis-dependent DNA damage responses, p53 stabilization and premature differentiation. Importantly, reconstituting myosin activity is sufficient to restore mitotic fidelity, genome integrity, and balanced differentiation and stratification. Collectively, this study deciphers a mechanical signaling network in which Par3 acts upstream of Rho/actomyosin contractility to promote intrinsic force generation, thereby maintaining mitotic accuracy and cellular fitness at the genomic level. Disturbing this network may compromise not only epidermal homeostasis but potentially also that of other self-renewing epithelia. Many developing tissues require Par-driven polarization, but its role in mammalian tissue maintenance is unclear. Here, the authors show that in mouse epidermis, Par3 governs tissue homeostasis not via orientation of cell division but by coupling cell mechanics with mitotic accuracy and genome integrity.
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Box K, Joyce BW, Devenport D. Epithelial geometry regulates spindle orientation and progenitor fate during formation of the mammalian epidermis. eLife 2019; 8:47102. [PMID: 31187731 PMCID: PMC6592681 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of cell fate through oriented cell division is imperative for proper organ development. Basal epidermal progenitor cells divide parallel or perpendicular to the basement membrane to self-renew or produce differentiated stratified layers, but the mechanisms regulating the choice between division orientations are unknown. Using time-lapse imaging to follow divisions and fates of basal progenitors, we find that mouse embryos defective for the planar cell polarity (PCP) gene, Vangl2, exhibit increased perpendicular divisions and hyperthickened epidermis. Surprisingly, this is not due to defective Vangl2 function in the epidermis, but to changes in cell geometry and packing that arise from the open neural tube characteristic of PCP mutants. Through regional variations in epidermal deformation and physical manipulations, we show that local tissue architecture, rather than cortical PCP cues, regulates the decision between symmetric and stratifying divisions, allowing flexibility for basal cells to adapt to the needs of the developing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Box
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Bradley W Joyce
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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40
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Ellis SJ, Gomez NC, Levorse J, Mertz AF, Ge Y, Fuchs E. Distinct modes of cell competition shape mammalian tissue morphogenesis. Nature 2019; 569:497-502. [PMID: 31092920 PMCID: PMC6638572 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition (CC)—the sensing and elimination of less fit “loser” cells by neighbouring “winner” cells—was first described in Drosophila. Although proposed as a selection mechanism to optimize tissue and organ development, its evolutionary generality remains unclear. Here, by employing live-imaging, lineage-tracing, single cell transcriptomics and genetics, we unearth two intriguing CC mechanisms that sequentially shape and maintain stratified tissue architecture during mouse skin development. In early embryonic epidermis, winner progenitors within the single-layered epithelium kill and clear neighbouring losers by engulfment. Upon stratification and skin barrier formation, the basal layer instead expels losers through a homeostatic upward flux of differentiating progeny. This CC switch is physiologically relevant: when perturbed, so too is barrier formation. Our findings establish CC as a selective force to optimize vertebrate tissue function, and illuminate how a tissue dynamically adjusts CC strategies to preserve fitness as it encounters increased architectural complexity during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Ellis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas C Gomez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Levorse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron F Mertz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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From cell shape to cell fate via the cytoskeleton - Insights from the epidermis. Exp Cell Res 2019; 378:232-237. [PMID: 30872138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal cells exhibit a wide range of shapes that reflect their diverse functions. Cell shape is determined by a balance between internal and external forces and therefore involves the cytoskeleton and its associated adhesion structures. Cell shape dynamics during development and homeostasis are tightly regulated and closely coordinated with cell fate determination. Defects in cell shape are a hallmark of many pathological conditions including cancer and skin diseases. This review highlights the links between cell shape and cell fate in the epidermis, which have been studied for over 40 years both in vitro and in vivo. Briefly discussing seminal experiments showing the strong coupling between keratinocyte cell shape and their fate we primarily focus on recent studies uncovering novel cellular and molecular mechanisms linking epidermal cell shape with cell growth, differentiation, asymmetric division, and delamination.
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42
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Par3 is essential for the establishment of planar cell polarity of inner ear hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4999-5008. [PMID: 30814219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816333116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the inner ear sensory epithelia, stereociliary hair bundles atop sensory hair cells are mechanosensory apparatus with planar polarized structure and orientation. This is established during development by the concerted action of tissue-level, intercellular planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling and a hair cell-intrinsic, microtubule-mediated machinery. However, how various polarity signals are integrated during hair bundle morphogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we show that the conserved cell polarity protein Par3 is essential for planar polarization of hair cells. Par3 deletion in the inner ear disrupted cochlear outgrowth, hair bundle orientation, kinocilium positioning, and basal body planar polarity, accompanied by defects in the organization and cortical attachment of hair cell microtubules. Genetic mosaic analysis revealed that Par3 functions both cell-autonomously and cell-nonautonomously to regulate kinocilium positioning and hair bundle orientation. At the tissue level, intercellular PCP signaling regulates the asymmetric localization of Par3, which in turn maintains the asymmetric localization of the core PCP protein Vangl2. Mechanistically, Par3 interacts with and regulates the localization of Tiam1 and Trio, which are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rac, thereby stimulating Rac-Pak signaling. Finally, constitutively active Rac1 rescued the PCP defects in Par3-deficient cochleae. Thus, a Par3-GEF-Rac axis mediates both tissue-level and hair cell-intrinsic PCP signaling.
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43
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Abstract
For over a century, the centrosome has been an organelle more easily tracked than understood, and the study of its peregrinations within the cell remains a chief underpinning of its functional investigation. Increasing attention and new approaches have been brought to bear on mechanisms that control centrosome localization in the context of cleavage plane determination, ciliogenesis, directional migration, and immunological synapse formation, among other cellular and developmental processes. The Golgi complex, often linked with the centrosome, presents a contrasting case of a pleiomorphic organelle for which functional studies advanced somewhat more rapidly than positional tracking. However, Golgi orientation and distribution has emerged as an area of considerable interest with respect to polarized cellular function. This chapter will review our current understanding of the mechanism and significance of the positioning of these organelles.
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44
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Rodriguez-Garcia R, Chesneau L, Pastezeur S, Roul J, Tramier M, Pécréaux J. The polarity-induced force imbalance in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos is caused by asymmetric binding rates of dynein to the cortex. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3093-3104. [PMID: 30332325 PMCID: PMC6340208 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During asymmetric cell division, the molecular motor dynein generates cortical pulling forces that position the spindle to reflect polarity and adequately distribute cell fate determinants. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, despite a measured anteroposterior force imbalance, antibody staining failed to reveal dynein enrichment at the posterior cortex, suggesting a transient localization there. Dynein accumulates at the microtubule plus ends, in an EBP-2EB-dependent manner. This accumulation, although not transporting dynein, contributes modestly to cortical forces. Most dyneins may instead diffuse to the cortex. Tracking of cortical dynein revealed two motions: one directed and the other diffusive-like, corresponding to force-generating events. Surprisingly, while dynein is not polarized at the plus ends or in the cytoplasm, diffusive-like tracks were more frequently found at the embryo posterior tip, where the forces are higher. This asymmetry depends on GPR-1/2LGN and LIN-5NuMA, which are enriched there. In csnk-1(RNAi) embryos, the inverse distribution of these proteins coincides with an increased frequency of diffusive-like tracks anteriorly. Importantly, dynein cortical residence time is always symmetric. We propose that the dynein-binding rate at the posterior cortex is increased, causing the polarity-reflecting force imbalance. This mechanism of control supplements the regulation of mitotic progression through the nonpolarized dynein detachment rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruddi Rodriguez-Garcia
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Chesneau
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sylvain Pastezeur
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Julien Roul
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Tramier
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Pécréaux
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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45
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Loss of Par3 promotes prostatic tumorigenesis by enhancing cell growth and changing cell division modes. Oncogene 2018; 38:2192-2205. [PMID: 30467379 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although cell polarity plays an important role in epithelial tumorigenesis, the consequence of polarity protein loss in prostatic tumorigenesis and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using conditional knockout mouse models, we found in the current study that loss of polarity protein Par3 increases prostatic epithelial cell growth, elevates symmetrical cell divisions in basal cells, and randomizes spindle orientation in luminal cells, causing the development of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Mechanistically, loss of Par3 dissociates the Par3/merlin/Lats1 complex, consequently inhibiting phosphorylation of Lats1 to attenuate the Hippo pathway. Furthermore, attenuated Hippo pathway enhances nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP), which promotes cell proliferation and symmetrical cell divisions through transcriptional activation of Ki-67 and Sox2. In addition, Lats1 dephosphorylation impairs its interaction with G protein signaling modulator 2 (GPSM2, which is also known as LGN) that causes randomization of spindle orientation in luminal cells. Interestingly, co-deletion of Par3 and Lats1 for complete blockade of the Hippo pathway in mice results in prostate tumor initiation, whereas co-deletion of Par3 and YAP for disrupting YAP nuclear translocation reverses the phenotypes to a relatively normal state. Therefore, our findings highlight combination of Par3 loss and blockade of the Hippo pathway as a novel mechanism for prostatic tumorigenesis.
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46
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47
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Chuykin I, Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Par3 interacts with Prickle3 to generate apical PCP complexes in the vertebrate neural plate. eLife 2018; 7:37881. [PMID: 30256191 PMCID: PMC6175575 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate neural tube formation depends on the coordinated orientation of cells in the tissue known as planar cell polarity (PCP). In the Xenopus neural plate, PCP is marked by the enrichment of the conserved proteins Prickle3 and Vangl2 at anterior cell boundaries. Here we show that the apical determinant Par3 is also planar polarized in the neuroepithelium, suggesting a role for Par3 in PCP. Consistent with this hypothesis, interference with Par3 activity inhibited asymmetric distribution of PCP junctional complexes and caused neural tube defects. Importantly, Par3 physically associated with Prickle3 and promoted its apical localization, whereas overexpression of a Prickle3-binding Par3 fragment disrupted PCP in the neural plate. We also adapted proximity biotinylation assay for use in Xenopus embryos and show that Par3 functions by enhancing the formation of the anterior apical PCP complex. These findings describe a mechanistic link between the apical localization of PCP components and morphogenetic movements underlying neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chuykin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Olga Ossipova
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
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Campbell FC, Loughrey MB, McClements J, Deevi RK, Javadi A, Rainey L. Mechanistic Insights into Colorectal Cancer Phenomics from Fundamental and Organotypic Model Studies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1936-1948. [PMID: 30028958 PMCID: PMC6240511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis and prognostic stratification are based on histopathologic assessment of cell or nuclear pleomorphism, aberrant mitotic figures, altered glandular architecture, and other phenomic abnormalities. This complexity is driven by oncogenic perturbation of tightly coordinated spatiotemporal signaling to disrupt multiple scales of tissue organization. This review clarifies molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying common CRC histologic features and helps understand how the CRC genome controls core aspects of tumor aggressiveness. It further explores a spatiotemporal framework for CRC phenomics based on regulation of living cells in fundamental and organotypic model systems. The review also discusses tissue homeostasis, considers distinct classes of oncogenic perturbations, and evolution of cellular or multicellular cancer phenotypes. It further explores the molecular controls of cribriform, micropapillary, and high-grade CRC morphology in organotypic culture models and assesses relevant translational studies. In addition, the review delves into complexities of morphologic plasticity whereby a single molecular signature generates heterogeneous cancer phenotypes, and, conversely, morphologically homogeneous tumors show substantive molecular diversity. Principles outlined may aid mechanistic interpretation of omics data in a setting of cancer pathology, provide insight into CRC consensus molecular subtypes, and better define principles for CRC prognostic stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Campbell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Maurice Bernard Loughrey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom; Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jane McClements
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Kiran Deevi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Arman Javadi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Rainey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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49
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Zhuang L, Lawlor KT, Schlueter H, Pieterse Z, Yu Y, Kaur P. Pericytes promote skin regeneration by inducing epidermal cell polarity and planar cell divisions. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201700009. [PMID: 30456360 PMCID: PMC6238533 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular microenvironment of epithelial stem/progenitor cells is critical for their long-term self-renewal. We demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cell-like dermal microvascular pericytes are a critical element of the skin's microenvironment influencing human skin regeneration using organotypic models. Specifically, pericytes were capable of promoting homeostatic skin tissue renewal by conferring more planar cell divisions generating two basal cells within the proliferative compartment of the human epidermis, while ensuring complete maturation of the tissue both spatially and temporally. Moreover, we provide evidence supporting the notion that BMP-2, a secreted protein preferentially expressed by pericytes in human skin, confers cell polarity and planar divisions on epidermal cells in organotypic cultures. Our data suggest that human skin regeneration is regulated by highly conserved mechanisms at play in other rapidly renewing tissues such as the bone marrow and in lower organisms such as Drosophila. Our work also provides the means to significantly improve ex vivo skin tissue regeneration for autologous transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhe Zhuang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Zalitha Pieterse
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Yu Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Pritinder Kaur
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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50
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Nekrasova O, Harmon RM, Broussard JA, Koetsier JL, Godsel LM, Fitz GN, Gardel ML, Green KJ. Desmosomal cadherin association with Tctex-1 and cortactin-Arp2/3 drives perijunctional actin polymerization to promote keratinocyte delamination. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1053. [PMID: 29535305 PMCID: PMC5849617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is a multi-layered epithelium that serves as a barrier against water loss and environmental insults. Its morphogenesis occurs through a tightly regulated program of biochemical and architectural changes during which basal cells commit to differentiate and move towards the skin's surface. Here, we reveal an unexpected role for the vertebrate cadherin desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) in remodeling the actin cytoskeleton to promote the transit of basal cells into the suprabasal layer through a process of delamination, one mechanism of epidermal stratification. Actin remodeling requires the interaction of Dsg1 with the dynein light chain, Tctex-1 and the actin scaffolding protein, cortactin. We demonstrate that Tctex-1 ensures the correct membrane compartmentalization of Dsg1-containing desmosomes, allowing cortactin/Arp2/3-dependent perijunctional actin polymerization and decreasing tension at E-cadherin junctions to promote keratinocyte delamination. Moreover, Dsg1 is sufficient to enable simple epithelial cells to exit a monolayer to form a second layer, highlighting its morphogenetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Nekrasova
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA
| | - Robert M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, IL, USA
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA
| | - Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA
| | - Gillian N Fitz
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA.
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