1
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Ishaqat A, Hahmann J, Lin C, Zhang X, He C, Rath WH, Habib P, Sahnoun SEM, Rahimi K, Vinokur R, Mottaghy FM, Göstl R, Bartneck M, Herrmann A. In Vivo Polymer Mechanochemistry with Polynucleotides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403752. [PMID: 38804595 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry utilizes mechanical force to activate latent functionalities in macromolecules and widely relies on ultrasonication techniques. Fundamental constraints of frequency and power intensity have prohibited the application of the polymer mechanochemistry principles in a biomedical context up to now, although medical ultrasound is a clinically established modality. Here, a universal polynucleotide framework is presented that allows the binding and release of therapeutic oligonucleotides, both DNA- and RNA-based, as cargo by biocompatible medical imaging ultrasound. It is shown that the high molar mass, colloidal assembly, and a distinct mechanochemical mechanism enable the force-induced release of cargo and subsequent activation of biological function in vitro and in vivo. Thereby, this work introduces a platform for the exploration of biological questions and therapeutics development steered by mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ishaqat
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hahmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chuanjiang He
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Rath
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Sabri E M Sahnoun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rostislav Vinokur
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, 6229 HX, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang ZJ, Wang S, Jiang J, Hu Y, Nakajima T, Maeda S, Craig SL, Gong JP. Effect of the Activation Force of Mechanophore on Its Activation Selectivity and Efficiency in Polymer Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13336-13346. [PMID: 38697646 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, more than 100 different mechanophores with a broad range of activation forces have been developed. For various applications of mechanophores in polymer materials, it is crucial to selectively activate the mechanophores with high efficiency, avoiding nonspecific bond scission of the material. In this study, we embedded cyclobutane-based mechanophore cross-linkers (I and II) with varied activation forces (fa) in the first network of the double network hydrogels and quantitively investigated the activation selectivity and efficiency of these mechanophores. Our findings revealed that cross-linker I, with a lower activation force relative to the bonds in the polymer main chain (fa-I/fa-chain = 0.8 nN/3.4 nN), achieved efficient activation with 100% selectivity. Conversely, an increase of the activation force of mechanophore II (fa-II/fa-chain = 2.5 nN/3.4 nN) led to a significant decrease of its activation efficiency, accompanied by a substantial number of nonspecific bond scission events. Furthermore, with the coexistence of two cross-linkers, significantly different activation forces resulted in the almost complete suppression of the higher-force one (i.e., I and III, fa-I/fa-III = 0.8 nN/3.4 nN), while similar activation forces led to simultaneous activations with moderate efficiencies (i.e., I and IV, fa-I/fa-IV = 0.8 nN/1.6 nN). These findings provide insights into the prevention of nonspecific bond rupture during mechanophore activation and enhance our understanding of the damage mechanism within polymer networks when using mechanophores as detectors. Besides, it establishes a principle for combining different mechanophores to design multiple mechanoresponsive functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jian Wang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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3
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Cheng G, Sui C, Hao W, Li J, Zhao Y, Miao L, Zhao G, Li J, Sang Y, Zhao C, Wen L, He X, Wang C. Ultra-Strong Janus Covalent Organic Framework Membrane with Smart Response to Organic Vapor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401635. [PMID: 38607950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Vapor-driven smart Janus materials have made significant advancements in intelligent monitoring, control, and interaction, etc. Nevertheless, the development of ultrafast response single-layer Janus membrane, along with a deep exploration of the smart response mechanisms, remains a long-term endeavor. Here, the successful synthesis of a high-crystallinity single-layer Covalent organic framework (COF) Janus membrane is reported by morphology control. This kind of membrane displays superior mechanical properties and specific surface area, along with excellent responsiveness to CH2Cl2 vapor. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms reveals that the vapor-induced breathing effect of the COF and the stress mismatch of the Janus structure play a crucial role in its smart deformation performance. It is believed that this COF Janus membrane holds promise for complex tasks in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Chao Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Weizhe Hao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yushun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Linlin Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Guoxin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Junjiao Li
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yuna Sang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Lei Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
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Hahmann J, Ishaqat A, Lammers T, Herrmann A. Sonogenetics for Monitoring and Modulating Biomolecular Function by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317112. [PMID: 38197549 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound technology, synergistically harnessed with genetic engineering and chemistry concepts, has started to open the gateway to the remarkable realm of sonogenetics-a pioneering paradigm for remotely orchestrating cellular functions at the molecular level. This fusion not only enables precisely targeted imaging and therapeutic interventions, but also advances our comprehension of mechanobiology to unparalleled depths. Sonogenetic tools harness mechanical force within small tissue volumes while preserving the integrity of the surrounding physiological environment, reaching depths of up to tens of centimeters with high spatiotemporal precision. These capabilities circumvent the inherent physical limitations of alternative in vivo control methods such as optogenetics and magnetogenetics. In this review, we first discuss mechanosensitive ion channels, the most commonly utilized sonogenetic mediators, in both mammalian and non-mammalian systems. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art sonogenetic approaches that leverage thermal or mechanical features of ultrasonic waves. Additionally, we explore strategies centered around the design of mechanochemically reactive macromolecular systems. Furthermore, we delve into the realm of ultrasound imaging of biomolecular function, encompassing the utilization of gas vesicles and acoustic reporter genes. Finally, we shed light on limitations and challenges of sonogenetics and present a perspective on the future of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hahmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aman Ishaqat
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CBMS), RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Forckenbeckstr. 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Wang Y, Guan Q, Guo Y, Sun L, Neisiany RE, Guo X, Huang H, Yang L, You Z. Bone-inspired stress-gaining elastomer enabled by dynamic molecular locking. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk5177. [PMID: 38517961 PMCID: PMC10959417 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The limited capacity of typical materials to resist stress loading, which affects their mechanical performance, is one of the most formidable challenges in materials science. Here, we propose a bone-inspired stress-gaining concept of converting typically destructive stress into a favorable factor to substantially enhance the mechanical properties of elastomers. The concept was realized by a molecular design of dynamic poly(oxime-urethanes) network with mesophase domains. During external loading, the mesophase domains in the condensed state were aligned into more ordered domains, and the dynamic oxime-urethane bonds served as the dynamic molecular locks disassociating and reorganizing to facilitate and fix the mesophase domains. Consequently, the tensile modulus and strength were enhanced by 1744 and 49.3 times after four cycles of mechanical training, respectively. This study creates a molecular concept with stress-gaining properties induced by repeated mechanical stress loading and will inspire a series of innovative materials for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Qingbao Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yue Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Xuran Guo
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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Li Y, Xue B, Yang J, Jiang J, Liu J, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Wu M, Yuan Y, Zhu Z, Wang ZJ, Chen Y, Harabuchi Y, Nakajima T, Wang W, Maeda S, Gong JP, Cao Y. Azobenzene as a photoswitchable mechanophore. Nat Chem 2024; 16:446-455. [PMID: 38052946 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene has been widely explored as a photoresponsive element in materials science. Although some studies have investigated the force-induced isomerization of azobenzene, the effect of force on the rupture of azobenzene has not been explored. Here we show that the light-induced structural change of azobenzene can also alter its rupture forces, making it an ideal light-responsive mechanophore. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy and ultrasonication, we found that cis and trans para-azobenzene isomers possess contrasting mechanical properties. Dynamic force spectroscopy experiments and quantum-chemical calculations in which azobenzene regioisomers were pulled from different directions revealed that the distinct rupture forces of the two isomers are due to the pulling direction rather than the energetic difference between the two isomers. These mechanical features of azobenzene can be used to rationally control the macroscopic fracture behaviours of polymer networks by photoillumination. The use of light-induced conformational changes to alter the mechanical response of mechanophores provides an attractive way to engineer polymer networks of light-regulatable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junsheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjiao Wu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenshu Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Jian Wang
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yulan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China.
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Liu Y, Wang S, Dong J, Huo P, Zhang D, Han S, Yang J, Jiang Z. External Stimuli-Induced Welding of Dynamic Cross-Linked Polymer Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:621. [PMID: 38475305 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermosets have been crucial in modern engineering for decades, finding applications in various industries. Welding cross-linked components are essential in the processing of thermosets for repairing damaged areas or fabricating complex structures. However, the inherent insolubility and infusibility of thermoset materials, attributed to their three-dimensional network structure, pose challenges to welding development. Incorporating dynamic chemical bonds into highly cross-linked networks bridges the gap between thermosets and thermoplastics presenting a promising avenue for innovative welding techniques. External stimuli, including thermal, light, solvent, pH, electric, and magnetic fields, induce dynamic bonds' breakage and reformation, rendering the cross-linked network malleable. This plasticity facilitates the seamless linkage of two parts to an integral whole, attracting significant attention for potential applications in soft actuators, smart devices, solid batteries, and more. This review provides a comprehensive overview of dynamic bonds employed in welding dynamic cross-linked networks (DCNs). It extensively discusses the classification and fabrication of common epoxy DCNs and acrylate DCNs. Notably, recent advancements in welding processes based on DCNs under external stimuli are detailed, focusing on the welding dynamics among covalent adaptable networks (CANs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jidong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuaiyuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zaixing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
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8
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Mu Q, Hu J. Polymer mechanochemistry: from single molecule to bulk material. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:679-694. [PMID: 38112120 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of polymer mechanochemistry has experienced a renaissance over the past decades, primarily propelled by the rapid development of force-sensitive molecular units (i.e., mechanophores) and principles governing the reactivity of polymer networks for mechanochemical transduction or material strengthening. In addition to fundamental guidelines for converting mechanical energy input into chemical output, there has also been increasing focus on engineering applications of polymer mechanochemistry for specific functions, mechanically adaptive material systems, and smart devices. These endeavors are made possible by multidisciplinary approaches involving the development of multifunctional mechanophores for mechanoresponsive polymer systems, mechanochemical catalysis and synthesis, three-dimensional (3D) printed mechanochromic materials, reasonable design of polymer network topology, and computational modeling. The aim of this minireview is to provide a summary of recent advancements in covalent polymer mechanochemistry. We specifically focus on productive mechanophores, mechanical remodeling of polymeric materials, and the development of theoretical concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Mu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
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9
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Chang HC, Liang MC, Luc VS, Davis C, Chang CC. Mechanochemical Reactivity of a 1,2,4-Triazoline-3,5-dione-Anthracene Diels-Alder Adduct. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300850. [PMID: 37938167 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Force-responsive molecules that produce fluorescent moieties under stress provide a means for stress-sensing and material damage assessment. In this work, we report a mechanophore based on Diels-Alder adduct TAD-An of 4,4'-(4,4'-diphenylmethylene)-bis-(1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione) and initiator-substituted anthracene that can undergo retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) reaction by pulsed ultrasonication and compressive activation in bulk materials. The influence of having C-N versus C-C bonds at the sites of bond scission is elucidated by comparing the relative mechanical strength of TAD-An to another Diels-Alder adduct MAL-An obtained from maleimide and anthracene. The susceptibility to undergo rDa reaction correlates well with bond energy, such that C-N bond containing TAD-An degrades faster C-C bond containing MAL-An because C-N bond is weaker than C-C bond. Specifically, the results from polymer degradation kinetics under pulsed ultrasonication shows that polymer containing TAD-An has a rate constant of 1.59×10-5 min-1 , while MAL-An (C-C bond) has a rate constant of 1.40×10-5 min-1 . Incorporation of TAD-An in a crosslinked polymer network demonstrates the feasibility to utilize TAD-An as an alternative force-responsive probe to visualize mechanical damage where fluorescence can be "turned-on" due to force-accelerated retro-Diels-Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chieh Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Van-Sieu Luc
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chelsea Davis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, U.S.A
| | - Chia-Chih Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
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10
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Siebenmorgen C, Poortinga A, van Rijn P. Sono-processes: Emerging systems and their applicability within the (bio-)medical field. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 100:106630. [PMID: 37826890 PMCID: PMC10582584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Sonochemistry, although established in various fields, is still an emerging field finding new effects of ultrasound on chemical systems and are of particular interest for the biomedical field. This interdisciplinary area of research explores the use of acoustic waves with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 1 MHz to induce physical and chemical changes. By subjecting liquids to ultrasonic waves, sonochemistry has demonstrated the ability to accelerate reaction rates, alter chemical reaction pathways, and change physical properties of the system while operating under mild reaction conditions. It has found its way into diverse industries including food processing, pharmaceuticals, material science, and environmental remediation. This review provides an overview of the principles, advancements, and applications of sonochemistry with a particular focus on the domain of (bio-)medicine. Despite the numerous benefits sonochemistry has to offer, most of the research in the (bio-)medical field remains in the laboratory stage. Translation of these systems into clinical practice is complex as parameters used for medical ultrasound are limited and toxic side effects must be minimized in order to meet regulatory approval. However, directing attention towards the applicability of the system in clinical practice from the early stages of research holds significant potential to further amplify the role of sonochemistry in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio Siebenmorgen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert Poortinga
- Technical University Eindhoven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gemini Zuid, de Zaale, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
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11
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Gu X, Wang T, Yan K. Solvent-Free Mechanoradical-Mediated Minisci-Type C-H Alkylation of N-Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7287-7292. [PMID: 37787464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly new C-H alkylation method of N-heteroarenes facilitated by mechanochemistry is described. Under solvent-free ball-milling, mechanoradicals (SO4•-) were generated from persulfate via in situ homolysis in the solid state, at as low as -50 °C. These highly oxidizing radicals readily transform alkyl trifluoroborate salts to their corresponding carbon-based radicals for subsequent C-C bond formation with N-heterocycles. Mechanistic studies unambiguously confirmed the involvement of both oxygen- and alkyl-radical-based intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Taoyong Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
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12
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Hu C, van Bonn P, Demco DE, Bolm C, Pich A. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Stimuli Responsive Microgels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305783. [PMID: 37177824 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical approaches are widely used for the efficient, solvent-free synthesis of organic molecules, however their applicability to the synthesis of functional polymers has remained underexplored. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that mechanochemically triggered free-radical polymerization allows solvent- and initiator-free syntheses of structurally and morphologically well-defined complex functional macromolecular architectures, namely stimuliresponsive microgels. The developed mechanochemical polymerization approach is applicable to a variety of monomers and allows synthesizing microgels with tunable chemical structure, variable size, controlled number of crosslinks and reactive functional end-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolei Hu
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pit van Bonn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dan E Demco
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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13
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Ren Z, Ding C, Ding R, Wang J, Li Z, Tan R, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Enhancing Ultrasound-Assisted Iodine-Mediated Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization by Piezoelectric Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1159-1165. [PMID: 37523272 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of mechanochemical tools for regulating the polymerization process has received an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Herein, we report the example of the mechanically controlled iodine-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (mechano-RDRP) using piezoelectric tetragonal BaTiO3 nanoparticles (T-BTO) as mechanoredox catalyst and alkyl iodide as the initiator. We demonstrated a more efficient mechanochemical initiation and reversible deactivation process than sonochemical activation via a mechanoredox-mediated alkyl iodide cleavage reaction. The mechanochemical activation of the C-I bond was verified by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Theoretical calculations together with experimental results confirmed the more efficient initiation and polymerization than the traditional sonochemical approach. The influence of BaTiO3, initiator, and solvent was further examined to reveal the mechanism of the mechano-RDRP. The results showed good controllability over molecular weight and capacity for a one-pot chain extension. This work expands the scope of mechanically controlled polymerization and shows good potential in the construction of adaptive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Ren
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ran Ding
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Junce Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengheng Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Tan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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14
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Mechanically gated formation of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts enabling mechanochemical multicolour soft lithography. Nat Chem 2023; 15:332-338. [PMID: 36690834 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Stress-sensitive molecules called mechanophores undergo productive chemical transformations in response to mechanical force. A variety of mechanochromic mechanophores, which change colour in response to stress, have been developed, but modulating the properties of the dyes generally requires the independent preparation of discrete derivatives. Here we introduce a mechanophore platform enabling mechanically gated multicolour chromogenic reactivity. The mechanophore is based on an activated furan precursor to donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) masked as a hetero-Diels-Alder adduct. Mechanochemical activation of the mechanophore unveils the DASA precursor, and subsequent reaction with a secondary amine generates an intensely coloured DASA. Critically, the properties of the DASA are controlled by the amine, and thus a single mechanophore can be differentiated post-activation to produce a wide range of functionally diverse DASAs. We highlight this system by establishing the concept of mechanochemical multicolour soft lithography whereby a complex multicolour composite image is printed into a mechanochemically active elastomer through an iterative process of localized compression followed by reaction with different amines.
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15
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Sonu KP, Zhou L, Biswas S, Klier J, Balazs AC, Emrick T, Peyton SR. Strain-Stiffening Hydrogels with Dynamic, Secondary Cross-Linking. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2659-2666. [PMID: 36752594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are water-swollen, typically soft networks useful as biomaterials and in other fields of biotechnology. Hydrogel networks capable of sensing and responding to external perturbations, such as light, temperature, pH, or force, are useful across a wide range of applications requiring on-demand cross-linking or dynamic changes. Thus far, although mechanophores have been described as strain-sensitive reactive groups, embedding this type of force-responsiveness into hydrogels is unproven. Here, we synthesized multifunctional polymers that combine a hydrophilic zwitterion with permanently cross-linking alkenes, and dynamically cross-linking disulfides. From these polymers, we created hydrogels that contain irreversible and strong thiol-ene cross-links and reversible disulfide cross-links, and they stiffened in response to strain, increasing hundreds of kPa in modulus under compression. We examined variations in polymer composition and used a constitutive model to determine how to balance the number of thiol-ene vs disulfide cross-links to create maximally force-responsive networks. These strain-stiffening hydrogels represent potential biomaterials that benefit from the mechanoresponsive behavior needed for emerging applications in areas such as tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Sonu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Sciences Laboratory N531, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Le Zhou
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Santidan Biswas
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - John Klier
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Carson Engineering Center, Room 107, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-0631, United States
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Sciences Laboratory N531, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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16
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Watabe T, Otsuka H. Swelling-induced Mechanochromism in Multinetwork Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216469. [PMID: 36524463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel and versatile approach to achieving swelling-induced mechanochemistry using a multinetwork (MN) strategy that enables polymer networks to repeatedly swell with monomers and solvents. The isotropic expansion of the first network (FN) provides sufficient force to drive the mechanochemical scission of a radical-based mechanophore, difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN). Although prompt recombination generally occurs in such highly mobile environments, the resulting pink radicals are kinetically stabilized in the gels, probably due to limited diffusion in the extended polymer chains. Moreover, the DFSN embedded in the isotropically strained chain exhibits increased thermal reactivity, which can be reasonably explained by an entropic contribution of the FN to the dissociation. The utility of the MN polymers is demonstrated not only in terms of swelling-force-induced network modification, but also in the context of tunable reactivity of the dissociative unit through proper design of the hierarchical network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.,Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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17
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Ouchi T, Bowser BH, Kouznetsova TB, Zheng X, Craig SL. Strain-triggered acidification in a double-network hydrogel enabled by multi-functional transduction of molecular mechanochemistry. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:585-593. [PMID: 36484385 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that force-triggered mechanochemical reactions within a polymeric material are capable of inducing measurable changes in macroscopic material properties, but examples of bulk property changes without irreversible changes in shape or structure are rare. Here, we report a double-network hydrogel that undergoes order-of-magnitude increases in acidity when strained, while recovering its initial shape after large deformation. The enabling mechanophore design is a 2-methoxy-gem-dichlorocyclopropane mechanoacid that is gated within a fused methyl methoxycyclobutene carboxylate mechanophore structure. This gated mechanoacid is incorporated via radical co-polymerization into linear and network polymers. Sonication experiments confirm the mechanical release of HCl, and single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals enhanced single-molecular toughness in the covalent strand. These mechanochemical functions are incorporated into a double-network hydrogel, leading to mechanically robust and thermally stable materials that undergo strain-triggered acid release. Both quasi-static stretching and high strain rate uniaxial compression result in substantial acidification of the hydrogel, from pH ∼ 7 to ∼5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | - Brandon H Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | | | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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18
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Kozlenko AS, Ozhogin IV, Pugachev AD, Lukyanova MB, El-Sewify IM, Lukyanov BS. A Modern Look at Spiropyrans: From Single Molecules to Smart Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:8. [PMID: 36624333 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic compounds of the spiropyran family have two main isomers capable of inter-switching with UV or visible light. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in the synthesis, investigation of properties, and applications of spiropyran derivatives. Spiropyrans of the indoline series are in focus as the most promising representatives of multi-sensitive spirocyclic compounds, which can be switched by a number of external stimuli, including light, temperature, pH, presence of metal ions, and mechanical stress. Particular attention is paid to the structural features of molecules, their influence on photochromic properties, and the reactions taking place during isomerization, as the understanding of the structure-property relationships will rationalize the synthesis of compounds with predetermined characteristics. The main prospects for applications of spiropyrans in such fields as smart material production, molecular electronics and nanomachinery, sensing of environmental and biological molecules, and photopharmacology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Kozlenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Ozhogin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Artem D Pugachev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Maria B Lukyanova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Islam M El-Sewify
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Boris S Lukyanov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
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19
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Galan NJ, Brantley JN. Precision Synthesis of Tunable Polyallenamers from “Masked” Precursors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Galan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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20
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Wang L, Zheng X, Kouznetsova TB, Yen T, Ouchi T, Brown CL, Craig SL. Mechanochemistry of Cubane. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22865-22869. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Tiffany Yen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Cameron L. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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21
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Force-triggered rapid microstructure growth on hydrogel surface for on-demand functions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6213. [PMID: 36266283 PMCID: PMC9585076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms share the ability to grow various microstructures on their surface to achieve functions. Here we present a force stamp method to grow microstructures on the surface of hydrogels based on a force-triggered polymerisation mechanism of double-network hydrogels. This method allows fast spatial modulation of the morphology and chemistry of the hydrogel surface within seconds for on-demand functions. We demonstrate the oriented growth of cells and directional transportation of water droplets on the engineered hydrogel surfaces. This force-triggered method to chemically engineer the hydrogel surfaces provides a new tool in addition to the conventional methods using light or heat, and will promote the wide application of hydrogels in various fields.
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22
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Shinde KS, Michael P, Fuhrmann D, Binder WH. A mechanochemically active metal‐organic framework (MOF) based on Cu‐bis‐NHC‐linkers: synthesis and mechano‐catalytic activation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Sanjay Shinde
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Philipp Michael
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Daniel Fuhrmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Leipzig Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie Johannisallee 29 D‐04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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23
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Baral S, Liu C, Mao X, Coates GW, Chen P. Tuning Single-Polymer Growth via Hydrogen Bonding in Conformational Entanglements. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1116-1124. [PMID: 36032769 PMCID: PMC9413429 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers have widespread applications in daily life and advanced materials applications. Making polymers efficiently and controllably is highly desired, for which modulating intramolecular and intermolecular interactions have been an effective approach. Recent real-time single-polymer growth studies uncovered nonequilibrium conformational entanglements that form stochastically under living polymerization conditions and which appear to plausibly play key roles in controlling the polymerization kinetics and dispersion. Here, using magnetic tweezers measurements, we study the real-time polymerization dynamics of single polynorbornene-based polymers in which we systematically tune the hydrogen-bonding interactions by titrating the OH content in the monomers and the formed polymers during ring opening metathesis polymerization. Using norbornenes with and without a hydroxyl group and a nonreactive monomer analogue, we show that intrachain and intermolecular hydrogen bonding compete, and both alter the microscopic properties of the nonequilibrium entanglements, leading to surprising multiphasic dependences of polymerization dynamics on the polymer's OH content. We further formulate a simple model to rationalize quantitatively the observed multiphasic behaviors by considering the different scaling relations of intrachain and intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the OH content. These results provide insights into the interconnected roles of intra-/intermolecular interactions, polymer chain conformations, and free monomers in solution in affecting polymerization kinetics and dispersion, and point to new opportunities in manipulating polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susil Baral
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Chunming Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
- Departments
of Polymer Science and Chemistry, The University
of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Xianwen Mao
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Peng Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
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24
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Klok HA, Herrmann A, Göstl R. Force ahead: Emerging Applications and Opportunities of Polymer Mechanochemistry. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:208-212. [PMID: 35971420 PMCID: PMC9372995 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI − Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI − Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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25
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Yu K, Feng Z, Du H, Lee KH, Li K, Zhang Y, Masri SF, Wang Q. Constructive adaptation of 3D-printable polymers in response to typically destructive aquatic environments. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac139. [PMID: 36741439 PMCID: PMC9896903 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to environmental stressors, biological systems exhibit extraordinary adaptive capacity by turning destructive environmental stressors into constructive factors; however, the traditional engineering materials weaken and fail. Take the response of polymers to an aquatic environment as an example: Water molecules typically compromise the mechanical properties of the polymer network in the bulk and on the interface through swelling and lubrication, respectively. Here, we report a class of 3D-printable synthetic polymers that constructively strengthen their bulk and interfacial mechanical properties in response to the aquatic environment. The mechanism relies on a water-assisted additional cross-linking reaction in the polymer matrix and on the interface. As such, the typically destructive water can constructively enhance the polymer's bulk mechanical properties such as stiffness, tensile strength, and fracture toughness by factors of 746% to 790%, and the interfacial bonding by a factor of 1,000%. We show that the invented polymers can be used for soft robotics that self-strengthen matrix and self-heal cracks after training in water and water-healable packaging materials for flexible electronics. This work opens the door for the design of synthetic materials to imitate the constructive adaptation of biological systems in response to environmental stressors, for applications such as artificial muscles, soft robotics, and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhao Yu
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhangzhengrong Feng
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Haixu Du
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kyung Hoon Lee
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ketian Li
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yanchu Zhang
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sami F Masri
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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26
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Ultrasound triggered organic mechanoluminescence materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114343. [PMID: 35580814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence materials have become one of the focal topics in wireless light sources since they exhibit high spatiotemporal resolution, biocompatibility and excellent tissue penetration depth. These properties promote great potential in ultrahigh sensitive bioimaging with no background noise and noninvasive nanodevices. Recent advances in chemistry, nanotechnology and biomedical research are revolutionizing ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence. Herein, we try to summarize some recent researches in ultrasound induced mechanoluminescence that use various materials design strategies based on the molecular conformational changes and cycloreversion reaction. Practical applications, like noninvasive bioimaging and noninvasive optogenetics, are also presented and prospected.
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27
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Wang C, Akbulatov S, Chen Q, Tian Y, Sun CL, Couty M, Boulatov R. The molecular mechanism of constructive remodeling of a mechanically-loaded polymer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3154. [PMID: 35672410 PMCID: PMC9174275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Large or repeated mechanical loads usually degrade polymers by accelerating fragmentation of their backbones but rarely, they can cause new backbone bonds to form. When these new bonds form faster than the original bonds break, mechanical degradation may be arrested or reversed in real time. Exploiting such constructive remodeling has proven challenging because we lack an understanding of the competition between bond-forming and bond-breaking reactions in mechanically-stressed polymers. Here we report the molecular mechanism and analysis of constructive remodeling driven by the macroradical products of mechanochemical fragmentation of a hydrocarbon backbone. By studying the changing compositions of a random copolymer of styrene and butadiene sheared at 10 °C in the presence of different additives we developed an approach to characterizing this growth/fracture competition, which is generalizable to other underlying chemistries. Our results demonstrate that constructive remodeling is achievable under practically relevant conditions, requires neither complex chemistries, elaborate macromolecular architectures or free monomers, and is amenable to detailed mechanistic interrogation and simulation. These findings constitute a quantitative framework for systematic studies of polymers capable of autonomously counteracting mechanical degradation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Qihan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Cai-Li Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Marc Couty
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France.
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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28
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Qin Y, Dong L, Lu H, Zhan L, Xu Z. Debromination process of Br-containing PS of E-wastes and reuse with virgin PS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128526. [PMID: 35217346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High Br-containing polystyrene (PS) plastics are generated in large quantities during the dismantling of waste CRT TVs. Debromination and reuse of Br-containing PS plastics is a critical technical challenge. Here, we demonstrate a method for combining alkaline hydrothermal debromination and co-blending granulation to achieve the regeneration of high Br-containing PS plastics. The results show the bromine concentration in PS was reduced from 49,300 mg/kg to 7420 mg/kg and from 169,000 mg/kg to 9340 mg/kg, with a removal efficiency of 84.95% at least. Then, we co-blended the debromination PS products (1 part) with qualified normal PS plastics (9 parts) for granulation. Compared to the qualified normal PS, the physical properties of the co-blended plastics remained stable in terms of the melt index, tensile strength, flexural strength andflexural modulus, which made it have good application prospects. Meanwhile, the Br concentration of co-blended PS plastics were further reduced to less than 1000 mg/kg. In summary, we provide a promising outlook of alkaline hydrothermal and co-blending (1 +9) granulation as an efficient approach for Br-containing PS plastics upgrading recycling. NOVELTY STATEMENT: This study provides a novel method for combining alkaline hydrothermal treatment and co-blending modification granulation process to achieve the upgrading recycling of Br-containing waste plastics. The results show the Br concentration in PS was reduced from 169,013 ppm to 9344 ppm, with a removal efficiency of 94.47%. The debromination PS products (1 part) were blended with qualified normal PS plastics (9 parts) for granulation. Compared to the qualified normal PS, the physical properties of the co-blended plastics remained basically stable, which made it have good application prospects. Also, the reuse of waste plastic can make contribution for the carbon reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Qin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lipeng Dong
- Jiangxi Green Recycling Co., Ltd., Fengcheng 331100, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huaixing Lu
- Jiangxi Green Recycling Co., Ltd., Fengcheng 331100, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lu Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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29
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Xie X, Li P, Xu Y, Zhou L, Yan Y, Xie L, Jia C, Guo X. Single-Molecule Junction: A Reliable Platform for Monitoring Molecular Physical and Chemical Processes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3476-3505. [PMID: 35179354 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and manipulating the physical and chemical behavior of single molecules is an important development direction of molecular electronics that aids in understanding the molecular world at the single-molecule level. The electrical detection platform based on single-molecule junctions can monitor physical and chemical processes at the single-molecule level with a high temporal resolution, stability, and signal-to-noise ratio. Recently, the combination of single-molecule junctions with different multimodal control systems has been widely used to explore significant physical and chemical phenomena because of its powerful monitoring and control capabilities. In this review, we focus on the applications of single-molecule junctions in monitoring molecular physical and chemical processes. The methods developed for characterizing single-molecule charge transfer and spin characteristics as well as revealing the corresponding intrinsic mechanisms are introduced. Dynamic detection and regulation of single-molecule conformational isomerization, intermolecular interactions, and chemical reactions are also discussed in detail. In addition to these dynamic investigations, this review discusses the open challenges of single-molecule detection in the fields of physics and chemistry and proposes some potential applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Peihui Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yanxia Xu
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yong Yan
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China
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30
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Kasori R, Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Enhancement of Mechanophore Activation by Electrostatic Interaction. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kasori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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31
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Kim M, You J, Park JH, Bang J, Lee SS. Novel wet-free interfacial affinity modulation of non-polar polymers for imparting efficient heat transfer capability to incompatible polypropylene/graphite nanoplatelet composite. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Yang Y, Huang L, Wu R, Niu Z, Fan W, Dai Q, Cui L, He J, Bai C. Self-Strengthening, Self-Welding, Shape Memory, and Recyclable Polybutadiene-Based Material Driven by Dual-Dynamic Units. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3344-3355. [PMID: 34989225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A covalent adaptable network can endow rubber materials with recyclability and reprocessability and is expected to alleviate black pollution caused by end-of-life rubber. However, the loss of traditional vulcanization systems severely sacrifices their strength, and the tensile strength in the current study rarely exceeds 10 MPa unless fillers are added. In this work, we proposed a self-strengthening process based on dual-dynamic units (imine and disulfide), briefly, under heating, phenylsulfur radicals generated from aromatic disulfide bonds can react with double bonds (mostly vinyl) and/or couple with allyl sites, thus reforming a stronger cross-linked network. The neighboring imine unit is not affected and provides excellent thermal reprocessability and chemical recyclability. The result shows that the tensile strength can reach 19.27 MPa via self-strengthening without adding fillers or any other additives, and this ultra-high-strength is much higher than those of all known recyclable polybutadiene-based rubber materials. In addition, the material also has malleability, shape memory, and self-welding properties. By doping carbon nanotubes, a recyclable conductive composite can also be achieved. In general, we envision that this enhanced strategy has great potential to be generalized for all elastomers containing double bonds (such as styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, isoprene rubber, and their derivatives). The reprocessability and self-welding are practical for on-site assembly or repair of composite parts and extend the service life of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lingyun Huang
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ruiyao Wu
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen Niu
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weifeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Quanquan Dai
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Long Cui
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jianyun He
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chenxi Bai
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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33
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Hu H, Cheng X, Ma Z, Wang Z, Ma Z. A double-spiro ring-structured mechanophore with dual-signal mechanochromism and multistate mechanochemical behavior: non-sequential ring-opening and multimodal analysis. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00728b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel aminobenzopyranoxanthene-based mechanophore with a dual-signal response and two mechanogenerated ring-opened isomers, of which the relative distribution is modulated by external force based on the heat–force equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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34
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Versaw BA, Zeng T, Hu X, Robb MJ. Harnessing the Power of Force: Development of Mechanophores for Molecular Release. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21461-21473. [PMID: 34927426 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising materials for a variety of applications ranging from sensing and catalysis to targeted drug delivery. Within the rapidly growing field of polymer mechanochemistry, stress-sensitive molecules known as mechanophores are particularly attractive for enabling the release of covalently bound payloads with excellent selectivity and control. Here, we review recent progress in the development of mechanophore-based molecular release platforms and provide an optimistic, yet critical perspective on the fundamental and technological advancements that are still required for this promising research area to achieve significant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Versaw
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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35
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Wang T, Wang H, Shen L, Zhang N. Force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12675-12678. [PMID: 34779466 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore (NCD). Our results revealed that mechanically induced retro-cycloaddition of the NCD and subsequent crosslinking reactions between CC bonds were responsible for this peculiar strenghthening, and demonstrated the good possibility that the NCD can be applied in smart materials fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
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36
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Abstract
AbstractThis Account covers the recent progress made on heterocyclic mechanophores in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. In particular, the types of such mechanophores as well as the mechanisms and applications of their force-induced structural transformations are discussed and related perspectives and future challenges proposed.1 Introduction2 Types of Mechanophores3 Methods to Incorporate Heterocycle Mechanophores into Polymer Systems4 Mechanochemical Reactions of Heterocyclic Mechanophores4.1 Three-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.2 Four-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.3 Six-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.4 Bicyclic Mechanophores5 Applications5.1 Cross-Linking of Polymer5.2 Degradable Polymer5.3 Mechanochromic Polymer6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
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37
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Hemmer JR, Rader C, Wilts BD, Weder C, Berrocal JA. Heterolytic Bond Cleavage in a Scissile Triarylmethane Mechanophore. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18859-18863. [PMID: 34735137 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Covalent mechanophores display the cleavage of a weak covalent bond when a sufficiently high mechanical force is applied. Three different covalent bond breaking mechanisms have been documented thus far, including concerted, homolytic, and heterolytic scission. Motifs that display heterolytic cleavage typically separate according to non-scissile reaction pathways that afford zwitterions. Here, we report a new mechanochromic triarylmethane mechanophore, which dissociates according to a scissile heterolytic pathway and displays a pronounced mechanochromic response. The mechanophore was equipped with two styrenylic handles that allowed its incorporation as a cross-linker into poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) and poly(methyl acrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) networks. These materials are originally colorless, but compression or tensile deformation renders the materials colored. By combining tensile testing and in situ transmittance measurements, we show that this effect is related to scissile cleavage leading to colored triarylmethane carbocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hemmer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Chris Rader
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - José Augusto Berrocal
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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38
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Tan M, Hu Z, Dai Y, Peng Y, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Li Y, Chen Y. A Simple Mechanochromic Mechanophore Based on Aminothiomaleimide. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1423-1428. [PMID: 35549011 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores have promising applications in stress sensing and damage detection. Here we report a simple mechanofluorochromic mechanophore based on aminothiomaleimide (ATM). Poly(methyl acrylate) containing this mechanophore (ATM-PMA) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using an ATM-derived difunctional initiator. To investigate its mechanofluorochromism, the solution of ATM-PMA was subjected to ultrasonication, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to monitor the changes in molecular weight and fluorescence emission. The results showed that the molecular weight of ATM-PMA decreased upon ultrasonication, accompanied by a shift of fluorescence emission from bright yellow to light blue. This mechanophore of a simple functional group of ATM has great potential to be used in mechanochromic polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunkai Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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39
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Wang Z, Zheng X, Ouchi T, Kouznetsova TB, Beech HK, Av-Ron S, Matsuda T, Bowser BH, Wang S, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Gong JP, Rubinstein M, Craig SL. Toughening hydrogels through force-triggered chemical reactions that lengthen polymer strands. Science 2021; 374:193-196. [PMID: 34618576 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Haley K Beech
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Av-Ron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takahiro Matsuda
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Brandon H Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Chemistry, MIT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia A Kalow
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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40
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Bosnjak
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Meredith N Silberstein
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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41
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Nie J, Tian F, Zheng B, Wang Z, Zheng P. Exploration of Metal-Ligand Coordination Bonds in Proteins by Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
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42
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Peng Y, Hou Y, Wu Q, Ran Q, Huang G, Wu J. Thermal and mechanical activation of dynamically stable ionic interaction toward self-healing strengthening elastomers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2553-2561. [PMID: 34870301 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological tissues can grow stronger after damage and self-healing. However, artificial self-healing materials usually show decreased mechanical properties after repairing. Here, we develop a self-healing strengthening elastomer (SSE) by engineering kinetic stability in an ionomer. Such kinetic stability is enabled by designing large steric hindrance on the cationic groups, which prevents the structural change driven by thermodynamic instability under room temperature. However, once heat or external force is applied to disrupt the kinetic stability, the inherent thermodynamic instability induces the SSEs to form bigger and denser aggregates, thereby the material becomes stronger during the healing process. Consequently, the self-healing efficiency of fractured SSEs is as high as 143%. Unlike conventional ionomers whose mechanical properties change with time uncontrollably due to the thermodynamic instability, the SSEs show tunable self-healing strengthening behavior, thanks to the kinetic stability. This work provides a novel and universal strategy to fabricate biomimetic self-healing strengthening materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yujia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Qichao Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Guangsu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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43
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi T. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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44
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18651-18659. [PMID: 34101320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored the mechanochemical degradation of bottlebrush and dendronized polymers in solution (with ultrasonication, US) and solid states (with ball-mill grinding, BMG). Over 50 polymers were prepared with varying backbone length and arm architecture, composition, and size. With US, we found that bottlebrush and dendronized polymers exhibited consistent backbone scission behavior, which was related to their elongated conformations in solution. Considerably different behavior was observed with BMG, as arm architecture and composition had a significant impact on backbone scission rates. Arm scission was also observed for bottlebrush polymers in both solution and solid states, but only in the solid state for dendronized polymers. Motivated by these results, multi-mechanophore polymers with bottlebrush and dendronized polymer architectures were prepared and their reactivity was compared. Although dendronized polymers showed slower arm-scission, the selectivity for mechanophore activation was much higher. Overall, these results have important implications to the development of new mechanoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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45
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Ayarza J, Wang Z, Wang J, Esser-Kahn AP. Mechanically Promoted Synthesis of Polymer Organogels via Disulfide Bond Cross-Linking. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:799-804. [PMID: 35549197 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically adaptive polymers could significantly improve the life-cycle of current materials. Piezo-polymerization is a novel approach that harnesses vibrational mechanical energy through piezoelectric nanoparticles to generate chemical promoters for linear polymerization and cross-linking reactions. However, the available piezo-polymerization systems rely on reactions forming irreversible covalent bonds. Dynamic covalent linkages could impart further adaptability to these polymeric systems. Here we show the first example of the piezoelectrochemical synthesis of disulfide bonds to form organogels from polymers with thiol side groups. We demonstrate that the reaction proceeds via piezo-oxidation of the thiol to disulfide in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles and iodide anions under mechanical agitation. We use mechanical energy in the form of ultrasound (40 kHz) and low frequency vibrations (2 kHz) to synthesize a variety of organogels from common synthetic polymers. Additionally, we show that the polymers in these gels can be chemically recycled with a reducing agent. Finally, we study the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites obtained after drying the gels. We believe this new system adds to the piezo-polymerization repertoire and serves as the basis to fabricate mechanically adaptive polymeric materials via dynamic covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ayarza
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Zhao Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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46
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Kubota K, Toyoshima N, Miura D, Jiang J, Maeda S, Jin M, Ito H. Introduction of a Luminophore into Generic Polymers via Mechanoradical Coupling with a Prefluorescent Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16003-16008. [PMID: 33991023 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel strategy for introducing a luminophore into generic polymers facilitated by mechanical stimulation. In this study, polymeric mechanoradicals were formed in situ under ball-milling conditions to undergo radical-radical coupling with a prefluorescent nitroxide-based reagent in order to incorporate a luminophore into the polymer main chains via a covalent bond. This method allowed the direct and conceptually simple preparation of luminescent polymeric materials from a wide range of generic polymers such as polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, and polyethylene. These results indicate that the present mechanoradical coupling strategy may help to transform existing commodity polymers into more valuable functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Naoki Toyoshima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Daiyo Miura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Julong Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
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47
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Kubota K, Toyoshima N, Miura D, Jiang J, Maeda S, Jin M, Ito H. Introduction of a Luminophore into Generic Polymers via Mechanoradical Coupling with a Prefluorescent Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Naoki Toyoshima
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Daiyo Miura
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Julong Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
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48
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Peterson GI, Choi TL. The influence of polymer architecture in polymer mechanochemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6465-6474. [PMID: 34132272 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymer architecture is an important factor in polymer mechanochemistry. In this Feature Article, we summarize recent developments in utilizing polymer architecture to modulate mechanochemical reactions within polymers, or more specifically, the location and rates of bond scission events that lead to polymer fragmentation or mechanophore activation. Various well-defined architectures have been explored, including those of cyclic, intramolecularly cross-linked, dendritic, star, bottlebrush, and dendronized polymers. We primarily focus on describing the enhancement or suppression of mechanochemical reactivity, with respect to analogous linear polymers, as well as differences in solution- and solid-state behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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49
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Shieh P, Hill MR, Zhang W, Kristufek SL, Johnson JA. Clip Chemistry: Diverse (Bio)(macro)molecular and Material Function through Breaking Covalent Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7059-7121. [PMID: 33823111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the two decades since the introduction of the "click chemistry" concept, the toolbox of "click reactions" has continually expanded, enabling chemists, materials scientists, and biologists to rapidly and selectively build complexity for their applications of interest. Similarly, selective and efficient covalent bond breaking reactions have provided and will continue to provide transformative advances. Here, we review key examples and applications of efficient, selective covalent bond cleavage reactions, which we refer to herein as "clip reactions." The strategic application of clip reactions offers opportunities to tailor the compositions and structures of complex (bio)(macro)molecular systems with exquisite control. Working in concert, click chemistry and clip chemistry offer scientists and engineers powerful methods to address next-generation challenges across the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan R Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenxu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samantha L Kristufek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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50
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Rowlett JR, Deglmann P, Sprafke J, Roy N, Mülhaupt R, Bruchmann B. Small-Molecule Investigation of Diels-Alder Complexes for Thermoreversible Crosslinking in Polymeric Applications. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8933-8944. [PMID: 34153187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of dienes and dienophiles were examined in order to elicit possible combinations for thermoreversible crosslinking units. Comparison of experimental results and quantum calculations indicated that reaction kinetics and activation energy were much better prediction factors than change in enthalpy for the prediction of successful cycloaddition. Further testing on diene-dienophile pairs that underwent successful cycloaddition determined the feasibility of thermoreversibility/retro-reaction of each of the Diels-Alder compounds. Heating and testing of the compounds in the presence of a trapping agent allowed for experimental determination of reverse kinetics and activation energy for the retro-reaction. The experimental values were in good agreement with quantum calculations. The combination of chemical calculations with experimental results provided a strong insight into the structure-property relationships and how quantum calculations can be used to examine the feasibility of the thermoreversibility of new Diels-Alder complexes in potential polymer systems or to fine-tune thermoreversible Diels-Alder systems already in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett R Rowlett
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS), Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Deglmann
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Johannes Sprafke
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Nabarun Roy
- BASF Polyurethanes GmbH, Elastogranstr 60, D-49448 Lemfoerde, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS), Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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