Pancreatic cancer exosomes initiate pre-metastatic niche formation in the liver

Nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a secreted mediator for metastatic breast cancer tropism to the brain

Brain metastases are one of the most serious clinical problems in breast cancer (BC) progression, associated with lower survival rates and a lack of effective therapies. Thus, to dissect the early stages of the brain metastatic process, we studied the impact of brain organotropic BC cells' secretomes on the establishment of the brain pre-metastatic niche (PMN). We found that BC cells with specific tropism to the brain caused significant blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, as well as microglial activation, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Further, we searched for a brain-organotropic metastatic signature, as a promising source for the discovery of new biomarkers involved in brain metastatic progression. Of relevance, we identified VGF (nerve growth factor inducible) as a key mediator in this process, also impacting the BBB and microglial functions both in vitro and in vivo. In a series of human breast tumors, VGF was found to be expressed in both cancer cells and the adjacent stroma. Importantly, VGF-positive tumors showed a significantly worse prognosis and were associated with HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) overexpression and triple-negative molecular signatures. Further clinical validation in primary tumors from metastatic BC cases showed a significant association between VGF and the brain metastatic location, clearly and significantly impacting on the prognosis of BC patients with brain metastasis. In conclusion, our study reveals a unique secretome signature for BC with a tropism for the brain, highlighting VGF as a crucial mediator in this process. Furthermore, its specific impact as a poor prognostic predictor for BC patients with brain metastasis opens new avenues to target VGF to control the progression of brain metastatic disease. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Mechanisms of lymph node metastasis: An extracellular vesicle perspective

In several solid tumors such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer or melanoma, tumor draining lymph nodes are the earliest tissues where colonization by tumor cells is detected. Lymph nodes act as sentinels of metastatic dissemination, the deadliest phase of tumor progression. Besides hematogenous dissemination, lymphatic spread of tumor cells has been demonstrated, adding more complexity to the mechanisms involved in metastasis. A network of blood and lymphatic vessels surrounds tumors providing routes for tumor soluble factors to mediate regional and long-distance effects. Additionally, extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly small EVs/exosomes, have been shown to circulate through the blood and lymph, favoring the formation of pre-metastatic niches in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) and distant organs. In this review, we present an overview of the relevance of lymph node metastasis, the structural and immune changes occurring in TDLNs during tumor progression, and how extracellular vesicles contribute to modulating some of these alterations while promoting the formation of lymph node pre-metastatic niches.

Extracellular vesicles in cancer: challenges and opportunities for clinical laboratories

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles secreted by most cells. They transport different types of biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) characteristic of their tissue or cellular origin that can mediate long-distance intercellular communication. In the case of cancer, EVs participate in tumor progression by modifying the tumor microenvironment, favoring immune tolerance and metastasis development. Consequently, EVs have great potential in liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up. In addition, EVs could have a role in cancer treatment as a targeted drug delivery system. The intense research in the EV field has resulted in hundreds of patents and the creation of biomedical companies. However, methodological issues and heterogeneity in EV composition have hampered the advancement of EV validation trials and the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic products. Consequently, only a few EV biomarkers have moved from research to clinical laboratories, such as the ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore (EPI) test, a CLIA/FDA-approved EV prostate cancer diagnostic test. In addition, the number of large-scale multicenter studies that would clearly define biomarker performance is limited. In this review, we will critically describe the different types of EVs, the methods for their enrichment and characterization, and their biological role in cancer. Then, we will specially focus on the parameters to be considered for the translation of EV biology to the clinic laboratory, the advances already made in the field of EVs related to cancer diagnosis and treatment, and the issues still pending to be solved before EVs could be used as a routine tool in oncology.

Deciphering extracellular vesicles protein cargo in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents a significant therapeutic challenge as it is frequently diagnosed at advanced inoperable stages. Therefore, the development of a reliable screening tool for PDAC is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), characterized by their cup-shaped lipid bilayer structure and ubiquitous release from various cell types, offer notable advantages as an emerging liquid biopsy technique that is rapid, minimally invasive, easily sampled, and cost-effective. While EVs play a substantial role in cancer progression, EV proteins serve as direct mediators of diverse cellular behaviors and have immense potential as biomarkers for PDAC diagnosis and prognostication. This review provides an overview of EV proteins regarding PDAC diagnosis and prognostic implications as well as disease progression.

Exosomal long non-coding RNAs in cancer: Interplay, modulation, and therapeutic avenues

In the intricate field of cancer biology, researchers are increasingly intrigued by the emerging role of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) due to their multifaceted interactions, complex modulation mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications. These exosomal lncRNAs, carried within extracellular vesicles, play a vital partin tumorigenesis and disease progression by facilitating communication networks between tumor cells and their local microenvironment, making them an ideal candidates for use in a liquid biopsy approach. However, exosomal lncRNAs remain an understudied area, especially in cancer biology. Therefore this review aims to comprehensively explore the dynamic interplay between exosomal lncRNAs and various cellular components, including interactions with tumor-stroma, immune modulation, and drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the regulatory functions of exosomal lncRNAs in these processes can potentially unveil novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancer. Additionally, the emergence of RNA-based therapeutics presents exciting opportunities for targeting exosomal lncRNAs, offering innovative strategies to combat cancer progression and improve treatment outcomes. Thus, this review provides insights into the current understanding of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer biology, highlighting their crucial roles, regulatory mechanisms, and the evolving landscape of therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, we have also discussed the advantage of exosomes as therapeutic carriers of lncRNAs for the development of personalized targeted therapy for cancer patients.

MR Molecular Image Guided Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer with Targeted ECO/miR-200c Nanoparticles in Immunocompetent Mouse Tumor Models

OBJECTIVE

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by desmoplasia due to increased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. This work investigates the efficacy of targeted ECO/miR-200c nanoparticles (ELNP) on ECM remodeling in PDAC and tumor proliferation with MR molecular imaging (MRMI) with MT218 in immunocompetent mouse models.

METHODS

The miR-200c mediated regulation of EMT markers was measured in PDAC cells in vitro. Wild-type mice bearing mutated KRAS-driven KPC subcutaneous or orthotopic tumors were dosed weekly with RGD-ELNP/miR-200c at 1 mg-RNA/kg for a total of 4 doses. We utilized MT218-MRMI to non-invasively monitor the alteration of tumor ECM EDN-FN levels by miR-200c and tumor response to the treatment. The changes were also validated by posthumous histopathology.

RESULTS

Transfection of PDAC cells with ELNP/miR-200c downregulated the expression of FN1 and EDB-FN and some mesenchymal markers, inhibiting 3D spheroid formation and migration of KPC PDAC cells. RGD-ELNP/miR-200c treatment resulted in significant signal reduction in the MT218 enhanced MRMI images of both subcutaneous and orthotopic KPC tumors compared to those prior to treatment and treated with a non-specific control. MT218-MRMI results were suggestive of EDB-FN downregulation in tumors, which was later confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Tumor growth in subcutaneous tumors was significantly attenuated with RGD-ELNP/miR-200c and was an observed trend in orthotopic tumors. Substantial necrosis and remodeling were observed in both models treated with RGD-ELNP/miR-200c based on H&E staining.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate the feasibility of RGD-ELNP/miR-200c in modulating PDAC ECM and restraining tumor growth and the utility of MT218-MRMI for non-invasively monitoring miR-200c efficacy.

New Insights into the Exosome-Induced Migration of Uveal Melanoma Cells and the Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation in the Liver

UM is an aggressive intraocular tumor characterized by high plasticity and a propensity to metastasize in the liver. However, the underlying mechanisms governing liver tropism remain poorly understood. Given the emerging significance of exosomes, we sought to investigate the contribution of UM-derived exosomes to specific steps of the metastatic process. Firstly, we isolated exosomes from UM cells sharing a common genetic background and different metastatic properties. A comparison of protein cargo reveals an overrepresentation of proteins related to cytoskeleton remodeling and actin filament-based movement in exosomes derived from the parental cells that may favor the detachment of cells from the primary site. Secondly, we assessed the role of macrophages in reprogramming the HHSCs by exosomes. The activation of HHSCs triggered a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic environment through cytokine production, upregulation of extracellular matrix molecules, and the activation of signaling pathways. Finally, we found that activated HHSCs promote increased adhesion and migration of UM cells. Our findings shed light on the pivotal role of exosomes in pre-metastatic niche construction in the liver.

Nanoparticles-Delivered Circular RNA Strategy as a Novel Antitumor Approach

Anticancer therapy urgently needs the development of novel strategies. An innovative molecular target is represented by circular RNAs (circRNAs), single-strand RNA molecules with the 5' and 3' ends joined, characterized by a high stability. Although circRNA properties and biological functions have only been partially elucidated, their relationship and involvement in the onset and progression of cancer have emerged. Specific targeting of circRNAs may be obtained with antisense oligonucleotides and silencing RNAs. Nanotechnology is at the forefront of research for perfecting their delivery. Continuous efforts have been made to develop novel nanoparticles (NPs) and improve their performance, materials, and properties regarding biocompatibility and targeting capabilities. Applications in various fields, from imaging to gene therapy, have been explored. This review sums up the smart strategies developed to directly target circRNAs with the fruitful application of NPs in this context.

Protocol for isolating extracellular vesicles from pancreatic cancer cells for liver metastatic niche research

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted, cell-derived, membrane-bound compartments implicated in various diseases for their ability to influence distant targets and as carriers of biomarkers. Here, we present a protocol for separating EVs from mammalian pancreatic cancer cells and their characterization using western blot and electron microscopy. We then demonstrate how they are utilized to affect tumor development in a murine model of metastatic pancreatic cancer including a method to quantify hepatic tumor burden in histologic samples. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Dudgeon et al.1.

Secretome Analysis Using Affinity Proteomics and Immunoassays: A Focus on Tumor Biology

The study of the cellular secretome using proteomic techniques continues to capture the attention of the research community across a broad range of topics in biomedical research. Due to their untargeted nature, independence from the model system used, historically superior depth of analysis, as well as comparative affordability, mass spectrometry-based approaches traditionally dominate such analyses. More recently, however, affinity-based proteomic assays have massively gained in analytical depth, which together with their high sensitivity, dynamic range coverage as well as high throughput capabilities render them exquisitely suited to secretome analysis. In this review, we revisit the analytical challenges implied by secretomics and provide an overview of affinity-based proteomic platforms currently available for such analyses, using the study of the tumor secretome as an example for basic and translational research.

MIF/NR3C2 axis regulates glucose metabolism reprogramming in pancreatic cancer through MAPK-ERK and AP-1 pathways

Inflammation and aberrant cellular metabolism are widely recognized as hallmarks of cancer. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), inflammatory signaling and metabolic reprogramming are tightly interwoven, playing pivotal roles in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. However, the regulatory functions of inflammatory mediators in metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer have not been fully explored. Earlier, we demonstrated that pro-inflammatory mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) enhances disease progression by inhibiting its downstream transcriptional factor nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2). Here, we provide evidence that MIF and NR3C2 interactively regulate metabolic reprogramming, resulting in MIF-induced cancer growth and progression in PDAC. MIF positively correlates with the HK1 (hexokinase 1), HK2 (hexokinase 2) and LDHA (lactate dehydrogenase) expression and increased pyruvate and lactate production in PDAC patients. Additionally, MIF augments glucose uptake and lactate efflux by upregulating HK1, HK2 and LDHA expression in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in mouse models of PDAC. Conversely, a reduction in HK1, HK2 and LDHA expression is observed in tumors with high NR3C2 expression in PDAC patients. NR3C2 suppresses HK1, HK2 and LDHA expression, thereby inhibiting glucose uptake and lactate efflux in pancreatic cancer. Mechanistically, MIF-mediated regulation of glycolytic metabolism involves the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-ERK signaling pathway, whereas NR3C2 interacts with the activator protein 1 to regulate glycolysis. Our findings reveal an interactive role of the MIF/NR3C2 axis in regulating glucose metabolism supporting tumor growth and progression and may be a potential target for designing novel approaches for improving disease outcome.

Harnessing exosomes as cancer biomarkers in clinical oncology

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles well known for facilitating cell-to-cell communication by distributing essential macromolecules like proteins, DNA, mRNA, lipids, and miRNA. These vesicles are abundant in fluids distributed throughout the body, including urine, blood, saliva, and even bile. They are important diagnostic tools for breast, lung, gastrointestinal cancers, etc. However, their application as cancer biomarkers has not yet been implemented in most parts of the world. In this review, we discuss how OMICs profiling of exosomes can be practiced by substituting traditional imaging or biopsy methods for cancer detection. Previous methods like extensive imaging and biopsy used for screening were expensive, mostly invasive, and could not easily provide early detection for various types of cancer. Exosomal biomarkers can be utilized for routine screening by simply collecting body fluids from the individual. We anticipate that the use of exosomes will be brought to light by the success of clinical trials investigating their potential to enhance cancer detection and treatment in the upcoming years.

Exosomes: Emerging Insights into the Progression of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a very aggressive and fatal malignancy with few therapeutic choices and a poor prognosis. Understanding the molecular pathways that drive its growth is critical for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by numerous cell types, have recently emerged as essential intercellular communication mediators, with implications for tumor growth and metastasis. In this article, we present a review of current knowledge about exosomes and their role in pancreatic cancer progression We discuss the biogenesis and characteristics of exosomes, as well as their cargo and functional significance in tumor growth, immune evasion, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. We further emphasize the potential of exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives in using exosomes to improve patient outcomes in pancreatic cancer.

Multi-parametric atlas of the pre-metastatic liver for prediction of metastatic outcome in early-stage pancreatic cancer

Metastasis occurs frequently after resection of pancreatic cancer (PaC). In this study, we hypothesized that multi-parametric analysis of pre-metastatic liver biopsies would classify patients according to their metastatic risk, timing and organ site. Liver biopsies obtained during pancreatectomy from 49 patients with localized PaC and 19 control patients with non-cancerous pancreatic lesions were analyzed, combining metabolomic, tissue and single-cell transcriptomics and multiplex imaging approaches. Patients were followed prospectively (median 3 years) and classified into four recurrence groups; early (<6 months after resection) or late (>6 months after resection) liver metastasis (LiM); extrahepatic metastasis (EHM); and disease-free survivors (no evidence of disease (NED)). Overall, PaC livers exhibited signs of augmented inflammation compared to controls. Enrichment of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), Ki-67 upregulation and decreased liver creatine significantly distinguished those with future metastasis from NED. Patients with future LiM were characterized by scant T cell lobular infiltration, less steatosis and higher levels of citrullinated H3 compared to patients who developed EHM, who had overexpression of interferon target genes (MX1 and NR1D1) and an increase of CD11B+ natural killer (NK) cells. Upregulation of sortilin-1 and prominent NETs, together with the lack of T cells and a reduction in CD11B+ NK cells, differentiated patients with early-onset LiM from those with late-onset LiM. Liver profiles of NED closely resembled those of controls. Using the above parameters, a machine-learning-based model was developed that successfully predicted the metastatic outcome at the time of surgery with 78% accuracy. Therefore, multi-parametric profiling of liver biopsies at the time of PaC diagnosis may determine metastatic risk and organotropism and guide clinical stratification for optimal treatment selection.

BAG6 restricts pancreatic cancer progression by suppressing the release of IL33-presenting extracellular vesicles and the activation of mast cells

Recent studies reveal a critical role of tumor cell-released extracellular vesicles (EVs) in pancreatic cancer (PC) progression. However, driver genes that direct EV function, the EV-recipient cells, and their cellular response to EV uptake remain to be identified. Therefore, we studied the role of Bcl-2-associated-anthanogene 6 (BAG6), a regulator of EV biogenesis for cancer progression. We used a Cre recombinase/LoxP-based reporter system in combination with single-cell RNA sequencing to monitor in vivo EV uptake and tumor microenvironment (TME) changes in mouse models for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in a Bag6 pro- or deficient background. In vivo data were validated using mouse and human organoids and patient samples. Our data demonstrated that Bag6-deficient subcutaneous and orthotopic PDAC tumors accelerated tumor growth dependent on EV release. Mechanistically, this was attributed to mast cell (MC) activation via EV-associated IL33. Activated MCs promoted tumor cell proliferation and altered the composition of the TME affecting fibroblast polarization and immune cell infiltration. Tumor cell proliferation and fibroblast polarization were mediated via the MC secretome containing high levels of PDGF and CD73. Patients with high BAG6 gene expression and high protein plasma level have a longer overall survival indicating clinical relevance. The current study revealed a so far unknown tumor-suppressing activity of BAG6 in PDAC. Bag6-deficiency allowed the release of EV-associated IL33 which modulate the TME via MC activation promoting aggressive tumor growth. MC depletion using imatinib diminished tumor growth providing a scientific rationale to consider imatinib for patients stratified with low BAG6 expression and high MC infiltration. EVs derived from BAG6-deficient pancreatic cancer cells induce MC activation via IL33/Il1rl1. The secretome of activated MCs induces tumor proliferation and changes in the TME, particularly shifting fibroblasts into an inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblast (iCAF) phenotype. Blocking EVs or depleting MCs restricts tumor growth.

Unveiling the cancer risk nexus of the steatotic liver

Steatotic liver, characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, poses significant health risks including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and an elevated risk of primary liver cancer. Emerging evidence indicates a robust association between steatotic liver and increased susceptibility to extrahepatic primary cancers and their metastases. The deposition of fat induces dynamic changes in hepatic microenvironments, thereby fostering inflammation and immune responses that enhance liver metastasis from extrahepatic primary cancers. This review explores the impact of steatotic liver on hepatic carcinogenesis and metastasis from extrahepatic cancers, with a specific focus on hepatocyte-derived factors and the immune microenvironment. By emphasizing novel conclusions, this article underscores the timely relevance of understanding these intricate connections.

Cancer-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Affect Vascular Endothelial Cells and Promote Adhesiveness of Pancreatic Cancer Cells

OBJECTIVES

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies due to the high rate of metastasis. The mechanisms underlying metastasis need to be elucidated. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) mediate cell-to-cell communication, and cancer-derived sEVs contribute to the formation of premetastatic niches. The present study examined changes in adhesiveness by the internalization of PC-derived sEVs into vascular endothelial cells, and investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying metastasis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Pancreatic cancer-derived sEVs were internalized into vascular endothelial cells, and changes in adhesiveness were evaluated. We evaluated the effects of sEVs on the formation of liver metastasis in vivo. We also assessed molecular changes in vascular endothelial cells by the internalization of PC-derived sEVs.

RESULTS

The internalization of PC-derived sEVs into vascular endothelial cells promoted the adhesiveness of vascular endothelial cells and PC cells. Pancreatic cancer-derived sEVs contained high levels of transforming growth factor β1 mRNA and acted as its transporter. Once PC-derived sEVs were internalized into vascular endothelial cells, the expression of fibronectin 1 increased on the cell surface, and the adhesiveness of vascular endothelial cells was enhanced.

CONCLUSIONS

We investigated association between PC-derived sEVs and adhesiveness. Regulation of PC-derived sEVs has potential as a therapeutic modality to suppress the metastasis of PC.

Downregulation of 4-HNE and FOXO4 collaboratively promotes NSCLC cell migration and tumor growth

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is among the most prevalent cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from NSCLC play a pivotal role in lung cancer progression. Our findings reveal a direct correlation between the abundance of EVs and the transfection efficiencies. Co-culturing two different lung cancer cell lines could enhance EVs formation, cell proliferation, migration and tumorigenicity. mRNA chip and metabolic analyses revealed significant alterations in the FOXO signaling pathway and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism within tumor tissues derived from co-cultured cells. Shotgun lipidomics studies and bioinformatics analyses guided our attention towards 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and FOXO4. Elevating 4-HNE or FOXO4 levels could reduce the formation of EVs and impede cell growth and migration. While silencing FOXO4 expression lead to an increase in cell cloning rate and enhanced migration. These findings suggest that regulating the production of 4-HNE and FOXO4 might provide an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of NSCLC.

Differential miRNA and Protein Expression Reveals miR-1285, Its Targets TGM2 and CDH-1, as Well as CD166 and S100A13 as Potential New Biomarkers in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Early detection of PDAC remains challenging due to the lack of early symptoms and the absence of reliable biomarkers. The aim of the present project was to identify miRNA and proteomics signatures discriminating PDAC patients with DM from nondiabetic PDAC patients. Proteomics analysis and miRNA array were used for protein and miRNA screening. We used Western blotting and Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for protein and miRNA validation. Comparisons between experimental groups with normal distributions were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test, and pairwise tests were performed using t-tests. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Protein clusters of differentiation 166 (CD166), glycoprotein CD63 (CD63), S100 calcium-binding protein A13 (S100A13), and tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β) were detected in the proteomics screening. The miRNA assay revealed a differential miRNA 1285 regulation. Previously described target proteins of miR-1285 cadherin-1 (CDH-1), cellular Jun (c-Jun), p53, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Smad4), human transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and yes-associated protein (YAP), were validated via Western blotting. miR-1285-3p was successfully validated as differentially regulated in PDAC + DM via qRT-PCR. Overall, our data suggest miRNA1285-3p, TGM2, CDH-1, CD166, and S100A13 as potential meaningful biomarker candidates to characterize patients with PDAC + DM. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD053169.

Extracellular vesicles at the crossroad between cancer progression and immunotherapy: focus on dendritic cells

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized heat-stable vesicles released by virtually all cells in the body, including tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs). By carrying molecules from originating cells, EVs work as cell-to-cell communicators in both homeostasis and cancer but may also represent valuable therapeutic and diagnostic tools. This review focuses on the role of tumor-derived EVs (TEVs) in the modulation of DC functions and on the therapeutic potential of both tumor- and DC-derived EVs in the context of immunotherapy and DC-based vaccine design. TEVs were originally characterized for their capability to transfer tumor antigens to DCs but are currently regarded as mainly immunosuppressive because of the expression of DC-inhibiting molecules such as PD-L1, HLA-G, PGE2 and others. However, TEVs may still represent a privileged system to deliver antigenic material to DCs upon appropriate engineering to reduce their immunosuppressive cargo or increase immunogenicity. DC-derived EVs are more promising than tumor-derived EVs since they expose antigen-loaded MHC, costimulatory molecules and NK cell-activating ligands in the absence of an immunosuppressive cargo. Moreover, DC-derived EVs possess several advantages as compared to cell-based drugs such as a higher antigen/MHC concentration and ease of manipulation and a lower sensitivity to immunosuppressive microenvironments. Preclinical models showed that DC-derived EVs efficiently activate tumor-specific NK and T cell responses either directly or indirectly by transferring antigens to tumor-infiltrating DCs. By contrast, however, phase I and II trials showed a limited clinical efficacy of EV-based anticancer vaccines. We discuss that the future of EV-based therapy depends on our capability to overcome major challenges such as a still incomplete understanding of their biology and pharmacokinetic and the lack of standardized methods for high-throughput isolation and purification. Despite this, EVs remain in the limelight as candidates for cancer immunotherapy which may outmatch cell-based strategies in the fullness of their time.

Peripherical Blood hsa-miR-335-5p Quantification as a Prognostic, but Not Diagnostic, Marker of Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of death, and this pathology often receives a diagnosis in an advanced stage. The development of a less invasive and cost-effective test for detection is essential for decreasing the mortality rate and increasing the life expectancy of GC patients. We evaluated the potential targeting of CD54/ICAM1, a marker of gastric cancer stem cells, with miRNAs to detect GC in blood samples. The analyses included 79 blood samples, 38 from GC patients and 41 from healthy donors, who attended INCan, México City. The total RNA was obtained from the blood plasma, and RT-PCR and qPCR were performed to obtain the relative expression of each miRNA. Hsa-miR-335-5p was detected in the plasma of GC patients and healthy donors at the same levels. The ROC curve analyses indicated that this miRNA was not a candidate for the molecular diagnosis of GC. We did not observe a correlation between the expression of hsa-miR-335-5p and clinical variables; however, the Kaplan-Meier analyses indicated that, in patients who survived more than 12 months, a lower expression of hsa-miR-335-5p was correlated with a better prognosis. It would be convenient to evaluate a larger panel of miRNAs, including miRNAs expressed in a limited number of cell types or with a low number targets, to obtain more specific candidates for developing a robust test for the diagnosis/prognosis of GC.

From Lipid Signatures to Cellular Responses: Unraveling the Complexity of Melanoma and Furthering Its Diagnosis and Treatment

Recent advancements in mass spectrometry have significantly enhanced our understanding of complex lipid profiles, opening new avenues for oncological diagnostics. This review highlights the importance of lipidomics in the comprehension of certain metabolic pathways and its potential for the detection and characterization of various cancers, in particular melanoma. Through detailed case studies, we demonstrate how lipidomic analysis has led to significant breakthroughs in the identification and understanding of cancer types and its potential for detecting unique biomarkers that are instrumental in its diagnosis. Additionally, this review addresses the technical challenges and future perspectives of these methodologies, including their potential expansion and refinement for clinical applications. The discussion underscores the critical role of lipidomic profiling in advancing cancer diagnostics, proposing a new paradigm in how we approach this devastating disease, with particular emphasis on its application in comparative oncology.

The systematic role of pancreatic cancer exosomes: distant communication, liquid biopsy and future therapy

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. Cancer-derived exosomes, benefiting from the protective role of the lipid membrane, exhibit remarkable stability in the circulatory system. These exosomes, released by tumor microenvironment, contain various biomolecules such as proteins, RNAs, and lipids that plays a pivotal role in mediating distant communication between the local pancreatic tumor and other organs or tissues. They facilitate the transfer of oncogenic factors to distant sites, contributing to the compromised body immune system, distant metastasis, diabetes, cachexia, and promoting a microenvironment conducive to tumor growth and metastasis in pancreatic cancer patients. Beyond their intrinsic roles, circulating exosomes in peripheral blood can be detected to facilitate accurate liquid biopsy. This approach offers a novel and promising method for the diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer. Consequently, circulating exosomes are not only crucial mediators of systemic cell-cell communication during pancreatic cancer progression but also hold great potential as precise tools for pancreatic cancer management and treatment. Exosome-based liquid biopsy and therapy represent promising advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Exosomes can serve as drug delivery vehicles, enhancing the targeting and efficacy of anticancer treatments, modulating the immune system, and facilitating gene editing to suppress tumor growth. Ongoing research focuses on biomarker identification, drug delivery systems, and clinical trials to validate the safety and efficacy of exosome-based therapies, offering new possibilities for early diagnosis and precision treatment in pancreatic cancer. Leveraging the therapeutic potential of exosomes, including their ability to deliver targeted drugs and modulate immune responses, opens new avenues for innovative treatment strategies.

The lncRNA LINC01605 promotes the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by activating the mTOR signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

This study investigated the molecular mechanism of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1605 (LINC01605) in the process of tumor growth and liver metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

METHODS

LINC01605 was filtered out with specificity through TCGA datasets (related to DFS) and our RNA-sequencing data of PDAC tissue samples from Renji Hospital. The expression level and clinical relevance of LINC01605 were then verified in clinical cohorts and samples by immunohistochemical staining assay and survival analysis. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments were performed to estimate the regulatory effects of LINC01605 in vitro. RNA-seq of LINC01605-knockdown PDAC cells and subsequent inhibitor-based cellular function, western blotting, immunofluorescence and rescue experiments were conducted to explore the mechanisms by which LINC01605 regulates the behaviors of PDAC tumor cells. Subcutaneous xenograft models and intrasplenic liver metastasis models were employed to study its role in PDAC tumor growth and liver metastasis in vivo.

RESULTS

LINC01605 expression is upregulated in both PDAC primary tumor and liver metastasis tissues and correlates with poor clinical prognosis. Loss and gain of function experiments in cells demonstrated that LINC01605 promotes the proliferation and migration of PDAC cells in vitro. In subsequent verification experiments, we found that LINC01605 contributes to PDAC progression through cholesterol metabolism regulation in a LIN28B-interacting manner by activating the mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, the animal models showed that LINC01605 facilitates the proliferation and metastatic invasion of PDAC cells in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that the upregulated lncRNA LINC01605 promotes PDAC tumor cell proliferation and migration by regulating cholesterol metabolism via activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in a LIN28B-interacting manner. These findings provide new insight into the role of LINC01605 in PDAC tumor growth and liver metastasis as well as its value for clinical approaches as a metabolic therapeutic target in PDAC.

Exosomes-based immunotherapy for cancer: Effective components in the naïve and engineered forms

Today, cancer treatment is one of the main challenges for researchers. The main cause of tumor cell formation is mutations that lead to uncontrolled proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis in malignant cells. Tumor cells also create a microenvironment that can suppress the immune system cells' responses through various methods, including producing soluble factors and cell-to-cell communication. After being produced from tumor cells, exosomes can also affect the functions of other cells in this microenvironment. Various studies have shown that exosomes from different sources, including tumor cells and immune cells, can be used to treat cancers due to their characteristics. Since tumor cells are rich sources of various types of tumor peptides, they can induce anti-tumor responses. Immune cells also produce exosomes that mimic the functions of their cells of origin, such that exosomes derived from NK cells and CTLs can directly lead to their apoptosis after merging with tumor cells. However, many researchers have pointed out that naïve exosomes have a limited therapeutic function, and their therapeutic potential can be increased by manipulating and engineering them. There are various methods to modify exosomes and improve their therapeutic potential. In general, these methods are divided into two parts, which include changing the cell of origin of the exosome and encapsulating the exosome to carry different drugs. In this review, we will discuss the studies on the therapeutic use of naive and engineered exosomes and provide an update on new studies in this field.

A Large-Scale Proteomics Resource of Circulating Extracellular Vesicles for Biomarker Discovery in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis of all common tumors. Earlier cancer diagnosis could increase survival rates and better assessment of metastatic disease could improve patient care. As such, there is an urgent need to develop biomarkers to diagnose this deadly malignancy. Analyzing circulating extracellular vesicles (cEVs) using 'liquid biopsies' offers an attractive approach to diagnose and monitor disease status. However, it is important to differentiate EV-associated proteins enriched in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) from those with benign pancreatic diseases such as chronic pancreatitis and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). To meet this need, we combined the novel EVtrap method for highly efficient isolation of EVs from plasma and conducted proteomics analysis of samples from 124 individuals, including patients with PDAC, benign pancreatic diseases and controls. On average, 912 EV proteins were identified per 100µL of plasma. EVs containing high levels of PDCD6IP, SERPINA12 and RUVBL2 were associated with PDAC compared to the benign diseases in both discovery and validation cohorts. EVs with PSMB4, RUVBL2 and ANKAR were associated with metastasis, and those with CRP, RALB and CD55 correlated with poor clinical prognosis. Finally, we validated a 7-EV protein PDAC signature against a background of benign pancreatic diseases that yielded an 89% prediction accuracy for the diagnosis of PDAC. To our knowledge, our study represents the largest proteomics profiling of circulating EVs ever conducted in pancreatic cancer and provides a valuable open-source atlas to the scientific community with a comprehensive catalogue of novel cEVs that may assist in the development of biomarkers and improve the outcomes of patients with PDAC.

Extracellular vesicles and cancer stem cells: a deadly duo in tumor progression

The global incidence of cancer is increasing, with estimates suggesting that there will be 26 million new cases and 17 million deaths per year by 2030. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key to the resistance and advancement of cancer. They play a crucial role in tumor dynamics and resistance to therapy. CSCs, initially discovered in acute myeloid leukemia, are well-known for their involvement in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse, mostly because of their distinct characteristics, such as resistance to drugs and the ability to self-renew. EVs, which include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, play a vital role in facilitating communication between cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). They have a significant impact on cellular behaviors and contribute to genetic and epigenetic changes. This paper analyzes the mutually beneficial association between CSCs and EVs, emphasizing their role in promoting tumor spread and developing resistance mechanisms. This review aims to investigate the interaction between these entities in order to discover new approaches for attacking the complex machinery of cancer cells. It highlights the significance of CSCs and EVs as crucial targets in the advancement of novel cancer treatments, which helps stimulate additional research, promote progress in ideas for cancer treatment, and provide renewed optimism in the effort to reduce the burden of cancer.

The cross-talk between the macro and micro-environment in precursor lesions of pancreatic cancer leads to new and promising circulating biomarkers

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a clinically challenging tumor to combat due to its advanced stage at diagnosis as well as its resistance to currently available therapies. The absence of early symptoms and known detectable biomarkers renders this disease incredibly difficult to detect/manage. Recent advances in the understanding of PC biology have highlighted the importance of cancer-immune cell interactions, not only in the tumor micro-environment but also in distant systemic sites, like the bone marrow, spleen and circulating immune cells, the so-called macro-environment. The response of the macro-environment is emerging as a determining factor in tumor development by contributing to the formation of an increasingly immunogenic micro-environment promoting tumor homeostasis and progression. We will summarize the key events associated with the feedback loop between the tumor immune micro-environment (TIME) and the tumor immune macroenvironment (TIMaE) in pancreatic precancerous lesions along with how it regulates disease development and progression. In addition, liquid biopsy biomarkers capable of diagnosing PC at an early stage of onset will also be discussed. A clearer understanding of the early crosstalk between micro-environment and macro-environment could contribute to identifying new molecular therapeutic targets and biomarkers, consequently improving early PC diagnosis and treatment.

Innovating Cancer Treatment Through Cell Cycle, Telomerase, Angiogenesis, and Metastasis

Cancer remains a formidable challenge in the field of medicine, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies to combat its relentless progression. The cell cycle, a tightly regulated process governing cell growth and division, plays a pivotal role in cancer development. Dysregulation of the cell cycle allows cancer cells to proliferate uncontrollably. Therapeutic interventions designed to disrupt the cell cycle offer promise in restraining tumor growth and progression. Telomerase, an enzyme responsible for maintaining telomere length, is often overactive in cancer cells, conferring them with immortality. Targeting telomerase presents an opportunity to limit the replicative potential of cancer cells and hinder tumor growth. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Strategies aimed at inhibiting angiogenesis seek to deprive tumors of their vital blood supply, thereby impeding their progression. Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites, is a major challenge in cancer therapy. Research efforts are focused on understanding the underlying mechanisms of metastasis and developing interventions to disrupt this deadly process. This review provides a glimpse into the multifaceted approach to cancer therapy, addressing critical aspects of cancer biology-cell cycle regulation, telomerase activity, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Through ongoing research and innovative strategies, the field of oncology continues to advance, offering new hope for improved treatment outcomes and enhanced quality of life for cancer patients.

Developing an advanced diagnostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma through multi-omics integration leveraging diverse cell-death patterns

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), representing more than 80% of primary liver cancer cases, lacks satisfactory etiology and diagnostic methods. This study aimed to elucidate the role of programmed cell death-associated genes (CDRGs) in HCC by constructing a diagnostic model using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data.

Methods

Six categories of CDRGs, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis, were collected. RNA-seq data from blood-derived exosomes were sourced from the exoRBase database, RNA-seq data from cancer tissues from the TCGA database, and scRNA-seq data from the GEO database. Subsequently, we intersected the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the HCC cohort from exoRBase and TCGA databases with CDRGs, as well as DEGs obtained from single-cell datasets. Candidate biomarker genes were then screened using clinical indicators and a machine learning approach, resulting in the construction of a seven-gene diagnostic model for HCC. Additionally, scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptome sequencing (stRNA-seq) data of HCC from the Mendeley data portal were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of these seven key genes and their association with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Finally, we validated the expression of key molecules in tissues and blood-derived exosomes through quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry experiments.

Results

Collectively, we obtained a total of 50 samples and 104,288 single cells. Following the meticulous screening, we established a seven-gene diagnostic model for HCC, demonstrating high diagnostic efficacy in both the exoRBase HCC cohort (training set: AUC = 1; testing set: AUC = 0.847) and TCGA HCC cohort (training set: AUC = 1; testing set: AUC = 0.976). Subsequent analysis revealed that HCC cluster 3 exhibited a higher stemness index and could serve as the starting point for the differentiation trajectory of HCC cells, also displaying more abundant interactions with other cell types in the microenvironment. Notably, key genes TRIB3 and NQO1 displayed elevated expression levels in HCC cells. Experimental validation further confirmed their elevated expression in both tumor tissues and blood-derived exosomes of cancer patients. Additionally, stRNA analysis not only substantiated these findings but also suggested that patients with high TRIB3 and NQO1 expression might respond more favorably to ICB therapy.

Conclusions

The seven-gene diagnostic model demonstrated remarkable accuracy in HCC screening, with TRIB3 emerging as a promising diagnostic tool and therapeutic target for HCC.

Molecular Characteristics of Aberrant Gene Mutations and Expression Profiles Induced by Benzo(a)pyrene in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a prevalent food and environmental carcinogen. Chronic low-dose BaP exposure can promote the migratory and invasive capacities of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, yet its intricate molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Utilizing the established BaP-exposed HCC cell model, we analyzed the gene expression alteration, exosomal RNA cargo, and genetic variants induced by BaP through transcriptomic and whole-genome sequencing. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant dysregulation in genes and pathways associated with tumor metastasis, particularly those involved in steroidal lipid metabolism and cell migration. BaP exposure enriched PI3K-AKT, mTOR, and NF-κB signaling pathways and disrupted genes implicated in cellular secretory processes, suggesting the potential involvement of exosomes in metastasis. Exosome analysis depicted the RNA profiling in exosomes of HCC cells altered by BaP, and the exosomal circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network was constructed. Finally, whole-genome sequencing delineated BaP-induced gene mutations and genomic instability in HCC cells. In summary, prolonged low-dose BaP exposure induces intricate molecular alterations in gene mutation and expression profiles in HCC cells, notably those secreted in exosomes, which may potentially remodel the tumor microenvironment and foster HCC metastasis. Our findings offer new insights into the molecular underpinnings of BaP-induced HCC metastasis, thereby advancing the comprehensive understanding of BaP toxicity.

IRF5 suppresses metastasis through the regulation of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles and pre-metastatic niche formation

Metastasis is driven by extensive cooperation between a tumor and its microenvironment, resulting in the adaptation of molecular mechanisms that evade the immune system and enable pre-metastatic niche (PMN) formation. Little is known of the tumor-intrinsic factors that regulate these mechanisms. Here we show that expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) in osteosarcoma (OS) and breast carcinoma (BC) clinically correlates with prolonged survival and decreased secretion of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (t-dEVs). Conversely, loss of intra-tumoral IRF5 establishes a PMN that supports metastasis. Mechanistically, IRF5-positive tumor cells retain IRF5 transcripts within t-dEVs that contribute to altered composition, secretion, and trafficking of t-dEVs to sites of metastasis. Upon whole-body pre-conditioning with t-dEVs from IRF5-high or -low OS and BC cells, we found increased lung metastatic colonization that replicated findings from orthotopically implanted cancer cells. Collectively, our findings uncover a new role for IRF5 in cancer metastasis through its regulation of t-dEV programming of the PMN.

Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Liquid Biopsy for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Solid Tumors: Their Clinical Utility and Reliability as Tumor Biomarkers

Early cancer detection and accurate monitoring are crucial to ensure increased patient survival. Recent research has focused on developing non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose cancer early and monitor disease progression at low cost and risk. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized particles secreted into extracellular spaces by most cell types, are gaining immense popularity as novel biomarker candidates for liquid cancer biopsy, as they can transport bioactive cargo to distant sites and facilitate intercellular communications. A literature search was conducted to discuss the current approaches for EV isolation and the advances in using EV-associated proteins, miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and lipids as liquid biopsies. We discussed the advantages and challenges of using these vesicles in clinical applications. Moreover, recent advancements in machine learning as a novel tool for tumor marker discovery are also highlighted.

RNA modification gene WDR4 facilitates tumor progression and immunotherapy resistance in breast cancer

INTRODUCTION

Growing interest toward RNA modification in cancer has inspired the exploration of gene sets related to multiple RNA modifications. However, a comprehensive elucidation of the clinical value of various RNA modifications in breast cancer is still lacking.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to provide a strategy based on RNA modification-related genes for predicting therapy response and survival outcomes in breast cancer patients.

METHODS

Genes related to thirteen RNA modification patterns were integrated for establishing a nine-gene-containing signature-RMscore. Alterations of tumor immune microenvironment and therapy response featured by different RMscore levels were assessed by bulk transcriptome, single-cell transcriptome and genomics analyses. The biological function of key RMscore-related molecules was investigated by cellular experiments in vitro and in vivo, using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

This study has raised an effective therapy strategy for breast cancer patients after a well-rounded investigation of RNA modification-related genes. With a great performance of predicting patient prognosis, high levels of the RMscore proposed in this study represented suppressive immune microenvironment and therapy resistance, including adjuvant chemotherapy and PD-L1 blockade treatment. As the key contributor of the RMscore, inhibition of WDR4 impaired breast cancer progression significantly in vitro and in vivo, as well as participated in regulating cell cycle and mTORC1 signaling pathway via m7G modification.

CONCLUSION

Briefly, this study has developed promising and effective tactics to achieve the prediction of survival probabilities and treatment response in breast cancer patients.

Pancreatic cancer cell- and cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomes in disease progression, metastasis, and therapy

Exosomes play a crucial role in the progression and spread of pancreatic cancer, serving not only as promoters of tumor growth and organ-specific metastasis but also as promising biomarkers and targets for treatment. These nano vesicles enhance intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules, such as proteins and RNAs, between cells. This process significantly affects cancer cell dynamics, including their proliferation, migration, and invasion, while also contributing to drug resistance. Our review focuses on the crucial interactions between cancer cells and fibroblasts mediated by exosomes within the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. We delve into how exosomes from both cancer-associated fibroblasts and the cancer cells themselves drive tumor progression through various mechanisms, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and facilitating metastasis to specific organs like the lungs and liver. The potential of leveraging exosomes for therapeutic interventions is also explored, highlighting the importance of understanding their role in cell communication as a step forward in developing more effective pancreatic cancer treatments.

Extracellular vesicle isolation and counting system (EVics) based on simultaneous tandem tangential flow filtration and large field-of-view light scattering

Although the isolation and counting of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are essential steps in sEV research, an integrated method with scalability and efficiency has not been developed. Here, we present a scalable and ready-to-use extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation and counting system (EVics) that simultaneously allows isolation and counting in one system. This novel system consists of (i) EVi, a simultaneous tandem tangential flow filtration (TFF)-based EV isolation component by applying two different pore-size TFF filters, and (ii) EVc, an EV counting component using light scattering that captures a large field-of-view (FOV). EVi efficiently isolated 50-200 nm-size sEVs from 15 µL to 2 L samples, outperforming the current state-of-the-art devices in purity and speed. EVc with a large FOV efficiently counted isolated sEVs. EVics enabled early observations of sEV secretion in various cell lines and reduced the cost of evaluating the inhibitory effect of sEV inhibitors by 20-fold. Using EVics, sEVs concentrations and sEV PD-L1 were monitored in a 23-day cancer mouse model, and 160 clinical samples were prepared and successfully applied to diagnosis. These results demonstrate that EVics could become an innovative system for novel findings in basic and applied studies in sEV research.

The potential of miRNA-based approaches in glioblastoma: An update in current advances and future perspectives

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor. The emerging field of epigenetics stands out as particularly promising. Notably, the discovery of micro RNAs (miRNAs) has paved the way for advancements in diagnosing, treating, and prognosticating patients with brain tumors. We aim to provide an overview of the emergence of miRNAs in GBM and their potential role in the multifaceted management of this disease. We discuss the current state of the art regarding miRNAs and GBM. We performed a narrative review using the MEDLINE/PUBMED database to retrieve peer-reviewed articles related to the use of miRNA approaches for the treatment of GBMs. MiRNAs are intrinsic non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression mainly through post-transcriptional mechanisms. The deregulation of some of these molecules is related to the pathogenesis of GBM. The inclusion of molecular characterization for the diagnosis of brain tumors and the advent of less-invasive diagnostic methods such as liquid biopsies, highlights the potential of these molecules as biomarkers for guiding the management of brain tumors such as GBM. Importantly, there is a need for more studies to better examine the application of these novel molecules. The constantly changing characterization and approach to the diagnosis and management of brain tumors broaden the possibilities for the molecular inclusion of novel epigenetic molecules, such as miRNAs, for a better understanding of this disease.

Macrophage-derived CD36 + exosome subpopulations as novel biomarkers of Candida albicans infection

Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a notable healthcare-associated fungal infection, characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and substantial treatment costs. Candida albicans emerges as a principal pathogen in this context. Recent academic advancements have shed light on the critical role of exosomes in key biological processes, such as immune responses and antigen presentation. This burgeoning body of research underscores the potential of exosomes in the realm of medical diagnostics and therapeutics, particularly in relation to fungal infections like IC. The exploration of exosomal functions in the pathophysiology of IC not only enhances our understanding of the disease but also opens new avenues for innovative therapeutic interventions. In this investigation, we focus on exosomes (Exos) secreted by macrophages, both uninfected and those infected with C. albicans. Our objective is to extract and analyze these exosomes, delving into the nuances of their protein compositions and subgroups. To achieve this, we employ an innovative technique known as Proximity Barcoding Assay (PBA). This methodology is pivotal in our quest to identify novel biological targets, which could significantly enhance the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for C. albicans infection. The comparative analysis of exosomal contents from these two distinct cellular states promises to yield insightful data, potentially leading to breakthroughs in understanding and treating this invasive fungal infection. In our study, we analyzed differentially expressed proteins in exosomes from macrophages and C. albicans -infected macrophages, focusing on proteins such as ACE2, CD36, CAV1, LAMP2, CD27, and MPO. We also examined exosome subpopulations, finding a dominant expression of MPO in the most prevalent subgroup, and a distinct expression of CD36 in cluster14. These findings are crucial for understanding the host response to C. albicans and may inform targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Our study leads us to infer that MPO and CD36 proteins may play roles in the immune escape mechanisms of C. albicans. Additionally, the CD36 exosome subpopulations, identified through our analysis, could serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for C. albicans infection. This insight opens new avenues for understanding the infection's pathology and developing targeted treatments.

Extracellular vesicles as modulators of monocyte and macrophage function in tumors

The tumor microenvironment (TME) harbors several cell types, such as tumor cells, immune cells, and non-immune cells. These cells communicate through several mechanisms, such as cell-cell contact, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Tumor-derived vesicles are known to have the ability to modulate the immune response. Monocytes are a subset of circulating innate immune cells and play a crucial role in immune surveillance, being recruited to tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. In the context of tumors, it has been observed that tumor cells can attract monocytes to the TME and induce their differentiation into tumor-associated macrophages with a pro-tumor phenotype. Tumor-derived EVs have emerged as essential structures mediating this process. Through the transfer of specific molecules and signaling factors, tumor-derived EVs can shape the phenotype and function of monocytes, inducing the expression of cytokines and molecules by these cells, thus modulating the TME towards an immunosuppressive environment.

Differential extracellular vesicle concentration and their biomarker expression of integrin αv/β5, EpCAM, and glypican-1 in pancreatic cancer models

Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) show great potential as biomarkers for several diseases, including pancreatic cancer, due to their roles in cancer development and progression. However, the challenge of utilizing EVs as biomarkers lies in their inherent heterogeneity in terms of size and concentration, making accurate quantification difficult, which is highly dependent on the isolation and quantification methods used. In our study, we compared three EV isolation techniques and two EV quantification methods. We observed variations in EV concentration, with approximately 1.5-fold differences depending on the quantification method used. Interestingly, all EV isolation techniques consistently yielded similar EV quantities, overall size distribution, and modal sizes. In contrast, we found a notable increase in total EV amounts in samples from pancreatic cancer cell lines, mouse models, and patient plasma, compared to non-cancerous conditions. Moreover, individual tumor-derived EVs exhibited at least a 3-fold increase in several EV biomarkers. Our data, obtained from EVs isolated using various techniques and quantified through different methods, as well as originating from various pancreatic cancer models, suggests that EV profiling holds promise for the identification of unique and cancer-specific biomarkers in pancreatic cancer.

The emerging role of the exosomal proteins in neuroblastoma

Exosomes are a subclass of extracellular vesicles shown to promote the cancer growth and support metastatic progression. The proteomic analysis of neuroblastoma-derived exosomes has revealed proteins involved in cell migration, proliferation, metastasis, and in the modulation of tumor microenvironment - thus contributing to the tumor development and an aggressive metastatic phenotype. This review gives an overview of the current understanding of the exosomal proteins in neuroblastoma and of their potential as diagnostic/prognostic biomarker of disease and therapeutics.

Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cancer progression: mechanisms, roles, and potential applications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles that mediate vital cellular communication by transferring cargo between cells. Among these, tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (Ti-EVs) stand out due to their origin from the tissue microenvironment, providing a more accurate reflection of changes in this setting. This unique advantage makes Ti-EVs valuable in investigating the intricate relationship between extracellular vesicles and cancer progression. Despite considerable research efforts exploring the association between Ti-EVs and cancers, a comprehensive clustering or grouping of these studies remains lacking. In this review, we aim to fill this gap by presenting a comprehensive synthesis of the mechanisms underlying Ti-EV generation, release, and transport within cancer tissues. Moreover, we delve into the pivotal roles that Ti-EVs play in cancer progression, shedding light on their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The review culminates in the construction of a comprehensive functional spectrum of Ti-EVs, providing a valuable reference for future research endeavors. By summarizing the current state of knowledge on Ti-EVs and their significance in tumor biology, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of cancer microenvironment dynamics and opens up avenues for harnessing Ti-EVs in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Immune capture and protein profiling of small extracellular vesicles from human plasma

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), the key players in inter-cellular communication, are produced by all cell types and are present in all body fluids. Analysis of the proteome content is an important approach in structural and functional studies of these vesicles. EVs circulating in human plasma are heterogeneous in size, cellular origin, and functions. This heterogeneity and the potential presence of contamination with plasma components such as lipoprotein particles and soluble plasma proteins represent a challenge in profiling the proteome of EV subsets by mass spectrometry. An immunocapture strategy prior to mass spectrometry may be used to isolate a homogeneous subpopulation of small EVs (sEV) with a specific endocytic origin from plasma or other biofluids. Immunocapture selectively separates EV subpopulations in biofluids based on the presence of a unique protein carried on the vesicle surface. The advantages and disadvantages of EV immune capture as a preparative step for mass spectrometry are discussed.

Extracellular vesicles related gene HSPH1 exerts anti-tumor effects in prostate cancer via promoting the stress response of CD8 + T cells

BACKGROUND

T cell stress response state (TSTR), as a novel immune concept previous studies have proposed, has not yet been explored in prostate cancer (PC). As a type of cellular efflux, exosomes play important roles in the occurrence and development of PC.

METHOD

Here, we conducted a combined analysis on extracellular vesicle related genes (EVRGs) in PC using data from single-cell RNA (scRNA), spatial transcriptome (ST), and bulk RNA sequencing.

RESULT

Preliminary findings have revealed that heat shock protein family H (Hsp110) member 1 (HSPH1) possesses two identities, one being EVRGs and the other being a member of the heat shock protein family involved in TSTR, which may promote the differentiation of conventional T cells towards Th1 or Th2 cells through the pathway of IL2-MYC-IL2RA, thereby promoting the increase of CD8 + T cells in the tumor area, especially in the invasive zone, and inhibiting the invasion of PCs. We also notice the negative response of HSPH1 + CD8 + T cell related genes in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Western blot (WB) and droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddPCR) demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of HSPH1 in EVs of PCs were significantly higher than those in adjacent tissues.

CONCLUSION

Results above indicate the potential of HSPH1 as a critical therapeutic target in PC.

Tumour-derived Extracellular Vesicle and Particle Reprogramming of Interstitial Macrophages in the Lung Pre-Metastatic Niche Enhances Vascular Permeability and Metastatic Potential

Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are pivotal mediators of pre-metastatic niche formation and cancer progression, including induction of vascular permeability, which facilitates tumor cell extravasation and metastasis. However, the mechanisms through which EVPs exert this effect remain poorly understood. Here, we elucidate a novel mechanism by which tumor EVPs enhance endothelial cell permeability, tumor extravasation, and lung metastasis to different degrees, depending on tumor type. Strikingly, vascular leakiness is observed within 48h following tumor implantation and as early as one hour following intravenous injection of tumour-derived EVPs in naïve mice. Surprisingly, rather than acting directly on endothelial cells, EVPs first activate interstitial macrophages (IMs) leading to activation of JAK/STAT signaling and IL-6 secretion in IMs which subsequently promote endothelial permeability. Depletion of IMs significantly reduces tumour-derived EVP-dependent vascular leakiness and metastatic potential. Tumour EVPs that strongly induce vascular leakiness express high levels of ITGα5, and ITGα5 ablation impairs IM activation, cytokine secretion, and subsequently vascular permeability and metastasis. Importantly, IL-6 expression is elevated in IMs from non-involved tumor-adjacent lung tissue compared to distal lung tissue in lung cancer patients, highlight the clinical relevance of our discovery. Our findings identify a key role for IM activation as an initiating step in tumor type-specific EVP-driven vascular permeability and metastasis, offering promising targets for therapeutic intervention.

Role of Exosomes in Cancer and Aptamer-Modified Exosomes as a Promising Platform for Cancer Targeted Therapy

Exosomes are increasingly recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication in cancer biology. Exosomes can be derived from cancer cells as well as cellular components in tumor microenvironment. After secretion, the exosomes carrying a wide range of bioactive cargos can be ingested by local or distant recipient cells. The released cargos act through a variety of mechanisms to elicit multiple biological effects and impact most if not all hallmarks of cancer. Moreover, owing to their excellent biocompatibility and capability of being easily engineered or modified, exosomes are currently exploited as a promising platform for cancer targeted therapy. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge of roles of exosomes in risk and etiology, initiation and progression of cancer, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms. The aptamer-modified exosome as a promising platform for cancer targeted therapy is then briefly introduced. We also discuss the future directions for emerging roles of exosome in tumor biology and perspective of aptamer-modified exosomes in cancer therapy.

Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy

Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.

Precision Oncology: Circulating Microvesicles as New Biomarkers in a Very Early Stage of Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

The release of microvesicles (MVs) is an essential phenomenon for inter-cellular signaling in health and disease. The role of MVs in cancer is multidimensional and includes cancer cell survival, proliferation, and invasion. In this prospective study, we analyzed MV levels in colorectal cancer patients and assessed the importance of MV release in early-stage colorectal cancer and survival.

METHODS

This study included 98 patients and 15 controls. The characterization of MVs from human plasma was performed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies.

RESULTS

The levels of total MVs and MUC-1-positive, tissue factor (TF)-positive, and endothelial cell-derived MVs (EMVs) were statistically significantly higher in the colon cancer patients than in the controls (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the subgroup of patients with very early-stage colorectal cancer also had statistically significant differences in the levels of the abovementioned MVs compared to the controls (p < 0.01). Highly differentiated tumors had lower levels of MUC-1-positive MVs (p < 0.02), EMVs (p < 0.002), and EMV/TF combinations (p < 0.001) versus those with tumors with low/intermediate differentiation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrate that the analysis of circulating MV levels in plasma could possibly become a tool for the early diagnosis of colon cancer at a very early stage of the disease.